643 lines
79 KiB
XML
643 lines
79 KiB
XML
<document id="884B325725C0618458858DAE1154374E" ID-CLB-Dataset="2886" ID-DOI="10.1206/0003-0090.454.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3a7cdaa4-c2f2-4370-9301-c2ab339b2e0d" ID-ISSN="0003-0090" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5788835" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1639747398861" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Esselstyn, Jacob A., Achmadi, Anang S., Handika, Heru, Swanson, Mark T., Giarla, Thomas C. & Rowe, Kevin C." docDate="2021" docId="038AB318014FE9564C21FAC1FBBFB2CC" docLanguage="en" docName="BulAmeMusNatHist.454.1-108.pdf" docOrigin="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2021 (454)" docSource="https://bioone.org/journals/bulletin-of-the-american-museum-of-natural-history/volume-454/issue-1/0003-0090.454.1.1/Fourteen-New-Endemic-Species-of-Shrew-Genus-Crocidura-from-Sulawesi/10.1206/0003-0090.454.1.1.full" docStyle="DocumentStyle:915933466F796C9C739DF4DB6B8DCFA6.9:BulAmeMusNatHis.2011-.journal_article.1cover.type1" docStyleId="915933466F796C9C739DF4DB6B8DCFA6" docStyleName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2011-.journal_article.1cover.type1" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Crocidura solita Esselstyn & Achmadi & Handika & Swanson & Giarla & Rowe 2021, new species" docType="treatment" docUuid="B8B27A48-E1C7-47F1-B0B8-938722284C32" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="89" masterDocId="FFB3CB600119E90F4F33FF82FF9DB404" masterDocTitle="Fourteen New, Endemic Species Of Shrew (Genus Crocidura) From Sulawesi Reveal A Spectacular Island Radiation" masterLastPageNumber="109" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="86" updateTime="1699472789874" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="6A9BCCA659E76CB12158C876751259EC">Fourteen New, Endemic Species Of Shrew (Genus Crocidura) From Sulawesi Reveal A Spectacular Island Radiation</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="AD22DF839DF323B2134291357844D92A">Esselstyn, Jacob A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C18A6E45345BC09154608A35D4141646">Achmadi, Anang S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A386747B04422D7E7A9A1A66E50952B1">Handika, Heru</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="66D1C988AE8D6BD86091B1F50D0B7A19">Swanson, Mark T.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8BB3E8044B34DC2000456D47B3D0BEF1">Giarla, Thomas C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="BC806A113798C2DC46B4BCEE685143FA">Rowe, Kevin C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="741CBAB675CE8A85608092ACA33D52CD">Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="8A4017FDBF841144C778C693AAF4A20C">2021</mods:date>
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<treatment id="038AB318014FE9564C21FAC1FBBFB2CC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5793638" ID-GBIF-Taxon="191690916" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5793638" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:B8B27A48-E1C7-47F1-B0B8-938722284C32" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038AB318014FE9564C21FAC1FBBFB2CC" lastPageId="89" lastPageNumber="89" pageId="86" pageNumber="86">
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<heading id="D0D4B562014FE9594C21FAC1FBCBB158" box="[786,1110,1347,1372]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="86" pageNumber="86" reason="2">
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<emphasis id="B957DE1C014FE9594C21FAC1FC53B158" bold="true" box="[786,974,1347,1372]" pageId="86" pageNumber="86">
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<taxonomicName id="4C23798D014FE9594C21FAC1FC5AB15F" authority="Esselstyn & Achmadi & Handika & Swanson & Giarla & Rowe, 2021" authorityName="Esselstyn & Achmadi & Handika & Swanson & Giarla & Rowe" authorityYear="2021" box="[786,967,1347,1371]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="86" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="solita" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B957DE1C014FE9594C21FAC1FC5AB15F" bold="true" box="[786,967,1347,1371]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="86">Crocidura solita</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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<subSubSection id="C3395185014FE9594C01FAF7FB98B1D4" pageId="86" pageNumber="86" type="description">
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<heading id="D0D4B562014FE9594C01FAF7FB98B1D4" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="86" pageNumber="86" reason="4">
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LSID:
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urn:lsid:zoobank. org:act:
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<materialsCitation id="3B4B0853014FE9584DFFFA6BFEF3B070" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3421079341" accessionNumber="MZB 43012" collectingDate="2011-03-01" collectionCode="MZB, FMNH" collectorName="J. A. Esselstyn. The & External & The" country="Indonesia" lastPageId="87" lastPageNumber="87" location="Enrekang" pageId="86" pageNumber="86" specimenCode="FMNH 213044" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Sulawesi Selatan" typeStatus="holotype">
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:
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<collectionCode id="ED329ACB014FE9594C60FA68FC11B205" box="[851,908,1514,1537]" country="Indonesia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/b9gz-izvg" name="Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense" pageId="86" pageNumber="86" type="Museum">MZB</collectionCode>
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43012 (=
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<specimenCode id="DB85AA75014FE9594B37FA68FB2DB205" box="[1028,1200,1513,1537]" collectionCode="FMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" name="Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="86" pageNumber="86" type="Museum">
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<collectionCode id="ED329ACB014FE9594B37FA68FBC9B205" box="[1028,1108,1514,1537]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" name="Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="86" pageNumber="86" type="Museum">FMNH</collectionCode>
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213044
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</specimenCode>
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), an adult male collected
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<date id="FF9D24CE014FE9594CF7F988FBF9B226" box="[964,1124,1546,1570]" pageId="86" pageNumber="86" value="2011-03-01">
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<collectingDate id="EFD9DD26014FE9594CF7F988FBF9B226" box="[964,1124,1546,1570]" pageId="86" pageNumber="86" value="2011-03-01">1 March 2011</collectingDate>
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</date>
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by
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||
<collectorName id="26D667D8014FE9594BA7F988FCD0B247" pageId="86" pageNumber="86">J.A. Esselstyn. The</collectorName>
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specimen consists of a cleaned skull, fluid preserved body, and frozen tissue samples.
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<collectorName id="26D667D8014FE9594C23F9EFFCF1B281" box="[784,876,1645,1669]" pageId="86" pageNumber="86">External</collectorName>
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measurements from the
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<typeStatus id="5498BCAC014FE9594BB2F9EFFD46B2A3" pageId="86" pageNumber="86" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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are
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×
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<quantity id="4CDBAFEB014FE9594CB4F90CFC4BB2A2" box="[903,982,1678,1702]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.8" pageId="86" pageNumber="86" unit="mm" value="68.0">68 mm</quantity>
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×
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<quantity id="4CDBAFEB014FE9594CC6F90CFBD9B2A2" box="[1013,1092,1678,1702]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="86" pageNumber="86" unit="mm" value="16.0">16 mm</quantity>
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×
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<quantity id="4CDBAFEB014FE9594B50F90DFB38B2A2" box="[1123,1189,1679,1703]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="86" pageNumber="86" unit="mm" value="9.0">9 mm</quantity>
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=
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.
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<collectorName id="26D667D8014FE9594DDEF92DFC8BB2C3" box="[749,790,1711,1735]" pageId="86" pageNumber="86">The</collectorName>
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voucher specimen with a tissue sample will be permanently curated at
|
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<collectionCode id="ED329ACB014EE9584EE9FC3AFD88B7CB" box="[474,533,952,975]" country="Indonesia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/b9gz-izvg" name="Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense" pageId="87" pageNumber="87" type="Museum">MZB</collectionCode>
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, with an additional tissue sample retained at
|
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<collectionCode id="ED329ACB014EE9584EC5FC5BFDD4B7F4" box="[502,585,985,1008]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" name="Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="87" pageNumber="87" type="Museum">FMNH</collectionCode>
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.
|
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF5C5286014EE9584F5EFCBEFCF2B788" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5788913" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5788913" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5788913/files/figure.png" pageId="87" pageNumber="87" startId="87.[109,151,828,849]" targetBox="[167,1154,227,794]" targetPageId="87">
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<paragraph id="8B9C020E014EE9584F5EFCBEFCF2B788" blockId="87.[109,1216,826,909]" pageId="87" pageNumber="87">
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FIG. 43. Bivariate plots showing the first two axes from principal components analyses of
|
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<emphasis id="B957DE1C014EE9584CCAFCB8FB8CB756" bold="true" box="[1017,1041,826,850]" pageId="87" pageNumber="87">A,</emphasis>
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five external and
|
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<emphasis id="B957DE1C014EE9584F5EFCD5FF1EB76B" bold="true" box="[109,131,855,879]" pageId="87" pageNumber="87">B,</emphasis>
|
||
12 cranial measurements from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23798D014EE9584EE2FCD5FDEEB76B" authorityName="Esselstyn & Achmadi & Handika & Swanson & Giarla & Rowe" authorityYear="2021" box="[465,627,855,879]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="87" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="solita">
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<emphasis id="B957DE1C014EE9584EE2FCD5FDEEB76B" box="[465,627,855,879]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="87">Crocidura solita</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23798D014EE9584D99FCDAFCBAB76B" box="[682,807,855,879]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="87" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ordinaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957DE1C014EE9584D99FCDAFCBAB76B" box="[682,807,855,879]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="87">C. ordinaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, two members of the Ordinary Group. Loadings and variance explained are given in tables 17 and 18, respectively.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
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<paragraph id="8B9C020E014EE9584FBFFC78FEF3B070" blockId="87.[107,637,951,1736]" pageId="87" pageNumber="87">
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<collectionCode id="ED329ACB014EE9584FBFFC78FEA5B016" box="[140,312,1018,1042]" pageId="87" pageNumber="87">TYPE LOCALITY</collectionCode>
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:
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<collectingCountry id="F334429E014EE9584E74FC78FE29B016" box="[327,436,1018,1042]" name="Indonesia" pageId="87" pageNumber="87">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
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||
;
|
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<collectingRegion id="49E7CCEC014EE9584EF1FC78FDE5B016" box="[450,632,1018,1042]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Selatan" pageId="87" pageNumber="87">Sulawesi Selatan</collectingRegion>
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||
;
|
||
<location id="8EFC54D5014EE9584F5FFB99FF46B037" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038AB318014FE9564C21FAC1FBBFB2CC:8EFC54D5014EE9584F5FFB99FF46B037" box="[108,219,1051,1075]" country="Indonesia" name="Enrekang" pageId="87" pageNumber="87" stateProvince="Sulawesi Selatan">Enrekang</location>
|
||
; Buntu Bato;
|
||
<location id="8EFC54D5014EE9584EA1FB99FDE5B037" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038AB318014FE9564C21FAC1FBBFB2CC:8EFC54D5014EE9584EA1FB99FDE5B037" box="[402,632,1051,1075]" country="Indonesia" name="Latimojong Village" pageId="87" pageNumber="87" stateProvince="Sulawesi Selatan">Latimojong Village</location>
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; Karangan;
|
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<location id="8EFC54D5014EE9584FD7FBBEFE0EB050" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038AB318014FE9564C21FAC1FBBFB2CC:8EFC54D5014EE9584FD7FBBEFE0EB050" box="[228,403,1084,1108]" country="Indonesia" name="Mt. Latimojong" pageId="87" pageNumber="87" stateProvince="Sulawesi Selatan">Mt. Latimojong</location>
|
||
, Bantanase;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE1764C9014EE9584D2DFBBEFFE6B071" degrees="3.40755" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="87" pageNumber="87" precision="1" value="-3.40755">3.40755° S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE1764C9014EE9584FB5FBDFFE97B070" box="[134,266,1117,1141]" degrees="120.0078" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="87" pageNumber="87" precision="5" value="120.0078">120.0078° E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CDBAFEB014EE9584E25FBDFFEF7B070" box="[278,362,1117,1141]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.05" pageId="87" pageNumber="87" unit="m" value="2050.0">2050 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3395185014EE9584FBFFBFCFE57B0FD" pageId="87" pageNumber="87" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C020E014EE9584FBFFBFCFE57B0FD" blockId="87.[107,637,951,1736]" pageId="87" pageNumber="87">
|
||
ETYMOLOGY:
|
||
<emphasis id="B957DE1C014EE9584E17FBFCFEFDB092" box="[292,352,1150,1174]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="87">Solita</emphasis>
|
||
is Latin for “usual,” used in recognition that this is another species of shrew with no striking phenotypic traits worthy of attaching a descriptive name.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3395185014EE9584FBFFA80FDFEB240" pageId="87" pageNumber="87" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C020E014EE9584FBFFA80FDFEB240" blockId="87.[107,637,951,1736]" pageId="87" pageNumber="87">
|
||
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: We recorded
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23798D014EE9584D7DFA81FF75B13F" authorityName="Esselstyn & Achmadi & Handika & Swanson & Giarla & Rowe" authorityYear="2021" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="87" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="solita">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957DE1C014EE9584D7DFA81FF75B13F" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="87">Crocidura solita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on three mountains in the west-central area of endemism (Mts. Latimojong and Rorekatimbo,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E7CCEC014EE9584FEBFAE7FE7AB179" box="[216,487,1381,1405]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Tengah" pageId="87" pageNumber="87">Central Sulawesi Province</collectingRegion>
|
||
; and Mt. Gandang Dewata,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E7CCEC014EE9584E3CFA05FD8AB19A" box="[271,535,1414,1438]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Barat" pageId="87" pageNumber="87">West Sulawesi Province</collectingRegion>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13181E8B014EE9584D15FA04FDEDB19B" box="[550,624,1414,1439]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="83.[108,150,1052,1073]" captionTargetId="graphics-267@83.[275,1045,225,1023]" captionTargetPageId="83" captionText="FIG. 39. Map of Sulawesi showing localities sampled for shrews. Colored areas enclose localities with known records of members of the Ordinary Group. To maintain clarity of presentation, the widespread Crocidura nigripes is not included." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5789164" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5789164/files/figure.png" pageId="87" pageNumber="87">fig. 39</figureCitation>
|
||
). Records of this species span a broad range of elevations, from
|
||
<quantity id="4CDBAFEB014EE9584FC4FA4BFE3AB1E4" box="[247,423,1480,1505]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.65" metricValueMax="2.6" metricValueMin="0.7" pageId="87" pageNumber="87" unit="m" value="1650.0" valueMax="2600.0" valueMin="700.0">700 to 2600 m</quantity>
|
||
. On Mt. Gandang Dewata,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23798D014EE9584FF4FA68FE87B206" authorityName="Esselstyn & Achmadi & Handika & Swanson & Giarla & Rowe" authorityYear="2021" box="[199,282,1514,1538]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="87" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="solita">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957DE1C014EE9584FF4FA68FE87B206" box="[199,282,1514,1538]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="87">C. solita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurred syntopically with its sister species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23798D014EE9584FD6F989FEFEB227" box="[229,355,1547,1571]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="87" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ordinaria">
|
||
C.
|
||
<emphasis id="B957DE1C014EE9584E30F989FEFEB227" box="[259,355,1547,1571]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="87">ordinaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, at middle and high elevations (around 1600 and
|
||
<quantity id="4CDBAFEB014EE9584E5BF9AEFE24B247" box="[360,441,1580,1604]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="87" pageNumber="87" unit="m" value="2600.0">2600 m</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13181E8B014EE9584EF0F9AEFD98B240" box="[451,517,1580,1604]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="31.[104,146,1395,1419]" captionTargetBox="[104,1603,469,1356]" captionTargetId="graphics-9@31.[188,1530,466,1251]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIG. 13. Elevational records of all species of Crocidura known from Sulawesi. Each point represents a specimen. For specimens associated with a minimum and maximum elevation, we used the center of the given elevational range. Sample sizes are given above the x-axis. Species are grouped according to the species groups used in the text (Thick = Thick-Tailed Group)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5788859" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5788859/files/figure.png" pageId="87" pageNumber="87">fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6A137B5014EE9584D23F9AEFDCBB240" box="[528,598,1580,1604]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="27.[611,691,226,250]" captionTargetBox="[117,1200,329,1675]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="TABLE 3 Elevational Ranges (m) and Species Richness of Crocidura on Mountains of Sulawesia" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF5C52860102E9144D50FF60FBDEB51A" pageId="87" pageNumber="87" tableUuid="DF5C52860102E9144D50FF60FBDEB51A">table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3395185014EE9584FBFF9CFFBD0B2CC" pageId="87" pageNumber="87" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C020E014EE9584FBFF9CFFBD0B2CC" blockId="87.[107,637,951,1736]" lastBlockId="87.[684,1213,951,1736]" pageId="87" pageNumber="87">
|
||
DIAGNOSIS: A medium-sized shrew (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6A137B5014EE9584D12F9CFFDEAB261" box="[545,631,1613,1637]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="25.[610,690,226,250]" captionTargetBox="[119,1184,329,1682]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="TABLE 2 Descriptive Statisticsa for External Measurements (mm) and Mass (g) for Species of Sulawesi Crocidura" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF5C52860100E9164D51FF60FBE5B523" pageId="87" pageNumber="87" tableUuid="DF5C52860100E9164D51FF60FBE5B523">tables 2</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6A137B5014EE9584F5FF9ECFF15B282" box="[108,136,1646,1670]" captionStart="TABLE 14" captionStartId="77.[603,683,226,250]" captionTargetBox="[119,1190,358,1139]" captionTargetPageId="77" captionText="TABLE 14 Descriptive Statisticsa for Craniodental Measurements (mm) for Species of the Ordinary Group of Sulawesi Crocidura" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF5C52860154E9424D68FF60FCC5B540" pageId="87" pageNumber="87" tableUuid="DF5C52860154E9424D68FF60FCC5B540">14</tableCitation>
|
||
) with a medium gray dorsal pelage and lighter gray ventral pelage. Tail length is slightly shorter than head-and-body length (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13181E8B014EE9584D37F932FDA2B2CC" box="[516,575,1712,1736]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="24.[108,150,1587,1608]" captionTargetBox="[137,1192,224,1561]" captionTargetId="graphics-9@24.[203,1191,224,1433]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIG. 9. Box plots showing variation in external measurements from all species of Sulawesi shrew. Plots show the median, 1st and 3rd quartiles, the maximum value within 1.5 × interquartile range (distance between 1st and 3rd quartiles; IQR), the minimum value within 1.5 × IQR, and outliers (black circles). Sample sizes are shown along the x-axis. Species are grouped according to the species groups used in the text (Thick = Thick- Tailed Group). All measurements in mm. HBL = head-and-body length." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5788853" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5788853/files/figure.png" pageId="87" pageNumber="87">fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
). The tail is only slightly bicolored, but some individuals have at least a few white applied hairs, giving it a somewhat silvery appearance, particularly near the tip. Dorsally, the feet are paler than the surrounding pelage, typically transitioning from light brown posteriorly to nearly white on the digits (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13181E8B014EE9584CB9FBFCFC7BB092" box="[906,998,1150,1174]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="84.[104,146,1285,1309]" captionTargetBox="[104,1612,588,1258]" captionTargetId="figure-10@84.[104,1612,588,1258]" captionTargetPageId="84" captionText="FIG. 40. Images showing the ventral surface of the hind foot and dorsal surfaces of the tail base (approximately 1 cm from rump) and tail tip from three members of the Ordinary Group: A, Crocidura normalis, FMNH 213174 (left hind foot); B, C. ordinaria, FMNH 218726 (right hind foot); and C, C. solita, FMNH 213015 (left hind foot). Upper scale bar for foot, lower bar corresponds to both tail images." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5788905" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5788905/files/figure.png" pageId="87" pageNumber="87">fig. 40C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Ventrally, the feet are darker around the thenar and hypothenar pads than on the surrounding plantar and palmar surfaces; the hind feet tend to be darker than the forefeet. The external ears are slightly paler than the surrounding pelage. The mystacial vibrissae are short and mostly unpigmented, but a few of the longer, more posterior vibrissae are pigmented at their base. The skull is average in length (relative to HBL) for a
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E7CCEC014EE9584B26FA25FBE9B1BB" box="[1045,1140,1447,1471]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="87" pageNumber="87">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
|
||
shrew and slightly wide at the braincase and interorbital region relative to skull length (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13181E8B014EE9584B04FA68FB1DB206" box="[1079,1152,1514,1538]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="26.[108,150,1414,1435]" captionTargetId="graphics-12@26.[213,1196,224,1265]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIG. 10. Box plots of relative skull measures showing braincase breadth (BB), interorbital width (IOW), and rostral length (RL) divided by condyloincisive length (CIL) and BB divided by IOW for all species of Sulawesi shrew. Plots show the median, 1st and 3rd quartiles, the maximum value within 1.5 × interquartile range (distance between 1st and 3rd quartiles; IQR), the minimum value within 1.5 × IQR, and outliers (black circles). Sample sizes are shown along the x-axis. Species are ordered according to the species groups used in the text (Thick = Thick-Tailed Group)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5789149" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5789149/files/figure.png" pageId="87" pageNumber="87">fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
). The braincase is rounded, but with a somewhat prominent lambdoidal crest (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13181E8B014EE9584B22F9AEFBEAB240" box="[1041,1143,1580,1604]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="85.[104,146,1438,1462]" captionTargetBox="[130,1585,465,1409]" captionTargetId="figure-10@85.[130,1585,465,1409]" captionTargetPageId="85" captionText="FIG. 41. Images showing dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of the skull and lateral and occlusal views of the dentary of three species belonging to the Ordinary Group: A, Crocidura normalis, FMNH 213457; B, C. ordinaria, FMNH 218726; and C, C. solita, FMNH 213044." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5788907" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5788907/files/figure.png" pageId="87" pageNumber="87">fig. 41C</figureCitation>
|
||
). The suture between the squamosal and parietal bones is often open, leaving a long slit below the sinus canal. The interorbital region is well tapered. The maxillary bridge is thin.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF5C52860141E9574D6FFF60FB2EB523" pageId="88" pageNumber="88" startId="88.[604,684,226,250]" targetBox="[283,1007,329,900]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="88">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C020E0141E9574D6FFF60FB2EB523" blockId="88.[118,1203,226,295]" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">
|
||
<subSection id="E2AC1BE50141E9574D6FFF60FD50B4FE" box="[604,717,226,250]" pageId="88" pageNumber="88" type="multiple">
|
||
<heading id="D0D4B5620141E9574D6FFF60FD50B4FE" box="[604,717,226,250]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="88" pageNumber="88" reason="4">TABLE 17</heading>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<heading id="D0D4B5620141E9574F45FE93FB2EB523" box="[118,1203,273,295]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="88" pageNumber="88" reason="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957DE1C0141E9574F45FE93FB2EB523" bold="true" box="[118,1203,273,295]" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">
|
||
Results of Principal Components Analysis of Craniodental Measurements of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23798D0141E9574C5DFE93FBA9B523" box="[878,1076,273,295]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="88" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ordinaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957DE1C0141E9574C5DFE93FBA9B523" bold="true" box="[878,1076,273,295]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">Crocidura ordinaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23798D0141E9574B57FE93FB2EB523" authorityName="Esselstyn & Achmadi & Handika & Swanson & Giarla & Rowe" authorityYear="2021" box="[1124,1203,273,295]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="88" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="solita">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957DE1C0141E9574B57FE93FB2EB523" bold="true" box="[1124,1203,273,295]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">C. solita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C020E0141E9574D9DFECBFC4DB780" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">
|
||
<table id="F923F0AE014116F04E28FECBFC72B780" box="[283,1007,329,900]" colsContinueFrom="82.[362,936,329,642]" colsContinueIn="89.[308,981,329,642]" gridcols="3" gridrows="16" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">
|
||
<tr id="3513004C014116F04E28FECBFC72B558" box="[283,1007,329,348]" gridrow="0" pageId="88" pageNumber="88" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<th id="76C26930014116F04D9DFECBFCB8B558" box="[686,805,329,348]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">Component 1</th>
|
||
<th id="76C26930014116F04C4BFECBFC72B558" box="[888,1007,329,348]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">Component 2</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3513004C014116F04E28FEEFFC72B584" box="[283,1007,365,384]" gridrow="1" pageId="88" pageNumber="88" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
|
||
<th id="76C26930014116F04E28FEEFFD9CB584" box="[283,513,365,384]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">Variablesa</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3513004C014116F04E28FE10FC72B5A1" box="[283,1007,402,421]" gridrow="2" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">
|
||
<th id="76C26930014116F04E28FE10FD9CB5A1" box="[283,513,402,421]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">Condyloincisive length</th>
|
||
<td id="76C26930014116F04D9DFE10FCB8B5A1" box="[686,805,402,421]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">0.6484</td>
|
||
<td id="76C26930014116F04C4BFE10FC72B5A1" box="[888,1007,402,421]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">0.2373</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3513004C014116F04E28FE35FC72B5CE" box="[283,1007,439,458]" gridrow="3" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">
|
||
<th id="76C26930014116F04E28FE35FD9CB5CE" box="[283,513,439,458]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">Braincase breadth</th>
|
||
<td id="76C26930014116F04D9DFE35FCB8B5CE" box="[686,805,439,458]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">0.2346</td>
|
||
<td id="76C26930014116F04C4BFE35FC72B5CE" box="[888,1007,439,458]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">-0.4093</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3513004C014116F04E28FE5EFC72B5EB" box="[283,1007,476,495]" gridrow="4" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">
|
||
<th id="76C26930014116F04E28FE5EFD9CB5EB" box="[283,513,476,495]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">Interorbital width</th>
|
||
<td id="76C26930014116F04D9DFE5EFCB8B5EB" box="[686,805,476,495]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">0.1273</td>
|
||
<td id="76C26930014116F04C4BFE5EFC72B5EB" box="[888,1007,476,495]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">-0.3353</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3513004C014116F04E28FD83FC72B610" box="[283,1007,513,532]" gridrow="5" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">
|
||
<th id="76C26930014116F04E28FD83FD9CB610" box="[283,513,513,532]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">Rostral length</th>
|
||
<td id="76C26930014116F04D9DFD83FCB8B610" box="[686,805,513,532]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">0.3585</td>
|
||
<td id="76C26930014116F04C4BFD83FC72B610" box="[888,1007,513,532]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">0.3436</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3513004C014116F04E28FDA4FC72B63D" box="[283,1007,550,569]" gridrow="6" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">
|
||
<th id="76C26930014116F04E28FDA4FD9CB63D" box="[283,513,550,569]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">Postpalatal width</th>
|
||
<td id="76C26930014116F04D9DFDA4FCB8B63D" box="[686,805,550,569]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">0.1031</td>
|
||
<td id="76C26930014116F04C4BFDA4FC72B63D" box="[888,1007,550,569]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">-0.2452</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3513004C014116F04E28FDC8FC72B659" box="[283,1007,586,605]" gridrow="7" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">
|
||
<th id="76C26930014116F04E28FDC8FD9CB659" box="[283,513,586,605]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">Rostral width</th>
|
||
<td id="76C26930014116F04D9DFDC8FCB8B659" box="[686,805,586,605]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">0.0905</td>
|
||
<td id="76C26930014116F04C4BFDC8FC72B659" box="[888,1007,586,605]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">-0.5550</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3513004C014116F04E28FDEDFC72B686" box="[283,1007,623,642]" gridrow="8" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">
|
||
<th id="76C26930014116F04E28FDEDFD9CB686" box="[283,513,623,642]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">Postpalatal length</th>
|
||
<td id="76C26930014116F04D9DFDEDFCB8B686" box="[686,805,623,642]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">0.3174</td>
|
||
<td id="76C26930014116F04C4BFDEDFC72B686" box="[888,1007,623,642]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">-0.0198</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3513004C014116F04E28FD16FC72B6AC" box="[283,1007,660,680]" gridrow="9" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">
|
||
<th id="76C26930014116F04E28FD16FD9CB6AC" box="[283,513,660,680]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">Condyle to glenoid fossa</th>
|
||
<td id="76C26930014116F04D9DFD16FCB8B6AC" box="[686,805,660,680]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">0.2210</td>
|
||
<td id="76C26930014116F04C4BFD16FC72B6AC" box="[888,1007,660,680]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">-0.1585</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3513004C014116F04E28FD3BFC72B6C8" box="[283,1007,697,716]" gridrow="10" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">
|
||
<th id="76C26930014116F04E28FD3BFD9CB6C8" box="[283,513,697,716]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">Upper toothrow length</th>
|
||
<td id="76C26930014116F04D9DFD3BFCB8B6C8" box="[686,805,697,716]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">0.3387</td>
|
||
<td id="76C26930014116F04C4BFD3BFC72B6C8" box="[888,1007,697,716]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">0.2051</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3513004C014116F04E28FD5CFC72B6F5" box="[283,1007,734,753]" gridrow="11" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">
|
||
<th id="76C26930014116F04E28FD5CFD9CB6F5" box="[283,513,734,753]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">P4 to M3 length</th>
|
||
<td id="76C26930014116F04D9DFD5CFCB8B6F5" box="[686,805,734,753]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">0.1900</td>
|
||
<td id="76C26930014116F04C4BFD5CFC72B6F5" box="[888,1007,734,753]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">-0.0701</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3513004C014116F04E28FC81FC72B712" box="[283,1007,771,790]" gridrow="12" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">
|
||
<th id="76C26930014116F04E28FC81FD9CB712" box="[283,513,771,790]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">M2 to M2 labial width</th>
|
||
<td id="76C26930014116F04D9DFC81FCB8B712" box="[686,805,771,790]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">0.2352</td>
|
||
<td id="76C26930014116F04C4BFC81FC72B712" box="[888,1007,771,790]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">-0.3234</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3513004C014116F04E28FCAAFC72B73F" box="[283,1007,808,827]" gridrow="13" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">
|
||
<th id="76C26930014116F04E28FCAAFD9CB73F" box="[283,513,808,827]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">Palatal width</th>
|
||
<td id="76C26930014116F04D9DFCAAFCB8B73F" box="[686,805,808,827]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">0.0730</td>
|
||
<td id="76C26930014116F04C4BFCAAFC72B73F" box="[888,1007,808,827]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">-0.0226</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3513004C014116F04E28FCCEFC72B764" box="[283,1007,844,864]" gridrow="14" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">
|
||
<th id="76C26930014116F04E28FCCEFD9CB764" box="[283,513,844,864]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">Proportion of variance</th>
|
||
<td id="76C26930014116F04D9DFCCEFCB8B764" box="[686,805,844,864]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">0.7582</td>
|
||
<td id="76C26930014116F04C4BFCCEFC72B764" box="[888,1007,844,864]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">0.0779</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3513004C014116F04E28FCF3FC72B780" box="[283,1007,881,900]" gridrow="15" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">
|
||
<th id="76C26930014116F04E28FCF3FD9CB780" box="[283,513,881,900]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">Cumulative proportion</th>
|
||
<td id="76C26930014116F04D9DFCF3FCB8B780" box="[686,805,881,900]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">0.7582</td>
|
||
<td id="76C26930014116F04C4BFCF3FC72B780" box="[888,1007,881,900]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">0.8361</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C020E0141E9574F5FFC1EFDB2B7B4" blockId="88.[108,559,924,944]" box="[108,559,924,944]" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">
|
||
<tableNote id="76C503800141E9574F5FFC1EFDB2B7B4" box="[108,559,924,944]" pageId="88" pageNumber="88" targetBox="[283,1007,329,900]" targetPageId="88">
|
||
<superScript id="7C56AF460141E9574F5FFC1EFFEFB7AC" attach="left" box="[108,114,924,936]" fontSize="5" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">a</superScript>
|
||
Table entries for variables are component loadings.
|
||
</tableNote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<subSection id="E2AC1BE50141E9574FBFFC58FB21B2CD" pageId="88" pageNumber="88" type="results">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33951850141E9574FBFFC58FD8AB17A" pageId="88" pageNumber="88" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C020E0141E9574FBFFC58FD8AB17A" blockId="88.[108,639,986,1737]" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">
|
||
COMPARISONS: For comparisons to most species, see the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23798D0141E9574E37FC79FE7EB017" box="[260,483,1019,1043]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="88" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ordinaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957DE1C0141E9574E37FC79FE7EB017" box="[260,483,1019,1043]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">Crocidura ordinaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comparisons section above. Compared to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23798D0141E9574E8FFB9EFDDAB030" box="[444,583,1052,1076]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="88" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ordinaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957DE1C0141E9574E8FFB9EFDDAB030" box="[444,583,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">C. ordinaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the pelage is less dense (i.e., shorter hairs on the dorsum) and both the pelage and feet are paler on average and the body is less stocky (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13181E8B0141E9574EC4FBFDFDA2B093" box="[503,575,1151,1175]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="37.[107,149,993,1014]" captionTargetBox="[134,1190,224,965]" captionTargetId="graphics-291@37.[206,1189,224,845]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIG. 17. Box plots showing the length of the hind foot (HF) relative to the head-and-body length (HBL) and the ratio of mass to HBL. Plots show the median, 1st and 3rd quartiles, the maximum value within 1.5 × interquartile range (distance between 1st and 3rd quartiles; IQR), the minimum value within 1.5 × IQR, and outliers (black circles). Sample sizes are shown along the x-axis. Species are ordered along the x-axis according to the species groups used in the text (Thick = Thick-Tailed Group). Lengths are in mm and mass is in grams." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5788865" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5788865/files/figure.png" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">fig. 17</figureCitation>
|
||
). The skull of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23798D0141E9574FF5FB22FE82B0BC" authorityName="Esselstyn & Achmadi & Handika & Swanson & Giarla & Rowe" authorityYear="2021" box="[198,287,1184,1208]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="88" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="solita">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957DE1C0141E9574FF5FB22FE82B0BC" box="[198,287,1184,1208]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">C. solita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is slightly smaller, and it is also narrower both absolutely and relative to skull length (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13181E8B0141E9574FF2FB60FE8FB0FE" box="[193,274,1250,1274]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="26.[108,150,1414,1435]" captionTargetId="graphics-12@26.[213,1196,224,1265]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIG. 10. Box plots of relative skull measures showing braincase breadth (BB), interorbital width (IOW), and rostral length (RL) divided by condyloincisive length (CIL) and BB divided by IOW for all species of Sulawesi shrew. Plots show the median, 1st and 3rd quartiles, the maximum value within 1.5 × interquartile range (distance between 1st and 3rd quartiles; IQR), the minimum value within 1.5 × IQR, and outliers (black circles). Sample sizes are shown along the x-axis. Species are ordered according to the species groups used in the text (Thick = Thick-Tailed Group)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5789149" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5789149/files/figure.png" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">figs. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13181E8B0141E9574E2CFB60FEA0B0FE" box="[287,317,1250,1274]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="86.[107,149,1242,1263]" captionTargetBox="[125,556,238,1216]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIG. 42. Box plots showing subtle differences in cranial measurements between Crocidura solita and C. ordinaria, two members of the Ordinary Group. Plots show the median, 1st and 3rd quartiles, the maximum value within 1.5 × interquartile range (distance between 1st and 3rd quartiles; IQR), the minimum value within 1.5 × IQR, and outliers (black circles). Sample sizes are shown along the x-axis. All measurements in mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5788911" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5788911/files/figure.png" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">42</figureCitation>
|
||
), with a narrower palate and less robust dentition (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6A137B50141E9574E4FFA81FE7FB11F" box="[380,482,1283,1307]" captionStart="TABLE 14" captionStartId="77.[603,683,226,250]" captionTargetBox="[119,1190,358,1139]" captionTargetPageId="77" captionText="TABLE 14 Descriptive Statisticsa for Craniodental Measurements (mm) for Species of the Ordinary Group of Sulawesi Crocidura" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF5C52860154E9424D68FF60FCC5B540" pageId="88" pageNumber="88" tableUuid="DF5C52860154E9424D68FF60FCC5B540">table 14</tableCitation>
|
||
). The suture between the squamosal and parietal bones is often open, leaving a long slit in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23798D0141E9574EFBFAC4FD83B159" authorityName="Esselstyn & Achmadi & Handika & Swanson & Giarla & Rowe" authorityYear="2021" box="[456,542,1349,1373]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="88" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="solita">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957DE1C0141E9574EFBFAC4FD83B159" box="[456,542,1349,1373]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">C. solita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but this suture is usually closed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23798D0141E9574EBCFAE5FD8CB17A" box="[399,529,1382,1406]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="88" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ordinaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957DE1C0141E9574EBCFAE5FD8CB17A" box="[399,529,1382,1406]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">C. ordinaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33951850141E9574FBFFA0AFB21B2CD" pageId="88" pageNumber="88" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C020E0141E9574FBFFA0AFBD4B17A" blockId="88.[108,639,986,1737]" lastBlockId="88.[684,1213,986,1737]" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">
|
||
COMMENTS: We posit that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23798D0141E9574EFAFA05FDE1B19B" authorityName="Esselstyn & Achmadi & Handika & Swanson & Giarla & Rowe" authorityYear="2021" box="[457,636,1415,1439]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="88" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="solita">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957DE1C0141E9574EFAFA05FDE1B19B" box="[457,636,1415,1439]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">Crocidura solita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23798D0141E9574FADFA2BFEB9B1C4" box="[158,292,1448,1472]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="88" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ordinaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957DE1C0141E9574FADFA2BFEB9B1C4" box="[158,292,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">C. ordinaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are phenotypically similar sister species. Morphologically, we note subtle differences of body size, relative skull widths, and coloration. In the absence of other evidence, these slight morphological differences would be too little to justify dividing these specimens into two species, and we would not have suspected multiple taxa were represented by these specimens if it were not for our use of mitochondrial sequences. Syntopic specimens of these two species from Mt. Gandang Dewata are separated by a mitochondrial Jukes-Cantor distance of 0.064 (0.087 when all specimens are used in the calculation) and specimens of each species from the zone of parapatry is more closely related in the mitochondrial gene tree to conspecifics from other parts of the island (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13181E8B0141E9574CFFFB43FB8FB0DD" box="[972,1042,1217,1241]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="17.[109,149,1509,1530]" captionTargetId="graphics-9@16.[133,929,224,1532]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 4. Maximum-likelihood estimate of the gene tree of Sulawesi Crocidura derived from an alignment of 851 individuals and 1111 characters from the mitochondrial gene cytochrome b. Bootstrap support is shown along branches. Clades corresponding to species are collapsed for ease of presentation. Tips are labeled with the species name, the number of tips (T), and number of localities (L), as labeled in figure 1, and the maximum intraspecific (MI) Jukes-Cantor distance calculated from a reduced alignment. Two species are paraphyletic and their respective, within-clade MI values are shown separately. For species described by Miller and Hollister (1921), the holotype or paratypes are included for C. elongata, C. lea, and C. rhoditis. Branch lengths between C. nigripes and other taxa are shortened for presentation. See supplementary data S2 for the full tree." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5789143" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5789143/files/figure.png" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">figs. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13181E8B0141E9574B2CFB43FBB0B0DD" box="[1055,1069,1217,1241]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[108,150,1596,1617]" captionTargetBox="[111,1203,227,1567]" captionTargetId="graphics-32@18.[111,872,237,1559]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG. 5. Maximum likelihood estimate of the mitochondrial gene tree derived from an analysis of 14,007 characters (representing protein-coding and rRNA genes) from 83 samples. Bootstrap support values <95 are shown at nodes. Tips are labeled with the species, locality, and voucher number." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5788845" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5788845/files/figure.png" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">5</figureCitation>
|
||
; supplementary data S2–S5). The mitochondrial distance between syntopic individuals and closer relatedness to allopatric populations suggests that these phenotypically similar animals are most likely evolving independently of each other.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C020E0141E9574DFFFA0AFB21B2CD" blockId="88.[684,1213,986,1737]" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">
|
||
In our mitochondrial gene trees,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23798D0141E9574B7CFA05FC8CB1C4" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="88" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ordinaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957DE1C0141E9574B7CFA05FC8CB1C4" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">Crocidura ordinaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23798D0141E9574C78FA2BFC39B1C4" authorityName="Esselstyn & Achmadi & Handika & Swanson & Giarla & Rowe" authorityYear="2021" box="[843,932,1448,1472]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="88" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="solita">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957DE1C0141E9574C78FA2BFC39B1C4" box="[843,932,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">C. solita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are well-supported sister taxa and reciprocally monophyletic (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13181E8B0141E9574B79FA48FB0CB1E6" box="[1098,1169,1482,1506]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="17.[109,149,1509,1530]" captionTargetId="graphics-9@16.[133,929,224,1532]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 4. Maximum-likelihood estimate of the gene tree of Sulawesi Crocidura derived from an alignment of 851 individuals and 1111 characters from the mitochondrial gene cytochrome b. Bootstrap support is shown along branches. Clades corresponding to species are collapsed for ease of presentation. Tips are labeled with the species name, the number of tips (T), and number of localities (L), as labeled in figure 1, and the maximum intraspecific (MI) Jukes-Cantor distance calculated from a reduced alignment. Two species are paraphyletic and their respective, within-clade MI values are shown separately. For species described by Miller and Hollister (1921), the holotype or paratypes are included for C. elongata, C. lea, and C. rhoditis. Branch lengths between C. nigripes and other taxa are shortened for presentation. See supplementary data S2 for the full tree." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5789143" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5789143/files/figure.png" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">figs. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13181E8B0141E9574BACFA4BFB33B1E5" box="[1183,1198,1481,1505]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[108,150,1596,1617]" captionTargetBox="[111,1203,227,1567]" captionTargetId="graphics-32@18.[111,872,237,1559]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG. 5. Maximum likelihood estimate of the mitochondrial gene tree derived from an analysis of 14,007 characters (representing protein-coding and rRNA genes) from 83 samples. Bootstrap support values <95 are shown at nodes. Tips are labeled with the species, locality, and voucher number." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5788845" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5788845/files/figure.png" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">5</figureCitation>
|
||
). Our inferences using UCEs again indicate a close relationship with the two species forming a clade, but each species is reciprocally paraphyletic in our concatenated and species-tree inferences, the latter of which treated individuals as “species” and therefore did not force monophyly (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13181E8B0141E9574B41F912FB25B2AC" box="[1138,1208,1680,1704]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="21.[108,149,1653,1674]" captionTargetBox="[209,1136,226,1678]" captionTargetId="graphics-38@20.[180,704,233,1669]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIG. 7. Estimated species tree from analysis of 3940 ultraconserved element loci in ASTRAL. Samples from Sulawesi are labeled with the species name, locality, and catalog number. Asterisks indicate type specimens from Miller and Hollister (1921). Local posterior probabilities <0.95 are shown. Tip branch lengths are arbitrary." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5789145" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5789145/files/figure.png" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">figs. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13181E8B0141E9574D9FF933FD26B2CD" box="[684,699,1713,1737]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="23.[108,150,1639,1660]" captionTargetId="graphics-9@22.[124,845,235,1694]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIG. 8. Estimated phylogenetic relationships from a maximum likelihood analysis of 983 concatenated ultraconserved elements. Samples from Sulawesi are labeled with the species name, locality, and catalog number. Asterisks indicate type specimens from Miller and Hollister (1921). Ultrafast bootstrap values <95 are shown." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5789147" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5789147/files/figure.png" pageId="88" pageNumber="88">8</figureCitation>
|
||
). Our phylogenetic estimate from concatenated
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF5C52860140E9564D68FF60FB34B523" pageId="89" pageNumber="89" startId="89.[603,683,226,250]" targetBox="[308,981,329,642]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="89">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C020E0140E9564D68FF60FB34B523" blockId="89.[129,1193,226,295]" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">
|
||
<subSection id="E2AC1BE50140E9564D68FF60FD51B4FE" box="[603,716,226,250]" pageId="89" pageNumber="89" type="multiple">
|
||
<heading id="D0D4B5620140E9564D68FF60FD51B4FE" box="[603,716,226,250]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="89" pageNumber="89" reason="4">TABLE 18</heading>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<heading id="D0D4B5620140E9564FB2FE93FB34B523" box="[129,1193,273,295]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="89" pageNumber="89" reason="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957DE1C0140E9564FB2FE93FB34B523" bold="true" box="[129,1193,273,295]" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">
|
||
Results of Principal Components Analysis of External Measurements of
|
||
<emphasis id="B957DE1C0140E9564C69FE93FB34B523" bold="true" box="[858,1193,273,295]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23798D0140E9564C69FE93FBB9B523" box="[858,1060,273,295]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="89" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ordinaria">Crocidura ordinaria</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23798D0140E9564B64FE93FB34B523" authorityName="Esselstyn & Achmadi & Handika & Swanson & Giarla & Rowe" authorityYear="2021" box="[1111,1193,273,295]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="89" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="solita">C. solita</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C020E0140E9564DA7FECBFC2BB686" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">
|
||
<table id="F923F0AE014016F04E07FECBFC48B686" box="[308,981,329,642]" colsContinueFrom="88.[283,1007,329,900]" gridcols="3" gridrows="9" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">
|
||
<tr id="3513004C014016F04E07FECBFC48B558" box="[308,981,329,348]" gridrow="0" pageId="89" pageNumber="89" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<th id="76C26930014016F04DA7FECBFC96B558" box="[660,779,329,348]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">Component 1</th>
|
||
<th id="76C26930014016F04C6DFECBFC48B558" box="[862,981,329,348]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">Component 2</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3513004C014016F04E07FEEFFC48B584" box="[308,981,365,384]" gridrow="1" pageId="89" pageNumber="89" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
|
||
<th id="76C26930014016F04E07FEEFFE66B584" box="[308,507,365,384]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">Variablesa</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3513004C014016F04E07FE10FC48B5A1" box="[308,981,402,421]" gridrow="2" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">
|
||
<th id="76C26930014016F04E07FE10FE66B5A1" box="[308,507,402,421]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">Total</th>
|
||
<td id="76C26930014016F04DA7FE10FC96B5A1" box="[660,779,402,421]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">0.9132</td>
|
||
<td id="76C26930014016F04C6DFE10FC48B5A1" box="[862,981,402,421]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">0.3972</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3513004C014016F04E07FE35FC48B5CE" box="[308,981,439,458]" gridrow="3" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">
|
||
<th id="76C26930014016F04E07FE35FE66B5CE" box="[308,507,439,458]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">Tail</th>
|
||
<td id="76C26930014016F04DA7FE35FC96B5CE" box="[660,779,439,458]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">0.3997</td>
|
||
<td id="76C26930014016F04C6DFE35FC48B5CE" box="[862,981,439,458]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">-0.9128</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3513004C014016F04E07FE5EFC48B5EB" box="[308,981,476,495]" gridrow="4" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">
|
||
<th id="76C26930014016F04E07FE5EFE66B5EB" box="[308,507,476,495]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">Hind foot</th>
|
||
<td id="76C26930014016F04DA7FE5EFC96B5EB" box="[660,779,476,495]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">0.0381</td>
|
||
<td id="76C26930014016F04C6DFE5EFC48B5EB" box="[862,981,476,495]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">-0.0278</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3513004C014016F04E07FD83FC48B610" box="[308,981,513,532]" gridrow="5" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">
|
||
<th id="76C26930014016F04E07FD83FE66B610" box="[308,507,513,532]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">Ear</th>
|
||
<td id="76C26930014016F04DA7FD83FC96B610" box="[660,779,513,532]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">-0.0087</td>
|
||
<td id="76C26930014016F04C6DFD83FC48B610" box="[862,981,513,532]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">-0.0835</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3513004C014016F04E07FDA4FC48B63D" box="[308,981,550,569]" gridrow="6" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">
|
||
<th id="76C26930014016F04E07FDA4FE66B63D" box="[308,507,550,569]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">Mass</th>
|
||
<td id="76C26930014016F04DA7FDA4FC96B63D" box="[660,779,550,569]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">0.0690</td>
|
||
<td id="76C26930014016F04C6DFDA4FC48B63D" box="[862,981,550,569]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">0.0352</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3513004C014016F04E07FDC8FC48B65A" box="[308,981,586,606]" gridrow="7" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">
|
||
<th id="76C26930014016F04E07FDC8FE66B65A" box="[308,507,586,606]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">Proportion of variance</th>
|
||
<td id="76C26930014016F04DA7FDC8FC96B65A" box="[660,779,586,606]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">0.8298</td>
|
||
<td id="76C26930014016F04C6DFDC8FC48B65A" box="[862,981,586,606]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">0.1263</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3513004C014016F04E07FDEDFC48B686" box="[308,981,623,642]" gridrow="8" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">
|
||
<th id="76C26930014016F04E07FDEDFE66B686" box="[308,507,623,642]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">Cumulative proportion</th>
|
||
<td id="76C26930014016F04DA7FDEDFC96B686" box="[660,779,623,642]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">0.8298</td>
|
||
<td id="76C26930014016F04C6DFDEDFC48B686" box="[862,981,623,642]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">0.9561</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C020E0140E9564F5FFD18FDB2B6AA" blockId="89.[108,559,666,686]" box="[108,559,666,686]" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">
|
||
<tableNote id="76C503800140E9564F5FFD18FDB2B6AA" box="[108,559,666,686]" pageId="89" pageNumber="89" targetBox="[308,981,329,642]" targetPageId="89">
|
||
<superScript id="7C56AF460140E9564F5FFD18FFEFB6A2" attach="left" box="[108,114,666,678]" fontSize="5" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">a</superScript>
|
||
Table entries for variables are component loadings.
|
||
</tableNote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<subSection id="E2AC1BE50140E9564F5FFD52FBBFB2CC" pageId="89" pageNumber="89" type="results">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33951850140E9564F5FFD52FC03B11F" pageId="89" pageNumber="89" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C020E0140E9564F5FFD52FDC0B70E" blockId="89.[108,638,720,1737]" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">nuclear exons also inferred reciprocal paraphyly for this species pair (supplementary data S6).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C020E0140E9564FBFFC91FE67B7F5" blockId="89.[108,638,720,1737]" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">
|
||
We tested species delimitation models with BPP between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23798D0140E9564E3AFCB6FE24B748" authorityName="Esselstyn & Achmadi & Handika & Swanson & Giarla & Rowe" authorityYear="2021" box="[265,441,820,844]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="89" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="solita">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957DE1C0140E9564E3AFCB6FE24B748" box="[265,441,820,844]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">Crocidura solita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23798D0140E9564EC6FCB6FDE1B748" box="[501,636,820,844]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="89" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ordinaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957DE1C0140E9564EC6FCB6FDE1B748" box="[501,636,820,844]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">C. ordinaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
using a dataset that included 64
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23798D0140E9564EE0FCD7FDB6B769" authorityName="Esselstyn & Achmadi & Handika & Swanson & Giarla & Rowe" authorityYear="2021" box="[467,555,853,877]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="89" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="solita">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957DE1C0140E9564EE0FCD7FDB6B769" box="[467,555,853,877]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">C. solita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and 22
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23798D0140E9564F5DFCF4FF68B78A" box="[110,245,886,910]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="89" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ordinaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957DE1C0140E9564F5DFCF4FF68B78A" box="[110,245,886,910]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">C. ordinaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sampled from across their ranges. The alignment of five exons is 82% complete. All analyses of this dataset supported species delimitation with 1.0 posterior probability.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C020E0140E9564FBFFC78FC03B11F" blockId="89.[108,638,720,1737]" lastBlockId="89.[684,1215,720,1737]" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">
|
||
Overall, we interpret the combination of subtle morphological differences (weak evidence), deep mitochondrial divergence in the face of syntopy (strong evidence), and our BPP results (modest evidence) as supporting species distinction. We conclude that the paraphyly in our UCE inferences is most likely the result of incomplete lineage sorting and ancestral polymorphism. In coming to this conclusion, we are admittedly leaning heavily on mitochondrial data. However, the great differences between the mitochondrial sequences where the two species cooccur provides strong evidence for differentiation, at least between females. If these specimens represented a single species, we presume that any substantive gene flow would lead to one of the divergent mitochondrial
|
||
<typeStatus id="5498BCAC0140E9564E16F98EFEFCB220" box="[293,353,1548,1572]" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">types</typeStatus>
|
||
being favored, either because it is independently superior to the other, or because it is superior in its integrative functioning with the relevant parts of the nuclear genome (sensu
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB27FFF0140E9564E12F90DFE76B2AC" author="Sloan, D. B. & J. C. Havird & J. Sharbrough" box="[289,491,1679,1704]" pageId="89" pageNumber="89" pagination="2212 - 2236" refId="ref61027" refString="Sloan, D. B., J. C. Havird, and J. Sharbrough. 2017. The on-again, off-again relationship between mitochondrial genomes and species boundaries. Molecular Ecology 26: 2212 - 2236." type="journal article" year="2017">Sloan et al., 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB27FFF0140E9564EC8F90DFDECB2AC" author="Hill, G. E." box="[507,625,1679,1704]" pageId="89" pageNumber="89" refId="ref58129" refString="Hill, G. E. 2019. Mitonuclear ecology. Oxford: Oxford University Press." type="book" year="2019">Hill, 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Mitochondria are foundational to energy metab- olism; viewing them as a neutrally evolving locus would ignore their functional importance and extensive interactions with nuclear gene products (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB27FFF0140E9564DDAFCB6FC50B748" author="Nabholz, B. & S. Glemin & N. Galtier" box="[745,973,820,844]" pageId="89" pageNumber="89" pagination="120 - 130" refId="ref59794" refString="Nabholz, B., S. Glemin, and N. Galtier. 2008. Strong variations of mitochondrial mutation rate across mammals - the longevity hypothesis. Molecular Biology and Evolution 25: 120 - 130." type="journal article" year="2008">Nabholz et al., 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB27FFF0140E9564CE9FCB6FBC9B748" author="Lane, N." box="[986,1108,820,844]" pageId="89" pageNumber="89" pagination="860 - 869" refId="ref58572" refString="Lane, N. 2011. Mitonuclear match: optimizing fitness and fertility over generations drives ageing within generations. BioEssays 33: 860 - 869." type="journal article" year="2011">Lane, 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB27FFF0140E9564B51FCB6FC93B769" author="Sloan, D. B. & J. C. Havird & J. Sharbrough" pageId="89" pageNumber="89" pagination="2212 - 2236" refId="ref61027" refString="Sloan, D. B., J. C. Havird, and J. Sharbrough. 2017. The on-again, off-again relationship between mitochondrial genomes and species boundaries. Molecular Ecology 26: 2212 - 2236." type="journal article" year="2017">Sloan et al., 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB27FFF0140E9564C2DFCD7FC69B769" author="Tobler, M. & N. Barts & R. Greenway" box="[798,1012,853,877]" pageId="89" pageNumber="89" pagination="900 - 911" refId="ref61371" refString="Tobler, M., N. Barts, and R. Greenway. 2019. Mitochondria and the origin of species: bridging genetic and ecological perspectives on speciation processes. Integrative and Comparative Biology 59: 900 - 911." type="journal article" year="2019">Tobler et al., 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Although many cases of mitochondrial divergence within species have been documented, they rarely involve sympatry of the divergent mitochondrial
|
||
<typeStatus id="5498BCAC0140E9564B7EFC3BFB1BB7D5" box="[1101,1158,953,977]" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">types</typeStatus>
|
||
(but see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB27FFF0140E9564DE4FC58FC35B7F5" author="Wayne, R. K." box="[727,936,985,1010]" pageId="89" pageNumber="89" pagination="1772 - 1776" refId="ref61548" refString="Wayne, R. K., et al. 1990. Large sequence divergence among mitochondrial DNA genotypes within populations of eastern African black-backed jackals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 87: 1772 - 1776." type="journal article" year="1990">Wayne et al., 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB27FFF0140E9564C86FC5BFD78B016" author="Morgan-Richards, M." pageId="89" pageNumber="89" pagination="170730" refId="ref59550" refString="Morgan-Richards, M., et al. 2017. Explaining large mitochondrial sequence differences within a population sample. Royal Society Open Science 4: 170730." type="journal article" year="2017">Morgan-Richards et al., 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and far more often than not, mitochondrial divergence is consistent with species limits (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB27FFF0140E9564D86FBBEFC06B050" author="Hebert, P. D. N. & A. Cywinska & S. L. Ball & J. R. deWaard" box="[693,923,1084,1108]" pageId="89" pageNumber="89" pagination="313 - 321" refId="ref57979" refString="Hebert, P. D. N., A. Cywinska, S. L. Ball, and J. R. deWaard. 2003. Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, Biological Sciences 270: 313 - 321." type="journal article" year="2003">Hebert et al., 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB27FFF0140E9564C9FFBBEFB24B050" author="Monaghan, M. T. & M. Balke & T. R. Gregory & A. P. Vogler" box="[940,1209,1084,1108]" pageId="89" pageNumber="89" pagination="1925 - 1933" refId="ref59406" refString="Monaghan, M. T., M. Balke, T. R. Gregory, and A. P. Vogler. 2005. DNA-based species delineation in tropical beetles using mitochondrial and nuclear markers. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, Biological Sciences 360: 1925 - 1933." type="journal article" year="2005">Monaghan et al., 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB27FFF0140E9564D9FFBDFFC02B071" author="Esselstyn, J. A. & B. J. Evans & J. L. Sedlock & F. A. A. Khan & L. R. Heaney" box="[684,927,1117,1141]" pageId="89" pageNumber="89" pagination="3678 - 3686" refId="ref56734" refString="Esselstyn, J. A., B. J. Evans, J. L. Sedlock, F. A. A. Khan, and L. R. Heaney. 2012 a. Single-locus species delimitation: a test of the mixed Yule-coalescent model, with an empirical application to Philippine roundleaf bats. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, Biological Sciences 279: 3678 - 3686." type="journal article" year="2012">Esselstyn et al., 2012a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB27FFF0140E9564C9FFBDFFBC3B071" author="Cao, X." box="[940,1118,1117,1141]" pageId="89" pageNumber="89" pagination="37066" refId="ref56089" refString="Cao, X., et al. 2016. Rapid dissemination of taxonomic discoveries based on DNA barcoding and morphology. Scientific Reports 6: 37066." type="journal article" year="2016">Cao et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Taking in all the evidence, we believe these two sets of samples represent independently evolving populations that should be recognized as species despite the limited evidence for phenotypic or nDNA differentiation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33951850140E9564DFFFAA6FBBFB2CC" pageId="89" pageNumber="89" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C020E0140E9564DFFFAA6FBBFB2CC" blockId="89.[684,1215,720,1737]" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED329ACB0140E9564DFFFAA6FC5CB138" box="[716,961,1316,1340]" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">SPECIMENS EXAMINED</collectionCode>
|
||
:
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B4B08530140E9564CE3FAA6FB13B19B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3421079410" collectionCode="FMNH, MZB" location="Mt. Gandang Dewata" pageId="89" pageNumber="89" specimenCode="FMNH 218770, 218773-218780, 218976, MZB 34807, 34811, 34813, 34814, 34823, 34826, 34828, 34829, 34831, 34881, 34885, 34887" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<location id="8EFC54D50140E9564CE3FAA6FB21B13F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038AB318014FE9564C21FAC1FBBFB2CC:8EFC54D50140E9564CE3FAA6FB21B13F" box="[976,1212,1316,1340]" name="Mt. Gandang Dewata" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">Mt. Gandang Dewata</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB85AA750140E9564D85FAC7FCFCB159" box="[694,865,1349,1373]" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">FMNH 218770</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB85AA750140E9564C5DFAC7FB86B159" box="[878,1051,1349,1373]" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">218773–218780</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB85AA750140E9564B1BFAC7FBE4B159" box="[1064,1145,1349,1373]" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">218976</specimenCode>
|
||
;
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB85AA750140E9564BB5FAC7FD6FB17A" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">MZB 34807</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB85AA750140E9564C34FAE4FCD0B17A" box="[775,845,1382,1406]" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">34811</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB85AA750140E9564C51FAE4FC35B17A" box="[866,936,1382,1406]" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">34813</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB85AA750140E9564C8FFAE4FB9FB17A" box="[956,1026,1382,1406]" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">34814</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB85AA750140E9564B24FAE4FBC0B17A" box="[1047,1117,1382,1406]" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">34823</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB85AA750140E9564B41FAE4FB25B17A" box="[1138,1208,1382,1406]" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">34826</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB85AA750140E9564D9FFA05FD6DB19B" box="[684,752,1415,1439]" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">34828</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB85AA750140E9564DCFFA05FCDDB19B" box="[764,832,1415,1439]" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">34829</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB85AA750140E9564C7FFA05FC12B19B" box="[844,911,1415,1439]" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">34831</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB85AA750140E9564CAFFA05FC42B19B" box="[924,991,1415,1439]" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">34881</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB85AA750140E9564CDEFA05FBACB19B" box="[1005,1073,1415,1439]" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">34885</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB85AA750140E9564B0EFA05FB1FB19B" box="[1085,1154,1415,1439]" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">34887</specimenCode>
|
||
),
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B4B08530140E9564BA5FA05FC7BB282" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3421079447" collectionCode="MZB, FMNH, MVZ, NMV, C" location="Mt. Latimojong" pageId="89" pageNumber="89" specimenCode="MZB 41669-41677, FMNH 213009, 213012, 213015-213019, 213029, 213031, 213033-213037, 213039-213043, 213045- 213071, MVZ 237585-237593, 237596, 237598, 237599, 237611, 237617, 237619-237621, 237628, 237634, 238122, MZB 43012, NMV C38479, C38493, C38516" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<location id="8EFC54D50140E9564BA5FA05FCB4B1C4" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038AB318014FE9564C21FAC1FBBFB2CC:8EFC54D50140E9564BA5FA05FCB4B1C4" name="Mt. Latimojong" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">Mt. Latimojong</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB85AA750140E9564C05FA2AFB94B1C4" box="[822,1033,1448,1472]" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">MZB 41669–41677</specimenCode>
|
||
;
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB85AA750140E9564B20FA2BFB25B1C4" box="[1043,1208,1448,1472]" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">FMNH 213009</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB85AA750140E9564D9FFA4BFC9FB1E5" box="[684,770,1481,1505]" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">213012</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB85AA750140E9564C2EFA4BFC4BB1E5" box="[797,982,1481,1505]" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">213015–213019</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB85AA750140E9564CC2FA4BFBDAB1E5" box="[1009,1095,1481,1505]" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">213029</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB85AA750140E9564B51FA4BFB2AB1E5" box="[1122,1207,1481,1505]" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">213031</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB85AA750140E9564D9FFA68FCFBB206" box="[684,870,1514,1538]" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">213033–213037</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB85AA750140E9564CB0FA68FBA1B206" box="[899,1084,1514,1538]" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">213039–213043</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB85AA750140E9564B6AFA68FD60B227" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">213045– 213071</specimenCode>
|
||
;
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB85AA750140E9564C39F98EFC60B227" box="[778,1021,1547,1571]" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">MVZ 237585–237593</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB85AA750140E9564B3AF989FBC7B227" box="[1033,1114,1547,1571]" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">237596</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB85AA750140E9564B54F989FB25B227" box="[1127,1208,1547,1571]" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">237598</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB85AA750140E9564D9FF9AEFC9FB240" box="[684,770,1580,1604]" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">237599</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB85AA750140E9564C2EF9AEFCEEB240" box="[797,883,1580,1604]" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">237611</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB85AA750140E9564CBDF9AEFC79B240" box="[910,996,1580,1604]" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">237617</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB85AA750140E9564CCCF9AEFB25B240" box="[1023,1208,1580,1604]" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">237619–237621</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB85AA750140E9564D9FF9CFFD62B261" box="[684,767,1613,1637]" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">237628</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB85AA750140E9564C22F9CFFCF9B261" box="[785,868,1613,1637]" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">237634</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB85AA750140E9564C44F9CFFC57B261" box="[887,970,1613,1637]" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">238122</specimenCode>
|
||
;
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB85AA750140E9564CEFF9CCFBF7B261" box="[988,1130,1613,1637]" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">MZB 43012</specimenCode>
|
||
;
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB85AA750140E9564B4FF9CCFC99B283" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">NMV C38479</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB85AA750140E9564C25F9EDFCF3B283" box="[790,878,1647,1671]" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">C38493</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB85AA750140E9564CB2F9ECFC46B282" box="[897,987,1646,1670]" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">C38516</specimenCode>
|
||
),
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B4B08530140E9564CC6F9EDFBEAB2AC" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3421079349" collectionCode="FMNH" location="Mt. Rorekatimbo" pageId="89" pageNumber="89" specimenCode="FMNH 213163, 213194-213245, 213270" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<location id="8EFC54D50140E9564CC6F9EDFB21B282" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038AB318014FE9564C21FAC1FBBFB2CC:8EFC54D50140E9564CC6F9EDFB21B282" box="[1013,1212,1646,1670]" name="Mt. Rorekatimbo" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">Mt. Rorekatimbo</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB85AA750140E9564D80F912FCC6B2A3" box="[691,859,1679,1704]" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">FMNH 213163</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB85AA750140E9564C57F90DFB8CB2A3" box="[868,1041,1679,1703]" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">213194–213245</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB85AA750140E9564B29F912FBF1B2AC" box="[1050,1132,1680,1704]" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">213270</specimenCode>
|
||
),
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B4B08530140E9564B4EF90DFBBFB2CC" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3421079417" pageId="89" pageNumber="89">
|
||
Rindingallo, Tana Toraja (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED329ACB0140E9564CA1F933FC54B2CD" box="[914,969,1713,1737]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/km06-gtbn" name="Museum of Southwestern Biology" pageId="89" pageNumber="89" type="Museum">MSB</collectionCode>
|
||
93125).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |