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<mods:title id="6B8CB7AC8B6C6C3859DE6ECE131CB562">Two new species of Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) from Alta Verapaz and Quiché, Guatemala</mods:title>
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A. Vázquez, Pérez-Farrera &amp; Mart.
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-Camilo in 
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<bibRefCitation id="EF976A88FFECFFA2AD986DA1FACC4179" author="Vazquez-Garcia, J. A. &amp; Perez-Farrera, M. A. &amp; Martinez-Camilo, R. &amp; Muniz-Castro, M. A. &amp; Martinez-Melendez, N." box="[926,1310,1274,1300]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" pagination="30 - 36" refId="ref7783" refString="Vazquez-Garcia, J. A., Perez-Farrera, M. A., Martinez-Camilo, R., Muniz-Castro, M. A. &amp; Martinez-Melendez, N. (2013 c). Magnolia lacandonica (subsection Talauma, Magnoliaceae), a new rainforest species from Chiapas, Mexico. Phytotaxa 79: 30 - 36." type="journal article" year="2013">
Vázquez-García 
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(2013c: 31)
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Type:— 
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. 
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: 
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, Boca Chajul, 
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al 
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de la casa del 
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, selva alta perennifolia, 
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elevation, 
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, 
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, 
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(fl. bud &amp; fl.), 
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et al. 9341
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(
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: 
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!,
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isotypes: 
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!, 
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!)
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.
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<taxonomicName id="4C066CFAFFECFFA2AE8E6CD5FEB641CE" box="[136,356,1422,1443]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" genus="Magnolia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lacandonica">
<emphasis id="B972CB6BFFECFFA2AE8E6CD5FEB641CE" box="[136,356,1422,1443]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Magnolia lacandonica</emphasis>
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belongs to 
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.
</emphasis>
sect. 
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and has been previously confirmed only from populations in the lowland tropical rainforest of 
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, 
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. Based on morphology and supported by shared climate (similar rainfall and temperature regimes) and vegetation 
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, 
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<emphasis id="B972CB6BFFECFFA2AF5B6C8DFE264186" box="[349,500,1494,1515]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">M. lacandonica</emphasis>
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is here confirmed from 
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, 
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(
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) (further details in 
<bibRefCitation id="EF976A88FFECFFA2AACC6C8DFA9F4186" author="Aguilar, R. E." box="[1226,1357,1494,1516]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" refId="ref5333" refString="Aguilar, R. E. (2022) Descripcion morfologica de las especies de coj Magnolia spp. en el margen del rio Cahabon, Coban, Alta Verapaz. Bachelor´s Thesis, Ingeniero Forestal, Universidad Rafael Landivar, Guatemala City, 135 pp." type="book" year="2022">Aguilar 2022</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
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Voucher specimen for this record. 
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: Cobán, aldea 
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a.s.l, 16°02”45” 
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90°44”43.5” 
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<emphasis id="B972CB6BFFECFFA2AFF46F45FD78425E" box="[498,682,1566,1587]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">
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et al. 275
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(
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!).
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<emphasis id="B972CB6BFFECFFA2AE8E6F39FF234211" bold="true" box="[136,241,1634,1660]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Notes:—</emphasis>
Our present and recent discoveries of 
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in 
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support the hypothesis that our current knowledge of global tree diversity remains incomplete. Botanical inventories are geospatially biased to certain areas, where the sampling coverage includes abundant and rare species, but vast areas outside of such preferred remain poorly sampled (
<bibRefCitation id="EF976A88FFECFFA2AF446F95FDE94285" author="Ter Steege, H. &amp; Vaessen, R. W. &amp; Cardenas-Lopez, D. &amp; Sabatier, D. &amp; Antonelli, A. &amp; de Oliveira, S. M. &amp; Pitman, N. C. A. &amp; Jorgensen, P. M. &amp; Salomao, R. P." box="[322,571,1742,1769]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref7176" refString="Ter Steege, H., Vaessen, R. W., Cardenas-Lopez, D., Sabatier, D., Antonelli, A., de Oliveira, S. M., Pitman, N. C. A., Jorgensen, P. M. &amp; Salomao, R. P. (2016) The discovery of the Amazonian tree flora with an updated checklist of all known tree taxa. Scientific Reports 6: 1 - 15. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / srep 29549" type="journal article" year="2016">
Ter Steege 
<emphasis id="B972CB6BFFECFFA2AFC76F94FE234285" box="[449,497,1742,1768]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">et al</emphasis>
. 2016
</bibRefCitation>
). The challenge of describing this unknown tree diversity is great because most undiscovered species are likely to be narrow endemics with small population sizes. Because they are rare plants, they are potentially threatened by anthropogenic factors (
<bibRefCitation id="EF976A88FFECFFA2ACD66E4DFC7B435D" author="Enquist, B. &amp; Feng, X. &amp; Boyle, B. &amp; Maitner, B. &amp; Newman, E. &amp; Jorgensen, P. &amp; Roehrdanz, P. &amp; Thiers, B. &amp; Burger, J. &amp; Corlett, R. &amp; Couvreur, T. &amp; Dauby, G. &amp; Donoghue, J. &amp; Foden, W. &amp; Lovett, J. &amp; Marquet, P. &amp; Merow, C. &amp; Midgley, G. &amp; Morueta-Holme, N. &amp; Neves, D. &amp; Oliveira-Filho, A. &amp; Kraft, N. &amp; Park, D. &amp; Peet, R. &amp; Pillet, M. &amp; Serra-Diaz, J. &amp; Sandel, B. &amp; Schildhauer, M. &amp; Simova, I. &amp; Violle, C. &amp; Wieringa, J. &amp; Wiser, S. &amp; Hannah, L. &amp; Svenning, J. &amp; McGill, B." box="[720,937,1814,1841]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" refId="ref6383" refString="Enquist, B., Feng, X., Boyle, B., Maitner, B., Newman, E., Jorgensen, P., Roehrdanz, P., Thiers, B., Burger, J., Corlett, R., Couvreur, T., Dauby, G., Donoghue, J., Foden, W., Lovett, J., Marquet, P., Merow, C., Midgley, G., Morueta-Holme, N., Neves, D., Oliveira-Filho, A., Kraft, N., Park, D., Peet, R., Pillet, M., Serra-Diaz, J., Sandel, B., Schildhauer, M., Simova, I., Violle, C., Wieringa, J., Wiser, S., Hannah, L., Svenning, J. &amp; McGill, B. (2019) The commonness of rarity: global and future distribution of rarity across land plants. Science Advances 5: eaaz 0414. https: // doi. org / 10.1126 / sciadv. aaz 0414" type="journal volume" year="2019">
Enquist 
<emphasis id="B972CB6BFFECFFA2AD296E4CFCB2435D" box="[815,864,1814,1840]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">et al</emphasis>
. 2019
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, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF976A88FFECFFA2ADB26E4DFBBD435D" author="Gatti, R. 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P. &amp; Rolim, S. &amp; Rovero, F. &amp; Rutishauser, E. &amp; Saikia, P. &amp; Salas-Eljatib, C. &amp; Schepaschenko, D. &amp; Scherer-Lorenzen, M. &amp; Seben, V. &amp; Silveira, M. &amp; Slik, F. &amp; Sonke, B. &amp; Souza, A. &amp; Sterenczak, K. &amp; Svoboda, M. &amp; Taedoumg, H. &amp; Tchebakova, N. &amp; Terborgh, J. &amp; Tikhonova, E. &amp; Torres-Lezama, A. &amp; van der Plas, F. &amp; Vasquez, R. &amp; Viana, H. &amp; Vibrans, A. &amp; Vilanova, E. &amp; Vos, V. &amp; Wang, H. &amp; Westerlund, B. &amp; White, L. &amp; Wiser, S. &amp; Zawila-Niedzwiecki, T. &amp; Zemagho, L. &amp; Zhu, Z. &amp; Zo-Bi, I. &amp; Liang, J." box="[948,1135,1814,1840]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" refId="ref5401" refString="Gatti, R. 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Gatti 
<emphasis id="B972CB6BFFECFFA2ADF56E4CFBF9435D" box="[1011,1067,1814,1840]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">et al.</emphasis>
2022
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).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB91779FFECFFA1AEBB6E61FE2F44B0" blockId="5.[136,1452,1634,2093]" lastBlockId="6.[136,1452,158,652]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">
The case of 
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<emphasis id="B972CB6BFFECFFA2AF406E61FE614339" box="[326,435,1850,1876]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Magnolia</emphasis>
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in 
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demonstrates that the appreciation of having a relatively good knowledge of Guatemalan flora may be misleading because only 11% of 
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<emphasis id="B972CB6BFFECFFA2AD1C6E05FC554315" box="[794,903,1886,1912]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Magnolia</emphasis>
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richness was included in 
<bibRefCitation id="EF976A88FFECFFA2AAA36E05FF0443F1" author="Standley, P. C. &amp; Steyermark, J. A." pageId="5" pageNumber="40" pagination="1 - 502" refId="ref7101" refString="Standley, P. C. &amp; Steyermark, J. A. (1946) Flora of Guatemala. Fieldana: Botany 24: 1 - 502." type="journal article" year="1946">Standley &amp; Steyermark (1946)</bibRefCitation>
. Even in the case of tree species that are less prone to escape a botanist’s attention, the current knowledge is far from sufficient. The search for rare and endemic tree species is of special importance in the case of the flora of 
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because it is a region with one of the highest levels of tree endemism among mainland regions worldwide, ranked in tenth position (Sandell 
<emphasis id="B972CB6BFFECFFA2AFFD6EB4FDE64C65" box="[507,564,2030,2056]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">et al.</emphasis>
2019). The extremely diverse flora of 
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with 7132 species recognised in the published flora (
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, 
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) was estimated to have about 8000 vascular plant species (
<bibRefCitation id="EF976A88FFEFFFA1AF2969C5FE1144D5" author="Gentry, A. H." box="[303,451,158,184]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" pagination="134 - 153" refId="ref6635" refString="Gentry, A. H. (1978) Floristic knowledge and needs in Pacific tropical America. Brittonia 30: 134 - 153." type="journal article" year="1978">Gentry 1978</bibRefCitation>
) and looked to be fairly well collected and studied when compared with some other underexplored Neotropical areas.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB91779FFEFFFA1AEBB69BDFAAD456D" blockId="6.[136,1452,158,652]" box="[189,1407,230,257]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
The study presented here allows us to formulate the following conclusions about Guatemalan 
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:
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<paragraph id="8BB91779FFEFFFA1AEBB6851FC334525" blockId="6.[136,1452,158,652]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
1. 
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, with 18 species of 
<emphasis id="B972CB6BFFEFFFA1AC456851FD654549" box="[579,695,266,292]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
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,
</emphasis>
is fourth among Neotropical countries, surpassed by 
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(40 spp.), 
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(36 spp.) and 
<collectingCountry id="F31157E9FFEFFFA1AFC26875FDF34525" box="[452,545,302,328]" name="Ecuador" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
(23 spp.) (
<bibRefCitation id="EF976A88FFEFFFA1AC9C6875FC074525" author="Vazquez-Garcia, J. A. &amp; Neill, D. A. &amp; Perez, A. J. &amp; Arroyo, F. &amp; Nunez-V, M. P. &amp; Serna, M. &amp; De Castro-Arce, E. &amp; Veliz-Perez, M. E. &amp; M. A &amp; Muniz-Castro, M. A. &amp; Sanchez-Gonzalez, A." box="[666,981,302,329]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" refId="ref7855" refString="Vazquez-Garcia, J. A., Neill, D. A., Perez, A. J., Arroyo, F., Nunez-V, M. P., Serna, M., De Castro-Arce, E., Dominguez-Y, R., Veliz-Perez, M. E., Perez-F, M. A., Muniz-Castro, M. A. &amp; Sanchez-Gonzalez, A. (2014) Magnoliaceae en el Neotropico: riqueza, endemismo y estado de conservacion. XI Congreso Latinoamericano de Botanica, Brasil, 1 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.13140 / 2.1.4945.6324" type="book" year="2014">
Vázquez-García 
<emphasis id="B972CB6BFFEFFFA1AD5F6874FC584525" box="[857,906,302,328]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">et al</emphasis>
. 2014
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB91779FFEFFFA1AEBB6809FBE345D9" blockId="6.[136,1452,158,652]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
2. These findings add to the high endemism of 
<taxonomicName id="4C066CFAFFEFFFA1ACDB6809FCA84501" authorityName="de Jussieu" authorityYear="1789" box="[733,890,338,364]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Magnoliaceae</taxonomicName>
in 
<collectingCountry id="F31157E9FFEFFFA1AD986809FBC54501" box="[926,1047,338,364]" name="Guatemala" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
(10 out 18 species) increasing from 53 to 56% (
<bibRefCitation id="EF976A88FFEFFFA1AF00682DFD9945FD" author="Vazquez-Garcia, J. A. &amp; Tribouillier-Navas, E. &amp; Archila, F. &amp; Veliz, M. &amp; Ortega-Pena, S. &amp; Shalisko, V." box="[262,587,374,400]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" pagination="57 - 70" refId="ref8277" refString="Vazquez-Garcia, J. A., Tribouillier-Navas, E., Archila, F., Veliz, M., Ortega-Pena, S. &amp; Shalisko, V. (2021 b) Three new species of Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) endemic to the north-wet-arc in the Maya Highlands of Guatemala. Phytotaxa 529: 57 - 70. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 529.1.4" type="journal article" year="2021">
Vázquez-García 
<emphasis id="B972CB6BFFEFFFA1AFC2682CFE2945FD" box="[452,507,374,400]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">et al.</emphasis>
2021b
</bibRefCitation>
). Endemism in 
<collectingRegion id="49C2D99BFFEFFFA1ACF2682DFC5645FC" box="[756,900,374,401]" country="Guatemala" name="Alta Verapaz" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Alta Verapaz</collectingRegion>
increased from three to four species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C066CFAFFEFFFA1AB31682DFA7645FD" box="[1335,1444,374,400]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" genus="Magnolia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B972CB6BFFEFFFA1AB31682DFA7645FD" box="[1335,1444,374,400]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Magnolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, whereas 
<collectingRegion id="49C2D99BFFEFFFA1AEED68C1FEEE45D9" box="[235,316,410,436]" country="Guatemala" name="Quiche" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Quiché</collectingRegion>
increased from two to three species (
<bibRefCitation id="EF976A88FFEFFFA1ACDB68C1FBF745D9" author="Vazquez-Garcia, J. A. &amp; Tribouillier-Navas, E. &amp; Archila, F. &amp; Veliz, M. &amp; Ortega-Pena, S. &amp; Shalisko, V." box="[733,1061,410,436]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" pagination="57 - 70" refId="ref8277" refString="Vazquez-Garcia, J. A., Tribouillier-Navas, E., Archila, F., Veliz, M., Ortega-Pena, S. &amp; Shalisko, V. (2021 b) Three new species of Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) endemic to the north-wet-arc in the Maya Highlands of Guatemala. Phytotaxa 529: 57 - 70. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 529.1.4" type="journal article" year="2021">
Vázquez-García 
<emphasis id="B972CB6BFFEFFFA1AD9A68C0FC0645D9" box="[924,980,410,436]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">et al.</emphasis>
2021b
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB91779FFEFFFA1AEBB68E5FB5E464D" blockId="6.[136,1452,158,652]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
3. Simultaneously with the exploration of 
<taxonomicName id="4C066CFAFFEFFFA1ACAF68E5FCC445B5" box="[681,790,446,472]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Magnoliaceae" genus="Magnolia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B972CB6BFFEFFFA1ACAF68E5FCC445B5" box="[681,790,446,472]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Magnolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
diversity in 
<collectingCountry id="F31157E9FFEFFFA1ADA368E5FBF345B5" box="[933,1057,446,472]" name="Guatemala" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
, progress has been made in 
<emphasis id="B972CB6BFFEFFFA1AB6768E4FA7E45B5" box="[1377,1452,447,472]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">ex-situ</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="B972CB6BFFEFFFA1AEBE68B8FED24591" box="[184,256,483,508]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">in-situ</emphasis>
conservation. Plant nurseries have been created to produce endangered 
<taxonomicName id="4C066CFAFFEFFFA1AA2F68B9FB3D4591" box="[1065,1263,482,508]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="B972CB6BFFEFFFA1AA2F68B9FB444591" box="[1065,1174,482,508]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Magnolia</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
for reforestation (
<bibRefCitation id="EF976A88FFEFFFA1AE896B5DFE06464D" author="Vazquez-Garcia, J. A. &amp; Veliz-Perez, M. E. &amp; Tribouillier-Navas, E. &amp; Muniz-Castro, M. A." box="[143,468,518,544]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" pagination="1 - 6" refId="ref7578" refString="Vazquez-Garcia, J. A., Veliz-Perez, M. E., Tribouillier-Navas, E. &amp; Muniz-Castro, M. A. (2013 a) Magnolia quetzal and Magnolia mayae, a new species and a new record, respectively, for the flora of Guatemala. Phytotaxa 76: 1 - 6. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 76.1.1" type="journal article" year="2013">
Vázquez-García 
<emphasis id="B972CB6BFFEFFFA1AF486B5CFE55464D" box="[334,391,518,544]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">et al.</emphasis>
2013 
<bibRefCitation id="EF976A88FFEFFFA1AFCE6B5DFE06464D" author="Tribouillier-Navas, E. &amp; Archila, F. &amp; Vazquez-Garcia, J. A." box="[456,468,518,544]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" refId="ref7273" refString="Tribouillier-Navas, E., Archila, F. &amp; Vazquez-Garcia, J. A. (2019) Notas sobre el genero Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) en Guatemala. Neotropical Magnolia Conservation Consortium, Guadalajara, Mexico. Available from: https: // www. magnoliamexico 2019. org / sites / default / files / contributions- 2019 - 07 / Tribouillier _ et _ al _ 2019 _ cmpr. pdf (Accessed 1 November 2019)" type="book" year="2019">a</bibRefCitation>
</bibRefCitation>
, Tribouillier-Navas 
<emphasis id="B972CB6BFFEFFFA1ACB36B5CFD3F464D" box="[693,749,518,544]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">et al.</emphasis>
2019, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF976A88FFEFFFA1AD3F6B5DFB52464D" author="Vazquez-Garcia, J. A. &amp; Tribouillier-Navas, E. &amp; Archila, F. &amp; Veliz, M. &amp; Ortega-Pena, S. &amp; Shalisko, V." box="[825,1152,518,545]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" pagination="57 - 70" refId="ref8277" refString="Vazquez-Garcia, J. A., Tribouillier-Navas, E., Archila, F., Veliz, M., Ortega-Pena, S. &amp; Shalisko, V. (2021 b) Three new species of Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) endemic to the north-wet-arc in the Maya Highlands of Guatemala. Phytotaxa 529: 57 - 70. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 529.1.4" type="journal article" year="2021">
Vázquez-García 
<emphasis id="B972CB6BFFEFFFA1ADF06B5CFBFA464D" box="[1014,1064,518,544]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">et al</emphasis>
. 2021b
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB91779FFEFFFA1AEBB6B71FC9046E1" blockId="6.[136,1452,158,652]" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
4. The new species here discovered are already propagated and maintained as 
<emphasis id="B972CB6BFFEFFFA1AA3F6B70FB564629" box="[1081,1156,555,580]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">ex-situ</emphasis>
collections in the recently established National Magnoliarium of 
<collectingCountry id="F31157E9FFEFFFA1AC3B6B15FD6B4605" box="[573,697,590,616]" name="Guatemala" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
, Coban, Dept. 
<collectingRegion id="49C2D99BFFEFFFA1AD676B15FC244604" box="[865,1014,590,617]" country="Guatemala" name="Alta Verapaz" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Alta Verapaz</collectingRegion>
, at the beginning of 2022 (Archilarum 2021, Magnoliarum, Facebook: https://fb.watch/ceLstJOJ86/).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>