620 lines
83 KiB
XML
620 lines
83 KiB
XML
<document id="90C668BED8C8790DE9A5582A51F20548" ID-CLB-Dataset="31177" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4363.4.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a141fa76-cc88-4901-944a-306171e41413" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1114473" ID-ZooBank="86DE1B94-63AE-4ABF-B28A-0ECEA22D2F10" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1513152258038" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Mcfadden, Catherine S. & Van Ofwegen, Leen P." docDate="2017" docId="038A07766C062877FF245CEEFB514B56" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4363.4.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4363 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Alcyonium dolium Mcfadden & Van Ofwegen 2017, n. sp." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="464" masterDocId="FFB37F0E6C0A287AFFB35C76FF964E2E" masterDocTitle="Revisionary systematics of the endemic soft coral fauna (Octocorallia: Alcyonacea: Alcyoniina) of the Agulhas Bioregion, South Africa" masterLastPageNumber="488" masterPageNumber="451" pageNumber="463" updateTime="1698509335316" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="9BB9BAB567A22FD766D857151AB4313C" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="2BDEE8F5443658B5DFAE61B1BB18C770">
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<mods:title id="9F23B7716AD685A6D6E1B83D1301CB8D">Revisionary systematics of the endemic soft coral fauna (Octocorallia: Alcyonacea: Alcyoniina) of the Agulhas Bioregion, South Africa</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2E148CDE01F31417C8D11D64921CAE13">Mcfadden, Catherine S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A6C2A0585D1B0A45582DA7DCFE4E39C9">Van Ofwegen, Leen P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="93AA28FBFDD88DACF6F75A77892435D8">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="FBC41E13ED36E8912028574FF5047CA6">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="9B1F98BE5626FCCDC9893BCBD926B7C0">
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<mods:date id="03242B71ECAF0219E9053038D0ED4639">2017</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="3D4D6E1EF1E6E5A9293794FB167A1936">2017-12-13</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="29531150524B993189522C8DFCBF5C57">4363</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="3DC3E9F1CA8BA26E827C78AEB6B7FF74" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4363.4.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="038A07766C062877FF245CEEFB514B56" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5613930" ID-GBIF-Taxon="137679951" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5613930" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038A07766C062877FF245CEEFB514B56" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A07766C062877FF245CEEFB514B56" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="464" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">
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<subSubSection id="C339E5EB6C062876FF245CEEFE944EFC" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9CB6606C062876FF245CEEFE5E4E9C" blockId="12.[151,456,152,211]" box="[151,456,152,178]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">
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<heading id="D0D4010C6C062876FF245CEEFE5E4E9C" bold="true" box="[151,456,152,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B9576A726C062876FF245CEEFE5E4E9C" bold="true" box="[151,456,152,178]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">
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<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C062876FF245CEEFEE14E9C" ID-CoL="5TVXM" authority="Mcfadden & Van Ofwegen, 2017" authorityName="Mcfadden & Van Ofwegen" authorityYear="2017" box="[151,375,152,178]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Alcyonium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dolium" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B9576A726C062876FF245CEEFEE14E9C" bold="true" box="[151,375,152,178]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Alcyonium dolium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A264D7096C062876FE365CEEFE5E4E9C" box="[389,456,152,178]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9CB6606C062876FF245CCCFE944EFC" blockId="12.[151,456,152,211]" box="[151,258,186,211]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">
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<figureCitation id="1318AAE56C062876FF245CCCFF7E4EFD" box="[151,232,186,211]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[232,1366,195,1796]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[232,1366,195,1796]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. a, Lampophyton spinatum n. sp. paratype, RMNH Coel. 40199 (SAF195), colony photographed in situ; b, Alcyonium dolium n. sp. holotype, RMNH Coel.40204 (SAF292); c, Leptophyton benayahui SAF289 photographed in situ; d, Leptophyton fustis n. sp., holotype, RMNH Coel. 40211 (SAF087), colony photographed in situ (T. fallax n. comb. purple morph visible in lower right corner); e, Circularius wilsoni n. comb. RMNH Coel. 40207 (SAF448), colonies growing on mussel shell photographed in situ; f, Tenerodus pollex n. gen., n. sp. holotype, RMNH Coel. 40219 (SAF420), colonies photographed in situ; g, Tenerodus fallax, n. comb. RMNH Coel. 40217 (SAF383), pink color morph; h, Tenerodus fallax, n. comb. SAF015, purple and yellow color morphs." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1114515/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Fig. 5b</figureCitation>
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,
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||
<figureCitation id="1318AAE56C062876FF475CCDFE944EFC" box="[244,258,187,210]" captionStart="FIGURE7" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1878,1900]" captionTargetBox="[201,1369,195,1845]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[201,1369,195,1845]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE7. Alcyonium dolium n. sp.holotype, RMNH Coel.40204 (SAF292).a, sclerites from collaret and points of polyp; b, tentacle sclerites; c, spindles from polyparium surface; d, clubs from polyparium surface; e, radiates from polyparium surface; f, spindle from polyparium interior; g, needles from polyparium interior, different scale; h, tuberculate spheroids from surface and interior of stalk; i, barrels from surface and interior of stalk; j, radiates from surface and interior of stalk. Scale at g applies only to sclerites at g; scale at b applies to all others." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1114537/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">7</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C339E5EB6C062876FF245C8BFC364F3D" box="[151,928,253,275]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B9CB6606C062876FF245C8BFC364F3D" blockId="12.[151,928,253,275]" box="[151,928,253,275]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">
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?
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<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C062876FF115C8BFE3B4F3D" box="[162,429,253,275]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Alcyonium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sarcophytoides">
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||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C062876FF115C8BFE3B4F3D" box="[162,429,253,275]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Alcyonium sarcophytoides</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
(non Burchardt, 1903) Thomson 1921: 157–158.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C339E5EB6C062876FF245D4BFB514C11" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8B9CB6606C062876FF245D4BFB514C11" blockId="12.[151,1437,317,2013]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">
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<materialsCitation id="3B4BBC3D6C062876FF245D4BFB434F59" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1705513503" collectingDate="2008-03-18" collectionCode="RMNH" collectorName="C. S. McFadden" country="South Africa" county="Material" elevation="25" latitude="-30.332884" location="Park Rynie" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="30.79205" municipality="Coel." pageId="12" pageNumber="463" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="KwaZulu-Natal" typeStatus="holotype">
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<emphasis id="B9576A726C062876FF245D4BFE164F78" bold="true" box="[151,384,317,342]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">
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<collectingCounty id="62FDCEEC6C062876FF245D4BFF694F78" box="[151,255,317,342]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Material</collectingCounty>
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examined
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</emphasis>
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.
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||
<typeStatus id="549808C26C062876FE255D4BFD954F78" box="[406,515,317,342]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" type="holotype">
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||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C062876FE255D4BFD954F78" bold="true" box="[406,515,317,342]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Holotype</emphasis>
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</typeStatus>
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.
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||
<collectionCode id="ED322EA56C062876FDAB5D48FDFA4F7B" box="[536,620,318,341]" country="Netherlands" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" name="National Museum of Natural History, Naturalis" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">RMNH</collectionCode>
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<collectingMunicipality id="6BF82C1A6C062876FDC85D4BFD214F78" box="[635,695,317,342]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Coel.</collectingMunicipality>
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40204 (SAF292),
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<collectingCountry id="F334F6F06C062876FC2C5D4BFBAC4F78" box="[927,1082,317,342]" name="South Africa" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="49E778826C062876FBFF5D4BFB694F78" box="[1100,1279,317,342]" country="South Africa" name="KwaZulu-Natal" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">KwaZulu-Natal</collectingRegion>
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,
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<location id="8EFCE0BB6C062876FAA25D4BFA0E4F78" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038A07766C062877FF245CEEFB514B56:8EFCE0BB6C062876FAA25D4BFA0E4F78" box="[1297,1432,317,342]" country="South Africa" county="Material" latitude="-30.332884" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="30.79205" municipality="Coel." name="Park Rynie" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" stateProvince="KwaZulu-Natal">Park Rynie</location>
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,
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<location id="8EFCE0BB6C062876FF245D28FEAC4F59" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038A07766C062877FF245CEEFB514B56:8EFCE0BB6C062876FF245D28FEAC4F59" box="[151,314,350,375]" country="South Africa" county="Material" latitude="-30.332884" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="30.79205" municipality="Coel." name="Lander's Reef" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" stateProvince="KwaZulu-Natal">Lander’s Reef</location>
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,
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE17D0A76C062876FE685D28FDF04F59" box="[475,614,350,375]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" precision="1" value="30.79205">30º47.523'E</geoCoordinate>
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, depth
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<elevation id="000E51536C062876FD0B5D29FC894F58" box="[696,799,351,375]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="2.8" metricValueMin="2.2" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" unit="m" value="25.0" valueMax="28.0" valueMin="22.0">
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<quantity id="4CDB1B856C062876FD0B5D29FC894F58" box="[696,799,351,375]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="2.8" metricValueMin="2.2" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" unit="m" value="25.0" valueMax="28.0" valueMin="22.0">22–28 m</quantity>
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</elevation>
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, coll.
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<collectorName id="26D6D3B66C062876FCD65D29FB8E4F59" box="[869,1048,350,375]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">C.S. McFadden</collectorName>
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,
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<collectingDate id="EFD969486C062876FB975D29FB434F59" box="[1060,1237,350,375]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" value="2008-03-18">
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<date id="FF9D90A06C062876FB975D29FB434F59" box="[1060,1237,350,375]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" value="2008-03-18">18 March 2008</date>
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</collectingDate>
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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||
<materialsCitation id="3B4BBC3D6C062876FB535D28FC344F97" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1705513525" collectingDate="2008-03-11" collectionCode="RMNH" collectorName="C. S. McFadden" country="South Africa" county="Other" elevation="18" latitude="-33.98495" location="Algoa Bay" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="25.8629" municipality="Coel." pageId="12" pageNumber="463" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Eastern Cape" typeStatus="holotype">
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<emphasis id="B9576A726C062876FB535D28FA0A4F59" bold="true" box="[1248,1436,350,375]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">
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<collectingCounty id="62FDCEEC6C062876FB535D28FAB14F59" box="[1248,1319,350,375]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Other</collectingCounty>
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material.
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</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C062876FF245D09FE164FB6" baseAuthorityName="Thomson" baseAuthorityYear="1921" box="[151,384,383,408]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Alcyonium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="variabile">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C062876FF245D09FE164FB6" box="[151,384,383,408]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Alcyonium variabile</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED322EA56C062876FE265DF6FE7F4FB9" box="[405,489,384,407]" country="Netherlands" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" name="National Museum of Natural History, Naturalis" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">RMNH</collectionCode>
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||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BF82C1A6C062876FE465D09FDA44FB6" box="[501,562,383,408]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Coel.</collectingMunicipality>
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40202,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F334F6F06C062876FD2B5D09FCA64FB6" box="[664,816,383,408]" name="South Africa" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
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,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E778826C062876FCF25DF6FC484FB6" box="[833,990,384,408]" country="South Africa" name="Eastern Cape" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E778826C062876FCF25DF6FC034FB9" box="[833,917,384,407]" country="American Samoa" name="Eastern" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Eastern</collectingRegion>
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||
Cape
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8EFCE0BB6C062876FC5C5D09FBF84FB6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038A07766C062877FF245CEEFB514B56:8EFCE0BB6C062876FC5C5D09FBF84FB6" box="[1007,1134,383,408]" country="South Africa" county="Other" latitude="-33.98495" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="25.8629" municipality="Coel." name="Algoa Bay" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" stateProvince="Eastern Cape">Algoa Bay</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8EFCE0BB6C062876FBCC5D09FB6B4FB6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038A07766C062877FF245CEEFB514B56:8EFCE0BB6C062876FBCC5D09FB6B4FB6" box="[1151,1277,383,408]" country="South Africa" county="Other" latitude="-33.98495" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="25.8629" municipality="Coel." name="Riy Banks" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" stateProvince="Eastern Cape">Riy Banks</location>
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;
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,
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, depth
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<elevation id="000E51536C062876FECB5DD7FE764F97" box="[376,480,417,442]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" unit="m" value="17.5" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="15.0">
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<quantity id="4CDB1B856C062876FECB5DD7FE764F97" box="[376,480,417,442]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" unit="m" value="17.5" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="15.0">15–20 m</quantity>
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</elevation>
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, coll.
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<collectorName id="26D6D3B66C062876FD985DD7FD764F94" box="[555,736,417,442]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">C.S. McFadden</collectorName>
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,
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<collectingDate id="EFD969486C062876FD5D5DD7FC344F97" box="[750,930,417,442]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" value="2008-03-11">
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<date id="FF9D90A06C062876FD5D5DD7FC344F97" box="[750,930,417,442]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" value="2008-03-11">11 March 2008</date>
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</collectingDate>
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</materialsCitation>
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.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B4BBC3D6C062876FC035DD4FB0B4F94" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1705513516" box="[944,1181,417,442]" collectionCode="RMNH" country="South Africa" location="Coel." pageId="12" pageNumber="463" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Eastern Cape" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED322EA56C062876FC035DD4FB924F97" box="[944,1028,418,441]" country="Netherlands" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" name="National Museum of Natural History, Naturalis" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">RMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
<location id="8EFCE0BB6C062876FBBD5DD7FBDC4F94" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038A07766C062877FF245CEEFB514B56:8EFCE0BB6C062876FBBD5DD7FBDC4F94" box="[1038,1098,417,442]" country="South Africa" name="Coel." pageId="12" pageNumber="463" stateProvince="Eastern Cape">Coel.</location>
|
||
41530
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B4BBC3D6C062876FB185DD4FE4E4FD2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1705513514" collectingDate="2008-03-14" collectionCode="RMNH" collectorName="C. S. McFadden" country="South Africa" county="Coel." elevation="25" latitude="-33.842968" location="Evans Peak" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="25.816633" municipality="Algoa Bay" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Eastern Cape" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED322EA56C062876FB185DD4FB694F97" box="[1195,1279,418,441]" country="Netherlands" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" name="National Museum of Natural History, Naturalis" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">RMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62FDCEEC6C062876FABA5DD7FAD04F94" box="[1289,1350,417,442]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Coel.</collectingCounty>
|
||
41531,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F334F6F06C062876FF245DB4FEA74FF5" box="[151,305,450,475]" name="South Africa" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E778826C062876FEF75DB5FE744FF5" box="[324,482,451,475]" country="South Africa" name="Eastern Cape" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E778826C062876FEF75DB5FE0E4FF4" box="[324,408,451,474]" country="American Samoa" name="Eastern" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Eastern</collectingRegion>
|
||
Cape
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BF82C1A6C062876FE465DB4FDE04FF5" box="[501,630,450,475]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Algoa Bay</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8EFCE0BB6C062876FD3B5DB5FC824FF5" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038A07766C062877FF245CEEFB514B56:8EFCE0BB6C062876FD3B5DB5FC824FF5" box="[648,788,450,475]" country="South Africa" county="Coel." latitude="-33.842968" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="25.816633" municipality="Algoa Bay" name="Evans Peak" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" stateProvince="Eastern Cape">Evans Peak</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE17D0A76C062876FC945DB4FC264FF5" box="[807,944,450,475]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" precision="1" value="-33.842968">33º50.578'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE17D0A76C062876FC705DB4FBD84FF5" box="[963,1102,450,475]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" precision="1" value="25.816633">25º48.998'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, depth
|
||
<elevation id="000E51536C062876FB1E5DB5FA8F4FF4" box="[1197,1305,451,475]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="2.8" metricValueMin="2.2" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" unit="m" value="25.0" valueMax="28.0" valueMin="22.0">
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB1B856C062876FB1E5DB5FA8F4FF4" box="[1197,1305,451,475]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="2.8" metricValueMin="2.2" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" unit="m" value="25.0" valueMax="28.0" valueMin="22.0">22–28 m</quantity>
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
, coll.
|
||
<collectorName id="26D6D3B66C062876FAD85DB5FE844FD3" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">C.S. McFadden</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFD969486C062876FE925D92FE4E4FD2" box="[289,472,484,509]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" value="2008-03-14">
|
||
<date id="FF9D90A06C062876FE925D92FE4E4FD2" box="[289,472,484,509]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" value="2008-03-14">14 March 2008</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B4BBC3D6C062876FE555D93FBDD4C30" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1705513504" collectingDate="2008-03-23" collectionCode="RMNH" collectorName="C. S. McFadden" country="South Africa" county="Coel." elevation="21" latitude="-34.066166" location="Western Cape" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="18.31045" municipality="South Africa" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Western Cape" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED322EA56C062876FE555D93FDAC4FD2" box="[486,570,485,508]" country="Netherlands" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" name="National Museum of Natural History, Naturalis" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">RMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62FDCEEC6C062876FDF65D92FD144FD3" box="[581,642,484,509]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Coel.</collectingCounty>
|
||
40203,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BF82C1A6C062876FD575D92FCED4FD3" box="[740,891,484,509]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F334F6F06C062876FD575D92FCED4FD3" box="[740,891,484,509]" name="South Africa" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8EFCE0BB6C062876FC395D93FBBB4FD2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038A07766C062877FF245CEEFB514B56:8EFCE0BB6C062876FC395D93FBBB4FD2" box="[906,1069,484,508]" country="South Africa" county="Coel." latitude="-34.066166" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="18.31045" municipality="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" stateProvince="Western Cape">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E778826C062876FC395D93FBBB4FD2" box="[906,1069,484,508]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E778826C062876FC395D93FC734FD2" box="[906,997,485,508]" country="American Samoa" name="Western" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Western</collectingRegion>
|
||
Cape
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E778826C062876FB8F5D92FBE04FD2" box="[1084,1142,484,508]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Cape</collectingRegion>
|
||
Peninsula, Vulcan Rock,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE17D0A76C062876FF245E70FEB64C30" box="[151,288,518,542]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" precision="1" value="-34.066166">34º03.970'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE17D0A76C062876FE835E73FE2C4C30" box="[304,442,517,542]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" precision="1" value="18.31045">18º18.627'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, depth
|
||
<elevation id="000E51536C062876FDA65E73FDE84C33" box="[533,638,517,542]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" metricValueMax="2.7" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" unit="m" value="21.0" valueMax="27.0" valueMin="15.0">
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB1B856C062876FDA65E73FDE84C33" box="[533,638,517,542]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" metricValueMax="2.7" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" unit="m" value="21.0" valueMax="27.0" valueMin="15.0">15–27 m</quantity>
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
, coll.
|
||
<collectorName id="26D6D3B66C062876FD7F5E70FC154C30" box="[716,899,517,542]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">C.S. McFadden</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFD969486C062876FC215E70FBDD4C30" box="[914,1099,517,542]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" value="2008-03-23">
|
||
<date id="FF9D90A06C062876FC215E70FBDD4C30" box="[914,1099,517,542]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" value="2008-03-23">23 March 2008</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B4BBC3D6C062876FBE95E70FB544C11" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1705513519" collectingDate="1998-10-12" collectionCode="RMNH" collectorName="J. Starmer" country="South Africa" county="Coel." elevation="19" location="Riy Banks" municipality="Algoa Bay" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Eastern Cape" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED322EA56C062876FBE95E70FB384C33" box="[1114,1198,518,541]" country="Netherlands" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" name="National Museum of Natural History, Naturalis" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">RMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62FDCEEC6C062876FB095E73FB604C30" box="[1210,1270,517,542]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Coel.</collectingCounty>
|
||
40800,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F334F6F06C062876FAE85E73FF744C11" name="South Africa" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E778826C062876FF5F5E51FE154C11" box="[236,387,551,575]" country="South Africa" name="Eastern Cape" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E778826C062876FF5F5E51FED64C10" box="[236,320,551,574]" country="American Samoa" name="Eastern" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Eastern</collectingRegion>
|
||
Cape
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BF82C1A6C062876FE3C5E50FD9E4C11" box="[399,520,550,575]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Algoa Bay</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8EFCE0BB6C062876FDA75E50FD1A4C11" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038A07766C062877FF245CEEFB514B56:8EFCE0BB6C062876FDA75E50FD1A4C11" box="[532,652,550,575]" country="South Africa" county="Coel." municipality="Algoa Bay" name="Riy Banks" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" stateProvince="Eastern Cape">Riy Banks</location>
|
||
, depth
|
||
<elevation id="000E51536C062876FD6F5E51FCD74C10" box="[732,833,551,575]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.8" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" unit="m" value="19.0" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="18.0">
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB1B856C062876FD6F5E51FCD74C10" box="[732,833,551,575]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.8" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" unit="m" value="19.0" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="18.0">18–20 m</quantity>
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
, coll.
|
||
<collectorName id="26D6D3B66C062876FC365E51FC6E4C11" box="[901,1016,551,575]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">J. Starmer</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFD969486C062876FBB05E51FB544C11" box="[1027,1218,550,575]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" value="1998-10-12">
|
||
<date id="FF9D90A06C062876FBB05E51FB544C11" box="[1027,1218,550,575]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" value="1998-10-12">12 October 1998</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C339E5EB6C062876FF745E31FCB64A76" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9CB6606C062876FF745E31FC3A4D3B" blockId="12.[151,1437,317,2013]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C062876FF745E31FEC74C4E" bold="true" box="[199,337,583,608]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Description</emphasis>
|
||
. The
|
||
<typeStatus id="549808C26C062876FE225E31FE654C4E" box="[401,499,583,608]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
is a firm, club-shaped colony, 4.0 cm tall (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1318AAE56C062876FC635E31FBB24C4E" box="[976,1060,583,608]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[232,1366,195,1796]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[232,1366,195,1796]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. a, Lampophyton spinatum n. sp. paratype, RMNH Coel. 40199 (SAF195), colony photographed in situ; b, Alcyonium dolium n. sp. holotype, RMNH Coel.40204 (SAF292); c, Leptophyton benayahui SAF289 photographed in situ; d, Leptophyton fustis n. sp., holotype, RMNH Coel. 40211 (SAF087), colony photographed in situ (T. fallax n. comb. purple morph visible in lower right corner); e, Circularius wilsoni n. comb. RMNH Coel. 40207 (SAF448), colonies growing on mussel shell photographed in situ; f, Tenerodus pollex n. gen., n. sp. holotype, RMNH Coel. 40219 (SAF420), colonies photographed in situ; g, Tenerodus fallax, n. comb. RMNH Coel. 40217 (SAF383), pink color morph; h, Tenerodus fallax, n. comb. SAF015, purple and yellow color morphs." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1114515/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Fig. 5b</figureCitation>
|
||
). The stalk is
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB1B856C062876FB0C5E31FA9C4C71" box="[1215,1290,583,608]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" unit="cm" value="1.5">1.5 cm</quantity>
|
||
long and
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB1B856C062876FACA5E3EFF2F4CAA" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" unit="cm" value="1.2">1.2 cm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter at its widest point, and is smooth except for a few small bumps and longitudinal wrinkles. The polyparium is smooth and bulbous,
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB1B856C062876FDF35EE6FD074C89" box="[576,657,656,680]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" unit="cm" value="1.8">1.8 cm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter at its widest point near the distal end. The stalk and polyparium are demarcated only by the presence of polyps in the latter, and by a slight difference in color. Polyps are distributed regularly over the surface of the polyparium, spaced about
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB1B856C062876FC435EAEFBA54CC1" box="[1008,1075,728,752]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
||
apart. The polyps are retracted flush with the colony surface, but remain visible as small, pale bumps.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9CB6606C062876FF745F69FC324A3E" blockId="12.[151,1437,317,2013]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">
|
||
The sclerites in the polyps are spindles,
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB1B856C062876FD1E5F56FCC04D19" box="[685,854,800,824]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7999999999999998" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="1.4" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" unit="mm" value="0.18" valueMax="0.22" valueMin="0.14">0.14–0.22 mm</quantity>
|
||
long, sparsely tuberculated and often with small terminal spines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1318AAE56C062876FEEA5F32FE394D72" box="[345,431,836,861]" captionStart="FIGURE7" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1878,1900]" captionTargetBox="[201,1369,195,1845]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[201,1369,195,1845]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE7. Alcyonium dolium n. sp.holotype, RMNH Coel.40204 (SAF292).a, sclerites from collaret and points of polyp; b, tentacle sclerites; c, spindles from polyparium surface; d, clubs from polyparium surface; e, radiates from polyparium surface; f, spindle from polyparium interior; g, needles from polyparium interior, different scale; h, tuberculate spheroids from surface and interior of stalk; i, barrels from surface and interior of stalk; j, radiates from surface and interior of stalk. Scale at g applies only to sclerites at g; scale at b applies to all others." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1114537/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Fig. 7a</figureCitation>
|
||
), arranged in a collaret and points. The tentacles have small, flat rods (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1318AAE56C062876FAB35F32FACE4D73" box="[1280,1368,836,861]" captionStart="FIGURE7" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1878,1900]" captionTargetBox="[201,1369,195,1845]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[201,1369,195,1845]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE7. Alcyonium dolium n. sp.holotype, RMNH Coel.40204 (SAF292).a, sclerites from collaret and points of polyp; b, tentacle sclerites; c, spindles from polyparium surface; d, clubs from polyparium surface; e, radiates from polyparium surface; f, spindle from polyparium interior; g, needles from polyparium interior, different scale; h, tuberculate spheroids from surface and interior of stalk; i, barrels from surface and interior of stalk; j, radiates from surface and interior of stalk. Scale at g applies only to sclerites at g; scale at b applies to all others." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1114537/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Fig. 7b</figureCitation>
|
||
). The sclerites in the surface of the polyparium are stout spindles, clubs and radiates,
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB1B856C062876FB9A5F11FB584D51" box="[1065,1230,871,896]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="1.4" metricValueMin="0.6" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" unit="mm" value="0.1" valueMax="0.14" valueMin="0.06">0.06–0.14 mm</quantity>
|
||
long, with thorny tubercles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1318AAE56C062876FEBF5FFAFEEF4D8A" box="[268,377,908,933]" captionStart="FIGURE7" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1878,1900]" captionTargetBox="[201,1369,195,1845]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[201,1369,195,1845]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE7. Alcyonium dolium n. sp.holotype, RMNH Coel.40204 (SAF292).a, sclerites from collaret and points of polyp; b, tentacle sclerites; c, spindles from polyparium surface; d, clubs from polyparium surface; e, radiates from polyparium surface; f, spindle from polyparium interior; g, needles from polyparium interior, different scale; h, tuberculate spheroids from surface and interior of stalk; i, barrels from surface and interior of stalk; j, radiates from surface and interior of stalk. Scale at g applies only to sclerites at g; scale at b applies to all others." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1114537/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Fig. 7c–e</figureCitation>
|
||
). The interior of the polyparium contains needle-like spindles up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB1B856C062876FBC45FFAFB4D4D8A" box="[1143,1243,908,932]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.699999999999999" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" unit="mm" value="0.47">0.47 mm</quantity>
|
||
long (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1318AAE56C062876FA975FFAFA064D8B" box="[1316,1424,908,933]" captionStart="FIGURE7" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1878,1900]" captionTargetBox="[201,1369,195,1845]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[201,1369,195,1845]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE7. Alcyonium dolium n. sp.holotype, RMNH Coel.40204 (SAF292).a, sclerites from collaret and points of polyp; b, tentacle sclerites; c, spindles from polyparium surface; d, clubs from polyparium surface; e, radiates from polyparium surface; f, spindle from polyparium interior; g, needles from polyparium interior, different scale; h, tuberculate spheroids from surface and interior of stalk; i, barrels from surface and interior of stalk; j, radiates from surface and interior of stalk. Scale at g applies only to sclerites at g; scale at b applies to all others." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1114537/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Fig. 7f–g</figureCitation>
|
||
), very sparsely distributed. The surface and interior of the stalk have tuberculated spheroids with a median waist,
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB1B856C062876FF245FA2FEAF4DC2" box="[151,313,980,1004]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="1.1" metricValueMin="0.8999999999999999" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" unit="mm" value="0.1" valueMax="0.11" valueMin="0.09">0.09–0.11 mm</quantity>
|
||
long and up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB1B856C062876FE545FA2FDDD4DC2" box="[487,587,980,1004]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" unit="mm" value="0.08">0.08 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1318AAE56C062876FD245FA2FD7C4DC3" box="[663,746,980,1005]" captionStart="FIGURE7" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1878,1900]" captionTargetBox="[201,1369,195,1845]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[201,1369,195,1845]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE7. Alcyonium dolium n. sp.holotype, RMNH Coel.40204 (SAF292).a, sclerites from collaret and points of polyp; b, tentacle sclerites; c, spindles from polyparium surface; d, clubs from polyparium surface; e, radiates from polyparium surface; f, spindle from polyparium interior; g, needles from polyparium interior, different scale; h, tuberculate spheroids from surface and interior of stalk; i, barrels from surface and interior of stalk; j, radiates from surface and interior of stalk. Scale at g applies only to sclerites at g; scale at b applies to all others." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1114537/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Fig. 7h</figureCitation>
|
||
), barrels,
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB1B856C062876FCEB5FA2FC2A4DC2" box="[856,956,980,1005]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" unit="mm" value="0.15">0.15 mm</quantity>
|
||
long by
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB1B856C062876FBAD5FA2FB144DC2" box="[1054,1154,980,1004]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" unit="mm" value="0.07">0.07 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1318AAE56C062876FB7D5FA2FA8D4DC3" box="[1230,1307,980,1005]" captionStart="FIGURE7" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1878,1900]" captionTargetBox="[201,1369,195,1845]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[201,1369,195,1845]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE7. Alcyonium dolium n. sp.holotype, RMNH Coel.40204 (SAF292).a, sclerites from collaret and points of polyp; b, tentacle sclerites; c, spindles from polyparium surface; d, clubs from polyparium surface; e, radiates from polyparium surface; f, spindle from polyparium interior; g, needles from polyparium interior, different scale; h, tuberculate spheroids from surface and interior of stalk; i, barrels from surface and interior of stalk; j, radiates from surface and interior of stalk. Scale at g applies only to sclerites at g; scale at b applies to all others." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1114537/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<date id="FF9D90A06C062876FAB05FA2FA8D4DC3" box="[1283,1307,980,1005]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">7i</date>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), and a few small radiates,
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB1B856C062876FE8C5F81FE754A21" box="[319,483,1015,1040]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" unit="mm" value="0.065" valueMax="0.08" valueMin="0.05">0.05–0.08 mm</quantity>
|
||
long (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1318AAE56C062876FD995F81FDE14A3E" box="[554,631,1015,1040]" captionStart="FIGURE7" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1878,1900]" captionTargetBox="[201,1369,195,1845]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[201,1369,195,1845]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE7. Alcyonium dolium n. sp.holotype, RMNH Coel.40204 (SAF292).a, sclerites from collaret and points of polyp; b, tentacle sclerites; c, spindles from polyparium surface; d, clubs from polyparium surface; e, radiates from polyparium surface; f, spindle from polyparium interior; g, needles from polyparium interior, different scale; h, tuberculate spheroids from surface and interior of stalk; i, barrels from surface and interior of stalk; j, radiates from surface and interior of stalk. Scale at g applies only to sclerites at g; scale at b applies to all others." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1114537/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Fig. 7j</figureCitation>
|
||
), all with thorny tubercles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9CB6606C062876FF74586AFCB64A76" blockId="12.[151,1437,317,2013]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C062876FF74586AFE9C4A1B" bold="true" box="[199,266,1052,1077]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Color</emphasis>
|
||
. Golden yellow with a paler yellow stalk and white polyps. The sclerites are colored, mostly yellow with a few red spindles in the colony interior. Azooxanthellate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C339E5EB6C062876FF745812FF464A8E" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9CB6606C062876FF745812FF464A8E" blockId="12.[151,1437,317,2013]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C062876FF745812FED74A53" bold="true" box="[199,321,1124,1149]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Etymology</emphasis>
|
||
. From the Latin
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C062876FE4D5812FDDF4A53" authorityName="Mcfadden & Van Ofwegen" authorityYear="2017" box="[510,585,1124,1149]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Alcyonium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dolium">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C062876FE4D5812FDDF4A53" box="[510,585,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">dolium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a cask or tun, in reference to the barrel-shaped sclerites in the surface of the stalk.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C339E5EB6C062877FF7458DAFB514B56" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="464" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9CB6606C062876FF7458DAFC634826" blockId="12.[151,1437,317,2013]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C062876FF7458DAFEA24AEB" bold="true" box="[199,308,1196,1221]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C062876FEF658DAFE204AEB" authority="Mcfadden & Van Ofwegen, 2017" authorityName="Mcfadden & Van Ofwegen" authorityYear="2017" box="[325,438,1196,1221]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Alcyonium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dolium" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C062876FEF658DAFE204AEB" box="[325,438,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">A. dolium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A264D7096C062876FE7358DAFD954AEB" box="[448,515,1196,1221]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C062876FE7358DAFD954AEB" bold="true" box="[448,515,1196,1221]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">n. sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is superficially very similar to the yellow color morph of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C062876FB0758DAFE734AC6" authority="(Thomson) (Williams 1986b)" authorityName="Thomson" baseAuthorityName="Thomson" baseAuthorityYear="1921" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Alcyonium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="variabile">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C062876FB0758DAFA0A4AEB" box="[1204,1436,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Alcyonium variabile</emphasis>
|
||
(Thomson) (Williams 1986b)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It can be distinguished from that species by differences in the colony growth form, which in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C062876FF4D5882FEFD4B23" authority="Mcfadden & Van Ofwegen, 2017" authorityName="Mcfadden & Van Ofwegen" authorityYear="2017" box="[254,363,1268,1293]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Alcyonium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dolium" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C062876FF4D5882FEFD4B23" box="[254,363,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">A. dolium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A264D7096C062876FEC25882FE264B23" box="[369,432,1268,1293]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C062876FEC25882FE264B23" bold="true" box="[369,432,1268,1293]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">n. sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is clavate without a strong distinction between stalk and polyparium, while
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C062876FB4C5882FA144B23" baseAuthorityName="Thomson" baseAuthorityYear="1921" box="[1279,1410,1268,1293]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Alcyonium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="variabile">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C062876FB4C5882FA144B23" box="[1279,1410,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">A. variabile</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is typically capitate, with a strongly demarcated stalk and polyparium. The form of the sclerites in the surface and interior of the stalk differs, with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C062876FDB0594AFDE94B7B" box="[515,639,1340,1365]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Alcyonium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="variable">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C062876FDB0594AFDE94B7B" box="[515,639,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">A. variable</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
having radiates while
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C062876FCCF594AFC7F4B7B" authority="Mcfadden & Van Ofwegen, 2017" authorityName="Mcfadden & Van Ofwegen" authorityYear="2017" box="[892,1001,1340,1365]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Alcyonium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dolium" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C062876FCCF594AFC7F4B7B" box="[892,1001,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">A. dolium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A264D7096C062876FC43594AFBB84B7B" box="[1008,1070,1340,1365]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C062876FC43594AFBB84B7B" bold="true" box="[1008,1070,1340,1365]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">n. sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
has barrels and spheroids with a median waist. The clubs in the polyparium surface also differ in shape from those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C062876FB0A5916FAD24B56" baseAuthorityName="Thomson" baseAuthorityYear="1921" box="[1209,1348,1375,1400]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Alcyonium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="variabile">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C062876FB0A5916FAD24B56" box="[1209,1348,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">A. variabile</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. These distinctions can be seen by comparing
|
||
<figureCitation id="1318AAE56C062876FDE359F2FD054BB2" box="[592,659,1412,1437]" captionStart="FIGURE7" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1878,1900]" captionTargetBox="[201,1369,195,1845]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[201,1369,195,1845]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE7. Alcyonium dolium n. sp.holotype, RMNH Coel.40204 (SAF292).a, sclerites from collaret and points of polyp; b, tentacle sclerites; c, spindles from polyparium surface; d, clubs from polyparium surface; e, radiates from polyparium surface; f, spindle from polyparium interior; g, needles from polyparium interior, different scale; h, tuberculate spheroids from surface and interior of stalk; i, barrels from surface and interior of stalk; j, radiates from surface and interior of stalk. Scale at g applies only to sclerites at g; scale at b applies to all others." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1114537/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
to
|
||
<figureCitation id="1318AAE56C062876FD0A59F2FD6B4BB2" box="[697,765,1412,1437]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1942,1964]" captionTargetBox="[180,1396,193,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[180,1396,193,1910]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 8. Alcyonium variabile RMNH Coel. 40203 (SAF390). a, polyp sclerites; b, spindles from polyparium surface; c, needles from polyparium interior, different scale; d, clubs from surface of polyparium and stalk; e, f, radiates from surface of polyparium and stalk; g, radiates from base of stalk. Scale at c applies only to sclerites at c; scale at d applies to all others." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1114545/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
, which depicts the sclerites typically found in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C062876FABC59F2FA034BB3" baseAuthorityName="Thomson" baseAuthorityYear="1921" box="[1295,1429,1412,1437]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Alcyonium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="variabile">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C062876FABC59F2FA034BB3" box="[1295,1429,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">A. variabile</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Phylogenetic analyses place
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C062876FE5659DEFDC14BEE" authority="Mcfadden & Van Ofwegen, 2017" authorityName="Mcfadden & Van Ofwegen" authorityYear="2017" box="[485,599,1447,1472]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Alcyonium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dolium" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C062876FE5659DEFDC14BEE" box="[485,599,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">A. dolium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A264D7096C062876FDD159D1FD334BEE" box="[610,677,1447,1472]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C062876FDD159D1FD334BEE" bold="true" box="[610,677,1447,1472]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">n. sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
as a very close sister taxon to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C062876FB9359DEFB3F4BEE" baseAuthorityName="Thomson" baseAuthorityYear="1921" box="[1056,1193,1447,1472]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Alcyonium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="variabile">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C062876FB9359DEFB3F4BEE" box="[1056,1193,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">A. variabile</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1318AAE56C062876FB0E59D1FA944BEE" box="[1213,1282,1447,1472]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1614,1636]" captionTargetBox="[171,1407,217,1570]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,195,1590]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Octocorallia based on combined, partitioned analysis of 28S rDNA, COI and 16S mtDNA.South African species and clades are identified in blue. Filled circles indicate nodes with>70% bootstrap support and Bayesian posterior probabilities>0.95 (shown for South African clades only). Strongly supported clades (bootstrap 70%) with no South African members have been collapsed to facilitate readability. Phylogenetic position of Protodendron repens indicated with *." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1114481/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
) but slightly differentiated from it genetically at all of the loci we sequenced. Pairwise genetic distances (K2p) between the two species were 0.4–0.6% at
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C062876FE095986FD874829" box="[442,529,1520,1543]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">mtMutS</emphasis>
|
||
, 0.1% at
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C062876FDC85986FD3D4829" box="[635,683,1520,1543]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">COI</emphasis>
|
||
, and 1.5–1.7% at
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C062876FCC55986FC364826" box="[886,928,1520,1544]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">28S</emphasis>
|
||
rDNA.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9CB6606C062876FF745A63FA0E48B6" blockId="12.[151,1437,317,2013]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C062876FF745A63FD2F4803" authority="Verseveldt & Ofwegen" authorityName="Verseveldt & Ofwegen" box="[199,697,1556,1581]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Alcyonium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="compactofestucum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C062876FF745A63FE274802" box="[199,433,1556,1580]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">A. compactofestucum</emphasis>
|
||
Verseveldt & Ofwegen
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C062876FC3A5A63FC624803" authority="Mcfadden & Van Ofwegen, 2017" authorityName="Mcfadden & Van Ofwegen" authorityYear="2017" box="[905,1012,1556,1581]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Alcyonium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dolium" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C062876FC3A5A63FC624803" box="[905,1012,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">A. dolium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A264D7096C062876FC4D5A62FBA84803" box="[1022,1086,1556,1581]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C062876FC4D5A62FBA84803" bold="true" box="[1022,1086,1556,1581]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">n. sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C062876FBCB5A63FB6C4803" baseAuthorityName="Thomson" baseAuthorityYear="1921" box="[1144,1274,1556,1581]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Alcyonium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="variabile">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C062876FBCB5A63FB6C4803" box="[1144,1274,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">A. variabile</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the unique shape of the sclerites in the stalk interior, which are spindles with long, oblique spinose processes (Verseveldt & Ofwegen 1992:
|
||
<figureCitation id="1318AAE56C062876FEE65A2AFE0B485B" box="[341,413,1628,1653]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1940,1962]" captionTargetBox="[184,1389,193,1894]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[184,1389,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Lampophyton planiceps RMNH Coel. 40201 (SAF239). a, sclerites from upper surface of stalk; b, tuberculate spindles and needles from base of stalk; c, details of tubercular ornamentation: top and middle, spindles of upper surface of stalk; bottom, spindles of base of stalk." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1114521/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
, r–t) rather than spheroids, barrels or radiates. Likewise,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C062876FBFA5A2BFAD6485B" authority="(Thomson)" authorityName="Thomson" box="[1097,1344,1628,1653]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Alcyonium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="studeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C062876FBFA5A2BFB2F485B" box="[1097,1209,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">A. studeri</emphasis>
|
||
(Thomson)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished from each of these other similar species by the presence of needle-like spindles in the interior of the stalk.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9CB6606C062876FF745AD2FB4A4963" blockId="12.[151,1437,317,2013]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">
|
||
Thomson (1921) identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C062876FD9E5AD3FD6C4893" box="[557,762,1700,1725]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Alcyonium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sarcophytoides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C062876FD9E5AD3FD6C4893" box="[557,762,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">A. sarcophytoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(non Burchardt) a specimen he described as “irregularly cylindrical in shape and yellow in color,” with a distinct stalk and polyparium, and sclerites of a form he termed “Zwirnrollen” (spools). Williams (1992a) reported, however, that this specimen has long, slender spindles in the surface of the polyparium, a character that would distinguish it from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C062876FC085B66FBBC4906" authority="Mcfadden & Van Ofwegen, 2017" authorityName="Mcfadden & Van Ofwegen" authorityYear="2017" box="[955,1066,1807,1832]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Alcyonium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dolium" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C062876FC085B66FBBC4906" box="[955,1066,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">A. dolium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A264D7096C062876FB875B79FBE04906" box="[1076,1142,1807,1832]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C062876FB875B79FBE04906" bold="true" box="[1076,1142,1807,1832]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">n. sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
Neither author, however, gives any illustrations of the colony or its sclerites, and we were unable to examine the specimen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9CB6606C062876FF745B2EFB4549F2" blockId="12.[151,1437,317,2013]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C062876FF745B2EFEA0495E" authority="Mcfadden & Van Ofwegen, 2017" authorityName="Mcfadden & Van Ofwegen" authorityYear="2017" box="[199,310,1879,1904]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Alcyonium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dolium" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C062876FF745B2EFEA0495E" box="[199,310,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">A. dolium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A264D7096C062876FEF35B21FE17495E" box="[320,385,1879,1904]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C062876FEF35B21FE17495E" bold="true" box="[320,385,1879,1904]" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">n. sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
occurs syntopically with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C062876FD185B21FB73495E" authority="(Benayahu & Schleyer)" authorityName="Benayahu & Schleyer" baseAuthorityName="Benayahu & Schleyer" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[683,1253,1879,1904]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parasphaerascleridae" genus="Parasphaerasclera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="aurea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C062876FD185B21FC5A495E" box="[683,972,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">Parasphaerasclera aurea</emphasis>
|
||
(Benayahu & Schleyer)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which shares a similar golden-yellow color and unbranched growth form. Colonies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C062876FC1E5B0BFB9E49BA" baseAuthorityName="Benayahu & Schleyer" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[941,1032,1917,1940]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parasphaerascleridae" genus="Parasphaerasclera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="12" pageNumber="463" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="aurea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C062876FC1E5B0BFB9E49BA" box="[941,1032,1917,1940]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="463">P. aurea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are, however, digitiform rather than clavate, and typically have a shorter stalk, the polyps lack sclerites, and the only sclerite forms present in the colony surface and interior are tuberculate spheroids and radiates (McFadden & Ofwegen 2013).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9CB6606C072877FF745CEEFC764FA9" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,1400]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">
|
||
In addition to the four very similar species discussed above, the only other South African species that appears to belong to
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C072877FE995CCAFDAD4EFA" box="[298,571,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C072877FE995CCAFE344EFB" authority="Mcfadden & Van Ofwegen, 2017" authorityName="Mcfadden & Van Ofwegen" authorityYear="2017" box="[298,418,188,213]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Alcyonium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Alcyonium</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A264D7096C072877FE185CCBFDAD4EFA" box="[427,571,189,212]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C072877FDEC5CCAFCFD4EFB" authority="(Kukenthal)" authorityName="Kukenthal" box="[607,875,188,213]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Alcyonium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="elegans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C072877FDEC5CCAFD404EFB" box="[607,726,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">A. elegans</emphasis>
|
||
(Kükenthal)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C072877FCC45CCAFC7B4EFB" box="[887,1005,188,213]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Alcyonium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="elegans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C072877FCC45CCAFC7B4EFB" box="[887,1005,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">A. elegans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has an unbranched colony form with polyps restricted to the distal end of a broad and compressed sterile stalk. Like other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C072877FBF65CA9FB2A4ED6" authorityName="Mcfadden & Van Ofwegen" authorityYear="2017" box="[1093,1212,223,248]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Alcyonium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C072877FBF65CA9FB2A4ED6" box="[1093,1212,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Alcyonium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species (McFadden & Ofwegen 2013) it has spindles arranged to form a collaret and points in the polyp, radiates in the colony surface, both radiates and slender spindles in the interior coenenchyme, and the sclerites are permanently colored (Williams 1992a). Attempts to obtain DNA sequences from specimen SAM H3802 were unsuccessful, so at present we cannot confirm this species' status as a member of
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C072877FD7D5D19FC4F4FA6" box="[718,985,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C072877FD7D5D19FCD04FA6" authority="Mcfadden & Van Ofwegen, 2017" authorityName="Mcfadden & Van Ofwegen" authorityYear="2017" box="[718,838,367,392]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Alcyonium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Alcyonium</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A264D7096C072877FCFE5D07FC4F4FA6" box="[845,985,369,392]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9CB6606C072877FF745DE2FB514C4E" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,1400]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">
|
||
Several other South African species that are currently placed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C072877FC665DE2FBDA4F83" authorityName="Mcfadden & Van Ofwegen" authorityYear="2017" box="[981,1100,404,429]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Alcyonium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C072877FC665DE2FBDA4F83" box="[981,1100,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Alcyonium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
do not, however, share the characters of that genus. We reassign
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C072877FD8E5DCEFB844FFE" authority="Williams" authorityName="Williams" box="[573,1042,439,464]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Alcyonium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="variety" species="fauri" variety="distinctum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C072877FD8E5DCEFD024FFE" box="[573,660,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">A. fauri</emphasis>
|
||
Thomson,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C072877FCA05DCEFC314FFE" box="[787,935,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">A. distinctum</emphasis>
|
||
Williams
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C072877FBF95DCEFAA84FFE" authority="(Thomson)" authorityName="Thomson" box="[1098,1342,439,464]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parasphaerascleridae" genus="Circularius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="wilsoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C072877FBF95DCEFB2D4FFE" box="[1098,1211,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">A. wilsoni</emphasis>
|
||
(Thomson)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to other genera below. The correct generic placement of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C072877FD045DAAFC3F4FDB" authority="Thomson" authorityName="Thomson" box="[695,937,476,501]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Alcyonium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="foliatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C072877FD045DAAFCA24FDB" box="[695,820,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">A. foliatum</emphasis>
|
||
Thomson
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a membranous species with foliate clubs in the coenenchyme, is not clear at present, but it does not appear to belong to
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C072877FC495D89FA9E4C36" box="[1018,1288,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C072877FC495D89FBE44C36" authority="Mcfadden & Van Ofwegen, 2017" authorityName="Mcfadden & Van Ofwegen" authorityYear="2017" box="[1018,1138,511,536]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Alcyonium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Alcyonium</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A264D7096C072877FBC95E77FA9E4C36" box="[1146,1288,513,536]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. Attempts to sequence specimen SAM H3690 failed. Williams (1992a) discussed six additional species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C072877FB065E52FABB4C13" authorityName="Mcfadden & Van Ofwegen" authorityYear="2017" box="[1205,1325,548,573]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Alcyonium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C072877FB065E52FABB4C13" box="[1205,1325,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Alcyonium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that have been reported from South African waters, but whose occurrence and identity remain unverified.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9CB6606C072877FF745E1AFC0F4DC3" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,1400]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C072877FF745E1AFE244CAB" bold="true" box="[199,434,620,645]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">
|
||
Other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C072877FEAE5E1AFE3B4CAB" authorityName="Lamouroux" authorityYear="1812" box="[285,429,620,645]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Alcyoniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Four additional genera endemic to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F334F6F06C072877FCC25E1AFB9F4CAB" box="[881,1033,620,645]" name="South Africa" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
are currently assigned to family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C072877FF245EF9FEB24C86" authorityName="Lamouroux" authorityYear="1812" box="[151,292,655,680]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Alcyoniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. These include the monotypic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C072877FD715EF9FB254C86" authority="Williams" authorityName="Williams" box="[706,1203,655,680]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Dimorphophyton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mutabiliforme">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C072877FD715EF9FBA04C86" box="[706,1078,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Dimorphophyton mutabiliforme</emphasis>
|
||
Williams
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C072877FB7E5EF9FD9D4CE2" authority="Williams & Starmer" authorityName="Williams & Starmer" authorityYear="2000" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Lanthanocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="clandestinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C072877FB7E5EF9FEB54CE3" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Lanthanocephalus clandestinus</emphasis>
|
||
Williams & Starmer
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C072877FDF15EC2FC2B4CE3" authority="Hickson" authorityName="Hickson" box="[578,957,692,717]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Malacacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="capensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C072877FDF15EC2FCC04CE2" box="[578,854,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Malacacanthus capensis</emphasis>
|
||
Hickson
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and two species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C072877FB2C5EC2FA0B4CE3" authority="Williams." authorityName="Williams." box="[1183,1437,692,717]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Verseveldtia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C072877FB2C5EC2FABE4CE3" box="[1183,1320,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Verseveldtia</emphasis>
|
||
Williams.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Phylogenetic analysis of a
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C072877FE7C5EAEFE6F4CDE" box="[463,505,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">28S</emphasis>
|
||
rDNA sequence obtained from an uncatalogued specimen from SAM (SAF492) suggests that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C072877FE9D5E8AFE7B4D3B" authorityName="Williams" authorityYear="2000" box="[302,493,764,789]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Dimorphophyton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C072877FE9D5E8AFE7B4D3B" box="[302,493,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Dimorphophyton</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
belongs not to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C072877FD295E8AFCB54D3B" authorityName="Lamouroux" authorityYear="1812" box="[666,803,764,789]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Alcyoniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
but rather to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C072877FC085E8AFBF24D3B" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1869" box="[955,1124,764,789]" class="Anthozoa" family="Paralcyoniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Paralcyoniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, where it is a sister taxon to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C072877FF245F69FE824D16" authorityName="Thomson & Simpson" authorityYear="1909" box="[151,276,799,824]" class="Anthozoa" family="Viguieriotidae" genus="Studeriotes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C072877FF245F69FE824D16" box="[151,276,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Studeriotes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and [
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C072877FEE05F69FE644D16" box="[339,498,799,824]" class="Anthozoa" family="Paralcyoniidae" genus="Paralcyonium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C072877FEE05F69FE644D16" box="[339,498,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Paralcyonium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C072877FDBC5F56FD114D19" authorityName="van Ofwegen & Benayahu" authorityYear="2006" box="[527,647,800,823]" class="Anthozoa" family="Paralcyoniidae" genus="Ceeceenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C072877FDBC5F56FD114D19" box="[527,647,800,823]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Ceeceenus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
] (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1318AAE56C072877FD2C5F69FD774D16" box="[671,737,799,824]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1614,1636]" captionTargetBox="[171,1407,217,1570]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,195,1590]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Octocorallia based on combined, partitioned analysis of 28S rDNA, COI and 16S mtDNA.South African species and clades are identified in blue. Filled circles indicate nodes with>70% bootstrap support and Bayesian posterior probabilities>0.95 (shown for South African clades only). Strongly supported clades (bootstrap 70%) with no South African members have been collapsed to facilitate readability. Phylogenetic position of Protodendron repens indicated with *." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1114481/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). Like these other genera,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C072877FBBF5F69FB5D4D16" authorityName="Williams" authorityYear="2000" box="[1036,1227,799,824]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Dimorphophyton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C072877FBBF5F69FB5D4D16" box="[1036,1227,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Dimorphophyton</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a colony form consisting of a distinct, stout pedicel into which the fleshy polyparium or trunk can be partially or completely retracted. The simple, irregular rod-like sclerites of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C072877FD6D5F11FC0B4DAE" authorityName="Williams" authorityYear="2000" box="[734,925,871,896]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Dimorphophyton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C072877FD6D5F11FC0B4DAE" box="[734,925,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Dimorphophyton</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are also similar in form to those found in the polyps and trunk of other paralcyoniid genera (e.g., Ofwegen & Benayahu 2006), but it differs from them in lacking supporting spindles in the pedicel. Based on the molecular phylogenetic result and these morphological similarities, we hereby re-assign
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C072877FDBB5FA2FD514DC3" authorityName="Williams" authorityYear="2000" box="[520,711,980,1005]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Dimorphophyton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C072877FDBB5FA2FD514DC3" box="[520,711,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Dimorphophyton</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C072877FD585FA2FC034DC3" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1869" box="[747,917,980,1005]" class="Anthozoa" family="Paralcyoniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Paralcyoniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9CB6606C072877FF745F8EFB514B56" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,1400]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">
|
||
Among the other three endemic genera assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C072877FC8C5F81FC5D4A3E" authorityName="Lamouroux" authorityYear="1812" box="[831,971,1015,1040]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Alcyoniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, molecular data are available only for
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C072877FF24586AFE254A1A" box="[151,435,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C072877FF24586AFE394A1A" box="[151,431,1052,1077]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Malacacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="capensis">Malacacanthus capensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
This species occupies a unique phylogenetic position in the Holaxonia-Alcyoniina clade of octocorals, not closely related to any other genus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C072877FCB55849FC194A76" authorityName="Lamouroux" authorityYear="1812" box="[774,911,1087,1112]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Alcyoniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(or any other family) for which sequence data are available (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1318AAE56C072877FE895812FEE84A52" box="[314,382,1124,1149]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1614,1636]" captionTargetBox="[171,1407,217,1570]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,195,1590]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Octocorallia based on combined, partitioned analysis of 28S rDNA, COI and 16S mtDNA.South African species and clades are identified in blue. Filled circles indicate nodes with>70% bootstrap support and Bayesian posterior probabilities>0.95 (shown for South African clades only). Strongly supported clades (bootstrap 70%) with no South African members have been collapsed to facilitate readability. Phylogenetic position of Protodendron repens indicated with *." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1114481/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). Better phylogenetic resolution of the basal relationships within the Holaxonia-Alcyoniina clade is needed, however, to determine if
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C072877FD3A58F1FCA04A8E" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1910" box="[649,822,1159,1184]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Malacacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C072877FD3A58F1FCA04A8E" box="[649,822,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Malacacanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
merits assignment to a monotypic family. Although
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C072877FF2458DAFEF04AEB" authorityName="Williams & Starmer" authorityYear="2000" box="[151,358,1196,1221]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Lanthanocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C072877FF2458DAFEF04AEB" box="[151,358,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Lanthanocephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C072877FE2D58DAFDB14AEB" box="[414,551,1196,1221]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Verseveldtia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C072877FE2D58DAFDB14AEB" box="[414,551,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Verseveldtia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are unlike any other members of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C072877FC1B58DAFBA24AEB" authorityName="Lamouroux" authorityYear="1812" box="[936,1076,1196,1221]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Alcyoniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, molecular phylogenetic datanot currently available for either genus—will be necessary to confirm their familial placement.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C072877FB7E58B9FA0A4AC6" authorityName="Williams & Starmer" authorityYear="2000" box="[1229,1436,1231,1256]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Lanthanocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C072877FB7E58B9FA0A4AC6" box="[1229,1436,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Lanthanocephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
resembles
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C072877FEBC5882FE2A4B23" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1910" box="[271,444,1268,1293]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Malacacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C072877FEBC5882FE2A4B23" box="[271,444,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Malacacanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
most closely in colony growth form, but unlike that genus it has sclerites (spindles and radiates) in the colony surface (Williams & Starmer 2000). The sclerites of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C072877FC445961FB164B1E" box="[1015,1152,1303,1328]" class="Anthozoa" family="Alcyoniidae" genus="Verseveldtia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C072877FC445961FB164B1E" box="[1015,1152,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Verseveldtia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are permanently colored spheroids and radiates similar in form to those found in family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C072877FC0A594AFB314B7B" authorityName="" authorityYear="2013" box="[953,1191,1340,1365]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parasphaerascleridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Parasphaerascleridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but it differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C23CDE36C072877FF245929FEF84B56" authorityName="McFadden & van Ofwegen" authorityYear="2013" box="[151,366,1375,1400]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parasphaerascleridae" genus="Parasphaerasclera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9576A726C072877FF245929FEF84B56" box="[151,366,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Parasphaerasclera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having dimorphic polyps and sclerites in the autozooids (Williams 1990).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |