786 lines
94 KiB
XML
786 lines
94 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.1038/srep35780" ID-GBIF-Dataset="1c896da1-6434-4cd9-89fa-1726c4ca4238" ID-PMC="PMC5103654" ID-PubMed="27831542" ID-Zenodo-Dep="166487" checkinTime="1479109727682" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Junchang Lü, Rongjun Chen, Stephen L. Brusatte, Yangxiao Zhu & Caizhi Shen" docDate="2016" docId="038AB336DB6E7908FE105904566EFA3D" docLanguage="en" docName="srep35780.pdf" docOrigin="Scientific Reports 6 (35780)" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Tongtianlong limosus Lü, Chen, Brusatte, Zhu & Shen, 2016, gen. et sp. nov" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="9" masterDocId="FFB3CB4EDB6F790FFFAF5C645226FFE9" masterDocTitle="A Late Cretaceous diversification of Asian oviraptorid dinosaurs: evidence from a new species" masterLastPageNumber="12" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="2" updateTime="1668144391935" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
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<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>A Late Cretaceous diversification of Asian oviraptorid dinosaurs: evidence from a new species</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Junchang Lü</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Rongjun Chen</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Stephen L. Brusatte</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Yangxiao Zhu</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Caizhi Shen</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Scientific Reports</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part>
|
||
<mods:date>2016</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number>6</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number>35780</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>12</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1038/srep35780</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">1c896da1-6434-4cd9-89fa-1726c4ca4238</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="PMC">PMC5103654</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="PubMed">27831542</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">166487</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4391319" ID-GBIF-Taxon="124691910" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4391319" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038AB336DB6E7908FE105904566EFA3D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038AB336DB6E7908FE105904566EFA3D" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<subSubSection box="[447,945,1376,1398]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="1.[415,945,1186,1398]" box="[447,790,1376,1398]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<heading box="[447,790,1376,1398]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[447,645,1376,1397]" class="Reptilia" family="Oviraptoridae" genus="Tongtianlong" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="limosus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[447,645,1376,1397]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Tongtianlong limosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[651,786,1377,1398]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">gen. et sp. nov</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
.
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="1.[415,945,1186,1398]" box="[793,945,1376,1398]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[800,859,1376,1398]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="2.[415,480,759,781]" captionTargetBox="[415,1055,124,723]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[415,1055,124,724]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 2. The whole skeleton of the holotype Tongtianlong limosus gen. et sp. nov. in dorsal view (a) and lateral view (b). Scale bar = 10 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166489/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Figs 2</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[868,880,1376,1397]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="3.[415,480,1333,1355]" captionTargetBox="[417,1276,125,1293]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[415,1279,124,1298]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 3. The holotype of Tongtianlong limosus gen. et sp. nov.: whole skeleton (a), close-up of furcula (b), close up of humerus (c), dorsal view of skull (d) and dorsal view of middle cervical vertebrae. Scale bars = 10 cm in (a) and 2 cm in (b, d); Abbreviation: co, coracoids; f, frontal; fur, furcula; h, humerus; p, parietal; pfs, frontal / parietal suture; pp, parietal process; sc, scapula; st, sternum; stf, supratemporal fenestra." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166490/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">3</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation box="[925,938,1376,1398]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="4.[415,480,1283,1305]" captionTargetBox="[415,1055,124,1247]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[415,1055,124,1248]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 4. The photograph (a) and line drawing (b) of the skull: Tongtianlong limosus gen. et sp. nov. in right lateral view. Abbreviations: aof, antorbital fenestra; bc, braincase; d, dentary; emf, external mandibular fenestra; eo, exoccipital; f, frontal; j, jugal; l, lacrimal; ltf: lower temporal fenestra; m, maxilla; n, nasal; nar, narial opening; npc, nasopharyngeal canal; o, orbit; p, parietal; pm, premaxilla; pno, pneumatic opening; po, postorbital; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; sa, surangular; sq, squamosal; stf, supratemporal fenestra. Scale bar = 5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166491/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">4</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="1.[415,1479,1424,1528]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[415,547,1424,1448]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
Tongtian, Chinese Pinyin, refers to Tongtianyan of Ganzhou, the first grotto south of the Yangtze River. Tongtian also means the road to heaven, a fitting epitaph for a deceased dinosaur preserved with outstretched arms. Long, Chinese Pinyin for dragon. Limosus, Latin for muddy, refers to the
|
||
<typeStatus box="[1294,1380,1480,1502]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
specimen being found in an unusual posture in a mudstone (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[895,950,1506,1528]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="5.[415,480,650,672]" captionTargetBox="[415,1055,124,615]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[415,1055,124,615]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 5. An artistic reconstruction, showing the last-ditch struggle of Tongtianlong limosus as it was mired in mud, one possible, but highly speculative, interpretation for how the specimen was killed and buried (Drawn by Zhao Chuang)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166492/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Fig.5</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1325647099" collectionCode="Dongyang Museum, Dongyang City" country="China" location="The building site of the No. 3 high school of Ganxian (GPS coordinates are provided on request from the first author)" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" specimenCode="DYM-2013-8" specimenCount="2" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="1.[415,1480,1554,1605]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[415,528,1554,1578]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<typeStatus box="[415,523,1554,1578]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
A nearly complete, three-dimensionally preserved skeleton with skull and lower jaws (
|
||
<specimenCode box="[1339,1470,1557,1579]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">DYM-2013-8</specimenCode>
|
||
). The specimen is accessioned at the
|
||
<collectionCode box="[747,1093,1583,1605]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Dongyang Museum, Dongyang City</collectionCode>
|
||
, Zhejiang Province.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="1.[415,1480,1630,1682]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[415,707,1630,1655]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<typeStatus box="[415,470,1631,1655]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality and horizon.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038AB336DB6E7908FE105904566EFA3D:8EFC54FBDB6E790EFD725A055128F97B" name="The building site of the No. 3 high school of Ganxian (GPS coordinates are provided on request from the first author)" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">The building site of the No. 3 high school of Ganxian (GPS coordinates are provided on request from the first author)</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038AB336DB6E7908FE105904566EFA3D:8EFC54FBDB6E790EFCB95A1851C6F97B" box="[790,992,1660,1682]" name="Nanxiong Formation" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Nanxiong Formation</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038AB336DB6E7908FE105904566EFA3D:8EFC54FBDB6E790EFC445A185652F97B" box="[1003,1140,1660,1682]" name="Maastrichtian" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Maastrichtian</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038AB336DB6E7908FE105904566EFA3D:8EFC54FBDB6E790EFBD25A19570DF97B" box="[1149,1323,1660,1682]" name="Upper Cretaceous" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Upper Cretaceous</location>
|
||
)35.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="1.[415,1480,1707,1972]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[415,535,1707,1731]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Oviraptorid dinosaur with the following unique combination of characters, with autapomorphies among all oviraptorosaurs indicated with an asterisk and autapomorphies among oviraptorids indicated with a double asterisk (these latter features are present in some caenagnathids): dome-like skull roof with highest point located above the posterodorsal corner of the orbit*; anterior margin of the premaxilla highly convex in lateral view*; distinct process at the middle of the anterior margin of the parietal on the skull roof*; plate-like lacrimal shaft that is anteroposteriorly long in lateral view, with a flat lateral surface*; foramen magnum smaller than the occipital condyle**; absence of symphyseal ventral process of the dentary**; absence of distinct lateral xiphoid process of the sternum posterior to the costal margin**.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="1.[415,1480,1707,1972]" lastBlockId="2.[415,1480,889,1634]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[447,572,1924,1945]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<emphasis box="[447,572,1924,1945]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Tongtianlong</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from other Ganzhou oviraptorids with preserved skull material (
|
||
<emphasis box="[1268,1319,1924,1945]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Banji</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1329,1470,1924,1945]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1329,1470,1924,1945]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Huanansaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in that the anteroventral corner of the external naris is far above a horizontal line tangent with the posterodorsal corner of the antorbital fenestra, an unusual feature otherwise only seen in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1159,1293,893,914]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1159,1293,893,914]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Nemegtomaia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lu, J. C. & Dong, Z. M. & Azuma, Y. & Barsbold, R. & Tomida, Y." box="[1294,1310,889,903]" journalOrPublisher="Science Press, Beijing China" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="175 - 189" refString="36. Lu, J. C., Dong, Z. M., Azuma, Y., Barsbold, R. & Tomida, Y. In Proceedings of the 5 th Symposium of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution (eds Zhou, Z. & Zhang, F.) 175 - 189 (Science Press, Beijing China, 2002)." title="In Proceedings of the 5 th Symposium of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution (eds Zhou, Z. & Zhang, F.)" type="book chapter" year="2002">36</bibRefCitation>
|
||
–
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lu, J. C. & Tomida, Y. & Azuma, Y. & Dong, Z. M. & Lee, Y. N." box="[1318,1333,889,903]" journalOrPublisher="Bull. Natn. Sci. Mus., Tokyo, Series C" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="51" part="31" refString="38. Lu, J. C., Tomida, Y., Azuma, Y., Dong, Z. M. & Lee, Y. N. Nemegtomaia gen. nov., a replacement name for the oviraptorosaurian dinosaur Nemegtia Lu et al., 2004, a preoccupied name. Bull. Natn. Sci. Mus., Tokyo, Series C 31, 51 (2005)." title="Nemegtomaia gen. nov., a replacement name for the oviraptorosaurian dinosaur Nemegtia Lu et al., 2004, a preoccupied name" type="journal article" year="2005">38</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1382,1479,893,914]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1382,1479,893,914]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Rinchenia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Barsbold
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Barsbold, R." box="[509,524,916,930]" editor="Encyclopedia of Dinosaur" journalOrPublisher="Bull. Natn. Sci. Mus., Tokyo, Series C" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="505 - 508" refString="39. Barsbold, R. Oviraptorosauria. In Encyclopedia of Dinosaur (eds. Currie, P. J. & Padian, K.) 505 - 508 (Academic Press, San Diego, 1997)." title="39" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Currie" year="1997">39</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (=
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[564,781,919,941]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis box="[564,781,919,941]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Oviraptor mongoliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Osmolska, H. & Currie, P. J. & Barsbold, R." box="[781,788,916,930]" journalOrPublisher="University of California Press" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="165 - 183" refString="1. Osmolska, H., Currie, P. J. & Barsbold, R. In hve Dinosauria 2 nd edn (eds Weishampel, D., Dodson, P. & Osmolska, H.) 165 - 183 (University of California Press, 2004)." title="In hve Dinosauria 2 nd edn (eds Weishampel, D., Dodson, P. & Osmolska, H.)" type="book chapter" year="2004">1</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Barsbold, R." box="[791,807,916,930]" journalOrPublisher="Akad. Nauk. S. S. S. R. Inst. A. M. Severtsova, Moskva" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="210 - 223" refString="40. Barsbold, R. In Herpetological Studies in the Mongolian People's Republic (Vorobyeva, E. I.) 210 - 223 (Akad. Nauk. S. S. S. R. Inst. A. M. Severtsova, Moskva, 1986)." title="In Herpetological Studies in the Mongolian People's Republic (Vorobyeva, E. I.)" type="book chapter" year="1986">40</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[826,949,919,940]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis box="[826,949,919,940]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Tongtianlong</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also differs from other Ganzhou oviraptorids in numerous ways that are encapsulated in the character scores in our phylogenetic analysis.
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1232,1358,946,967]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1232,1358,946,967]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Tongtianlong</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<emphasis box="[415,467,973,994]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Banji</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity box="[467,509,969,994]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.604" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="in" value="26.0">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Xu, X. & Han, F. L. A" box="[467,482,969,983]" journalOrPublisher="Vertebr. PalAsia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="11 - 18" part="48" refString="26. Xu, X. & Han, F. L. A new oviraptorid dinosaur (ffleropoda: Oviraptorosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous of China. Vertebr. PalAsia. 48, 11 - 18 (2010)." title="new oviraptorid dinosaur (ffleropoda: Oviraptorosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous of China" type="journal article" year="2010">26</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
possessing a postorbital process of the jugal that is posterodorsally inclined relative to the ventral ramus (not perpendicular), lacking a downturned symphyseal portion of the dentary (see also Supplementary Information Fig. S1a), lacking a prominent process on the posteroventral surface of the dentary symphysis, and possessing a more anteroposteriorly elongate external mandibular fenestra.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166489/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" targetBox="[415,1055,124,723]" targetPageId="2">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[415,1467,759,808]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[415,503,759,781]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figure 2.</emphasis>
|
||
The whole skeleton of the holotype
|
||
<emphasis box="[851,1049,759,780]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[851,974,759,780]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Tongtianlong</taxonomicName>
|
||
limosus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
gen. et sp. nov. in dorsal view (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1343,1354,759,780]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">a</emphasis>
|
||
) and lateral view (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[473,486,786,807]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">b</emphasis>
|
||
). Scale bar= 10 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[415,1480,889,1634]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[447,570,1079,1100]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis box="[447,570,1079,1100]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Tongtianlong</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[780,928,1079,1100]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis box="[780,928,1079,1100]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Ganzhousaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<quantity box="[928,968,1076,1101]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.858" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="in" value="27.0">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wang, S. & Sun, C. & Sullivan, C. & Xu, X. A" box="[928,943,1076,1090]" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="242 - 257" part="3640" refString="27. Wang, S., Sun, C., Sullivan, C. & Xu, X. A new oviraptorid (Dinosauria: ffleropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of southern China. Zootaxa 3640, 242 - 257 (2013)." title="new oviraptorid (Dinosauria: ffleropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of southern China" type="journal article" year="2013">27</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
lacking a downturned symphyseal portion of the dentary, possessing a more anteroposteriorly elongate external mandibular fenestra, having a dentary that contributes to the ventral border of the external mandibular fenestra (not excluded from the border by the anterior extension of the angular), lacking a depression on the lateral surface of the dentary immediately anterior to the external mandibular fenestra, and possessing a metatarsal III that is anteroposteriorly flattened with a concave posterior surface (not ovoid or subtriangular in cross section).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[415,1480,889,1634]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[447,573,1239,1260]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis box="[447,573,1239,1260]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Tongtianlong</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is different from
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[743,873,1240,1261]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis box="[743,873,1240,1261]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Jiangxisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<quantity box="[873,914,1236,1261]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.112" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="in" value="28.0">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wei, X. F. & Pu, H. Y. & Xu, L. & Liu, D. & Lu, J. C. A" box="[873,888,1236,1250]" journalOrPublisher="Acta Geol. Sin" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="899 - 904" part="87" refString="28. Wei, X. F., Pu, H. Y., Xu, L., Liu, D. & Lu, J. C. A new oviraptorid dinosaur (ffleropoda: Oviraptorosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Jiangxi Province, southern China. Acta Geol. Sin. 87, 899 - 904 (2013)." title="new oviraptorid dinosaur (ffleropoda: Oviraptorosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Jiangxi Province, southern China" type="journal article" year="2013">28</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
lacking a downturned symphyseal portion of the dentary. Furthermore, the ratio of radius length to humerus length (78%) and the height-to-length ratio of the lower jaw (34%) are greater than those of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[712,839,1293,1314]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis box="[712,839,1293,1314]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Jiangxisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(70% and 20%, respectively).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[415,1480,889,1634]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[447,573,1319,1340]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis box="[447,573,1319,1340]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Tongtianlong</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[701,807,1319,1340]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis box="[701,807,1319,1340]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Nankangia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<quantity box="[807,841,1316,1341]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.286" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="in" value="9.0">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lu, J. C. & Yi, L. P. & Zhong, H. & Wei, X. F. A" box="[807,814,1316,1330]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS One" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="80557" part="8" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1371/journal.pone.0080557" refString="9. Lu, J. C., Yi, L. P., Zhong, H. & Wei, X. F. A new oviraptorosaur (Dinosauria: Oviraptorosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Southern China and its paleoecological implications. PLoS One 8 (11), e 80557, doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0080557 (2013)." title="new oviraptorosaur (Dinosauria: Oviraptorosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Southern China and its paleoecological implications" type="journal article" year="2013">9</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
lacking a prominent process on the posteroventral surface of the dentary symphysis, lacking a deep fossa on the lateral surface of the dentary, having a dentary that contributes to the dorsal border of the external mandibular fenestra (not excluded from the border by the anterior extension of the surangular), and lacking a depression on the lateral surface of the dentary immediately anterior to the external mandibular fenestra.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[415,1480,889,1634]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[447,571,1453,1474]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis box="[447,571,1453,1474]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Tongtianlong</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[695,835,1453,1474]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis box="[695,835,1453,1474]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Huanansaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<quantity box="[836,876,1449,1474]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.366" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="in" value="29.0">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lu, J. C." box="[836,851,1449,1463]" journalOrPublisher="Sci. Rep." pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="11490" part="5" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1038/srep11490" refString="29. Lu, J. C. et al. A new oviraptorid Dinosaur (Dinosauria: Oviraptorosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Southern China and its paleobiogeographical implications. Sci. Rep. 5, 11490, doi: 10.1038 / srep 11490 (2015)." title="et al. A new oviraptorid Dinosaur (Dinosauria: Oviraptorosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Southern China and its paleobiogeographical implications" type="journal article" year="2015">29</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
skull morphology and forelimb proportions. There is a crest in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[415,554,1480,1501]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis box="[415,554,1480,1501]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Huanansaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but not in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[659,782,1479,1500]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis box="[659,782,1479,1500]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Tongtianlong</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The dorsal margin of the lower jaw, from the anterior tip to the coronoid eminence, is smoothly convex in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[739,864,1506,1527]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis box="[739,864,1506,1527]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Tongtianlong</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whilst it is wave-like in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1106,1248,1507,1528]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1106,1248,1507,1528]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Huanansaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The antorbital fenestra is sub-oval in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[553,679,1533,1554]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis box="[553,679,1533,1554]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Tongtianlong</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but triangular in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[860,1003,1533,1554]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis box="[860,1003,1533,1554]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Huanansaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The ratio of radius length to humerus length in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[415,539,1559,1580]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis box="[415,539,1559,1580]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Tongtianlong</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(0.78) is much smaller than that of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[882,1022,1560,1581]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis box="[882,1022,1560,1581]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Huanansaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(0.97). The anteroventral corner of the external naris is slightly below the horizontal line projected through the posterodorsal corner of the antorbital fenestra in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[415,554,1613,1634]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis box="[415,554,1613,1634]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Huanansaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whilst it is far above this line in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[864,987,1613,1634]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis box="[864,987,1613,1634]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Tongtianlong</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1000,1055,1612,1634]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="6.[415,480,1525,1547]" captionTargetBox="[417,1467,127,1489]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[415,1471,124,1490]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 6. Skull comparisons of oviraptorosaurs showing relative positions of the posterodorsal corner of the antorbital fenestra and the anteroventral corner of the external narial opening. (a) Incisivosaurus gauthieri; (b) Conchoraptor gracilis; (c) Wulatelong gobiensis; (no scale) (d) Banji long; (e) Anzu wyliei; (f) Khaan mckennai; (g) Citipati osmolskae; (no scale) (h) Huanansaurus ganzhouensis (reversed); (i) Yulong mini; (j) Oviraptor philoceratops; (k) Nemegtomaia barsboldi; l: “ Oviraptor ” mongoliensis; m: Tongtianlong limosus gen. et sp. nov. (a, b, f, g, j, k) and l are from Lü 23; (c) is modified from Xu et al. 18; (d) is modified from Xu and Han 26; (e) is modified from Lamanna et al. 41 (reversed), (i) is from Lü et al. 10 and (h) is from Lü et al. 29. External narial opening is in red, and antorbital fenenstra is in yellow. Note: The horizontal line projected through the posterodorsal corner of the antorbital fenestra is parallel to the line linking the articular end of the quadrate and the ventral margin of the premaxilla. Modified from Lü et al. 29." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166493/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig.6</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSection lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[415,1480,1656,1950]" box="[415,560,1656,1682]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[415,560,1656,1682]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[415,560,1656,1682]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Description</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[415,1480,1656,1950]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
The specimen is very well preserved in three dimensions, with the bones in natural articulation (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1316,1372,1688,1710]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="2.[415,480,759,781]" captionTargetBox="[415,1055,124,723]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[415,1055,124,724]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 2. The whole skeleton of the holotype Tongtianlong limosus gen. et sp. nov. in dorsal view (a) and lateral view (b). Scale bar = 10 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166489/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figs2</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1417,1428,1688,1709]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="3.[415,480,1333,1355]" captionTargetBox="[417,1276,125,1293]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[415,1279,124,1298]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 3. The holotype of Tongtianlong limosus gen. et sp. nov.: whole skeleton (a), close-up of furcula (b), close up of humerus (c), dorsal view of skull (d) and dorsal view of middle cervical vertebrae. Scale bars = 10 cm in (a) and 2 cm in (b, d); Abbreviation: co, coracoids; f, frontal; fur, furcula; h, humerus; p, parietal; pfs, frontal / parietal suture; pp, parietal process; sc, scapula; st, sternum; stf, supratemporal fenestra." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166490/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">3</figureCitation>
|
||
a; see also Supplementary Information Table S1). The limbs are splayed out sideways relative to the trunk, and the neck is curved upwards, such that the head is elevated relative to the remainder of the body. Because the specimen was collected by a farmer and construction workers, and it was not mapped
|
||
<emphasis box="[1088,1146,1768,1789]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">in situ</emphasis>
|
||
while being excavated, it is difficult to interpret what biological and/or taphonomic processes caused this strange posture. Judging by the fine state of preservation, the specimen probably was originally complete or nearly complete. However, some portions of the skeleton are missing, such as the distal regions of the arms, the right pelvic girdle and hind leg, and parts of the tail. This is because the specimen was collected by workers at an active construction site. The specimen was exposed after workmen blasted away some of the surrounding rocks with TNT; a drill hole where TNT was placed can be seen near the pelvic girdle.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166490/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" targetBox="[417,1276,125,1293]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[415,1477,1333,1435]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[415,503,1333,1355]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figure 3.</emphasis>
|
||
The holotype of
|
||
<emphasis box="[669,867,1333,1354]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[669,792,1333,1354]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Tongtianlong</taxonomicName>
|
||
limosus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
gen. et sp. nov.: whole skeleton (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1176,1187,1333,1354]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">a</emphasis>
|
||
), close-up of furcula (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1397,1410,1333,1354]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">b</emphasis>
|
||
), close up of humerus (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[568,578,1360,1381]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">c</emphasis>
|
||
), dorsal view of skull (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[792,805,1360,1381]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">d</emphasis>
|
||
) and dorsal view of middle cervical vertebrae. Scale bars = 10 cm in (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[423,434,1387,1408]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">a</emphasis>
|
||
) and 2cm in (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[571,584,1387,1408]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">b</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[589,602,1387,1408]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">d</emphasis>
|
||
); Abbreviation: co, coracoids; f, frontal; fur, furcula; h, humerus; p, parietal; pfs, frontal/ parietal suture; pp, parietal process; sc, scapula; st, sternum; stf, supratemporal fenestra.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[415,1480,1508,1957]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
The skull is almost completely preserved. It is missing only small portions of the anterior end of the premaxilla and nasals, and a small part of the right lower jaw. The most salient feature of the skull is that the cranial roof is dome-like, with its highest point above the posterodorsal corner of the orbit. Many other oviraptorosaurs possess cranial ornaments, which in some cases are elaborate and highly pneumatic (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1139,1195,1588,1610]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="4.[415,480,1283,1305]" captionTargetBox="[415,1055,124,1247]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[415,1055,124,1248]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 4. The photograph (a) and line drawing (b) of the skull: Tongtianlong limosus gen. et sp. nov. in right lateral view. Abbreviations: aof, antorbital fenestra; bc, braincase; d, dentary; emf, external mandibular fenestra; eo, exoccipital; f, frontal; j, jugal; l, lacrimal; ltf: lower temporal fenestra; m, maxilla; n, nasal; nar, narial opening; npc, nasopharyngeal canal; o, orbit; p, parietal; pm, premaxilla; pno, pneumatic opening; po, postorbital; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; sa, surangular; sq, squamosal; stf, supratemporal fenestra. Scale bar = 5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166491/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig.4</figureCitation>
|
||
). However, in other taxa these crests are usually thinner (such as in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[761,891,1616,1637]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[761,891,1616,1637]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Nemegtomaia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lu, J. C. & Dong, Z. M. & Azuma, Y. & Barsbold, R. & Tomida, Y." box="[892,907,1612,1626]" journalOrPublisher="Science Press, Beijing China" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="175 - 189" refString="36. Lu, J. C., Dong, Z. M., Azuma, Y., Barsbold, R. & Tomida, Y. In Proceedings of the 5 th Symposium of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution (eds Zhou, Z. & Zhang, F.) 175 - 189 (Science Press, Beijing China, 2002)." title="In Proceedings of the 5 th Symposium of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution (eds Zhou, Z. & Zhang, F.)" type="book chapter" year="2002">36</bibRefCitation>
|
||
–
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lu, J. C. & Tomida, Y. & Azuma, Y. & Dong, Z. M. & Lee, Y. N." box="[915,930,1612,1626]" journalOrPublisher="Bull. Natn. Sci. Mus., Tokyo, Series C" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="51" part="31" refString="38. Lu, J. C., Tomida, Y., Azuma, Y., Dong, Z. M. & Lee, Y. N. Nemegtomaia gen. nov., a replacement name for the oviraptorosaurian dinosaur Nemegtia Lu et al., 2004, a preoccupied name. Bull. Natn. Sci. Mus., Tokyo, Series C 31, 51 (2005)." title="Nemegtomaia gen. nov., a replacement name for the oviraptorosaurian dinosaur Nemegtia Lu et al., 2004, a preoccupied name" type="journal article" year="2005">38</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, it is
|
||
<quantity box="[977,1033,1615,1637]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
|
||
) than the dome-like condition in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1351,1474,1615,1636]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1351,1474,1615,1636]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Tongtianlong</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Furthermore, in other taxa these crests are peaked further anteriorly relative to
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1217,1345,1642,1663]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1217,1345,1642,1663]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Tongtianlong</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, either at the anterior end of the snout above the external naris and antorbital fenestra (as in
|
||
<emphasis box="[1189,1240,1669,1690]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Banji</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1252,1325,1669,1690]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Citipati</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1336,1430,1669,1690]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Oviraptor</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[415,546,1696,1717]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[415,546,1696,1717]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Nemegtomaia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), or at approximately the midpoint of the cranium above the orbit (as in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1230,1324,1695,1716]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1230,1324,1695,1716]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Rinchenia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1334,1473,1696,1717]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1334,1473,1696,1717]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Huanansaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and caenagnathids like
|
||
<emphasis box="[646,698,1722,1743]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Anzu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lamanna, M. C. & Sues, H. D. & Schachner, E. R. & Lyson, T. R. A" box="[698,713,1718,1732]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS One" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="92022" part="9" refString="41. Lamanna, M. C., Sues, H. D., Schachner, E. R. & Lyson, T. R. A new large-bodied oviraptorosaurian theropod dinosaur from the Latest Cretaceous of Western North America. PLoS One 9, e 92022 (2014)." title="new large-bodied oviraptorosaurian theropod dinosaur from the Latest Cretaceous of Western North America" type="journal article" year="2014">41</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[736,794,1722,1744]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="6.[415,480,1525,1547]" captionTargetBox="[417,1467,127,1489]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[415,1471,124,1490]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 6. Skull comparisons of oviraptorosaurs showing relative positions of the posterodorsal corner of the antorbital fenestra and the anteroventral corner of the external narial opening. (a) Incisivosaurus gauthieri; (b) Conchoraptor gracilis; (c) Wulatelong gobiensis; (no scale) (d) Banji long; (e) Anzu wyliei; (f) Khaan mckennai; (g) Citipati osmolskae; (no scale) (h) Huanansaurus ganzhouensis (reversed); (i) Yulong mini; (j) Oviraptor philoceratops; (k) Nemegtomaia barsboldi; l: “ Oviraptor ” mongoliensis; m: Tongtianlong limosus gen. et sp. nov. (a, b, f, g, j, k) and l are from Lü 23; (c) is modified from Xu et al. 18; (d) is modified from Xu and Han 26; (e) is modified from Lamanna et al. 41 (reversed), (i) is from Lü et al. 10 and (h) is from Lü et al. 29. External narial opening is in red, and antorbital fenenstra is in yellow. Note: The horizontal line projected through the posterodorsal corner of the antorbital fenestra is parallel to the line linking the articular end of the quadrate and the ventral margin of the premaxilla. Modified from Lü et al. 29." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166493/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig.6</figureCitation>
|
||
). Therefore, the posteriorly-peaked dome-like crest of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1331,1457,1722,1743]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1331,1457,1722,1743]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Tongtianlong</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is autapomorphic among oviraptorosaurs, and a novel
|
||
<typeStatus box="[917,959,1749,1770]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of cranial ornamentation in this highly variable clade. The fine three-dimensional preservation of the specimen ensures that the shape of the dome-like crest is not an artefact of crushing or deformation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[415,1480,1508,1957]" lastBlockId="4.[415,1480,1482,1957]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
There are five main openings in the cranium, as is standard for oviraptorosaurs and other dinosaurs. Anteriorly a large, oval-shaped external naris is positioned above a slightly smaller, triangular antorbital fenestra (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[423,481,1882,1904]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="4.[415,480,1283,1305]" captionTargetBox="[415,1055,124,1247]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[415,1055,124,1248]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 4. The photograph (a) and line drawing (b) of the skull: Tongtianlong limosus gen. et sp. nov. in right lateral view. Abbreviations: aof, antorbital fenestra; bc, braincase; d, dentary; emf, external mandibular fenestra; eo, exoccipital; f, frontal; j, jugal; l, lacrimal; ltf: lower temporal fenestra; m, maxilla; n, nasal; nar, narial opening; npc, nasopharyngeal canal; o, orbit; p, parietal; pm, premaxilla; pno, pneumatic opening; po, postorbital; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; sa, surangular; sq, squamosal; stf, supratemporal fenestra. Scale bar = 5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166491/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig.4</figureCitation>
|
||
). The anteroventral corner of the naris is located far above the level of the posterodorsal corner of the antorbital fenestra, which is also the case in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[834,965,1909,1930]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[834,965,1909,1930]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Nemegtomaia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1012,1106,1908,1929]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1012,1106,1908,1929]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Rinchenia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but differs from the condition in most other oviraptorosaurs, in which the naris extends further ventrally so that it reaches past the posterodorsal corner of the antorbital fenestra (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[665,721,1482,1504]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="6.[415,480,1525,1547]" captionTargetBox="[417,1467,127,1489]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[415,1471,124,1490]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 6. Skull comparisons of oviraptorosaurs showing relative positions of the posterodorsal corner of the antorbital fenestra and the anteroventral corner of the external narial opening. (a) Incisivosaurus gauthieri; (b) Conchoraptor gracilis; (c) Wulatelong gobiensis; (no scale) (d) Banji long; (e) Anzu wyliei; (f) Khaan mckennai; (g) Citipati osmolskae; (no scale) (h) Huanansaurus ganzhouensis (reversed); (i) Yulong mini; (j) Oviraptor philoceratops; (k) Nemegtomaia barsboldi; l: “ Oviraptor ” mongoliensis; m: Tongtianlong limosus gen. et sp. nov. (a, b, f, g, j, k) and l are from Lü 23; (c) is modified from Xu et al. 18; (d) is modified from Xu and Han 26; (e) is modified from Lamanna et al. 41 (reversed), (i) is from Lü et al. 10 and (h) is from Lü et al. 29. External narial opening is in red, and antorbital fenenstra is in yellow. Note: The horizontal line projected through the posterodorsal corner of the antorbital fenestra is parallel to the line linking the articular end of the quadrate and the ventral margin of the premaxilla. Modified from Lü et al. 29." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166493/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig.6</figureCitation>
|
||
). The orbit is large and nearly circular, as is typical for oviraptorosaurs. The lateral temporal fenestra is the largest opening in the skull. It is rectangular, with a long axis that extends slightly anteroventrally, which differs from the more circular or square fenestrae of many other oviraptorosaurs. The supratemporal fenestra is positioned above the lateral temporal fenestra and is partially visible in lateral view. It is much smaller than the orbit and lateral temporal fenestra.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166491/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" targetBox="[415,1055,124,1247]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[415,1474,1283,1412]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[415,503,1283,1305]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figure 4.</emphasis>
|
||
The photograph (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[681,692,1283,1304]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">a</emphasis>
|
||
) and line drawing (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[879,892,1283,1304]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">b</emphasis>
|
||
) of the skull:
|
||
<emphasis box="[1020,1218,1283,1304]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1020,1143,1283,1304]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Tongtianlong</taxonomicName>
|
||
limosus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
gen. et sp. nov. in right lateral view. Abbreviations: aof, antorbital fenestra; bc, braincase; d, dentary; emf, external mandibular fenestra; eo, exoccipital; f, frontal; j, jugal; l, lacrimal; ltf: lower temporal fenestra; m, maxilla; n, nasal;nar, narial opening; npc, nasopharyngeal canal; o, orbit; p, parietal; pm, premaxilla; pno, pneumatic opening; po, postorbital;q, quadrate;qj, quadratojugal; sa, surangular; sq, squamosal; stf, supratemporal fenestra. Scale bar = 5cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[415,1480,1482,1957]" lastBlockId="5.[415,1480,808,1950]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
The premaxilla is toothless like in all derived oviraptorosaurs. The left and right premaxillae appear to be unfused to each other, based on open sutures in the region of the broken dorsal surfaces of both bones, but the premaxilla and maxilla are fused together without a clear sutural trace. The anterior margin of the premaxilla is highly convex, which is an autapomorphy of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[849,974,1695,1716]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis box="[849,974,1695,1716]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Tongtianlong</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Most other oviraptorosaurs have a straight anterior premaxilla (e.g.,
|
||
<emphasis box="[574,645,1722,1743]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Citipati</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Clark, J. M. & Norell, M. A. & Barsbold, R." box="[645,660,1718,1732]" journalOrPublisher="J. Vertebr. Paleontol" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="209 - 213" part="21" refString="42. Clark, J. M., Norell, M. A. & Barsbold, R. Two new oviraptorids (ffleropoda: Oviraptorosauria), upper Cretaceous Djadokhta Formation, Ukhaa Tolgod, Mongolia. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 21, 209 - 213 (2001)." title="Two new oviraptorids (ffleropoda: Oviraptorosauria), upper Cretaceous Djadokhta Formation, Ukhaa Tolgod, Mongolia" type="journal article" year="2001">42</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[671,734,1722,1743]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Khaan</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Clark, J. M. & Norell, M. A. & Barsbold, R." box="[734,749,1718,1732]" journalOrPublisher="J. Vertebr. Paleontol" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="209 - 213" part="21" refString="42. Clark, J. M., Norell, M. A. & Barsbold, R. Two new oviraptorids (ffleropoda: Oviraptorosauria), upper Cretaceous Djadokhta Formation, Ukhaa Tolgod, Mongolia. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 21, 209 - 213 (2001)." title="Two new oviraptorids (ffleropoda: Oviraptorosauria), upper Cretaceous Djadokhta Formation, Ukhaa Tolgod, Mongolia" type="journal article" year="2001">42</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and this is also the case in the Ganzhou oviraptorid
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1261,1388,1723,1744]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1261,1388,1723,1744]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Huanasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lu, J. C." box="[1389,1404,1718,1732]" journalOrPublisher="Sci. Rep." pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="11490" part="5" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1038/srep11490" refString="29. Lu, J. C. et al. A new oviraptorid Dinosaur (Dinosauria: Oviraptorosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Southern China and its paleobiogeographical implications. Sci. Rep. 5, 11490, doi: 10.1038 / srep 11490 (2015)." title="et al. A new oviraptorid Dinosaur (Dinosauria: Oviraptorosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Southern China and its paleobiogeographical implications" type="journal article" year="2015">29</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1414,1476,1722,1743]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1414,1476,1722,1743]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Yulong</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the Ganzhou oviraptorid
|
||
<emphasis box="[699,749,1749,1770]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Banji</emphasis>
|
||
have a slightly rounded anterior margin of the premaxilla in lateral view, but it is not nearly as convex as in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[706,830,1775,1796]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis box="[706,830,1775,1796]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Tongtianlong</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The premaxilla is divided into two branches, both of which extend posterodorsally. The upper one forms the anterodorsal margin of the external naris, whereas the much wider lower one forms most of the anterodorsal margin of the antorbital fenestra, thus separating the naris from the antorbital fenestra and completely excluding the maxilla from the narial border. The posterior end of this branch overlaps the lateral surface of the lacrimal. The divergence of the two branches defines the shape of the external naris. Anteroventral to the naris, a deeply concave fossa extends on the lateral surface of the premaxilla, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[415,543,1936,1957]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis box="[415,543,1936,1957]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Huanasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lu, J. C." box="[543,558,1932,1946]" journalOrPublisher="Sci. Rep." pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="11490" part="5" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1038/srep11490" refString="29. Lu, J. C. et al. A new oviraptorid Dinosaur (Dinosauria: Oviraptorosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Southern China and its paleobiogeographical implications. Sci. Rep. 5, 11490, doi: 10.1038 / srep 11490 (2015)." title="et al. A new oviraptorid Dinosaur (Dinosauria: Oviraptorosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Southern China and its paleobiogeographical implications" type="journal article" year="2015">29</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[569,632,1935,1956]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis box="[569,632,1935,1956]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Yulong</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lu, J. C." box="[635,650,1932,1946]" journalOrPublisher="Naturwissenschaflen" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="165 - 175" part="100" refString="10. Lu, J. C. et al. Chicken-sized oviraptorid dinosaurs from central China and their ontogenetic implications. Naturwissenschaflen 100, 165 - 175 (2013 b)." title="et al. Chicken-sized oviraptorid dinosaurs from central China and their ontogenetic implications" type="journal article" year="2013">10</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[702,834,1936,1957]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis box="[702,834,1936,1957]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Nemegtomaia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lu, J. C. & Tomida, Y. & Azuma, Y. & Dong, Z. M. & Lee, Y. N." box="[834,849,1932,1946]" journalOrPublisher="Bull. Natn. Sci. Mus., Tokyo, Series C" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="95 - 130" part="30" refString="37. Lu, J. C., Tomida, Y., Azuma, Y., Dong, Z. M. & Lee, Y. N. New oviraptorid dinosaur (Dinosauria: Oviraptorosauria) from the Nemegt Formation of southwestern Mongolia. Bull. Natn. Sci. Mus., Tokyo, Series C 30, 95 - 130 (2004)." title="New oviraptorid dinosaur (Dinosauria: Oviraptorosauria) from the Nemegt Formation of southwestern Mongolia" type="journal article" year="2004">37</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lu, J. C. & Tomida, Y. & Azuma, Y. & Dong, Z. M. & Lee, Y. N." box="[852,868,1932,1946]" journalOrPublisher="Bull. Natn. Sci. Mus., Tokyo, Series C" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="51" part="31" refString="38. Lu, J. C., Tomida, Y., Azuma, Y., Dong, Z. M. & Lee, Y. N. Nemegtomaia gen. nov., a replacement name for the oviraptorosaurian dinosaur Nemegtia Lu et al., 2004, a preoccupied name. Bull. Natn. Sci. Mus., Tokyo, Series C 31, 51 (2005)." title="Nemegtomaia gen. nov., a replacement name for the oviraptorosaurian dinosaur Nemegtia Lu et al., 2004, a preoccupied name" type="journal article" year="2005">38</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, but unlike the slightly concave surface in
|
||
<emphasis box="[1276,1348,1936,1957]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Citipati</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Clark, J. M. & Norell, M. A. & Rowe, T." box="[1348,1355,1932,1946]" journalOrPublisher="Am. Mus. Novit." pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="1 - 24" part="3364" refString="6. Clark, J. M., Norell, M. A. & Rowe, T. Cranial anatomy of Citipati osmolskae (ffleropoda, Oviraptorosauria), and a reinterpretation of the holotype of Oviraptor philoceratops. Am. Mus. Novit. 3364, 1 - 24 (2002)." title="Cranial anatomy of Citipati osmolskae (ffleropoda, Oviraptorosauria), and a reinterpretation of the holotype of Oviraptor philoceratops" type="journal article" year="2002">6</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The maxilla is very small and exposed only as a tiny sliver of bone in lateral view. It forms the ventral margin of the antorbital opening and lacks teeth, but has a small triangular ‘tooth-like’ process on its ventral surface.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166492/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" targetBox="[415,1055,124,615]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[415,1430,650,725]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Figure 5. An artistic reconstruction, showing the last-ditch struggle of
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1120,1331,650,672]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1120,1250,650,672]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Tongtianlong</taxonomicName>
|
||
limosus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
as it was mired in mud, one possible, but highly speculative, interpretation for how the specimen was killed and buried (Drawn by Zhao Chuang).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[415,1480,808,1950]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
The lacrimal is divided into three branches: a short anterior process that is covered by the premaxilla, a bulbous posterior process that extends dorsally to define the anterodorsal corner of the orbit, and a large ventral shaft. The shape of the shaft is unique: whereas in other oviraptorosaurs the lacrimal shaft is gracile (thin anteroposteriorly) and has at least a partially convex lateral surface (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1022,1078,942,964]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="6.[415,480,1525,1547]" captionTargetBox="[417,1467,127,1489]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[415,1471,124,1490]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 6. Skull comparisons of oviraptorosaurs showing relative positions of the posterodorsal corner of the antorbital fenestra and the anteroventral corner of the external narial opening. (a) Incisivosaurus gauthieri; (b) Conchoraptor gracilis; (c) Wulatelong gobiensis; (no scale) (d) Banji long; (e) Anzu wyliei; (f) Khaan mckennai; (g) Citipati osmolskae; (no scale) (h) Huanansaurus ganzhouensis (reversed); (i) Yulong mini; (j) Oviraptor philoceratops; (k) Nemegtomaia barsboldi; l: “ Oviraptor ” mongoliensis; m: Tongtianlong limosus gen. et sp. nov. (a, b, f, g, j, k) and l are from Lü 23; (c) is modified from Xu et al. 18; (d) is modified from Xu and Han 26; (e) is modified from Lamanna et al. 41 (reversed), (i) is from Lü et al. 10 and (h) is from Lü et al. 29. External narial opening is in red, and antorbital fenenstra is in yellow. Note: The horizontal line projected through the posterodorsal corner of the antorbital fenestra is parallel to the line linking the articular end of the quadrate and the ventral margin of the premaxilla. Modified from Lü et al. 29." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166493/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig.6</figureCitation>
|
||
), in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1121,1245,942,963]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1121,1245,942,963]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Tongtianlong</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
it is robust (thick anteroposteriorly) with a flat lateral surface (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[792,849,968,990]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="4.[415,480,1283,1305]" captionTargetBox="[415,1055,124,1247]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[415,1055,124,1248]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 4. The photograph (a) and line drawing (b) of the skull: Tongtianlong limosus gen. et sp. nov. in right lateral view. Abbreviations: aof, antorbital fenestra; bc, braincase; d, dentary; emf, external mandibular fenestra; eo, exoccipital; f, frontal; j, jugal; l, lacrimal; ltf: lower temporal fenestra; m, maxilla; n, nasal; nar, narial opening; npc, nasopharyngeal canal; o, orbit; p, parietal; pm, premaxilla; pno, pneumatic opening; po, postorbital; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; sa, surangular; sq, squamosal; stf, supratemporal fenestra. Scale bar = 5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166491/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig.4</figureCitation>
|
||
). In effect, the lacrimal shaft of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1150,1274,969,990]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1150,1274,969,990]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Tongtianlong</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is plate-like, which is considered an autapomorphy of the taxon. In the region where the three processes meet, the lateral surface of the lacrimal is penetrated by a large opening (called the nasopharyngeal canal by Balanoff and Norell
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Balanoff, A. M. & Norell, M. A." box="[1357,1372,1018,1032]" journalOrPublisher="Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 77" part="372" refString="43. Balanoff, A. M. & Norell, M. A. Osteology of Khaan mckennai (Oviraptorosauria: ffleropoda). Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 372, 1 - 77 (2012)." title="Osteology of Khaan mckennai (Oviraptorosauria: ffleropoda)" type="journal article" year="2012">43</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) that leads into an internal recess, which is further subdivided internally. Anteroventral to this pneumatic opening is an ovoid fossa on the lateral surface of the lacrimal, which is probably also pneumatic in origin, and which may also invade the bone internally, although poor preservation makes this difficult to confirm. Complex pneumaticity in this region is common in oviraptorosaurs
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Clark, J. M. & Norell, M. A. & Rowe, T." box="[806,813,1125,1139]" journalOrPublisher="Am. Mus. Novit." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 24" part="3364" refString="6. Clark, J. M., Norell, M. A. & Rowe, T. Cranial anatomy of Citipati osmolskae (ffleropoda, Oviraptorosauria), and a reinterpretation of the holotype of Oviraptor philoceratops. Am. Mus. Novit. 3364, 1 - 24 (2002)." title="Cranial anatomy of Citipati osmolskae (ffleropoda, Oviraptorosauria), and a reinterpretation of the holotype of Oviraptor philoceratops" type="journal article" year="2002">6</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Balanoff, A. M. & Norell, M. A." box="[816,832,1125,1139]" journalOrPublisher="Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 77" part="372" refString="43. Balanoff, A. M. & Norell, M. A. Osteology of Khaan mckennai (Oviraptorosauria: ffleropoda). Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 372, 1 - 77 (2012)." title="Osteology of Khaan mckennai (Oviraptorosauria: ffleropoda)" type="journal article" year="2012">43</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, the pneumatic openings in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1203,1326,1129,1150]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1203,1326,1129,1150]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Tongtianlong</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are much larger and more elaborate than the corresponding pneumaticity in the two Ganzhou oviraptorids with well-preserved cranial material,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[575,714,1183,1204]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis box="[575,714,1183,1204]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Huanansaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lu, J. C." box="[715,730,1178,1192]" journalOrPublisher="Sci. Rep." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="11490" part="5" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1038/srep11490" refString="29. Lu, J. C. et al. A new oviraptorid Dinosaur (Dinosauria: Oviraptorosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Southern China and its paleobiogeographical implications. Sci. Rep. 5, 11490, doi: 10.1038 / srep 11490 (2015)." title="et al. A new oviraptorid Dinosaur (Dinosauria: Oviraptorosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Southern China and its paleobiogeographical implications" type="journal article" year="2015">29</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[776,826,1183,1204]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Banji</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Xu, X. & Han, F. L. A" box="[826,841,1178,1192]" journalOrPublisher="Vertebr. PalAsia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="11 - 18" part="48" refString="26. Xu, X. & Han, F. L. A new oviraptorid dinosaur (ffleropoda: Oviraptorosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous of China. Vertebr. PalAsia. 48, 11 - 18 (2010)." title="new oviraptorid dinosaur (ffleropoda: Oviraptorosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous of China" type="journal article" year="2010">26</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[415,1480,808,1950]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">The postorbital is triradiate, with short anterior and posterior processes and a very long ventral process that projects anteroventrally, terminating at the floor of the orbit. The slender and elongate jugal is divided into three branches. The rod-like anterior process contacts the lacrimal and maxilla. The short ascending process extends posterodorsally to make up approximately half of the postorbital bar separating the orbit and lateral temporal fenestra. The posterior process contacts the quadratojugal underneath the lateral temporal fenestra. Here, the jugal overlaps the quadratojugal laterally, and the two bones are sutured but not fused. The quadratojugal is tightly appressed to the lateral surface of the quadrate, and it does not appear that the two bones could move relative to each other. There is, however, a small fenestra between the small dorsal process of the quadratojugal and the lateral margin of the quadrate. The dorsal part of quadrate is bent backwards, and there is an opening on the anterior surface of the quadrate which indicates that the bone is pneumatized.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[415,1480,808,1950]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
On the skull roof, the dorsal surface of the posterior portion of the nasal is smoothly convex. The left and right nasals are fused, without any sign of a suture between them. The lateral surface of the nasal is strongly concave, and although the surface is not well preserved, visible regions of original bone texture indicate extreme pneumaticity in this region, as is standard for derived oviraptorosaurs. The nasal-frontal suture is V-shaped in dorsal view. The frontals are short anteroposteriorly, and the left and right elements are not fused on the midline. The two parietals are fused to each other, but not to the frontals and there is no parietal crest (see also Supplementary Information, Fig. S1b). The frontal-parietal suture is mostly straight, but there is a distinct process extending forwards from the middle of the anterior margin of the parietal (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1024,1078,1662,1684]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="3.[415,480,1333,1355]" captionTargetBox="[417,1276,125,1293]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[415,1279,124,1298]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 3. The holotype of Tongtianlong limosus gen. et sp. nov.: whole skeleton (a), close-up of furcula (b), close up of humerus (c), dorsal view of skull (d) and dorsal view of middle cervical vertebrae. Scale bars = 10 cm in (a) and 2 cm in (b, d); Abbreviation: co, coracoids; f, frontal; fur, furcula; h, humerus; p, parietal; pfs, frontal / parietal suture; pp, parietal process; sc, scapula; st, sternum; stf, supratemporal fenestra." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166490/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
d, pp). This process is wedged between the frontals. It is considered an autapomorphy of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[846,969,1688,1709]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis box="[846,969,1688,1709]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Tongtianlong</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as it is absent in other oviraptorosaurs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[415,1480,808,1950]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Portions of the braincase are visible in lateral and posterior view. The supraoccipital is triangular, which a concave posterior surface. The exoccipital-opisthotic forms the dorsal margin of the foramen magnum, thus separating the supraoccipital from the foramen margin. The exoccipital tapers as it extends lateroventrally. The occipital condyle is larger than the foramen magnum, a condition that is seen in some caenagnathids (e.g.,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1361,1412,1795,1816]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Anzu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lamanna, M. C. & Sues, H. D. & Schachner, E. R. & Lyson, T. R. A" box="[1412,1427,1792,1806]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS One" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="92022" part="9" refString="41. Lamanna, M. C., Sues, H. D., Schachner, E. R. & Lyson, T. R. A new large-bodied oviraptorosaurian theropod dinosaur from the Latest Cretaceous of Western North America. PLoS One 9, e 92022 (2014)." title="new large-bodied oviraptorosaurian theropod dinosaur from the Latest Cretaceous of Western North America" type="journal article" year="2014">41</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but differs from the proportionally smaller occipital condyles of other oviraptorids. The occipital condyle is located posterior to the articular condyles of the quadrate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[415,1480,808,1950]" lastBlockId="7.[415,1480,136,1492]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">The mandible is nearly complete. In lateral view, the ventral margin of the lower jaw is straight. The anterior end of the dentary is not as strongly downturned as in other derived oviraptorids. There is no depressed fossa on the lateral surface of the dentary immediately anterior to the external mandibular fenestra, and there are no articular grooves for the dentary on the ventrolateral edge of the angular and the dorsal surface of the surangular. The dentary contributes widely to the dorsal and ventral margins of the external mandibular fenestra, which is more anteroposteriorly elongated than the circular fenestrae of many other oviraptorids. The posterior part of the surangular is strongly concave laterally, and is pierced by a small opening.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166493/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" targetBox="[417,1467,127,1489]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[415,1474,1525,1787]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figure 6. Skull comparisons of oviraptorosaurs showing relative positions of the posterodorsal corner of the antorbital fenestra and the anteroventral corner of the external narial opening.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1269,1280,1552,1573]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">a</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Incisivosaurus gauthieri</emphasis>
|
||
; (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[518,531,1579,1600]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">b</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis box="[544,744,1578,1599]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Conchoraptor gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
; (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[763,773,1579,1600]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">c</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis box="[787,982,1578,1599]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Wulatelong gobiensis</emphasis>
|
||
; (no scale) (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1098,1111,1579,1600]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">d</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis box="[1125,1219,1578,1600]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Banji long</emphasis>
|
||
; (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1238,1248,1579,1600]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">e</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis box="[1262,1373,1578,1600]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Anzu wyliei</emphasis>
|
||
; (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1391,1399,1578,1600]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">f</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis box="[415,574,1605,1626]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Khaan mckennai</emphasis>
|
||
; (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[593,605,1605,1626]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">g</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis box="[618,789,1605,1626]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Citipati osmolskae</emphasis>
|
||
; (no scale) (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[906,919,1605,1626]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">h</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis box="[932,1202,1605,1627]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[932,1072,1606,1627]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Huanansaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
ganzhouensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(reversed); (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1323,1330,1605,1627]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">i</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis box="[1343,1456,1605,1627]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1343,1408,1605,1626]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Yulong</taxonomicName>
|
||
mini
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
; (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[423,430,1632,1654]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">j</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis box="[443,663,1632,1653]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Oviraptor philoceratops</emphasis>
|
||
; (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[683,695,1632,1653]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">k</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis box="[708,931,1632,1653]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[708,839,1632,1653]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Nemegtomaia</taxonomicName>
|
||
barsboldi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
; l: “
|
||
<emphasis box="[967,1059,1632,1653]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Oviraptor</emphasis>
|
||
”
|
||
<emphasis box="[1074,1194,1632,1653]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">mongoliensis</emphasis>
|
||
; m:
|
||
<emphasis box="[1235,1433,1632,1653]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1235,1358,1632,1653]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Tongtianlong</taxonomicName>
|
||
limosus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
gen. et sp. nov. (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[566,577,1659,1680]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">a</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[583,596,1659,1680]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">b</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[601,609,1658,1680]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">f</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[614,626,1659,1680]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">g</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[632,639,1658,1680]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">j</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[644,656,1659,1680]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">k</emphasis>
|
||
) and l are from Lü23; (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[867,877,1659,1680]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">c</emphasis>
|
||
) is modified from Xu
|
||
<emphasis box="[1087,1133,1658,1680]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
18; (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1165,1178,1659,1680]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">d</emphasis>
|
||
) is modified from Xu and Han26; (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[490,500,1685,1706]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">e</emphasis>
|
||
) is modified from Lamanna
|
||
<emphasis box="[773,819,1685,1707]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
41 (reversed), (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[954,961,1685,1707]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">i</emphasis>
|
||
) is from Lü
|
||
<emphasis box="[1077,1123,1685,1707]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
10 and (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1191,1204,1685,1706]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">h</emphasis>
|
||
) is from Lü
|
||
<emphasis box="[1320,1366,1685,1707]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
29. External narial opening is in red, and antorbital fenenstra is in yellow. Note: The horizontal line projected through the posterodorsal corner of the antorbital fenestra is parallel to the line linking the articular end of the quadrate and the ventral margin of the premaxilla. Modified from Lü
|
||
<emphasis box="[944,990,1765,1787]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
29.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[415,1480,136,1492]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Postcranially, the neck is comprised of 11 cervical vertebrae. The first nine of these are preserved in natural articulation, with their dorsal surfaces exposed. In dorsal view the anterior-middle cervicals are roughly square shaped, as defined by lines drawn between the posterior margins of the postzygapophyses, the anterior margins of the prezygapophyses, and the lateral edge of the vertebra (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[954,1007,270,292]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="3.[415,480,1333,1355]" captionTargetBox="[417,1276,125,1293]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[415,1279,124,1298]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 3. The holotype of Tongtianlong limosus gen. et sp. nov.: whole skeleton (a), close-up of furcula (b), close up of humerus (c), dorsal view of skull (d) and dorsal view of middle cervical vertebrae. Scale bars = 10 cm in (a) and 2 cm in (b, d); Abbreviation: co, coracoids; f, frontal; fur, furcula; h, humerus; p, parietal; pfs, frontal / parietal suture; pp, parietal process; sc, scapula; st, sternum; stf, supratemporal fenestra." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166490/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig.3</figureCitation>
|
||
e). They become more rectangular in shape, longer than wide, more posteriorly in the neck. The neural spines are very small, as they are reduced to tiny peg-like projections at the center of the neural arches. The epipophyses are well developed in the second, third and fourth cervical vertebrae, but they become smaller in the middle cervicals and then disappear posterior to the sixth vertebra. There is a pneumatic opening (=pleurocoel) visible on the slightly exposed lateral centrum surface of the second cervical, but the lateral surfaces of the remaining cervicals are covered by matrix. The isolated posterior cervical vertebra, which is not in close articulation with the rest of the neck and therefore more widely exposed than the others, has a concave anterior articular surface of the centrum and a slightly convex posterior articular surface.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[415,1480,136,1492]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">The dorsal vertebrae were heavily damaged during collection, so few details of their morphology can be observed. The neural spines of the posterior dorsals are tall and slightly expanded anteroposteriorly. Some dorsal ribs are present on both sides of the specimen, none of which exhibit any pneumatic openings on their proximal ends. The sacrum is not well preserved, but the anterior neural spines are clearly unfused to each other and were closely appressed to the medial surface of the ilium in dorsal view. There appears to be a pneumatic foramen (=pleurocoel) on the final sacral vertebra, and the lateral ends of the fused transverse processes and sacral ribs are strongly expanded anteroposteriorly, with rounded dorsal surfaces. Part of the distal tail is missing, but there are at least 19 caudal vertebrae. The caudals are rectangular in dorsal view, with elongate transverse processes that extend laterally and slightly posteriorly. One laterally exposed anterior caudal has a small opening that appears to be pneumatic in nature. The haemal arches are very long.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[415,1480,136,1492]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Portions of the shoulder girdles and proximal forearms are present on both sides of the specimen. The scapula is slender and curved medially. Its proximal end is expanded but not fused to the coracoid, the two bones forming an angle of approximately 130 degrees when in articulation. The coracoid is quadrangular in shape and has a large distally tapering posteroventral process, which extends slightly past the glenoid and is rounded at its end. The lateral surface of the coracoid is convex, the distinct biceps tubercle is located anterior to the glenoid, and the small and elongated coracoid foramen is positioned between the dorsal margin of the bone and the biceps tubercle. The medial surface of the coracoid is deeply concave and the coracoid foramen is expressed as a much larger, more circular opening than on the lateral surface. The thin sternum is a single element consisting of fused left and right components. It lacks a lateral xiphoid process and there is no groove for the coracoids along its anterior margin. The furcula is a broadly U-shaped, with a short ventral process on the midline and flattened distal ends (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1400,1454,1016,1038]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="3.[415,480,1333,1355]" captionTargetBox="[417,1276,125,1293]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[415,1279,124,1298]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 3. The holotype of Tongtianlong limosus gen. et sp. nov.: whole skeleton (a), close-up of furcula (b), close up of humerus (c), dorsal view of skull (d) and dorsal view of middle cervical vertebrae. Scale bars = 10 cm in (a) and 2 cm in (b, d); Abbreviation: co, coracoids; f, frontal; fur, furcula; h, humerus; p, parietal; pfs, frontal / parietal suture; pp, parietal process; sc, scapula; st, sternum; stf, supratemporal fenestra." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166490/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig.3</figureCitation>
|
||
b). The humerus has a long deltopectoral crest, which extends distally for nearly half the length of the shaft (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1402,1456,1043,1065]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="3.[415,480,1333,1355]" captionTargetBox="[417,1276,125,1293]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[415,1279,124,1298]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 3. The holotype of Tongtianlong limosus gen. et sp. nov.: whole skeleton (a), close-up of furcula (b), close up of humerus (c), dorsal view of skull (d) and dorsal view of middle cervical vertebrae. Scale bars = 10 cm in (a) and 2 cm in (b, d); Abbreviation: co, coracoids; f, frontal; fur, furcula; h, humerus; p, parietal; pfs, frontal / parietal suture; pp, parietal process; sc, scapula; st, sternum; stf, supratemporal fenestra." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166490/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig.3</figureCitation>
|
||
c). The shaft is slightly twisted as in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[724,828,1070,1091]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis box="[724,828,1070,1091]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Heyuannia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lu, J. C. A" box="[828,843,1066,1080]" journalOrPublisher="J. Vert. Paleontol" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="871 - 875" part="22" refString="22. Lu, J. C. A new oviraptorosaurid (ffleropoda: Oviraptorosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of southern China. J. Vert. Paleontol. 22, 871 - 875 (2002)." title="new oviraptorosaurid (ffleropoda: Oviraptorosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of southern China" type="journal article" year="2002">22</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[889,992,1070,1091]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis box="[889,992,1070,1091]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Nankangia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lu, J. C. & Yi, L. P. & Zhong, H. & Wei, X. F. A" box="[993,1000,1066,1080]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS One" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="80557" part="8" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1371/journal.pone.0080557" refString="9. Lu, J. C., Yi, L. P., Zhong, H. & Wei, X. F. A new oviraptorosaur (Dinosauria: Oviraptorosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Southern China and its paleoecological implications. PLoS One 8 (11), e 80557, doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0080557 (2013)." title="new oviraptorosaur (Dinosauria: Oviraptorosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Southern China and its paleoecological implications" type="journal article" year="2013">9</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Part of the radius is preserved on the left side, but the ulnae and more distal forelimb elements are missing.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[415,1480,136,1492]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Very few details of the pelvic girdle are apparent, due to damage that occurred during collecting. Parts of the ilium and pubis are present but little can be said of their morphology, although the preserved portions indicate that the pelvis is mesopubic and the distal ends of the left and right pubes are not fused together. The ischia are better preserved on the left side. The posterior margin of the shaft is deeply concave, the distal margin of the obturator process is straight, and the lateral surface of the bone is concave. The tibia is longer than the femur. It has a straight shaft, a well-developed cnemial crest, and an expanded distal end with a concave posterior surface. The astragalus is tightly appressed to the distal tibia. In posterior view, the ventral margin of the astragalus is concave dorsally, and in anterior view the ascending process is taller than wide. Two flattened distal tarsals are fused to each other and the proximal metatarsals. Distal tarsal III, which covers the proximal ends of metatarsals II and III, is larger than distal tarsal IV, which covers the proximal end of metatarsal IV. The left pes is partially preserved (See also Supplementary Information Fig. S2). Metatarsal III is longer than metatarsal II, which is longer than metatarsal IV. Metatarsal III remains visible along the length of the metatarsaus, with only a slight constriction near its proximal end. Metatarsal V is short and rod-like with a pointed distal end. It is approximately 35% of the length of metatarsal V. The single visible pedal ungual is slightly curved.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[415,1480,1520,1972]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[415,667,1520,1544]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Phylogenetic analysis.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[693,814,1524,1545]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis box="[693,814,1524,1545]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Tongtianlong</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can clearly be assigned to Oviraptoridae based on numerous characters that are diagnostic of the clade (or proximal nodes within Oviraptorosauria), including: a pneumatic premaxilla; a medially inset subantorbital portion of the maxilla; fused nasals; a laterally projecting medial part of the lacrimal shaft that forms a flattened transverse bar in front of the eye; pneumatic skull roof bones; left and right iliac blades closely approaching or contacting each other on the midline
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Osmolska, H. & Currie, P. J. & Barsbold, R." box="[981,988,1627,1641]" journalOrPublisher="University of California Press" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="165 - 183" refString="1. Osmolska, H., Currie, P. J. & Barsbold, R. In hve Dinosauria 2 nd edn (eds Weishampel, D., Dodson, P. & Osmolska, H.) 165 - 183 (University of California Press, 2004)." title="In hve Dinosauria 2 nd edn (eds Weishampel, D., Dodson, P. & Osmolska, H.)" type="book chapter" year="2004">1</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; and proximal caudals with pneumatized centra
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Barsbold, R. & Osmcilska, H. & Watabe, M. & Currie, P. J. & Tsogtbaatar, K. A" box="[1442,1457,1627,1641]" journalOrPublisher="Acta Palaeontol. Pol" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="97 - 106" part="45" refString="44. Barsbold, R., Osmcilska, H., Watabe, M., Currie, P. J. & Tsogtbaatar, K. A new oviraptorosaur (Dinosauria, ffleropoda) from Mongolia: ffle first dinosaur with a pygostyle. Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 45, 97 - 106 (2000)." title="new oviraptorosaur (Dinosauria, ffleropoda) from Mongolia: ffle first dinosaur with a pygostyle" type="journal article" year="2000">44</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[415,1480,1520,1972]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
We added
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[550,676,1657,1678]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis box="[550,676,1657,1678]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Tongtianlong</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to a modified version of the phylogenetic dataset of Lü
|
||
<emphasis box="[1221,1269,1657,1679]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lu, J. C." box="[1268,1283,1654,1668]" journalOrPublisher="Sci. Rep." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="11490" part="5" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1038/srep11490" refString="29. Lu, J. C. et al. A new oviraptorid Dinosaur (Dinosauria: Oviraptorosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Southern China and its paleobiogeographical implications. Sci. Rep. 5, 11490, doi: 10.1038 / srep 11490 (2015)." title="et al. A new oviraptorid Dinosaur (Dinosauria: Oviraptorosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Southern China and its paleobiogeographical implications" type="journal article" year="2015">29</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, which itself was an updated version of the dataset of Lamanna
|
||
<emphasis box="[829,876,1684,1705]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lamanna, M. C. & Sues, H. D. & Schachner, E. R. & Lyson, T. R. A" box="[875,890,1680,1694]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS One" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="92022" part="9" refString="41. Lamanna, M. C., Sues, H. D., Schachner, E. R. & Lyson, T. R. A new large-bodied oviraptorosaurian theropod dinosaur from the Latest Cretaceous of Western North America. PLoS One 9, e 92022 (2014)." title="new large-bodied oviraptorosaurian theropod dinosaur from the Latest Cretaceous of Western North America" type="journal article" year="2014">41</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. We changed some characters that were previously multistate characters combining absence/presence and morphological differences into two separate characters, and also ordered multistate characters that describe a progressive sequence of size or morphological change. The data matrix now includes 43 taxa scored for 237 characters (see Methods and Supplementary Information).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[415,1480,1520,1972]" lastBlockId="8.[415,1480,1257,1599]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
The strict consensus of the 33,104 most parsimonious trees recovers
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1118,1244,1790,1811]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1118,1244,1790,1811]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Tongtianlong</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as deeply nested within Oviraptoridae (synapomorphies for Oviraptoridae and other major clades largely follow previous analyses of this dataset, and won’t be repeated here) (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[826,884,1844,1866]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="8.[415,480,1073,1095]" captionTargetBox="[415,1278,124,1037]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[415,1279,124,1038]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 7. Strict consensus of 33104 most parsimonious trees obtained by TNT, based on analysis of 43 taxa and 237 characters, showing the phylogenetic position of Tongtianlong limosus gen. et sp. nov. (Tree length = 566, consistency index = 0.484 and retention index = 0.676). Numbers adjacent to each node are Bremer support values. All the oviraptorid dinosaurs from southern China are in red." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166494/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig.7</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[901,1027,1844,1865]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis box="[901,1027,1844,1865]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Tongtianlong</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the sister taxon to a sister-taxon pair of the Ganzhou oviraptorid
|
||
<emphasis box="[621,671,1871,1892]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Banji</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Xu, X. & Han, F. L. A" box="[672,687,1867,1881]" journalOrPublisher="Vertebr. PalAsia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="11 - 18" part="48" refString="26. Xu, X. & Han, F. L. A new oviraptorid dinosaur (ffleropoda: Oviraptorosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous of China. Vertebr. PalAsia. 48, 11 - 18 (2010)." title="new oviraptorid dinosaur (ffleropoda: Oviraptorosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous of China" type="journal article" year="2010">26</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[733,839,1870,1891]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Wulatelong</emphasis>
|
||
from the Campanian of
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1073,1223,1870,1892]" country="China" name="Nei Mongol" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Inner
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1131,1223,1870,1892]" name="Mongolia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Mongolia</collectingCountry>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Xu, X." box="[1223,1238,1867,1881]" journalOrPublisher="Vertebr. PalAsia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="85 - 101" part="51" refString="18. Xu, X. et al. A new oviraptorid from the Upper Cretaceous of Nei Mongol, China, and its stratigraphic implications. Vertebr. PalAsia. 51, 85 - 101 (2013)." title="et al. A new oviraptorid from the Upper Cretaceous of Nei Mongol, China, and its stratigraphic implications" type="journal article" year="2013">18</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The subclade comprised of these three taxa is united by three synapomorphies: the lack of a sagittal crest along the interparietal contact (character 30), a jugal process of the postorbital that extends far ventrally (character 36), and the presence of a surangular foramen (character 94).
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[752,875,1950,1971]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis box="[752,875,1950,1971]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Tongtianlong</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not recovered as a particularly close relative of any of the four other Ganzhou oviraptorids. Of these,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[783,886,1257,1278]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis box="[783,886,1257,1278]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Nankangia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is placed within a polytomy as one of the most basal oviraptorids,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[463,604,1285,1306]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis box="[463,604,1285,1306]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Huanansaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is recovered as an ‘intermediate’ grade oviraptorid that is outside of the clade consisting of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[415,538,1311,1332]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis box="[415,538,1311,1332]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Tongtianlong</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and more derived oviraptorids, and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[883,1010,1311,1332]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis box="[883,1010,1311,1332]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Jiangxisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1055,1204,1311,1332]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1055,1204,1311,1332]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Ganzhousaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are positioned as very highly nested oviraptorids, as successive outgroups to the specialized subclade centered on
|
||
<emphasis box="[1212,1282,1338,1359]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Ingenia</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/166494/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" targetBox="[415,1278,124,1037]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[415,1445,1073,1175]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Figure 7. Strict consensus of 33104 most parsimonious trees obtained by TNT, based on analysis of 43 taxa and 237 characters, showing the phylogenetic position of
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1030,1240,1099,1121]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1030,1160,1099,1121]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Tongtianlong</taxonomicName>
|
||
limosus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
gen. et sp. nov. (Tree length
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
=
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[503,726,1126,1148]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">566, consistency index</emphasis>
|
||
=
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[751,1006,1126,1148]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.484 and retention index</emphasis>
|
||
=
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1030,1098,1126,1148]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.676).</emphasis>
|
||
Numbers adjacent to each node are Bremer support values. All the oviraptorid dinosaurs from southern China are in red.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[415,1480,1257,1599]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
The phylogenetic separation between
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[802,924,1364,1385]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis box="[802,924,1364,1385]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Tongtianlong</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and other Ganzhou oviraptorids provides further evidence for their generic separation. It is not outside of the realm of possibility, however, that future work on oviraptorosaur ontogeny may show that
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[705,830,1417,1438]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis box="[705,830,1417,1438]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Tongtianlong</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is synonymous with another Ganzhou taxon. If this is the case, we suggest that
|
||
<emphasis box="[536,587,1445,1466]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Banji</emphasis>
|
||
would be the most likely con-specific, as it is the most closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1290,1415,1444,1465]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1290,1415,1444,1465]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Tongtianlong</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and is based on a much smaller
|
||
<typeStatus box="[658,743,1471,1493]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
that conceivably could belong to a juvenile
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Xu, X. & Han, F. L. A" box="[1156,1171,1467,1481]" journalOrPublisher="Vertebr. PalAsia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="11 - 18" part="48" refString="26. Xu, X. & Han, F. L. A new oviraptorid dinosaur (ffleropoda: Oviraptorosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous of China. Vertebr. PalAsia. 48, 11 - 18 (2010)." title="new oviraptorid dinosaur (ffleropoda: Oviraptorosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous of China" type="journal article" year="2010">26</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. With that said, we consider the phylogenetic separation of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[672,795,1497,1518]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis box="[672,795,1497,1518]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Tongtianlong</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[841,891,1498,1519]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Banji</emphasis>
|
||
, the possession of numerous autapomorphies in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1356,1479,1497,1518]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1356,1479,1497,1518]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Tongtianlong</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that are not seen in
|
||
<emphasis box="[599,649,1525,1546]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Banji</emphasis>
|
||
, and the many character differences between the
|
||
<typeStatus box="[1115,1208,1524,1546]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">holotypes</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1236,1359,1524,1545]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1236,1359,1524,1545]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Tongtianlong</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[1405,1455,1525,1546]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Banji</emphasis>
|
||
to be strong evidence that the two are distinct taxa, based on our current understanding of oviraptorosaur ontogeny and morphology.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |