730 lines
88 KiB
XML
730 lines
88 KiB
XML
<document id="D7411394D76A483246C8ECF74E36A9D2" ID-CLB-Dataset="46344" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.206707" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6d2330e7-2f0d-458c-a30f-266e7c575b99" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="206707" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460389640538" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Hoskin, Conrad J. & Aland, Kieran" docDate="2011" docId="0394566BFFCBFF29F8EAEECD9B01B2E8" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03027p051.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3027" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Cophixalus kulakula Hoskin & Aland, 2011, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="45" masterDocId="FFAD2E13FFC8FF2EF87DEE5A985DB327" masterDocTitle="Two new frog species (Microhylidae: Cophixalus) from boulder habitats on Cape York Peninsula, north-east Australia" masterLastPageNumber="51" masterPageNumber="39" pageNumber="42" updateTime="1698298057368" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="086BF2E0C9CFE093F434F522822624EE" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="7A5A577978AD6D6CC99B14441F029B1F">
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<mods:title id="DD3DBA74B1672B7E7790C2AFD12A4B86">Two new frog species (Microhylidae: Cophixalus) from boulder habitats on Cape York Peninsula, north-east Australia</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="A48699C9FFD59CF3374DD3198F7F9964" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="878B7C25EA753A3A8B88A8E0ABA9C566">
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<mods:roleTerm id="EE2B2C4D853D598B5EE17983FA87F4A6">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="9FDCCC6149E042B3A1DAACAFC840F31F">Hoskin, Conrad J.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="BCC0598A57CBB7120F99AAA372D65599" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="A18CF8E599278FE5ADE5ECCF55335D51">
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<mods:roleTerm id="D86FEED0CDA77744F221F0F0240545D0">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="A23E71C726F32A743238C30BFCEA73CD">Aland, Kieran</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="F492A28CF5EC266A2DBD2F022FBF5203">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="87FEEFDD5047F8E7069915DF7C259782">
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<mods:title id="1584497ACB471DE0B224B119099DEED7">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="92204067EF8C6AA8E22109CC2868CDC8">
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<mods:date id="FA3F467AAC85052C3ABF84E7641E89C6">2011</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="29FB7D78AC42E1825E771EA49C9C1D35" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="2777C4B0800BFBA3FFCB59B6F1470F70">3027</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="632D8DA1E6DE77DCE4293C77ECCDDD78">39</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="DB30221AC36D318587D57F076EBB49BA">51</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification id="25263E968A26A4DFC05095F83D1A35BC">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="AC8F4E38F5901951AEC07C6DF8418472" type="CLB-Dataset">46344</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="A0A6040B64F06A7D1AEBE86917B41CEF" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.206707</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="6E65F508993C0C656EAFABB9CEF56CFD" type="GBIF-Dataset">6d2330e7-2f0d-458c-a30f-266e7c575b99</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="F27E44DC3C5C750776FF34E0C7544AD1" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="93D8730B25D3304D4AB444C06A78A6DF" type="Zenodo-Dep">206707</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="0394566BFFCBFF29F8EAEECD9B01B2E8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6193250" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119416406" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6193250" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0394566BFFCBFF29F8EAEECD9B01B2E8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0394566BFFCBFF29F8EAEECD9B01B2E8" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">
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<subSubSection id="C327B4F6FFCBFF2DF8EAEECD98B6B3D0" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B82E77DFFCBFF2DF8EAEECD99B4B397" blockId="3.[151,489,151,247]" box="[151,489,151,176]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">
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<heading id="D0CA5011FFCBFF2DF8EAEECD99B4B397" bold="true" box="[151,489,151,176]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" reason="2">
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<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCBFF2DF8EAEECD99B4B397" bold="true" box="[151,489,151,176]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCBFF2DF8EAEECD99D4B397" ID-CoL="5ZYP4" box="[151,393,151,176]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kulakula" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCBFF2DF8EAEECD99D4B397" bold="true" box="[151,393,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Cophixalus kulakula</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A8614FFCBFF2DF9EDEEC299B4B397" box="[400,489,152,176]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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||
</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B82E77DFFCBFF2DF8EAEEE698B6B3D0" blockId="3.[151,489,151,247]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">
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Kutini Boulder-frog (
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<figureCitation id="1306FBF8FFCBFF2DF8E2EE8598BFB3D0" box="[159,226,223,247]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1704,1727]" captionTargetBox="[173,1413,761,1681]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[173,1413,761,1683]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Cophixalus kulakula sp. nov. in life: (A) female foraging on fern leaf, (B) female emerging from boulders, (C) male, (D) male ventral surface (photos: Kieran Aland)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206710/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C327B4F6FFCBFF2DF8EAEF479B7BB116" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8B82E77DFFCBFF2DF8EAEF479B7BB116" blockId="3.[151,1437,285,2038]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">
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<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCBFF2DF8EAEF479A58B212" bold="true" box="[151,517,285,310]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">
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Material examined.
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<typeStatus id="548659DFFFCBFF2DF9F2EF479A5DB212" box="[399,512,285,309]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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:
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</emphasis>
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QMJ88540, female, boulder field hill approx.
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<quantity id="4CC54A98FFCBFF2DFC53EF479C36B212" box="[1070,1131,285,309]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" unit="km" value="5.0">5 km</quantity>
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NW of Mt Tozer summit (12°42′37S, 143°10′22″E, elevation
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<quantity id="4CC54A98FFCBFF2DFA47EF1B9ADAB27E" box="[570,647,321,345]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" unit="m" value="180.0">180 m</quantity>
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), Cape York Peninsula, north-east Queensland, C. J. Hoskin and K.
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<collectingCountry id="F32AA7EDFFCBFF2DF8EAEF3F9883B25A" box="[151,222,357,381]" name="Aland Islands" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Aland</collectingCountry>
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,
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<date id="FF83C1BDFFCBFF2DF88DEF3F99C3B25A" box="[240,414,357,381]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" value="2010-04-13">13 April 2010</date>
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.
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<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCBFF2DF9D2EF3F9A6DB25A" bold="true" box="[431,560,357,381]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">
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<typeStatus id="548659DFFFCBFF2DF9D2EF3F9A76B25A" box="[431,555,357,381]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
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:
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</emphasis>
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QMJ88536 (male), QMJ88537 (male), QMJ88538 (juvenile), QMJ88539 (female), collection details as for
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<typeStatus id="548659DFFFCBFF2DFA67EFD39A22B286" box="[538,639,393,417]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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; QMJ88503 (female), QMJ88504 (male), gully on eastern side of Mt Tozer (12°45′46S, 143°13′26″E, elevation
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<quantity id="4CC54A98FFCBFF2DFA07EFF79A98B2E2" box="[634,709,429,453]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.31" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" unit="m" value="231.0">231 m</quantity>
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), K.
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<collectingCountry id="F32AA7EDFFCBFF2DFA83EFF79B18B2E2" box="[766,837,429,453]" name="Aland Islands" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Aland</collectingCountry>
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,
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<date id="FF83C1BDFFCBFF2DFB2CEFF79C40B2E2" box="[849,1053,429,453]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" value="2009-02-20">20 February 2009</date>
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; QMJ88541 (female), QMJ88542 (female), QMJ88543 (male), QMJ88544 (male), boulder field on western slopes of Mt Tozer uplands (12°43′46S, 143°11′0 7″E, elevation
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<quantity id="4CC54A98FFCBFF2DF9DCEFAF99B7B12A" box="[417,490,501,525]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" unit="m" value="170.0">170 m</quantity>
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), K.
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<collectingCountry id="F32AA7EDFFCBFF2DFA62EFAF9A3EB12A" box="[543,611,501,525]" name="Aland Islands" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Aland</collectingCountry>
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and C. J. Hoskin,
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<date id="FF83C1BDFFCBFF2DFB52EFAF9B92B12A" box="[815,975,501,525]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" value="2010-04-13">13 April 2010</date>
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.
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<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCBFF2DFBA5EFAF9C91B129" bold="true" box="[984,1228,501,526]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Additional material:</emphasis>
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An additional two individuals from this latter site were measured in the field.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C327B4F6FFCBFF2DF8BAEC679A31B1C2" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8B82E77DFFCBFF2DF8BAEC679A31B1C2" blockId="3.[151,1437,285,2038]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">
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<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCBFF2DF8BAEC67991CB171" bold="true" box="[199,321,573,598]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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A medium sized frog with long, slender fingers and large, obviously truncated finger pads.
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<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCBFF2DFD3FEC679973B15E" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kulakula" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCBFF2DFD3FEC679973B15E" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Cophixalus kulakula</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A8614FFCBFF2DF948EC3899D2B15D" box="[309,399,610,634]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" rank="species">
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||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCBFF2DF948EC3899D2B15D" bold="true" box="[309,399,610,634]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">sp. nov.</emphasis>
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</taxonomicNameLabel>
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can be distinguished from its congeners by a combination of the following characters: large size (SVL:
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<quantity id="4CC54A98FFCBFF2DF967ECDF99CAB1BA" box="[282,407,645,669]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.4" metricValueMax="4.8" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="44.0" valueMax="48.0" valueMin="40.0">40–48 mm</quantity>
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, average
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||
<quantity id="4CC54A98FFCBFF2DFA7EECDF9A05B1BA" box="[515,600,645,669]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="43.0">43 mm</quantity>
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), red/orange in groin and on posterior thigh (but not in axilla), fairly uniform pale or brown dorsum and flanks. The mating call is also distinct from all
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<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCBFF2DFC53ECF39CF0B1E6" box="[1070,1197,681,705]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCBFF2DFC53ECF39CF0B1E6" box="[1070,1197,681,705]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Cophixalus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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for which the call is known, in being a short, wavering ‘bleat’.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C327B4F6FFCBFF2DF8BAECA89C2DB076" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="8B82E77DFFCBFF2DF8BAECA89C2DB076" blockId="3.[151,1437,285,2038]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">
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<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCBFF2DF8BAECA89913B02D" bold="true" box="[199,334,754,778]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Etymology.</emphasis>
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From
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<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCBFF2DF9E6ECAB9A4BB02E" box="[411,534,753,777]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">kul’a kul’a</emphasis>
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, meaning ‘rocky place’ in Kuuku Ya’u, a language of the Sandbeach People of Eastern Cape York. This epithet was suggested by Mr Ronald Giblet, custodian of the Kutini clan estate in which the first specimens were discovered. The species epithet is used as a noun in apposition.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C327B4F6FFCBFF2BF8BAED079CFEB4BB" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B82E77DFFCBFF2DF8BAED079CCBB0BE" blockId="3.[151,1437,285,2038]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">
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<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCBFF2DF8BAED079A53B052" bold="true" box="[199,526,861,886]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">
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Measurements of
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<typeStatus id="548659DFFFCBFF2DF9DDED079A54B052" box="[416,521,861,885]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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||
.
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</emphasis>
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QMJ88540, female; SVL 43.0 mm; TL
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<quantity id="4CC54A98FFCBFF2DFB99ED079C10B052" box="[996,1101,861,885]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.15" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="21.5">21.5 mm</quantity>
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; FL 10.5; HW
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<quantity id="4CC54A98FFCBFF2DFC82ED079D34B052" box="[1279,1385,861,885]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.58" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="15.8">15.8 mm</quantity>
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||
; HL
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<quantity id="4CC54A98FFCBFF2DF8EAEDDB98A0B0BE" box="[151,253,897,921]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.17" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="11.7">11.7 mm</quantity>
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||
; ED
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<quantity id="4CC54A98FFCBFF2DF948EDDB99D0B0BE" box="[309,397,897,921]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="3.7">3.7 mm</quantity>
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||
; EN
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<quantity id="4CC54A98FFCBFF2DF9B8EDDB9A43B0BE" box="[453,542,897,921]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="3.4">3.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
; IN
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<quantity id="4CC54A98FFCBFF2DFA33EDDB9AFAB0BE" box="[590,679,897,921]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="3.6">3.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
; 3DW
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||
<quantity id="4CC54A98FFCBFF2DFA8BEDDB9B12B0BE" box="[758,847,897,921]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="2.9">2.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
; 3FL
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||
<quantity id="4CC54A98FFCBFF2DFBEDEDDB9BB4B0BE" box="[912,1001,897,921]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.1" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="8.1">8.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
; 4TL
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||
<quantity id="4CC54A98FFCBFF2DFC56EDDB9CCCB0BE" box="[1067,1169,897,921]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.13" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="11.3">11.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B82E77DFFCBFF2DF8BAEDFF9AE2B48A" blockId="3.[151,1437,285,2038]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCBFF2DF8BAEDFF9A5AB099" bold="true" box="[199,519,933,958]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">
|
||
Description of
|
||
<typeStatus id="548659DFFFCBFF2DF903EDFF99ECB09A" box="[382,433,933,957]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">type</typeStatus>
|
||
series.
|
||
</emphasis>
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||
Data presented as range followed by mean in brackets.
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||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCBFF2DFCDDEDFF9DC1B09A" bold="true" box="[1184,1436,933,958]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Adult measurements</emphasis>
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||
(mm): SVL 39.8–48.0 (43.1); TL 19.5–22.8 (20.7); FL 9.8–11.8 (10.6); HW 14.5–17.5 (15.9); HL 10.1–11.7 (11.0); ED 3.7–4.7 (4.2); EN 3.2–3.8 (3.5); IN 3.2–4.2 (3.6); 3DW 2.3–3.1 (2.7); 3FL 7.0–8.1 (7.4); 4TL 9.3–11.9 (10.5).
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCBFF2DF896EA4B999BB70D" bold="true" box="[235,454,1041,1066]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Adult proportions</emphasis>
|
||
: TL/SVL 0.45–0.52 (0.48); FL/SVL 0.23–0.27 (0.25); FL/TL 0.48–0.58 (0.51); HW/ SVL 0.34–0.41 (0.37); HL/SVL 0.24–0.27 (0.25); HW/HL 1.34–1.55 (1.45); ED/SVL 0.08–0.11 (0.10); EN/IN 0.86–1.11 (0.99); EN/ED 0.71–0.93 (0.84); 3DW/SVL 0.054–0.068 (0.062); 3FL/SVL 0.16–0.19 (0.17); 4TL/SVL 0.22–0.27 (0.24).
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCBFF2DF918EA279A34B7B2" bold="true" box="[357,617,1149,1174]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Comparison of sexes:</emphasis>
|
||
Females are on average larger than males (SVL 43.7
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCBFF2DFC9DEA249CA3B7B2" box="[1248,1278,1150,1173]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">vs.</emphasis>
|
||
42.5) but the ranges overlap substantially (females: 39.8–48.0 mm, males
|
||
<quantity id="4CC54A98FFCBFF2DFB33EAFB9BAAB79E" box="[846,1015,1185,1209]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.265" metricValueMax="4.4799999999999995" metricValueMin="4.05" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="42.65" valueMax="44.8" valueMin="40.5">40.5–44.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
). No differences in proportions were detected between the sexes.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCBFF2DF9A9EA9F9AB6B7FA" bold="true" box="[468,747,1221,1246]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Juvenile measurements</emphasis>
|
||
(mm): SVL 24.2; TL 12.2; FL 5.5; HW 9.1; HL 7.0; ED 2.5; EN 2.2; IN 2.0; 3DW 1.5; 3FL 4.2; 4TL 5.8.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCBFF2DFAF4EAB39BDDB625" bold="true" box="[649,896,1257,1282]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Juvenile proportions</emphasis>
|
||
: TL/SVL 0.50; FL/SVL 0.23; FL/TL 0.45; HW/ SVL 0.38; HL/SVL 0.29; HW/HL 1.31; ED/SVL 0.10; EN/IN 1.14; EN/ED 0.88; 3DW/SVL 0.060; 3FL/SVL 0.18; 4TL/SVL 0.24. Compared to adults, the juvenile has a proportionally longer head and shorter forearms.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCBFF2DF8EAEB0F9882B649" bold="true" box="[151,223,1365,1390]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Head:</emphasis>
|
||
Narrower than body, triangular in dorsal view; snout truncated at the nares, noticeably projecting in profile; canthus rostralis angular, loreal region steep; nares much closer to tip of snout than to eye, nares anterolateral on tip of snout; eyes large; eye diameter greater than eye to naris distance; internarial distance about equal to distance from eye to naris; tympanum large (approximately half to greater than half diameter of eye) but indistinct beneath overlying skin, bordered dorsally by supra-tympanic fold.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCBFF2DFB46EBBF9B22B6D9" bold="true" box="[827,895,1509,1534]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Body:</emphasis>
|
||
Rotund.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCBFF2DFB90EBBF9C63B6D9" bold="true" box="[1005,1086,1509,1534]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Limbs:</emphasis>
|
||
Hindlimbs and forearms relatively long; fingers and toes unwebbed; relative finger length 3>4>2>1; fingers 2, 3 and 4 long and slender with very large and obviously truncated discs, first finger short with disc expanded but small and rounded; low, ovoid inner and larger, rounded outer palmar tubercles; subarticular tubercles low, moderately prominent; relative length of toes 4>3>5>2>1, toe 4 very long and slender; large, truncated discs on toes 2, 3 and 4, discs smaller and more rounded on toes 1 and 5; low, rounded inner metatarsal tubercle, no outer metatarsal tubercle; subarticular tubercles low and rounded, moderately prominent; discs on longest fingers larger than discs on longest toes.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCBFF2DFD79E8E79D1FB5F1" bold="true" box="[1284,1346,1725,1750]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Skin:</emphasis>
|
||
Ventral surface smooth; dorsal surface of head and limbs covered in very fine tubercles, back covered with scattered low tubercles; distinct supra-tympanic fold.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCBFF2DFA2BE95F9BE6B439" bold="true" box="[598,955,1797,1822]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Colour pattern in preservative:</emphasis>
|
||
All dorsal surfaces uniformly dark brown. Tympanum tawny brown with darker centre. White patches at the base of the finger and toe discs. Dark brown dorsal colouration merges to lighter brown on flanks. Ventral surface of head and body light grey-brown. Ventral surfaces of limbs brown; discs and tubercles grey. The orange seen in life in the groin, posterior thigh and on the calf appears as white patches in preserved specimens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B82E77DFFCBFF2DF8BAE9E099D8B4D1" blockId="3.[151,1437,285,2038]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCBFF2DF8BAE9E09A07B4F5" bold="true" box="[199,602,1977,2002]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Measurements of live individuals.</emphasis>
|
||
Two adults were measured in the field: female, SVL
|
||
<quantity id="4CC54A98FFCBFF2DFCCBE9E39D43B4F6" box="[1206,1310,1977,2001]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.43" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="44.3">44.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
, WT
|
||
<quantity id="4CC54A98FFCBFF2DFD21E9E39DCAB4F5" box="[1372,1431,1977,2002]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="8.1" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" unit="g" value="8.1">8.1 g</quantity>
|
||
; male
|
||
<quantity id="4CC54A98FFCBFF2DF8A9E9879967B4D2" box="[212,314,2013,2037]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.24" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="42.4">42.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC54A98FFCBFF2DF93BE98799DCB4D1" box="[326,385,2013,2038]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="6.1" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" unit="g" value="6.1">6.1 g</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B82E77DFFCCFF2AF8BAEECD9A42B1EA" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,717]" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCCFF2AF8BAEECD9994B397" bold="true" box="[199,457,151,176]" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Colour pattern in life</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1306FBF8FFCCFF2AF9A6EECD9A42B388" box="[475,543,151,175]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1704,1727]" captionTargetBox="[173,1413,761,1681]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[173,1413,761,1683]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Cophixalus kulakula sp. nov. in life: (A) female foraging on fern leaf, (B) female emerging from boulders, (C) male, (D) male ventral surface (photos: Kieran Aland)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206710/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCCFF2AFA45EECD9ADFB397" bold="true" box="[568,642,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Adults</emphasis>
|
||
. No sexual dimorphism in colour pattern evident. Dorsal colour variable. Some individuals emerging from rock crevices were dark brown (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1306FBF8FFCCFF2AFBBEEEE69C5BB3F3" box="[963,1030,188,212]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1704,1727]" captionTargetBox="[173,1413,761,1681]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[173,1413,761,1683]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Cophixalus kulakula sp. nov. in life: (A) female foraging on fern leaf, (B) female emerging from boulders, (C) male, (D) male ventral surface (photos: Kieran Aland)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206710/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
B) and most individuals changed to this colouration in bags following capture. Individuals active on the surface of the rocks or in associated vegetation were even light brown, uneven grey-brown (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1306FBF8FFCCFF2AFAF3EF5E9A8DB23B" box="[654,720,260,284]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1704,1727]" captionTargetBox="[173,1413,761,1681]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[173,1413,761,1683]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Cophixalus kulakula sp. nov. in life: (A) female foraging on fern leaf, (B) female emerging from boulders, (C) male, (D) male ventral surface (photos: Kieran Aland)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206710/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
C) or a fairly uniform pale putty colour (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1306FBF8FFCCFF2AFCE1EF5E9C82B23B" box="[1180,1247,260,284]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1704,1727]" captionTargetBox="[173,1413,761,1681]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[173,1413,761,1683]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Cophixalus kulakula sp. nov. in life: (A) female foraging on fern leaf, (B) female emerging from boulders, (C) male, (D) male ventral surface (photos: Kieran Aland)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206710/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
A). Diffuse, pale lumbar ocelli are present on some individuals. There is a dark canthal band from the nare to the eye, through the iris, and along the supra-tympanic fold. The upper iris is heavily speckled with gold or copper; speckling is present but less intense in the lower iris. Most individuals have a paler brown or yellowish forehead triangle and similar colouration on the eyelids. The darker dorsal colouration merges with the paler ventral colouration on the flanks. The ventral surfaces are uniformly white on some individuals, while on others they are pale with heavy grey mottling on the chin, throat, chest and forearms (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1306FBF8FFCCFF2AFAF0EF869A92B2D3" box="[653,719,476,500]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1704,1727]" captionTargetBox="[173,1413,761,1681]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[173,1413,761,1683]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Cophixalus kulakula sp. nov. in life: (A) female foraging on fern leaf, (B) female emerging from boulders, (C) male, (D) male ventral surface (photos: Kieran Aland)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206710/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
D). The palms are dark. Reddish orange markings are present in the hidden parts of the hindlimbs (in the groin and on the posterior thigh and inner calf) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1306FBF8FFCCFF2AFC01EFA59C9FB130" box="[1148,1218,511,535]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1704,1727]" captionTargetBox="[173,1413,761,1681]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[173,1413,761,1683]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Cophixalus kulakula sp. nov. in life: (A) female foraging on fern leaf, (B) female emerging from boulders, (C) male, (D) male ventral surface (photos: Kieran Aland)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206710/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Figs 3</figureCitation>
|
||
C, 3D). The brightness and extent of these markings varies between individuals, from very bright and discrete to more diffuse.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCCFF2AFD21EC7E9890B147" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Juveniles</emphasis>
|
||
. Greyish brown to yellowish colour with darker mottling on the back, arms and legs. There is a yellowish brown forehead triangle, a dark canthal streak and dark markings on the loreal region, above the tympanum and on the anterior flank. Yellow lumbar ocelli are evident. The flanks and ventral surfaces are mottled grey, and the groin, posterior thigh and calf are orange.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF42B7F5FFCCFF2AF8EAE8F29A99B5FA" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206710/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" targetBox="[173,1413,761,1681]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B82E77DFFCCFF2AF8EAE8F29A99B5FA" blockId="4.[151,1436,1704,1758]" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCCFF2AF8EAE8F29949B599" bold="true" box="[151,276,1704,1727]" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCCFF2AF961E8F399B2B598" box="[284,495,1705,1727]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kulakula" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCCFF2AF961E8F399B2B598" box="[284,495,1705,1727]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Cophixalus kulakula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A8614FFCCFF2AF98AE8F39A17B599" box="[503,586,1705,1726]" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCCFF2AF98AE8F39A17B599" bold="true" box="[503,586,1705,1726]" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
in life: (A) female foraging on fern leaf, (B) female emerging from boulders, (C) male, (D) male ventral surface (photos: Kieran Aland).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B82E77DFFCCFF2AF8BAE95E9A76B4F7" blockId="4.[151,1436,1796,2000]" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCCFF2AF8BAE95E98A2B43A" bold="true" box="[199,255,1796,1821]" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Call.</emphasis>
|
||
Calls were only obtained for a single individual, which was not collected. No obvious differences were heard between the calls of this individual and those calling around it. The mating call of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCCFF2AFCF5E9739D57B466" box="[1160,1290,1833,1857]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kulakula" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCCFF2AFCF5E9739D57B466" box="[1160,1290,1833,1857]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">C. kulakula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A8614FFCCFF2AFD6FE9739D30B466" box="[1298,1389,1833,1857]" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCCFF2AFD6FE9739D30B466" bold="true" box="[1298,1389,1833,1857]" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is a short, wavering ‘bleat’ of the following mean characteristics: dominant frequency 1.97 kHz (1.95–1.99), duration
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE0981BAFFCCFF2AF8EAE92A9881B4AF" box="[151,220,1904,1928]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" precision="555" value="-0.38">0.38 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||
(0.35–0.41), pulses per call 155 (140–167), and pulse rate 411 pulses/s (381–448). Calls are uttered at an interval of approximately 8 seconds. Air temperature at the time of recording was approximately 28 ºC.
|
||
<figureCitation id="1306FBF8FFCCFF2AFD41E9CF9DC1B48A" box="[1340,1436,1941,1965]" captionStart="FIGURE 4. A" captionStartId="5.[151,250,819,842]" captionTargetBox="[333,1255,193,797]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[332,1256,193,798]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. A single call of Cophixalus kulakula sp. nov. (A) Waveform, displaying amplitude (y - axis) against time (x - axis, seconds). (B) Spectrogram, displaying call frequency (y - axis) and intensity (degree of shading) against time (x - axis, seconds)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206711/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||
displays a single representative call.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF42B7F5FFCDFF2BF8EAED699DCFB04F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206711/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" targetBox="[333,1255,193,797]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B82E77DFFCDFF2BF8EAED699DCFB04F" blockId="5.[151,1435,819,872]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BF8EAED699949B06F" bold="true" box="[151,276,819,842]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
A single call of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCDFF2BF9BEED699AC8B06E" box="[451,661,819,841]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kulakula" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BF9BEED699AC8B06E" box="[451,661,819,841]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Cophixalus kulakula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A8614FFCDFF2BFAE1ED6E9AB3B06E" box="[668,750,820,841]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BFAE1ED6E9AB3B06E" bold="true" box="[668,750,820,841]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(A) Waveform, displaying amplitude (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BFCFDED6E9CD6B06E" box="[1152,1163,820,841]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">y</emphasis>
|
||
-axis) against time (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BFD24ED6E9D39B06E" box="[1369,1380,820,841]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">x</emphasis>
|
||
-axis, seconds). (B) Spectrogram, displaying call frequency (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BFABCED099A91B04F" box="[705,716,851,872]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">y</emphasis>
|
||
-axis) and intensity (degree of shading) against time (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BFC94ED099CA9B04F" box="[1257,1268,851,872]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">x</emphasis>
|
||
-axis, seconds).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B82E77DFFCDFF2BF8BAEDCE9CCDB747" blockId="5.[151,1437,916,2021]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
|
||
The call is distinct from that of other Australian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCDFF2BFA9BEDCF9B38B08A" box="[742,869,917,941]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BFA9BEDCF9B38B08A" box="[742,869,917,941]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Cophixalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(although the calls of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCDFF2BFC1CEDCF9D66B08A" box="[1121,1339,917,941]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pakayakulangun" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BFC1CEDCF9D66B08A" box="[1121,1339,917,941]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">C. pakayakulangun</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A8614FFCDFF2BFD3FEDCF9DC1B08A" box="[1346,1436,917,941]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BFD3FEDCF9DC1B08A" bold="true" box="[1346,1436,917,941]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCDFF2BF8BBEDE39960B0F6" box="[198,317,953,977]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zweifeli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BF8BBEDE39960B0F6" box="[198,317,953,977]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">C. zweifeli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are not known). It is obviously different to the tapping calls of most Australian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCDFF2BFCC1EDE39D61B0F6" box="[1212,1340,953,977]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BFCC1EDE39D61B0F6" box="[1212,1340,953,977]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Cophixalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCDFF2BF8B9ED879919B0D2" box="[196,324,989,1013]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxatilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BF8B9ED879919B0D2" box="[196,324,989,1013]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">C. saxatilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and is most similar to the ‘bleat’ of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCDFF2BFA86ED879B29B0D2" box="[763,884,989,1013]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ornatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BFA86ED879B29B0D2" box="[763,884,989,1013]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">C. ornatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The call of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCDFF2BFC71ED879CD8B0D2" box="[1036,1157,989,1013]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ornatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BFC71ED879CD8B0D2" box="[1036,1157,989,1013]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">C. ornatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a loud, ‘clean’, highpitched ‘beep’, whereas that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCDFF2BF988EA5B9A28B73E" box="[501,629,1025,1049]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kulakula" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BF988EA5B9A28B73E" box="[501,629,1025,1049]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">C. kulakula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A8614FFCDFF2BFA01EA5B9A88B73E" box="[636,725,1025,1049]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BFA01EA5B9A88B73E" bold="true" box="[636,725,1025,1049]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is relatively soft, deeper in pitch and has a wavering, ‘scratchy’ quality to it. The call is of higher dominant frequency than would be expected for body size, compared to the relationship seen across other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCDFF2BF9C3EA139A60B746" box="[446,573,1097,1121]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BF9C3EA139A60B746" box="[446,573,1097,1121]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Cophixalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and Australian frogs in general (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAC9A8CFFCDFF2BFBD3EA129CD9B747" author="Hoskin" box="[942,1156,1096,1121]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" refString="Hoskin, C. J., James, S. & Grigg, G. C. (2009) Ecology and taxonomy-driven deviations in the frog call-body size relationship across the diverse Australian frog fauna. Journal of Zoology, 278, 36 - 41." type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Hoskin
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BFC75EA109C1DB746" box="[1032,1088,1097,1121]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B82E77DFFCDFF2BF8BAEA3698A2B55B" blockId="5.[151,1437,916,2021]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BF8BAEA36993FB7A2" bold="true" box="[199,354,1132,1157]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Comparison.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCDFF2BF915EA379A13B7A2" box="[360,590,1133,1157]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kulakula" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BF915EA379A13B7A2" box="[360,590,1133,1157]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Cophixalus kulakula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A8614FFCDFF2BFA28EA379AF3B7A2" box="[597,686,1133,1157]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BFA28EA379AF3B7A2" bold="true" box="[597,686,1133,1157]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
does not co-occur with any other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCDFF2BFC55EA379CF5B7A2" box="[1064,1192,1133,1157]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BFC55EA379CF5B7A2" box="[1064,1192,1133,1157]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Cophixalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It could only be confused with the other three boulder-adapted
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCDFF2BFA07EACB9AA7B78E" box="[634,762,1169,1193]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BFA07EACB9AA7B78E" box="[634,762,1169,1193]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Cophixalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCDFF2BFB74EACB9BBEB78E" box="[777,995,1169,1193]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pakayakulangun" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BFB74EACB9BBEB78E" box="[777,995,1169,1193]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">C. pakayakulangun</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A8614FFCDFF2BFB97EACB9C19B78E" box="[1002,1092,1169,1193]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BFB97EACB9C19B78E" bold="true" box="[1002,1092,1169,1193]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(Stanley Hill region,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC54A98FFCDFF2BFD45EACA9D22B78F" box="[1336,1407,1168,1192]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" unit="km" value="30.0">30 km</quantity>
|
||
to the north),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCDFF2BF968EAEF99D3B7EA" box="[277,398,1205,1229]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zweifeli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BF968EAEF99D3B7EA" box="[277,398,1205,1229]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">C. zweifeli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Cape Melville,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC54A98FFCDFF2BFA2DEAEE9AFAB7EB" box="[592,679,1204,1228]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" unit="km" value="210.0">210 km</quantity>
|
||
south-east) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCDFF2BFB1EEAEF9BBEB7EA" box="[867,995,1205,1229]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxatilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BFB1EEAEF9BBEB7EA" box="[867,995,1205,1229]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">C. saxatilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Black Mountain,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC54A98FFCDFF2BFCC6EAEE9D4FB7EB" box="[1211,1298,1204,1228]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" unit="km" value="390.0">390 km</quantity>
|
||
south-east). These four species can be distinguished as follows.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCDFF2BFA86EA839BBEB7D6" box="[763,995,1241,1265]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxatilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BFA86EA839BBEB7D6" box="[763,995,1241,1265]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Cophixalus saxatilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from the other species in that females are bright yellow (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1306FBF8FFCDFF2BF9ADEAA69A4FB633" box="[464,530,1276,1300]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1607,1630]" captionTargetBox="[173,1413,663,1585]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[173,1413,663,1585]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Cophixalus saxatilis female (A) and male (B), Black Mountain (photos: Eric Vanderduys); C. zweifeli female (C) (photo: Keith McDonald) and probable sub-adult male (D) (photo: Harry Hines), Cape Melville." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206708/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
A) and males are heavily mottled and relatively small (
|
||
<quantity id="4CC54A98FFCDFF2BFCE7EAA69D44B633" box="[1178,1305,1276,1300]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="2.9" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" unit="mm" value="32.0" valueMax="35.0" valueMin="29.0">29–35 mm</quantity>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1306FBF8FFCDFF2BFD4EEAA69D2BB633" box="[1331,1398,1276,1300]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1607,1630]" captionTargetBox="[173,1413,663,1585]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[173,1413,663,1585]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Cophixalus saxatilis female (A) and male (B), Black Mountain (photos: Eric Vanderduys); C. zweifeli female (C) (photo: Keith McDonald) and probable sub-adult male (D) (photo: Harry Hines), Cape Melville." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206708/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
B).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCDFF2BF8EAEB7B992EB61E" box="[151,371,1313,1337]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zweifeli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BF8EAEB7B992EB61E" box="[151,371,1313,1337]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Cophixalus zweifeli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1306FBF8FFCDFF2BF9FFEB7A9998B61F" box="[386,453,1312,1336]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1607,1630]" captionTargetBox="[173,1413,663,1585]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[173,1413,663,1585]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Cophixalus saxatilis female (A) and male (B), Black Mountain (photos: Eric Vanderduys); C. zweifeli female (C) (photo: Keith McDonald) and probable sub-adult male (D) (photo: Harry Hines), Cape Melville." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206708/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Figs 1</figureCitation>
|
||
C, 1D) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCDFF2BFA36EB7B9A91B61E" box="[587,716,1313,1337]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kulakula" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BFA36EB7B9A91B61E" box="[587,716,1313,1337]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">C. kulakula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A8614FFCDFF2BFAAEEB7B9B71B61E" box="[723,812,1313,1337]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BFAAEEB7B9B71B61E" bold="true" box="[723,812,1313,1337]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
have red/orange in the groin and on the posterior thigh, whereas this is at most a faint wash on adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCDFF2BFAD3EB1F9BD6B67A" box="[686,907,1349,1373]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pakayakulangun" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BFAD3EB1F9BD6B67A" box="[686,907,1349,1373]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">C. pakayakulangun</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A8614FFCDFF2BFBEBEB1F9BAEB67A" box="[918,1011,1349,1373]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BFBEBEB1F9BAEB67A" bold="true" box="[918,1011,1349,1373]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCDFF2BFC79EB1F9CBEB67A" box="[1028,1251,1349,1373]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zweifeli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BFC79EB1F9CBEB67A" box="[1028,1251,1349,1373]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Cophixalus zweifeli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCDFF2BFDFFEB1F98A5B6A6" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kulakula" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BFDFFEB1F98A5B6A6" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">C. kulakula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A8614FFCDFF2BF882EB339907B6A6" box="[255,346,1385,1409]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BF882EB339907B6A6" bold="true" box="[255,346,1385,1409]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
in that it also has red/orange in the axilla (absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCDFF2BFBD2EB339C6DB6A6" box="[943,1072,1385,1409]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kulakula" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BFBD2EB339C6DB6A6" box="[943,1072,1385,1409]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">C. kulakula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A8614FFCDFF2BFC44EB339CCEB6A6" box="[1081,1171,1385,1409]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BFC44EB339CCEB6A6" bold="true" box="[1081,1171,1385,1409]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
) and dark blotching on the anterior half of the flanks (i.e. above the axilla) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1306FBF8FFCDFF2BFA91EBD69B6CB683" box="[748,817,1420,1444]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1607,1630]" captionTargetBox="[173,1413,663,1585]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[173,1413,663,1585]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Cophixalus saxatilis female (A) and male (B), Black Mountain (photos: Eric Vanderduys); C. zweifeli female (C) (photo: Keith McDonald) and probable sub-adult male (D) (photo: Harry Hines), Cape Melville." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206708/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Figs 1</figureCitation>
|
||
C, 1D), whereas the flanks of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCDFF2BFCF1EBD79D53B682" box="[1164,1294,1421,1445]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kulakula" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BFCF1EBD79D53B682" box="[1164,1294,1421,1445]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">C. kulakula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A8614FFCDFF2BFD6AEBD79D2FB682" box="[1303,1394,1421,1445]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BFD6AEBD79D2FB682" bold="true" box="[1303,1394,1421,1445]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
are generally unmarked (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1306FBF8FFCDFF2BF9FBEBEA9997B6EF" box="[390,458,1456,1480]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1704,1727]" captionTargetBox="[173,1413,761,1681]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[173,1413,761,1683]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Cophixalus kulakula sp. nov. in life: (A) female foraging on fern leaf, (B) female emerging from boulders, (C) male, (D) male ventral surface (photos: Kieran Aland)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206710/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). Additional differences between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCDFF2BFB3AEBEB9C7CB6EE" box="[839,1057,1457,1481]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pakayakulangun" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BFB3AEBEB9C7CB6EE" box="[839,1057,1457,1481]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">C. pakayakulangun</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A8614FFCDFF2BFC55EBEB9CDFB6EE" box="[1064,1154,1457,1481]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BFC55EBEB9CDFB6EE" bold="true" box="[1064,1154,1457,1481]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCDFF2BFCC4EBEB9D66B6EE" box="[1209,1339,1457,1481]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kulakula" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BFCC4EBEB9D66B6EE" box="[1209,1339,1457,1481]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">C. kulakula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A8614FFCDFF2BFD3FEBEB9DC1B6EE" box="[1346,1436,1457,1481]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BFD3FEBEB9DC1B6EE" bold="true" box="[1346,1436,1457,1481]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
are that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCDFF2BF88CEB8F9997B6CA" box="[241,458,1493,1517]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pakayakulangun" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BF88CEB8F9997B6CA" box="[241,458,1493,1517]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">C. pakayakulangun</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A8614FFCDFF2BF9ACEB8F9A77B6CA" box="[465,554,1493,1517]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BF9ACEB8F9A77B6CA" bold="true" box="[465,554,1493,1517]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
females are larger (SVL
|
||
<quantity id="4CC54A98FFCDFF2BFB38EB8E9BE0B6CB" box="[837,957,1492,1516]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.1" metricValueMax="5.3" metricValueMin="4.9" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" unit="mm" value="51.0" valueMax="53.0" valueMin="49.0">49–53 mm</quantity>
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BFBB9EB8C9BBFB6CA" box="[964,994,1494,1517]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">vs.</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="4CC54A98FFCDFF2BFB94EB8E9C3BB6CB" box="[1001,1126,1492,1516]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.4" metricValueMax="4.8" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" unit="mm" value="44.0" valueMax="48.0" valueMin="40.0">40–48 mm</quantity>
|
||
), there is generally an obvious gold tinge to the eyelids and forehead of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCDFF2BFADEEBA39B22B536" box="[675,895,1529,1553]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pakayakulangun" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BFADEEBA39B22B536" box="[675,895,1529,1553]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">C. pakayakulangun</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A8614FFCDFF2BFBF5EBA39BB9B536" box="[904,996,1529,1553]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BFBF5EBA39BB9B536" bold="true" box="[904,996,1529,1553]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1306FBF8FFCDFF2BFB88EBA29C63B537" box="[1013,1086,1528,1552]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1964,1987]" captionTargetBox="[173,1413,1021,1943]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[173,1413,1021,1943]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Cophixalus pakayakulangun sp. nov. in life: (A) female, (B) male, (C) female ventral surface, (D) sub-adult (photos: A, B, D, Kieran Aland; C, Conrad Hoskin)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206713/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Figs 6</figureCitation>
|
||
A, 5B) whereas this is faint or absent on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCDFF2BF970E84799CDB512" box="[269,400,1565,1589]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kulakula" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BF970E84799CDB512" box="[269,400,1565,1589]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">C. kulakula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A8614FFCDFF2BF9E7E84799ABB512" box="[410,502,1565,1589]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BF9E7E84799ABB512" bold="true" box="[410,502,1565,1589]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1306FBF8FFCDFF2BFA7AE8469A10B513" box="[519,589,1564,1588]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1704,1727]" captionTargetBox="[173,1413,761,1681]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[173,1413,761,1683]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Cophixalus kulakula sp. nov. in life: (A) female foraging on fern leaf, (B) female emerging from boulders, (C) male, (D) male ventral surface (photos: Kieran Aland)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206710/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Figs 3</figureCitation>
|
||
A–C), and the juveniles of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCDFF2BFBF7E8479C3BB512" box="[906,1126,1565,1589]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pakayakulangun" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BFBF7E8479C3BB512" box="[906,1126,1565,1589]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">C. pakayakulangun</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A8614FFCDFF2BFC0DE8479C91B512" box="[1136,1228,1565,1589]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BFC0DE8479C91B512" bold="true" box="[1136,1228,1565,1589]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
are blotched with dark markings (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1306FBF8FFCDFF2BF93AE81A99D7B57F" box="[327,394,1600,1624]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1964,1987]" captionTargetBox="[173,1413,1021,1943]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[173,1413,1021,1943]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Cophixalus pakayakulangun sp. nov. in life: (A) female, (B) male, (C) female ventral surface, (D) sub-adult (photos: A, B, D, Kieran Aland; C, Conrad Hoskin)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206713/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
D) whereas those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCDFF2BFA0FE81B9AA9B57E" box="[626,756,1601,1625]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kulakula" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BFA0FE81B9AA9B57E" box="[626,756,1601,1625]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">C. kulakula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A8614FFCDFF2BFA87E81B9B09B57E" box="[762,852,1601,1625]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BFA87E81B9B09B57E" bold="true" box="[762,852,1601,1625]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
are mottled with darker markings but not obviously blotched.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B82E77DFFCDFF2BF8BAE8D29CFEB4BB" blockId="5.[151,1437,916,2021]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BF8BAE8D29968B586" bold="true" box="[199,309,1672,1697]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Genetics.</emphasis>
|
||
There is substantial sequence divergence (for 944 bp 12S and 16S rRNA) between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCDFF2BFC8DE8D39D2EB586" box="[1264,1395,1673,1697]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kulakula" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BFC8DE8D39D2EB586" box="[1264,1395,1673,1697]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">C. kulakula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A8614FFCDFF2BFD07E8D39895B5E2" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BFD07E8D39895B5E2" bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
and all other Australian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCDFF2BF99DE8F79A3DB5E2" box="[480,608,1709,1733]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BF99DE8F79A3DB5E2" box="[480,608,1709,1733]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Cophixalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(average = 12.1%, range = 8.3–14.7%) (Hoskin
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BFCFBE8F49CE2B5E2" box="[1158,1215,1709,1733]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
unpublished). Phylogenetic analyses suggest that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCDFF2BF989E88B9A86B5CE" box="[500,731,1745,1769]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kulakula" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BF989E88B9A86B5CE" box="[500,731,1745,1769]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Cophixalus kulakula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A8614FFCDFF2BFA9CE88B9B66B5CE" box="[737,827,1745,1769]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BFA9CE88B9B66B5CE" bold="true" box="[737,827,1745,1769]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is most closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCDFF2BFC21E88B9D68B5CE" box="[1116,1333,1745,1769]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pakayakulangun" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BFC21E88B9D68B5CE" box="[1116,1333,1745,1769]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">C. pakayakulangun</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A8614FFCDFF2BFD41E88B9DC8B5CE" box="[1340,1429,1745,1769]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BFD41E88B9DC8B5CE" bold="true" box="[1340,1429,1745,1769]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, and these two species are allied to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCDFF2BFA42E8AF9AE4B42A" box="[575,697,1781,1805]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ornatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BFA42E8AF9AE4B42A" box="[575,697,1781,1805]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">C. ornatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Hoskin
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BFB51E8AC9B37B42A" box="[812,874,1781,1805]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
unpublished). Sequence divergence between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCDFF2BFDFFE8AF98A5B416" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kulakula" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BFDFFE8AF98A5B416" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">C. kulakula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A8614FFCDFF2BF882E9439904B416" box="[255,345,1817,1841]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BF882E9439904B416" bold="true" box="[255,345,1817,1841]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCDFF2BF9EDE9439A36B416" box="[400,619,1817,1841]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pakayakulangun" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BF9EDE9439A36B416" box="[400,619,1817,1841]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">C. pakayakulangun</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A8614FFCDFF2BFA0FE9439A91B416" box="[626,716,1817,1841]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BFA0FE9439A91B416" bold="true" box="[626,716,1817,1841]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is high (8.3%) compared to that between some sister-species of north Queensland
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCDFF2BF915E96799BAB472" box="[360,487,1853,1877]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BF915E96799BAB472" box="[360,487,1853,1877]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Cophixalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g., 4.2% between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCDFF2BFAA1E9679BA1B473" authority="Tyler, 1979" authorityName="Tyler" authorityYear="1979" box="[732,1020,1852,1877]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concinnus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BFAA1E9679B2DB472" box="[732,880,1853,1877]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">C. concinnus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAC9A8CFFCDFF2BFB07E9669BA1B473" author="Tyler" box="[890,1020,1852,1876]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" refString="Tyler, M. J. (1979) A new species of Cophixalus (Anura: Microhylidae) from Queensland, Australia. Copeia, 1979 (1), 118 - 121." type="journal article" year="1979">Tyler, 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCDFF2BFC4BE96799E8B45F" authority="Richards, Dennis, Trenerry & Werren, 1994" authorityName="Richards, Dennis, Trenerry & Werren" authorityYear="1994" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monticola">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BFC4BE9679C94B472" box="[1078,1225,1853,1877]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">C. monticola</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAC9A8CFFCDFF2BFCAFE96699E8B45F" author="Richards" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" refString="Richards, S. J., Dennis, A. J., Trenerry, M. P. & Werren, G. L. (1994) A new species of Cophixalus (Anura: Microhylidae) from northern Queensland. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 37, 307 - 310." type="journal article" year="1994">Richards, Dennis, Trenerry & Werren, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; 5.1% between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCDFF2BFA1BE93B9BD9B45F" authority="Hoskin, 2004" authorityName="Hoskin" authorityYear="2004" box="[614,900,1888,1913]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aenigma">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BFA1BE93B9ABBB45E" box="[614,742,1889,1913]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">C. aenigma</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAC9A8CFFCDFF2BFA90E93A9BD9B45F" author="Hoskin" box="[749,900,1888,1912]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" refString="Hoskin, C. J. (2004) Australian microhylid frogs (Cophixalus and Austrochaperina): phylogeny, taxonomy, calls, distributions and breeding biology. Australian Journal of Zoology, 52, 237 - 269." type="journal article" year="2004">Hoskin, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCDFF2BFBC7E93B9D1FB45F" authority="Zweifel & Parker, 1969" authorityName="Zweifel & Parker" authorityYear="1969" box="[954,1346,1888,1913]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="exiguus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BFBC7E93B9C72B45E" box="[954,1071,1889,1913]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">C. exiguus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAC9A8CFFCDFF2BFC4BE93A9D1FB45F" author="Zweifel" box="[1078,1346,1888,1912]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" refString="Zweifel, R. G. & Parker, F. (1969) A new species of microhylid frog (genus Cophixalus) from Australia. American Museum Novitates, 2390, 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="1969">Zweifel & Parker, 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). A 16S sequence for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCDFF2BF951E9DF99F0B4BA" box="[300,429,1925,1949]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kulakula" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BF951E9DF99F0B4BA" box="[300,429,1925,1949]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">C. kulakula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A8614FFCDFF2BF9C9E9DF9A53B4BA" box="[436,526,1925,1949]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BF9C9E9DF9A53B4BA" bold="true" box="[436,526,1925,1949]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
was deposited in GenBank (accession number
|
||
<accessionNumber id="946E7A9EFFCDFF2BFC62E9DE9CCAB4BB" box="[1055,1175,1924,1948]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/JN208371" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">JN208371</accessionNumber>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C327B4F6FFCDFF28F8BAE9F29C3BB1EB" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B82E77DFFCDFF28F8BAE9F29CCBB23B" blockId="5.[151,1437,916,2021]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,151,717]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BF8BAE9F2993DB4E6" bold="true" box="[199,352,1960,1985]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCDFF2BF91AE9F39A13B4E6" box="[359,590,1961,1985]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kulakula" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BF91AE9F39A13B4E6" box="[359,590,1961,1985]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Cophixalus kulakula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A8614FFCDFF2BFA2BE9F39AECB4E6" box="[598,689,1961,1985]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCDFF2BFA2BE9F39AECB4E6" bold="true" box="[598,689,1961,1985]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is known from three sites in the vicinity of Mt Tozer in north-east Queensland (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1306FBF8FFCDFF2BF956E997992FB4C2" box="[299,370,1997,2021]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1726,1749]" captionTargetBox="[153,1429,740,1698]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,735,1704]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Map of the Iron Range region showing the localities for C. kulakula sp. nov. (filled circles) and C. pakayakulangun sp. nov. (filled square). Other localities mentioned in the text are shown. The inset shows Australia." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206709/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). One of the sites is on the eastern side of Mt Tozer, another is on the north-western slopes of the Mt Tozer uplands, and the third is a hill to the north of ‘Tozer’s Gap’, approximately
|
||
<quantity id="4CC54A98FFCEFF28FCE9EECD9C92B388" box="[1172,1231,151,175]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" unit="km" value="5.0">5 km</quantity>
|
||
NW of Mt Tozer. There are other patches of boulder habitat in the Mt Tozer area and in the adjacent rocky hills to the north known as “The Paps”, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCEFF28F929EEBA9988B3DF" box="[340,469,224,248]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kulakula" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCEFF28F929EEBA9988B3DF" box="[340,469,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">C. kulakula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A8614FFCEFF28F9A1EEBA9A6BB3DF" box="[476,566,224,248]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCEFF28F9A1EEBA9A6BB3DF" bold="true" box="[476,566,224,248]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
probably inhabits many of these. A fourth known site, provisionally assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCEFF28F8C9EF5F9968B23B" box="[180,309,260,284]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kulakula" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCEFF28F8C9EF5F9968B23B" box="[180,309,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">C. kulakula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A8614FFCEFF28F941EF5E99C8B23B" box="[316,405,260,284]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCEFF28F941EF5E99C8B23B" bold="true" box="[316,405,260,284]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(see Discussion), is Tor Hill, approximately
|
||
<quantity id="4CC54A98FFCEFF28FBF1EF5E9B8EB23B" box="[908,979,260,284]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" unit="km" value="25.0">25 km</quantity>
|
||
SW of Mt Tozer.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B82E77DFFCEFF28F8BAEF7D9C3BB1EB" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,717]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCEFF28F8BAEF7D99EDB267" bold="true" box="[199,432,295,320]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Habitat and habits.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCEFF28F9C5EF729AFDB267" box="[440,672,296,320]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kulakula" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCEFF28F9C5EF729AFDB267" box="[440,672,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Cophixalus kulakula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A8614FFCEFF28FAD4EF729B5EB267" box="[681,771,296,320]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCEFF28FAD4EF729B5EB267" bold="true" box="[681,771,296,320]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
inhabits deeply piled granite boulder habitats and its morphology is similar to that of the other three boulder-adapted Australian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCEFF28FBCBEF169C6BB243" box="[950,1078,332,356]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCEFF28FBCBEF169C6BB243" box="[950,1078,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Cophixalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. These species are all relatively large and have long fingers and greatly enlarged finger discs.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32AA7EDFFCEFF28FB16EF2A9BD7B2AF" box="[875,906,368,392]" name="American Samoa" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
for the other species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCEFF28FCEEEF2A9D4AB2AF" box="[1171,1303,368,392]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kulakula" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCEFF28FCEEEF2A9D4AB2AF" box="[1171,1303,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">C. kulakula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A8614FFCEFF28FD5FEF2A9D22B2AF" box="[1314,1407,368,392]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCEFF28FD5FEF2A9D22B2AF" bold="true" box="[1314,1407,368,392]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is restricted to boulder habitats. These are either boulder fields or deeply piled rock in rainforest gullies (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1306FBF8FFCEFF28FD59EFCE9D34B28B" box="[1316,1385,404,428]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1754,1777]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,769,1732]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,769,1733]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. Habitat of Cophixalus kulakula sp. nov., Mt Tozer region (photo: Kieran Aland)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206712/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). At most sites the boulders are festooned with vegetation such as ferns, vines (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCEFF28FB90EFE29CBEB2F7" box="[1005,1251,440,464]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Scindapsus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="altissimus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCEFF28FB90EFE29CBEB2F7" box="[1005,1251,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Scindapsus altissimus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and others) and umbrella trees (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCEFF28F93BEF8699E5B2D3" box="[326,440,476,500]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" genus="Schefflera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCEFF28F93BEF8699E5B2D3" box="[326,440,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Schefflera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The frogs emerge from deep crevices on dusk to forage at night on the surface of rocks and on associated vegetation (particularly
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCEFF28FA06EC5A9AB1B13F" box="[635,748,512,536]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" genus="Schefflera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCEFF28FA06EC5A9AB1B13F" box="[635,748,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Schefflera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1306FBF8FFCEFF28FB7AEFA59B10B130" box="[775,845,511,535]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1754,1777]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,769,1732]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,769,1733]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. Habitat of Cophixalus kulakula sp. nov., Mt Tozer region (photo: Kieran Aland)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206712/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). Some individuals were observed in the crowns of umbrella trees up to 2.4 metres above the rocks below. No other frogs were observed in boulder habitats at these sites. Analysis of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCEFF28F91FEC1299B9B147" box="[354,484,584,608]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kulakula" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCEFF28F91FEC1299B9B147" box="[354,484,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">C. kulakula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A8614FFCEFF28F990EC129A15B147" box="[493,584,584,608]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCEFF28F990EC129A15B147" bold="true" box="[493,584,584,608]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
scats (removed from holding bags in the field) revealed that they feed primarily on ants; as has been found for other Australian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCEFF28FA89EC369B29B1A3" box="[756,884,620,644]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCEFF28FA89EC369B29B1A3" box="[756,884,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Cophixalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAC9A8CFFCEFF28FBFFEC369C4BB1A3" author="Hoskin" box="[898,1046,620,644]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" refString="Hoskin, C. J. (2004) Australian microhylid frogs (Cophixalus and Austrochaperina): phylogeny, taxonomy, calls, distributions and breeding biology. Australian Journal of Zoology, 52, 237 - 269." type="journal article" year="2004">Hoskin 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAC9A8CFFCEFF28FC5CEC369D54B1A3" author="Williams" box="[1057,1289,620,644]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" refString="Williams, Y. M., Williams, S. E., Alford, R. A., Waycott, M. & Johnson, C. (2006) Niche breadth and geographical range: ecological compensation for geographical rarity in rainforest frogs. Biology Letters, 2, 532 - 535." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Williams
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCEFF28FCF3EC379C9BB1A3" box="[1166,1222,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). An adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCEFF28FDFFEC3798A5B18F" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kulakula" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCEFF28FDFFEC3798A5B18F" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">C. kulakula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A8614FFCEFF28F97CECCA9900B18F" box="[257,349,656,680]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCEFF28F97CECCA9900B18F" bold="true" box="[257,349,656,680]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
was observed feeding on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCEFF28FAF3ECCA9BC2B18F" box="[654,927,656,680]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Oecophylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="smaragdina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCEFF28FAF3ECCA9BC2B18F" box="[654,927,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Oecophylla smaragdina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ants by picking individual ants from an ant trail. Other invertebrate groups represented in the scats were Coleoptera and Blattodea.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF42B7F5FFCEFF28F8EAE8809C10B5D7" box="[151,1101,1754,1777]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206712/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" targetBox="[151,1436,769,1732]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B82E77DFFCEFF28F8EAE8809C10B5D7" blockId="6.[151,1101,1754,1777]" box="[151,1101,1754,1777]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCEFF28F8EAE880994FB5D7" bold="true" box="[151,274,1754,1777]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Habitat of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCEFF28F9F8E8809A0BB5D7" box="[389,598,1754,1776]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kulakula" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCEFF28F9F8E8809A0BB5D7" box="[389,598,1754,1776]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Cophixalus kulakula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A8614FFCEFF28FA21E8819AF0B5D7" box="[604,685,1755,1776]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCEFF28FA21E8819AF0B5D7" bold="true" box="[604,685,1755,1776]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, Mt Tozer region (photo: Kieran Aland).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C327B4F6FFCEFF29F8BAE9479B01B2E8" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B82E77DFFCEFF29F8BAE9479B01B2E8" blockId="6.[151,1436,1821,2026]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1436,151,464]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCEFF28F8BAE94799EDB412" ID-CoL="5ZYP4" box="[199,432,1821,1845]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kulakula" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCEFF28F8BAE94799EDB412" box="[199,432,1821,1845]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Cophixalus kulakula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A8614FFCEFF28F9CAE9479A4FB412" box="[439,530,1821,1845]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCEFF28F9CAE9479A4FB412" bold="true" box="[439,530,1821,1845]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
were abundant at sites in
|
||
<date id="FF83C1BDFFCEFF28FB43E9479BBBB412" box="[830,998,1821,1845]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" value="2009-02">February 2009</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF83C1BDFFCEFF28FB8FE9479C33B412" box="[1010,1134,1821,1845]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" value="2010-04">April 2010</date>
|
||
and
|
||
<date id="FF83C1BDFFCEFF28FCDAE9479D00B412" box="[1191,1373,1821,1845]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" value="2010-12">December 2010</date>
|
||
, with males and females being observed in approximately equal numbers. Males were calling in December but not in February and April, despite wet weather during all visits. This suggests that breeding occurs earlier in the wet season. Juveniles (approx.
|
||
<quantity id="4CC54A98FFCEFF28F9DCE9D399AFB486" box="[417,498,1929,1953]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 mm</quantity>
|
||
) were observed at one site in April. Males were observed calling from the tops and sides of boulders. Males were calling in small groups, with males spaced several metres from each other, and such groups were widely separated despite apparently suitable boulder habitat in between. A calling male was observed to lead a female from his calling site in piled boulders to a crevice below an isolated small boulder approximately 40 metres away on the rainforest floor. The male uttered a call shorter than the mating call (described above) while leading the female. This behaviour is similar to that reported for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCFFF29FB14EEBA9B82B3DF" ID-CoL="Y44R" box="[873,991,224,248]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ornatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCFFF29FB14EEBA9B82B3DF" box="[873,991,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">C. ornatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in which males lead females some distance from a calling site to a nest site (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAC9A8CFFCFFF29FA26EF5E9AA4B23B" author="Zweifel" box="[603,761,260,284]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" refString="Zweifel, R. G. (1985) Australian frogs of the family Microhylidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 182 (3), 265 - 388." type="journal article" year="1985">Zweifel 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAC9A8CFFCFFF29FB7AEF5E9BC0B23B" author="Hoskin" box="[775,925,260,284]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" refString="Hoskin, C. J. (2004) Australian microhylid frogs (Cophixalus and Austrochaperina): phylogeny, taxonomy, calls, distributions and breeding biology. Australian Journal of Zoology, 52, 237 - 269." type="journal article" year="2004">Hoskin 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAC9A8CFFCFFF29FBD6EF5E9C20B23B" author="Felton" box="[939,1149,260,284]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" refString="Felton, A., Alford, R. A., Felton, A. M. & Schwarzkopf, L. (2006) Multiple mate choice criteria and the importance of age for male mating success in the microhylid frog, Cophixalus ornatus. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 59, 786 - 795." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Felton
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCFFF29FB81EF5F9C6BB23B" box="[1020,1078,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32AA7EDFFCFFF29FCECEF5E9CEDB23B" box="[1169,1200,260,284]" name="American Samoa" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
for other Australian microhylids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAC9A8CFFCFFF29F957EF7D999DB218" author="Hoskin" box="[298,448,295,319]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" refString="Hoskin, C. J. (2004) Australian microhylid frogs (Cophixalus and Austrochaperina): phylogeny, taxonomy, calls, distributions and breeding biology. Australian Journal of Zoology, 52, 237 - 269." type="journal article" year="2004">Hoskin 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCFFF29F9AEEF729A09B267" ID-CoL="5ZYP4" box="[467,596,296,320]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kulakula" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCFFF29F9AEEF729A09B267" box="[467,596,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">C. kulakula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A8614FFCFFF29FA27EF729AEEB267" box="[602,691,296,320]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCFFF29FA27EF729AEEB267" bold="true" box="[602,691,296,320]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is almost certainly a terrestrial breeder. A female preserved in January contained 47 unpigmented ova of an average diameter of
|
||
<quantity id="4CC54A98FFCFFF29FB30EF169BFFB243" box="[845,930,332,356]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="2.8">2.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
(2.7–2.9). These eggs were all of similar size and appeared to represent one clutch. If this were the case, then this represents a substantially larger clutch size than recorded for other Australian microhylids (6–
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D3B2CF4FFCFFF29FAA9EFCE9AACB28B" box="[724,753,404,428]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" type="egg">22</specimenCount>
|
||
eggs, average 12), including that recorded for another large boulder-dwelling species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3D9CFEFFCFFF29F9C0EFE29A67B2F7" ID-CoL="Y458" box="[445,570,440,464]" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Cophixalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxatilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9493B6FFFCFFF29F9C0EFE29A67B2F7" box="[445,570,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">C. saxatilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D3B2CF4FFCFFF29FA36EFED9AFEB2E8" box="[587,675,439,463]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" type="egg">13 eggs</specimenCount>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAC9A8CFFCFFF29FAC4EFED9B0DB2E8" author="Hoskin" box="[697,848,439,463]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" refString="Hoskin, C. J. (2004) Australian microhylid frogs (Cophixalus and Austrochaperina): phylogeny, taxonomy, calls, distributions and breeding biology. Australian Journal of Zoology, 52, 237 - 269." type="journal article" year="2004">Hoskin 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |