350 lines
42 KiB
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350 lines
42 KiB
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<mods:title id="3153580988F6BEE71D3D5290ADEEA261">Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="466DC7E31018805F65BADDAE85C8E663">Guglielmone, Alberto A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="588A0CFDF2DC5A7510699299900B13A4">Nava, Santiago</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03966A560F25C724BABF8D69B479FCF5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7717995" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209449714" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7717995" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03966A560F25C724BABF8D69B479FCF5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03966A560F25C724BABF8D69B479FCF5" lastPageId="79" lastPageNumber="80" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
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<subSubSection id="C32588CB0F25C725BABF8D69B7DBF9B9" box="[151,693,1626,1653]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B80DB400F25C725BABF8D69B7DBF9B9" blockId="78.[151,1437,1626,2013]" box="[151,693,1626,1653]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
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<emphasis id="B94B07520F25C725BABF8D69B5D4F9B9" bold="true" box="[151,186,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">16.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F25C725BAEC8D68B7DFF9B9" ID-CoL="6L92Z" ID-ENA="1340770" authority="Neumann, 1897" authorityName="Neumann" authorityYear="1897" box="[196,689,1626,1653]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Haemaphysalis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bispinosa">
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<emphasis id="B94B07520F25C725BAEC8D68B483F9B9" bold="true" box="[196,493,1626,1653]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Haemaphysalis bispinosa</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F25C725BBDF8D69B7DFF9B9" author="Neumann, L. G." box="[503,689,1627,1653]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="324 - 420" refId="ref235175" refString="Neumann, L. G. (1897) Revision de la famille des ixodides (2 e memoire). Memoires de la Societe Zoologique de France, 10, 324 - 420. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / t. 173870" type="journal article" year="1897">Neumann, 1897</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32588CB0F25C725B8978D69B46AF8C9" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="8B80DB400F25C725B8978D69B46AF8C9" blockId="78.[151,1437,1626,2013]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
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Oriental:1)
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<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F25C725B96C8D69B6A4F9B9" box="[836,970,1627,1653]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
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, 2)
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<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F25C725B9D28D69B125F9B9" box="[1018,1099,1627,1653]" name="Bhutan" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Bhutan</collectingCountry>
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(south), 3)
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<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F25C725BEFF8D69B074F9B9" box="[1239,1306,1627,1653]" name="China" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">China</collectingCountry>
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(south), 4)
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<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F25C725BABF8D4DB5BDF955" box="[151,211,1663,1689]" name="India" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">India</collectingCountry>
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, 5)
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<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F25C725BAD78D4DB406F955" box="[255,360,1663,1689]" name="Malaysia" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
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, 6)
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<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F25C725BBBC8D4DB76DF955" box="[404,515,1663,1689]" name="Myanmar" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
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, 7)
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<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F25C725B8058D4DB71EF955" box="[557,624,1663,1689]" name="Nepal" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Nepal</collectingCountry>
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(south and central), 8)
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<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F25C725B9528D4DB6B7F955" box="[890,985,1663,1689]" name="Pakistan" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
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(east), 9)
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<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F25C725BE658D4DB1AFF955" box="[1101,1217,1663,1689]" name="Singapore" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Singapore</collectingCountry>
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, 10)
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<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F25C725BED38D4DB002F955" box="[1275,1388,1663,1689]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
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, 11)
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<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F25C725BABF8D91B595F971" box="[151,251,1699,1725]" name="Thailand" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Thailand</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F25C725BB238D91B775F971" author="Hoogstraal, H. & Roberts, F. H. S. & Kohls, G. M. & Tipton, V. J." box="[267,539,1699,1725]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="1197 - 1213" refId="ref207338" refString="Hoogstraal, H., Roberts, F. H. S., Kohls, G. M. & Tipton, V. J. (1968 b) Review of Haemaphysalis (Kaiseriana) longicornis Neumann (resurrected) of Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, Fiji, Japan, Korea, and northeastern China and USSR, and its parthenogenetic and bisexual populations (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae). Journal of Parasitology, 54, 1197 - 1213. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3276992" type="journal article" year="1968">
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Hoogstraal
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<emphasis id="B94B07520F25C725BBB98D91B4A2F971" box="[401,460,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">et al.</emphasis>
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1968
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F25C725B8258D91B775F971" author="Gang, Y. B. & Jang, D. H." box="[525,539,1699,1725]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="313 - 323" refId="ref196534" refString="Gang, Y. B. & Jang, D. H. (1985) Scanning electron microscopic observations on the surface structure of the tick Boophilus microplus (Canestrini, 1887) female specimens. Korean Journal of Parasitology, 23, 313 - 323. https: // doi. org / 10.3347 / kjp. 1985.23.2.313" type="journal article" year="1985">b</bibRefCitation>
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</bibRefCitation>
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, Rahman & Mondal 1985,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F25C725B9718D91B16CF971" author="Keirans, J. E." box="[857,1026,1698,1725]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="1 - 1785" refId="ref214582" refString="Keirans, J. E. (1985 b) George Henry Falkiner Nuttall and the Nuttall tick catalogue. United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Miscellaneous Publication, (1438), 1 - 1785. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 65326" type="journal article" year="1985">Keirans 1985b</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F25C725BE278D91B063F971" author="Tanskul, P. & Inlao, I." box="[1039,1293,1699,1725]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="573 - 601" refId="ref256990" refString="Tanskul, P. & Inlao, I. (1989) Keys to the adult ticks of Haemaphysalis Koch, 1844, in Thailand with notes on changes in taxonomy (Acari: Ixodoidea: Ixodidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 26, 573 - 601. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 26.6.573" type="journal article" year="1989">Tanskul & Inlao 1989</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F25C725BF328D91B5BCF92D" author="Islam, M. K. & Alim, M. A. & Tsuji, N. & Mondal, M. M. H." pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="485 - 490" refId="ref211267" refString="Islam, M. K., Alim, M. A., Tsuji, N. & Mondal, M. M. H. (2006) An investigation into the distribution, host-preference and population density of ixodid ticks affecting domestic animals in Bangladesh. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 38, 485 - 490." type="journal article" year="2006">
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Islam
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<emphasis id="B94B07520F25C725BF4A8D91B0F3F971" box="[1378,1437,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">et al.</emphasis>
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2006
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F25C725BAF58DF5B415F92D" author="Kolonin, G. V." box="[221,379,1735,1761]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" refId="ref221361" refString="Kolonin, G. V. (2009) Fauna of ixodid ticks of the world. https: // archive. is / CtZk. Last accessed February 11, 2022." type="url" year="2009">Kolonin 2009</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F25C725BBAE8DF5B72FF92D" author="Chen, Z. & Yang, X. & Bu, F. & Yang, X. & Yang, X. & Liu, J." box="[390,577,1735,1761]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="393 - 404" refId="ref181677" refString="Chen, Z., Yang, X., Bu, F., Yang, X., Yang, X. & Liu, J. (2010) Ticks (Acari: Ixodoidea: Argasidae, Ixodidae) of China. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 51, 393 - 404. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10493 - 010 - 9335 - 2" type="journal article" year="2010">
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Chen
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<emphasis id="B94B07520F25C725BBE08DF5B76EF92D" box="[456,512,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">et al.</emphasis>
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2010
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Liyanaarachchi
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<emphasis id="B94B07520F25C725B9288DF5B656F92D" box="[768,824,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">et al.</emphasis>
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, Karim
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<emphasis id="B94B07520F25C725B9F78DF5B179F92D" box="[991,1047,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">et al.</emphasis>
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Pun
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<emphasis id="B94B07520F25C725BEBE8DF5B1A0F92D" box="[1174,1230,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">et al.</emphasis>
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2018
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F25C725BF338DF5B599F8C9" author="Namgyal, J. & Lysyk, T. J. & Couloigner, I. & Checkley, S. & Gurung, R. B. & Tenzin, T. & Dorjee, S. & Cork, S. C." pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="1 - 21" refId="ref233795" refString="Namgyal, J., Lysyk, T. J., Couloigner, I., Checkley, S., Gurung, R. B., Tenzin, T., Dorjee, S. & Cork, S. C. (2021) Identification, distribution, and habitat suitability models of ixodid tick species in cattle in eastern Bhutan. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, 6 (article 27), 1 - 21. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / tropicalmed 6010027" type="journal article" year="2021">
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Namgyal
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<emphasis id="B94B07520F25C725BFA08DF5B5DAF8C9" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">et al.</emphasis>
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2021
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32588CB0F25C724BAEF8C3DB479FCF5" lastPageId="79" lastPageNumber="80" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8B80DB400F25C725BAEF8C3DB6D1F875" blockId="78.[151,1437,1626,2013]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
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|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F25C725BAEF8C3DB4D5F8E5" author="Camicas, J. L. & Hervy, J. P. & Adam, F. & Morel, P. C." box="[199,443,1807,1833]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" refId="ref179770" refString="Camicas, J. L., Hervy, J. P., Adam, F. & Morel, P. C. (1998) Les tiques du monde. Nomenclature, stades decrits, hotes, repartition (Acarida, Ixodida). Orstom, Paris, 233 pp." type="book" year="1998">
|
|
Camicas
|
|
<emphasis id="B94B07520F25C725BB078C3DB407F8E5" box="[303,361,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
(1998)
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
listed
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F25C725B82F8C3DB648F8E5" box="[519,806,1807,1833]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Haemaphysalis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bispinosa">
|
|
<emphasis id="B94B07520F25C725B82F8C3DB648F8E5" box="[519,806,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Haemaphysalis bispinosa</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
as an Australasian and
|
|
<collectingRegion id="49FB15A20F25C725BE1B8C3DB1E1F8E5" box="[1075,1167,1807,1833]" country="Saudi Arabia" name="Ash Sharqiyah" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Oriental</collectingRegion>
|
|
species, but
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F25C725BF098C3DB440F881" author="Hoogstraal, H. & Roberts, F. H. S. & Kohls, G. M. & Tipton, V. J." pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="1197 - 1213" refId="ref207338" refString="Hoogstraal, H., Roberts, F. H. S., Kohls, G. M. & Tipton, V. J. (1968 b) Review of Haemaphysalis (Kaiseriana) longicornis Neumann (resurrected) of Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, Fiji, Japan, Korea, and northeastern China and USSR, and its parthenogenetic and bisexual populations (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae). Journal of Parasitology, 54, 1197 - 1213. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3276992" type="journal article" year="1968">
|
|
Hoogstraal
|
|
<emphasis id="B94B07520F25C725BABF8C01B5A1F881" box="[151,207,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
(1968b)
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
found that
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F25C725BB858C01B7A2F881" box="[429,716,1843,1869]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Haemaphysalis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bispinosa">
|
|
<emphasis id="B94B07520F25C725BB858C01B7A2F881" box="[429,716,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Haemaphysalis bispinosa</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
has been extensively confused with the reinstated
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F25C725BF298C01B457F8BD" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Haemaphysalis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longicornis">
|
|
<emphasis id="B94B07520F25C725BF298C01B457F8BD" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Haemaphysalis longicornis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
in Australasia. Since then,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F25C725B8458C65B6E3F8BD" box="[621,909,1879,1905]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Haemaphysalis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bispinosa">
|
|
<emphasis id="B94B07520F25C725B8458C65B6E3F8BD" box="[621,909,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Haemaphysalis bispinosa</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
has been considered by most workers to be an
|
|
<collectingRegion id="49FB15A20F25C725BABF8C49B59DF859" box="[151,243,1915,1941]" country="Saudi Arabia" name="Ash Sharqiyah" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Oriental</collectingRegion>
|
|
species, where it has also been confused with
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F25C725B8D28C49B149F859" authorityName="Warburton & Nuttall" authorityYear="1909" box="[762,1063,1915,1941]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Haemaphysalis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intermedia">
|
|
<emphasis id="B94B07520F25C725B8D28C49B149F859" box="[762,1063,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Haemaphysalis intermedia</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and other
|
|
<collectingRegion id="49FB15A20F25C725BEB68C49B194F859" box="[1182,1274,1915,1941]" country="Saudi Arabia" name="Ash Sharqiyah" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Oriental</collectingRegion>
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F25C725BF288C49B584F875" authority="(Keirans 1985 b)" baseAuthorityName="Keirans" baseAuthorityYear="1985" genus="The" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" rank="species" species="ticks">
|
|
ticks (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F25C725BF6D8C49B58CF875" author="Keirans, J. E." pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="1 - 1785" refId="ref214582" refString="Keirans, J. E. (1985 b) George Henry Falkiner Nuttall and the Nuttall tick catalogue. United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Miscellaneous Publication, (1438), 1 - 1785. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 65326" type="journal article" year="1985">Keirans 1985b</bibRefCitation>
|
|
)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Consequently, the limits of the range of this species are unclear.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B80DB400F25C724BAEF8CF1B104FE1D" blockId="78.[151,1437,1626,2013]" lastBlockId="79.[151,1437,151,825]" lastPageId="79" lastPageNumber="80" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
|
|
There are records of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F25C725BB868CF1B7A2F811" box="[430,716,1987,2013]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Haemaphysalis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bispinosa">
|
|
<emphasis id="B94B07520F25C725BB868CF1B7A2F811" box="[430,716,1987,2013]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Haemaphysalis bispinosa</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
from
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F25C725B9388CF1B6ECF811" box="[784,898,1987,2013]" name="Singapore" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Singapore</collectingCountry>
|
|
in
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F25C725B98C8CF1B135F811" author="Keirans, J. E." box="[932,1115,1986,2013]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="1 - 1785" refId="ref214582" refString="Keirans, J. E. (1985 b) George Henry Falkiner Nuttall and the Nuttall tick catalogue. United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Miscellaneous Publication, (1438), 1 - 1785. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 65326" type="journal article" year="1985">Keirans (1985b)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
and
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F25C725BEB88CF1B0F9F811" author="Tanskul, P. & Inlao, I." box="[1168,1431,1987,2013]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="573 - 601" refId="ref256990" refString="Tanskul, P. & Inlao, I. (1989) Keys to the adult ticks of Haemaphysalis Koch, 1844, in Thailand with notes on changes in taxonomy (Acari: Ixodoidea: Ixodidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 26, 573 - 601. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 26.6.573" type="journal article" year="1989">Tanskul & Inlao (1989)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
, but
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F24C724BAEB8BA5B40AFF7D" author="Kwak, M. L." box="[195,356,151,177]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="263 - 267" refId="ref222397" refString="Kwak, M. L. (2018 c) Ticks in the Lion City: a preliminary review of the tick fauna of Singapore. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 76, 263 - 267. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10493 - 018 - 0305 - 4" type="journal article" year="2018">Kwak (2018c)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
did not recognize this tick as occurring in
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F24C724B9608BA5B6D2FF7D" box="[840,956,151,177]" name="Singapore" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Singapore</collectingCountry>
|
|
, which is provisionally included within its range. The situation in
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F24C724BBB18B89B4B2FF19" box="[409,476,187,213]" name="China" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">China</collectingCountry>
|
|
is difficult to evaluate.
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F24C724B8CD8B89B6DFFF19" author="Chen, Z. & Yang, X. & Bu, F. & Yang, X. & Yang, X. & Liu, J." box="[741,945,187,213]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="393 - 404" refId="ref181677" refString="Chen, Z., Yang, X., Bu, F., Yang, X., Yang, X. & Liu, J. (2010) Ticks (Acari: Ixodoidea: Argasidae, Ixodidae) of China. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 51, 393 - 404. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10493 - 010 - 9335 - 2" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
|
Chen
|
|
<emphasis id="B94B07520F24C724B90F8B89B631FF19" box="[807,863,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
(2010)
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
and Zhang, Y.K. (2019) treated
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F24C724BF328B89B452FF35" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Haemaphysalis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bispinosa">
|
|
<emphasis id="B94B07520F24C724BF328B89B452FF35" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Haemaphysalis bispinosa</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
as an Oriental tick found in southern
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F24C724B8F68BEDB64AFF35" box="[734,804,223,249]" name="China" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">China</collectingCountry>
|
|
, but Zhang, G.
|
|
<emphasis id="B94B07520F24C724B9E68BEDB168FF35" box="[974,1030,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
(2019) recorded its presence in both northern and southern
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F24C724BBBE8A31B4B3FED1" box="[406,477,259,285]" name="China" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">China</collectingCountry>
|
|
. However,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F24C724B8738A31B647FED1" author="Chen, Z. & Li, Y. & Ren, Q. & Liu, Z. & Luo, J. & Li, K. & Guan, G. & Yang, J. & Han, X. & Liu, G. & Luo, J. & Yin, H." box="[603,809,258,285]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="249 - 257" refId="ref181750" refString="Chen, Z., Li, Y., Ren, Q., Liu, Z., Luo, J., Li, K., Guan, G., Yang, J., Han, X., Liu, G., Luo, J. & Yin, H. (2015) Does Haemaphysalis bispinosa (Acari: Ixodidae) really occur in China? Experimental and Applied Acarology, 65, 249 - 257. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10493 - 014 - 9854 - 3" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
|
Chen
|
|
<emphasis id="B94B07520F24C724B8B68A31B7B9FED1" box="[670,727,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
(2015)
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
evaluated alleged
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F24C724B9D48A31B075FED1" box="[1020,1307,259,285]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Haemaphysalis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bispinosa">
|
|
<emphasis id="B94B07520F24C724B9D48A31B075FED1" box="[1020,1307,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Haemaphysalis bispinosa</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
collections made in 18 Chinese provinces, and all of them were reclassified as
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F24C724B9A08A15B1D5FE8D" box="[904,1211,295,321]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Haemaphysalis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longicornis">
|
|
<emphasis id="B94B07520F24C724B9A08A15B1D5FE8D" box="[904,1211,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Haemaphysalis longicornis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, leading
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F24C724BF0A8A15B58CFEA9" author="Chen, Z. & Li, Y. & Ren, Q. & Liu, Z. & Luo, J. & Li, K. & Guan, G. & Yang, J. & Han, X. & Liu, G. & Luo, J. & Yin, H." pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="249 - 257" refId="ref181750" refString="Chen, Z., Li, Y., Ren, Q., Liu, Z., Luo, J., Li, K., Guan, G., Yang, J., Han, X., Liu, G., Luo, J. & Yin, H. (2015) Does Haemaphysalis bispinosa (Acari: Ixodidae) really occur in China? Experimental and Applied Acarology, 65, 249 - 257. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10493 - 014 - 9854 - 3" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
|
Chen
|
|
<emphasis id="B94B07520F24C724BF4C8A15B0F3FE8D" box="[1380,1437,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
(2015)
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
to hypothesize that
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F24C724BBEF8A79B789FEA9" box="[455,743,331,357]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Haemaphysalis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bispinosa">
|
|
<emphasis id="B94B07520F24C724BBEF8A79B789FEA9" box="[455,743,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Haemaphysalis bispinosa</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is not present in
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F24C724B9848A79B69DFEA9" box="[940,1011,331,357]" name="China" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">China</collectingCountry>
|
|
. Thereafter,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F24C724BE578A79B03DFEA9" author="Wang, X. & Sun, X. & Sun, Y. & Chen, K. & Zhang, K. & Xu, W. & Fan, K. & Lin, W. & Chen, T. & Lin, X. & Lin, K." box="[1151,1363,331,357]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="1 - 7" refId="ref263572" refString="Wang, X., Sun, X., Sun, Y., Chen, K., Zhang, K., Xu, W., Fan, K., Lin, W., Chen, T., Lin, X. & Lin, K. (2020) Identification and molecular analysis of Ixodid ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) infesting wild boars (Sus scrofa) and tick-borne pathogens at the Meihua mountain of southwestern Fujian, China. Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports, 22 (article. 100492), 1 - 7. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. vprsr. 2020.100492" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
|
Wang
|
|
<emphasis id="B94B07520F24C724BEEF8A79B06FFEA9" box="[1223,1281,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
(2020)
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
found specimens of this tick in southern
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F24C724B80B8A5DB707FE45" box="[547,617,367,393]" name="China" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">China</collectingCountry>
|
|
, although their morphological and molecular support for a diagnosis of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F24C724BABF8AA1B4DBFE61" box="[151,437,403,429]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Haemaphysalis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bispinosa">
|
|
<emphasis id="B94B07520F24C724BABF8AA1B4DBFE61" box="[151,437,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Haemaphysalis bispinosa</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is rather weak.
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F24C724B84E8AA1B65EFE61" author="Zhao, G. P. & Wang, Y. X. & Fan, Z. W. & Ji, Y. & Liu, M. J. & Zhang, W. H. & Li, X. L. & Zhou, S. X. & Li, H. & Liang, S. & Liu, W. & Yang, Y. & Fang, L. Q." box="[614,816,403,429]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="1 - 13" refId="ref267094" refString="Zhao, G. P., Wang, Y. X., Fan, Z. W., Ji, Y., Liu, M. J., Zhang, W. H., Li, X. L., Zhou, S. X., Li, H., Liang, S., Liu, W., Yang, Y. & Fang, L. Q. (2021) Mapping ticks and tick-borne pathogens in China. Nature Communications, 12 (article 1075), 1 - 13. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / s 41467 - 021 - 21375 - 1" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
|
Zhao
|
|
<emphasis id="B94B07520F24C724B88F8AA1B7B1FE61" box="[679,735,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
(2021)
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
did not list
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F24C724B99C8AA1B1BCFE61" box="[948,1234,403,429]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Haemaphysalis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bispinosa">
|
|
<emphasis id="B94B07520F24C724B99C8AA1B1BCFE61" box="[948,1234,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Haemaphysalis bispinosa</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
as a Chinese tick. We provisionally include southern
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F24C724B8368A85B70FFE1D" box="[542,609,439,465]" name="China" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">China</collectingCountry>
|
|
within the range of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F24C724B96C8A85B10CFE1D" box="[836,1122,439,465]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Haemaphysalis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bispinosa">
|
|
<emphasis id="B94B07520F24C724B96C8A85B10CFE1D" box="[836,1122,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Haemaphysalis bispinosa</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B80DB400F24C724BAEF8AE9B479FCF5" blockId="79.[151,1437,151,825]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F24C724BAEF8AE9B4EFFE39" author="Keirans, J. E." box="[199,385,474,501]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="1 - 1785" refId="ref214582" refString="Keirans, J. E. (1985 b) George Henry Falkiner Nuttall and the Nuttall tick catalogue. United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Miscellaneous Publication, (1438), 1 - 1785. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 65326" type="journal article" year="1985">Keirans (1985b)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
described several records of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F24C724B8FF8AE9B697FE39" box="[727,1017,475,501]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Haemaphysalis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bispinosa">
|
|
<emphasis id="B94B07520F24C724B8FF8AE9B697FE39" box="[727,1017,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Haemaphysalis bispinosa</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
collected on the island of
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F24C724BF1B8AE9B0F6FE39" box="[1331,1432,475,501]" name="Tanzania" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Zanzibar</collectingCountry>
|
|
,
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F24C724BABF8ACDB592FDD5" box="[151,252,511,537]" name="Tanzania" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
|
(Afrotropical), mostly from cattle, during the beginning of the 20
|
|
<superScript id="7C4A76080F24C724B9C38ACCB696FDC0" attach="left" box="[1003,1016,510,524]" fontSize="6" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">th</superScript>
|
|
century, and at least one of these records was associated with cattle imported from
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F24C724B89F8911B79AFDF1" box="[695,756,547,573]" name="India" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">India</collectingCountry>
|
|
. No
|
|
<emphasis id="B94B07520F24C724B9028911B6FAFDF1" box="[810,916,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">bona fide</emphasis>
|
|
African records of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F24C724BE5D8911B0FBFDF1" box="[1141,1429,547,573]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Haemaphysalis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bispinosa">
|
|
<emphasis id="B94B07520F24C724BE5D8911B0FBFDF1" box="[1141,1429,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Haemaphysalis bispinosa</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, apart from those in
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F24C724BB528975B75BFDAD" author="Keirans, J. E." box="[378,565,582,609]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="1 - 1785" refId="ref214582" refString="Keirans, J. E. (1985 b) George Henry Falkiner Nuttall and the Nuttall tick catalogue. United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Miscellaneous Publication, (1438), 1 - 1785. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 65326" type="journal article" year="1985">Keirans (1985b)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
, have subsequently been found, and this tick is not considered to be present in the Afrotropical Zoogeographic Region.
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F24C724B8568959B632FD49" author="Petney, T. N. & Saijuntha, W. & Boulanger, N. & Chitimia-Dobler, L. & Pfeffer, M. & Eamudomkarn, C. & Andrews, R. H. & Ahamad, M. & Putthasorn, N. & Muders, S. V. & Petney, D. A. & Robbins, R. G." box="[638,860,619,645]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="1 - 89" refId="ref243024" refString="Petney, T. N., Saijuntha, W., Boulanger, N., Chitimia-Dobler, L., Pfeffer, M., Eamudomkarn, C., Andrews, R. H., Ahamad, M., Putthasorn, N., Muders, S. V., Petney, D. A. & Robbins, R. G. (2019) Ticks (Argasidae, Ixodidae) and tick-borne diseases of continental Southeast Asia. Zootaxa, 4558, 1 - 89. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4558.1.1" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
|
Petney
|
|
<emphasis id="B94B07520F24C724B8FA8959B664FD49" box="[722,778,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
(2019)
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
included
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F24C724B9E38959B165FD49" box="[971,1035,619,645]" name="Japan" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
|
within the range of this tick, but its presence in that country was not supported by
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F24C724B88889BDB6F3FD65" author="Yamaguti, N. & Tipton, V. J. & Keegan, H. L. & Toshioka, S." box="[672,925,655,681]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="1 - 226" refId="ref265900" refString="Yamaguti, N., Tipton, V. J., Keegan, H. L. & Toshioka, S. (1971) Ticks of Japan, Korea, and the Ryukyu Islands. Brigham Young University Science Bulletin, Biological Series, 15 (1), 1 - 226. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 25691" type="journal article" year="1971">
|
|
Yamaguti
|
|
<emphasis id="B94B07520F24C724B93B89BDB622FD65" box="[787,844,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
(1971)
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
and Kwak (2018b).
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F24C724BEAC89BDB036FD65" author="Phan Trong, C." box="[1156,1368,655,681]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" refId="ref243268" refString="Phan Trong, C. (1977) Ve bet va con trung ky sinh o Viet Nam. Tap 1 (Ixodoidea). Mo ta va phan loai. Hanoi, 489 pp. [in Vietnamese]" type="book" year="1977">Phan Trong (1977)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
listed
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F24C724BABF8981B4D8FD01" box="[151,438,691,717]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Haemaphysalis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bispinosa">
|
|
<emphasis id="B94B07520F24C724BABF8981B4D8FD01" box="[151,438,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Haemaphysalis bispinosa</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
as a Vietnamese species, but its occurrence there was not recognized by
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F24C724BEC68981B0F2FD01" author="Kolonin, G. V." box="[1262,1436,691,717]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" refId="ref221361" refString="Kolonin, G. V. (2009) Fauna of ixodid ticks of the world. https: // archive. is / CtZk. Last accessed February 11, 2022." type="url" year="2009">Kolonin (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
and
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F24C724BAEE89E5B4CBFD3D" author="Petney, T. N. & Saijuntha, W. & Boulanger, N. & Chitimia-Dobler, L. & Pfeffer, M. & Eamudomkarn, C. & Andrews, R. H. & Ahamad, M. & Putthasorn, N. & Muders, S. V. & Petney, D. A. & Robbins, R. G." box="[198,421,727,753]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="1 - 89" refId="ref243024" refString="Petney, T. N., Saijuntha, W., Boulanger, N., Chitimia-Dobler, L., Pfeffer, M., Eamudomkarn, C., Andrews, R. H., Ahamad, M., Putthasorn, N., Muders, S. V., Petney, D. A. & Robbins, R. G. (2019) Ticks (Argasidae, Ixodidae) and tick-borne diseases of continental Southeast Asia. Zootaxa, 4558, 1 - 89. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4558.1.1" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
|
Petney
|
|
<emphasis id="B94B07520F24C724BB3189E5B43FFD3D" box="[281,337,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
(2019)
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
.
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F24C724BB8789E5B7F6FD3D" author="Kamran, K. & Ali, A. & Villagra, C. & Siddiqui, S. & Alouffi, A. S. & Iqbal, A." box="[431,664,727,753]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="247 - 262" refId="ref213187" refString="Kamran, K., Ali, A., Villagra, C., Siddiqui, S., Alouffi, A. S. & Iqbal, A. (2021) A cross-sectional study of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) on horse farms to assess the risk factors associated with tick-borne diseases. Zoonoses and Public Health, 68, 247 - 262. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zph. 12809" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
|
Kamran
|
|
<emphasis id="B94B07520F24C724B82789E5B729FD3D" box="[527,583,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
(2021)
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
allegedly found
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F24C724B97B89E5B11CFD3D" box="[851,1138,727,753]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Haemaphysalis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bispinosa">
|
|
<emphasis id="B94B07520F24C724B97B89E5B11CFD3D" box="[851,1138,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Haemaphysalis bispinosa</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
on horses in the Palearctic portion of
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F24C724BB2689C9B41EFCD9" box="[270,368,763,789]" name="Pakistan" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
|
|
, but their records are treated here as unconfirmed and
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F24C724B9FB89C9B15CFCD9" box="[979,1074,763,789]" name="Pakistan" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
|
|
is not included within the range of this tick.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |