358 lines
47 KiB
XML
358 lines
47 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="BF33E9D76451102213EE2405B4C9E3F8">A story of nasal horns: two new subspecies of Iguana Laurenti, 1768 (Squamata, Iguanidae) in Saint Lucia, St Vincent & the Grenadines, and Grenada (southern Lesser Antilles)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="4D31F2CBDFC8DB00B55EDC87C92F5FF9">Bech, Nicolas</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B50835D6EBE3BF14D455A7F10930DEB4">Jelić, Mišel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8F3EA5D5F6D1D2C6CA056BC6B4B92F89">Grandjean, Frédéric</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="08B36413B91D93A56B79603401114F25">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="1FA384C341681C542382043CF60C9BD9">2019</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="EB9AB23737B1D93F0012155E18583F53">2019-05-20</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="C2003E4FA102BA39B962EACE2041C765">4608</mods:number>
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<treatment id="038287D3FFC2750BF790756043167CD9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5586967" ID-GBIF-Taxon="157232133" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5586967" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038287D3FFC2750BF790756043167CD9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038287D3FFC2750BF790756043167CD9" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="212" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">
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<heading id="D0DC81A9FFC27507F790756040697B59" bold="true" box="[151,557,1593,1620]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFC27507F790756040697B59" bold="true" box="[151,557,1593,1620]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFC27507F790756043F97B5E" authority="Breuil & Vuillaume & Schikorski & Krauss & Morton & Haynes & Daltry & Corry & Gaymes & Gaymes & Bech & Jelić & Grandjean, 2019" authorityName="Breuil & Vuillaume & Schikorski & Krauss & Morton & Haynes & Daltry & Corry & Gaymes & Gaymes & Bech & Jelić & Grandjean" authorityYear="2019" box="[151,445,1593,1620]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="iguana" status="subsp. nov." subSpecies="insularis">
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<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFC27507F790756043F97B5E" bold="true" box="[151,445,1593,1620]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">Iguana iguana insularis</emphasis>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26C57ACFFC27507F6C3756040697B59" box="[452,557,1593,1619]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" rank="subSpecies">nov. ssp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8B9436C5FFC27507F790750440D57B7D" blockId="7.[151,657,1593,1691]" box="[151,657,1629,1655]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">
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<collectingCountry id="F33C7655FFC27507F790750443537B7D" box="[151,279,1629,1655]" name="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">Grenadines</collectingCountry>
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horned iguana, pink rhino iguana
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C331654EFFC27507F79075D843437B91" box="[151,263,1665,1691]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B9436C5FFC27507F79075D843437B91" blockId="7.[151,657,1593,1691]" box="[151,263,1665,1691]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">
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<figureCitation id="13102A40FFC27507F79075D843477B91" box="[151,259,1665,1691]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 3" captionStart-1="FIGURE 4" captionStart-2="FIGURE 5" captionStart-3="FIGURE 6" captionStartId-0="8.[151,250,1829,1854]" captionStartId-1="9.[151,250,1745,1770]" captionStartId-2="10.[151,250,792,817]" captionStartId-3="11.[151,250,1367,1392]" captionTargetBox-0="[274,1313,179,1794]" captionTargetBox-1="[292,1296,236,1702]" captionTargetBox-2="[161,1399,228,735]" captionTargetBox-3="[583,1005,494,1323]" captionTargetId-0="figure@8.[264,1324,176,1804]" captionTargetId-1="figure@9.[292,1296,182,1718]" captionTargetId-2="figure@10.[153,1425,181,749]" captionTargetId-3="figure@11.[583,1005,494,1323]" captionTargetPageId-0="8" captionTargetPageId-1="9" captionTargetPageId-2="10" captionTargetPageId-3="11" captionText-0="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Iguana iguana insularis ssp. nov. MCZ X-17620/R-79057 © Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. © President and Fellows of Harvard College. Specimen in alcohol with discolouration. Annotations: 1. Small size of subtympanic plate ± 10-20% of the eardrum. 2. Two or three scales of decreasing size anterior to subtympanic plate. 3. Juxtaposed elongated sublabial scales 5. Median and lateral horns on the snout. 6. Horns with enlarged bases. 7. Oval and prominent nostrils. 9. Flat and triangular gular spikes. 10. Six gular spikes. 11. Scattered nuchal tubercles. 12. Low number of nuchal tubercles. 13. Small size of nuchal tubercles. 15. Dewlap of medium size." captionText-1="FIGURE 4. Examples of adult male Iguana iguana insularis ssp. nov.A. Adult male (Palm island) sequenced under the number IGU75 (SVL 41 cm); B and C, adult male (Palm Island) sequenced under the number IGU77 (SVL 45 cm) (Palm Island). Annotations: 1. Small size of subtympanic plate ± 10-20% of the eardrum. 2. Two or three scales of decreasing size anterior to subtympanic plate. 3. Juxtaposed elongated sublabial scales. 4. No apparent swelling of the jowls in breeding males. 5. Median and lateral horns on the snout. 6. Horns with enlarged bases. 7. Oval and prominent nostrils. 8. Brown eyes with visible white. 9. Flat and triangular gular spikes. 10. Seven or eight gular spikes. 11. Scattered nuchal tubercles. 12. Low number of nuchal tubercles. 13. Small size of nuchal tubercles. 14. Orange in dorsal scales in breeding animals. 15. Creamy white dewlap of medium size. 16. Creamy white body with faint to no black banding in old individuals." captionText-2="FIGURE 5. Nasal horns of Iguana iguana insularis ssp. nov. View of the snout of IGU75 (A) and IGU77 (B) from Palm Island (same individuals as Fig. 4). Annotations: 0. Frontal scale not developed into a horn. 1. Median horns with enlarged bases. 2. Lateral horns. 3. Oval prominent nostril. Note the differing forms and disposition of cephalic scales, and that IGU75 (a younger male) has flat scales whereas IGU77 (an older, larger male) has more prominent scales." captionText-3="FIGURE 6. Distribution of iguanas in the Grenadine islands. Locations are mapped to the nearest 2 × 2 km square representing groups of islands in the Grenadines. We have deliberately avoided being specific to protect the animals (see Auliya et al. 2016). Note that there are alien iguanas on some islands and not all of the island clusters shown here have purebred populations of Iguana iguana insularis. We have no confirmed specific localities for the main island of Grenada, although a museum specimen (MCZ R-79747) confirms this subspecies occurred here. Henderson & Breuil (2012), Henderson & Powell (2018), Baldwin (2012) and Baldwin & Mahon (2011), G. Gaymes and J. Daltry (pers. obs.; the Grenadines). While iguanas are present on St. Vincent, these have not been identified to subspecies level and cannot be assumed to be identical to those on the Grenada Bank. The grey line just south of St Vincent marks the brake between the St. Vincent Bank to the north and the Grenada Bank to the south. The black line between Petit Saint Vincent and Petit(e) Martinique shows the political boundary between St. Vincent and the Grenadines to the north and Grenada to the south. The Grenadine islands form an archipelago from the south of St. Vincent to the north of Grenada." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3055196/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3055202/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3055208/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/3055212/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">Figs. 3–6</figureCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="8B9436C5FFC27507F790759046BA7A02" blockId="7.[151,1436,1736,1943]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">
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<materialsCitation id="3B433C98FFC27507F790759046BA7A02" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2242680527" collectingDate="1964-04-10" collectionCode="MCZ" country="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines" county="St Vincent" location="This" municipality="James Lazell on Bequia" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" specimenCount="2" typeStatus="holotype">
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<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFC27507F7907590434F7BE9" bold="true" box="[151,267,1737,1763]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">
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<typeStatus id="54908867FFC27507F790759043427BE9" box="[151,262,1737,1763]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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.
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</emphasis>
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The
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<typeStatus id="54908867FFC27507F643759043E27BE9" box="[324,422,1737,1763]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFC27507F6CC7593409C7BE9" authorityName="Breuil & Vuillaume & Schikorski & Krauss & Morton & Haynes & Daltry & Corry & Gaymes & Gaymes & Bech & Jelić & Grandjean" authorityYear="2019" box="[459,728,1737,1763]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="iguana" subSpecies="insularis">
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<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFC27507F6CC7593409C7BE9" box="[459,728,1737,1763]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">Iguana iguana insularis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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housed in
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<collectionCode id="ED3AAE00FFC27507F455759041CB7BE9" box="[850,911,1737,1763]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" name="Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" type="Museum">MCZ</collectionCode>
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under the numbers X-17620/R-79057 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13102A40FFC27507F24D759047CA7BE9" box="[1354,1422,1737,1763]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1829,1854]" captionTargetBox="[274,1313,179,1794]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[264,1324,176,1804]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Iguana iguana insularis ssp. nov. MCZ X-17620/R-79057 © Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. © President and Fellows of Harvard College. Specimen in alcohol with discolouration. Annotations: 1. Small size of subtympanic plate ± 10-20% of the eardrum. 2. Two or three scales of decreasing size anterior to subtympanic plate. 3. Juxtaposed elongated sublabial scales 5. Median and lateral horns on the snout. 6. Horns with enlarged bases. 7. Oval and prominent nostrils. 9. Flat and triangular gular spikes. 10. Six gular spikes. 11. Scattered nuchal tubercles. 12. Low number of nuchal tubercles. 13. Small size of nuchal tubercles. 15. Dewlap of medium size." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3055196/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<location id="8EF4601EFFC27507F79075B4428D7A0D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038287D3FFC2750BF790756043167CD9:8EF4601EFFC27507F79075B4428D7A0D" box="[151,201,1773,1799]" country="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines" county="St Vincent" municipality="James Lazell on Bequia" name="This" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">This</location>
|
||
specimen was caught by
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BF0ACBFFFC27507F6EF75B440B17A0D" box="[488,757,1773,1799]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">James Lazell on Bequia</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62F54E49FFC27507F40675B441317A0D" box="[769,885,1773,1799]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">St Vincent</collectingCounty>
|
||
&
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33C7655FFC27507F49E75B446067A0D" box="[921,1090,1773,1799]" name="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">the Grenadines</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFD1E9EDFFC27507F35675B446B67A02" box="[1105,1266,1773,1800]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" value="1964-04-10">
|
||
<date id="FF951005FFC27507F35675B446B67A02" box="[1105,1266,1773,1800]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" value="1964-04-10">10 April 1964</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436C5FFC27507F7C0744843ED7A21" blockId="7.[151,1436,1736,1943]" box="[199,425,1809,1835]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFC27507F7C0744842BE7A21" bold="true" box="[199,250,1809,1835]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFC27507F7C0744842B57A21" bold="true" box="[199,241,1809,1835]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">Sex</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Undetermined.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C331654EFFC2750AF7C0746C438F795B" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="211" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436C5FFC27507F7C0746C41427A45" blockId="7.[151,1436,1736,1943]" box="[199,774,1845,1871]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFC27507F7C0746C42B97A45" bold="true" box="[199,253,1845,1871]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFC27507F7C0746C42B07A45" bold="true" box="[199,244,1845,1871]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">Age</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Young, possibly 2 years old, based on its size.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436C5FFC27507F7C0740140CD7A9D" blockId="7.[151,1436,1736,1943]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFC27507F7C07401406E7A79" bold="true" box="[199,554,1880,1907]" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFC27507F7C0740140647A79" bold="true" box="[199,544,1880,1907]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="208">Morphological measurements</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Total length:
|
||
<quantity id="4CD39B20FFC27507F5CE740141637A79" box="[713,807,1880,1907]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.15" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" unit="cm" value="51.5">51.5 cm</quantity>
|
||
, SVL:
|
||
<quantity id="4CD39B20FFC27507F470740141917A79" box="[887,981,1880,1907]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" unit="cm" value="13.5">13.5 cm</quantity>
|
||
, tail length:
|
||
<quantity id="4CD39B20FFC27507F364740046E97A79" box="[1123,1197,1881,1907]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" unit="cm" value="38.0">38 cm</quantity>
|
||
. Height and width of the left subtympanic plate:
|
||
<quantity id="4CD39B20FFC27507F6CF742440647A9D" box="[456,544,1917,1943]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" unit="mm" value="3.2">3.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CD39B20FFC27507F52B742440C17A9D" box="[556,645,1917,1943]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" pageId="7" pageNumber="208" unit="mm" value="4.3">4.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF54664DFFCD7508F790747C418E7AF8" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3055196/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" startId="8.[151,250,1829,1854]" targetBox="[274,1313,179,1794]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436C5FFCD7508F790747C418E7AF8" blockId="8.[151,1437,1829,2034]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFCD7508F790747C43577A34" bold="true" box="[151,275,1829,1854]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFCD7508F69D747F40CA7A34" authority="Breuil & Vuillaume & Schikorski & Krauss & Morton & Haynes & Daltry & Corry & Gaymes & Gaymes & Bech & Jelić & Grandjean, 2019" authorityName="Breuil & Vuillaume & Schikorski & Krauss & Morton & Haynes & Daltry & Corry & Gaymes & Gaymes & Bech & Jelić & Grandjean" authorityYear="2019" box="[410,654,1830,1854]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="iguana" status="subsp. nov." subSpecies="insularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFCD7508F69D747F40CA7A34" box="[410,654,1830,1854]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="209">Iguana iguana insularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26C57ACFFCD7508F593747F40A97A37" box="[660,749,1830,1853]" pageId="8" pageNumber="209" rank="subSpecies">ssp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
MCZ X-17620/R-79057 © Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. © President and Fellows of Harvard College. Specimen in alcohol with discolouration. Annotations: 1. Small size of subtympanic plate ± 10-20% of the eardrum. 2. Two or three scales of decreasing size anterior to subtympanic plate. 3. Juxtaposed elongated sublabial scales 5. Median and lateral horns on the snout. 6. Horns with enlarged bases. 7. Oval and prominent nostrils. 9. Flat and triangular gular spikes. 10. Six gular spikes. 11. Scattered nuchal tubercles. 12. Low number of nuchal tubercles. 13. Small size of nuchal tubercles. 15. Dewlap of medium size.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF54664DFFCC7509F790758841AE7AEC" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3055202/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" startId="9.[151,250,1745,1770]" targetBox="[292,1296,236,1702]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436C5FFCC7509F790758841AE7AEC" blockId="9.[151,1437,1745,2022]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFCC7509F790758843567BE0" bold="true" box="[151,274,1745,1770]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Examples of adult male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFCC7509F50C758B40B97BE0" authority="Breuil & Vuillaume & Schikorski & Krauss & Morton & Haynes & Daltry & Corry & Gaymes & Gaymes & Bech & Jelić & Grandjean, 2019" authorityName="Breuil & Vuillaume & Schikorski & Krauss & Morton & Haynes & Daltry & Corry & Gaymes & Gaymes & Bech & Jelić & Grandjean" authorityYear="2019" box="[523,765,1746,1770]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="iguana" status="subsp. nov." subSpecies="insularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFCC7509F50C758B40B97BE0" box="[523,765,1746,1770]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="210">Iguana iguana insularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26C57ACFFCC7509F405758B411E7BE3" box="[770,858,1746,1769]" pageId="9" pageNumber="210" rank="subSpecies">ssp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
A. Adult male (Palm island) sequenced under the number IGU75 (SVL 41 cm); B and C, adult male (Palm Island) sequenced under the number IGU77 (SVL 45 cm) (Palm Island). Annotations: 1. Small size of subtympanic plate ± 10-20% of the eardrum. 2. Two or three scales of decreasing size anterior to subtympanic plate. 3. Juxtaposed elongated sublabial scales. 4. No apparent swelling of the jowls in breeding males. 5. Median and lateral horns on the snout. 6. Horns with enlarged bases. 7. Oval and prominent nostrils. 8. Brown eyes with visible white. 9. Flat and triangular gular spikes. 10. Seven or eight gular spikes. 11. Scattered nuchal tubercles. 12. Low number of nuchal tubercles. 13. Small size of nuchal tubercles. 14. Orange in dorsal scales in breeding animals. 15. Creamy white dewlap of medium size. 16. Creamy white body with faint to no black banding in old individuals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF54664DFFCF750AF790704146487E97" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3055208/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" startId="10.[151,250,792,817]" targetBox="[161,1399,228,735]" targetPageId="10">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436C5FFCF750AF790704146487E97" blockId="10.[151,1436,792,925]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFCF750AF790704143487E3B" bold="true" box="[151,268,792,817]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">FIGURE 5</emphasis>
|
||
. Nasal horns of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFCF750AF6B7704340E67E3B" authority="Breuil & Vuillaume & Schikorski & Krauss & Morton & Haynes & Daltry & Corry & Gaymes & Gaymes & Bech & Jelić & Grandjean, 2019" authorityName="Breuil & Vuillaume & Schikorski & Krauss & Morton & Haynes & Daltry & Corry & Gaymes & Gaymes & Bech & Jelić & Grandjean" authorityYear="2019" box="[432,674,793,817]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="iguana" status="subsp. nov." subSpecies="insularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFCF750AF6B7704340E67E3B" box="[432,674,793,817]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Iguana iguana insularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26C57ACFFCF750AF5AF704041447E3A" box="[680,768,793,816]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" rank="subSpecies">ssp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
View of the snout of IGU75 (A) and IGU77 (B) from Palm Island (same individuals as Fig. 4). Annotations: 0. Frontal scale not developed into a horn. 1. Median horns with enlarged bases. 2. Lateral horns. 3. Oval prominent nostril. Note the differing forms and disposition of cephalic scales, and that IGU75 (a younger male) has flat scales whereas IGU77 (an older, larger male) has more prominent scales.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436C5FFCF750AF7C070B647647903" blockId="10.[151,1437,1006,1358]" box="[199,1312,1006,1034]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFCF750AF7C070B6437E7903" bold="true" box="[199,314,1007,1033]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFCF750AF7C070B643757903" bold="true" box="[199,305,1007,1033]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Meristics</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Number of gular spikes, 5 medium + 2 small. Number of dorsal spikes to cloaca: 54 ± 1.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436C5FFCF750AF7C0774A438F795B" blockId="10.[151,1437,1006,1358]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B433C98FFCF750AF7C0774A4383795B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2242680528" collectionCode="MCZ" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFCF750AF7C0774A43027927" bold="true" box="[199,326,1043,1069]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54908867FFCF750AF7C0774A43057927" box="[199,321,1043,1069]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Two other young specimens
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3AAE00FFCF750AF595774A408B7927" box="[658,719,1043,1069]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" name="Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" type="Museum">MCZ</collectionCode>
|
||
X-17619/R-79056 and X-17621/R-79058) from the same location and the same collector
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C331654EFFCF750BF7C0770341F87C81" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="212" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436C5FFCF750AF7C077034155780F" blockId="10.[151,1437,1006,1358]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFCF750AF7C077034037797F" bold="true" box="[199,627,1114,1142]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">
|
||
Diagnosis of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFCF750AF65A77054037797F" authorityName="Breuil & Vuillaume & Schikorski & Krauss & Morton & Haynes & Daltry & Corry & Gaymes & Gaymes & Bech & Jelić & Grandjean" authorityYear="2019" box="[349,627,1114,1142]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="iguana" subSpecies="insularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFCF750AF65A77054037797F" bold="true" box="[349,627,1114,1142]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Iguana iguana insularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13102A40FFCF750AF5867702408D797F" box="[641,713,1115,1141]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1745,1770]" captionTargetBox="[292,1296,236,1702]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[292,1296,182,1718]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Examples of adult male Iguana iguana insularis ssp. nov.A. Adult male (Palm island) sequenced under the number IGU75 (SVL 41 cm); B and C, adult male (Palm Island) sequenced under the number IGU77 (SVL 45 cm) (Palm Island). Annotations: 1. Small size of subtympanic plate ± 10-20% of the eardrum. 2. Two or three scales of decreasing size anterior to subtympanic plate. 3. Juxtaposed elongated sublabial scales. 4. No apparent swelling of the jowls in breeding males. 5. Median and lateral horns on the snout. 6. Horns with enlarged bases. 7. Oval and prominent nostrils. 8. Brown eyes with visible white. 9. Flat and triangular gular spikes. 10. Seven or eight gular spikes. 11. Scattered nuchal tubercles. 12. Low number of nuchal tubercles. 13. Small size of nuchal tubercles. 14. Orange in dorsal scales in breeding animals. 15. Creamy white dewlap of medium size. 16. Creamy white body with faint to no black banding in old individuals." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3055202/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Figs 4</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13102A40FFCF750AF5D3770340A0797F" box="[724,740,1114,1141]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[151,250,792,817]" captionTargetBox="[161,1399,228,735]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[153,1425,181,749]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Nasal horns of Iguana iguana insularis ssp. nov. View of the snout of IGU75 (A) and IGU77 (B) from Palm Island (same individuals as Fig. 4). Annotations: 0. Frontal scale not developed into a horn. 1. Median horns with enlarged bases. 2. Lateral horns. 3. Oval prominent nostril. Note the differing forms and disposition of cephalic scales, and that IGU75 (a younger male) has flat scales whereas IGU77 (an older, larger male) has more prominent scales." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3055208/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">5</figureCitation>
|
||
). We define the typical morphology of this new taxon based on our own observations on both adults and juvenile specimens on Palm and Union Islands (St Vincent &
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33C7655FFCF750AF2227726429279B4" name="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">the Grenadines</collectingCountry>
|
||
), complemented by the specimens from MCZ R-79056-57-58 collected on Bequia (also in St Vincent &
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33C7655FFCF750AF27D77FA435C79E8" name="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">the Grenadines</collectingCountry>
|
||
) and R-79747 from Sandy Bay,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33C7655FFCF750AF585779E40A179EB" box="[642,741,1223,1249]" name="Grenada" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Grenada</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The latter four are young individuals with SVL from
|
||
<quantity id="4CD39B20FFCF750AF247779E47D979E8" box="[1344,1437,1223,1250]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.28" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" unit="mm" value="128.0">128 mm</quantity>
|
||
to
|
||
<quantity id="4CD39B20FFCF750AF7B377B34357780C" box="[180,275,1258,1286]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" unit="mm" value="135.0">135 mm</quantity>
|
||
, and thus lack some details specific to adults.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436C5FFCF750AF7C0765647197844" blockId="10.[151,1437,1006,1358]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">
|
||
The iguanas from the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33C7655FFCF750AF6B87656405A7823" box="[447,542,1295,1321]" name="Grenada" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Grenada</collectingCountry>
|
||
Bank, including
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33C7655FFCF750AF5E6765641C97823" box="[737,909,1295,1321]" name="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">the Grenadines</collectingCountry>
|
||
, are characterised by the following association of characters in adults compared with iguanas from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33C7655FFCF750AF5DA766A41197847" box="[733,861,1331,1357]" name="Saint Lucia" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Saint Lucia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFCF750AF46A766D46237847" authorityName="Breuil & Vuillaume & Schikorski & Krauss & Morton & Haynes & Daltry & Corry & Gaymes & Gaymes & Bech & Jelić & Grandjean" authorityYear="2019" box="[877,1127,1331,1357]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="iguana" subSpecies="sanctaluciae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFCF750AF46A766D46237847" box="[877,1127,1331,1357]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">I. iguana sanctaluciae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ssp. nov., see below).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436C5FFCF750AF7907625475A78B3" blockId="10.[151,1436,1403,1754]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">– In most old adults (both males and females), the green colouration and black bands fade to an almost uniform light cream to nearly white, except on the posterior end of the tail where the black banding persists;</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436C5FFCF750AF790769D415778D7" blockId="10.[151,1436,1403,1754]" box="[151,787,1475,1502]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">– In old adults, the head is nearly light cream to white;</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436C5FFCF750AF79076B141827B0B" blockId="10.[151,1436,1403,1754]" box="[151,966,1511,1538]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">– The dewlap is predominantly white but may have some black scales;</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436C5FFCF750AF7907555460B7B2F" blockId="10.[151,1436,1403,1754]" box="[151,1103,1547,1574]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">– There are no black margins on the subtympanic plate and on the sublabial scales;</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436C5FFCF750AF790756947017B43" blockId="10.[151,1436,1403,1754]" box="[151,1349,1582,1610]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">– The snout has 2 to 5 median horns (usually 3 or 4) and 2 to 6 less developed lateral horns on each side;</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436C5FFCF750AF790750D418E7B67" blockId="10.[151,1436,1403,1754]" box="[151,970,1619,1646]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">– The horns may or may not remain black throughout the animal’s life;</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436C5FFCF750AF790752141BF7B9B" blockId="10.[151,1436,1403,1754]" box="[151,1019,1655,1682]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">– There are light yellow scales on the head and on the dewlap in old adults;</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436C5FFCF750AF79075C5471D7BBC" blockId="10.[151,1436,1403,1754]" box="[151,1369,1691,1718]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">– The tips of the dorsal spikes of mature adults during the breeding season are light yellow to light orange;</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436C5FFCF750AF790759940E07BD3" blockId="10.[151,1436,1403,1754]" box="[151,676,1727,1754]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">– The anterior part of the dewlap is rounded.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436C5FFCF750AF7C0745F40AC7A4F" blockId="10.[151,1436,1798,2042]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFCF750AF7C0745F42BA7A2B" bold="true" box="[199,254,1798,1825]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Size.</emphasis>
|
||
The largest purebred
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFCF750AF6F2745140877A2B" authorityName="Breuil & Vuillaume & Schikorski & Krauss & Morton & Haynes & Daltry & Corry & Gaymes & Gaymes & Bech & Jelić & Grandjean" authorityYear="2019" box="[501,707,1799,1825]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="iguana" subSpecies="insularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFCF750AF6F2745140877A2B" box="[501,707,1799,1825]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">I. iguana insularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
measured by the authors had an SVL of
|
||
<quantity id="4CD39B20FFCF750AF397745F46917A28" box="[1168,1237,1798,1826]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" unit="cm" value="45.0">45 cm</quantity>
|
||
(IGU77, an adult male on Palm Island,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13102A40FFCF750AF68C7472438B7A4F" box="[395,463,1835,1861]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1745,1770]" captionTargetBox="[292,1296,236,1702]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[292,1296,182,1718]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Examples of adult male Iguana iguana insularis ssp. nov.A. Adult male (Palm island) sequenced under the number IGU75 (SVL 41 cm); B and C, adult male (Palm Island) sequenced under the number IGU77 (SVL 45 cm) (Palm Island). Annotations: 1. Small size of subtympanic plate ± 10-20% of the eardrum. 2. Two or three scales of decreasing size anterior to subtympanic plate. 3. Juxtaposed elongated sublabial scales. 4. No apparent swelling of the jowls in breeding males. 5. Median and lateral horns on the snout. 6. Horns with enlarged bases. 7. Oval and prominent nostrils. 8. Brown eyes with visible white. 9. Flat and triangular gular spikes. 10. Seven or eight gular spikes. 11. Scattered nuchal tubercles. 12. Low number of nuchal tubercles. 13. Small size of nuchal tubercles. 14. Orange in dorsal scales in breeding animals. 15. Creamy white dewlap of medium size. 16. Creamy white body with faint to no black banding in old individuals." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3055202/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). Its tail was incomplete.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436C5FFCF750AF7C07416439D7A84" blockId="10.[151,1436,1798,2042]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">
|
||
Another large individual fitting the morphology of this subspecies (but not genetically tested) on Petit Bateau had a total length of
|
||
<quantity id="4CD39B20FFCF750AF679742A43917A84" box="[382,469,1907,1934]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3599999999999999" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" unit="cm" value="136.0">136 cm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436C5FFCF750BF7C074CF46417DDD" blockId="10.[151,1436,1798,2042]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1437,152,467]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="212" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFCF750AF7C074CF43B97ABB" bold="true" box="[199,509,1942,1969]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Geographical distribution</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13102A40FFCF750AF50B74CE400B7AB8" box="[524,591,1943,1970]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1367,1392]" captionTargetBox="[583,1005,494,1323]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[583,1005,494,1323]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Distribution of iguanas in the Grenadine islands. Locations are mapped to the nearest 2 × 2 km square representing groups of islands in the Grenadines. We have deliberately avoided being specific to protect the animals (see Auliya et al. 2016). Note that there are alien iguanas on some islands and not all of the island clusters shown here have purebred populations of Iguana iguana insularis. We have no confirmed specific localities for the main island of Grenada, although a museum specimen (MCZ R-79747) confirms this subspecies occurred here. Henderson & Breuil (2012), Henderson & Powell (2018), Baldwin (2012) and Baldwin & Mahon (2011), G. Gaymes and J. Daltry (pers. obs.; the Grenadines). While iguanas are present on St. Vincent, these have not been identified to subspecies level and cannot be assumed to be identical to those on the Grenada Bank. The grey line just south of St Vincent marks the brake between the St. Vincent Bank to the north and the Grenada Bank to the south. The black line between Petit Saint Vincent and Petit(e) Martinique shows the political boundary between St. Vincent and the Grenadines to the north and Grenada to the south. The Grenadine islands form an archipelago from the south of St. Vincent to the north of Grenada." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3055212/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
). Of the c. 30 islands of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33C7655FFCF750AF45974CE41F97ABB" box="[862,957,1943,1969]" name="Grenada" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Grenada</collectingCountry>
|
||
Bank, including the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33C7655FFCF750AF3A274CE475E7ABB" box="[1189,1306,1943,1969]" name="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Grenadine</collectingCountry>
|
||
islands and the main island of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33C7655FFCF750AF66F74E2438E7ADF" box="[360,458,1979,2005]" name="Grenada" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">Grenada</collectingCountry>
|
||
, 26 have been reported to have iguanas (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA4B34FFCF750AF49774E246857ADF" author="Henderson, R. W. & Powell, R." box="[912,1217,1979,2005]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" refId="ref18189" refString="Henderson, R. W. & Powell, R. (2018) Amphibians and Reptiles of the St. Vincent and Grenada Banks, West Indies. Edition Chimaera, Frankfurt, 448 pp." type="book" year="2018">Henderson & Powell 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The entire bank is inferred to have been originally inhabited by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFCF750AF58A74B9411E7AF3" authorityName="Breuil & Vuillaume & Schikorski & Krauss & Morton & Haynes & Daltry & Corry & Gaymes & Gaymes & Bech & Jelić & Grandjean" authorityYear="2019" box="[653,858,2015,2041]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="iguana" subSpecies="insularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFCF750AF58A74B9411E7AF3" box="[653,858,2015,2041]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">I. iguana insularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but morphological (
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFCF750AF33974B946227AF3" box="[1086,1126,2016,2041]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="211">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBA4B34FFCF750AF36A748647DC7AF3" author="Henderson, R. W. & Powell, R." box="[1133,1432,2015,2041]" pageId="10" pageNumber="211" refId="ref18189" refString="Henderson, R. W. & Powell, R. (2018) Amphibians and Reptiles of the St. Vincent and Grenada Banks, West Indies. Edition Chimaera, Frankfurt, 448 pp." type="book" year="2018">Henderson & Powell 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, photograph p. 50) and genetic data indicate that several islands, including the main island of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33C7655FFCE750BF3C073C0476D7DB9" box="[1223,1321,153,179]" name="Grenada" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Grenada</collectingCountry>
|
||
, have had incursions of iguanas from South American and/or Central American lineages.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436C5FFCE750BF7C073B841F87C81" blockId="11.[151,1437,152,467]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">
|
||
From our collection of photographs of specimens captured by the authors and obtained from internet searches, it is clear that most
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33C7655FFCE750BF677725C43A17C15" box="[368,485,261,287]" name="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Grenadine</collectingCountry>
|
||
islands still have the indigenous white, horned and more or less black-banded phenotype, but there is the Central America phenotype with various hybrids among them that make it difficult to confirm which islands still have purebred populations of this subspecies. Further genetic testing is required to accurately map the present distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2B4D46FFCE750BF6F1722B40807C81" authorityName="Breuil & Vuillaume & Schikorski & Krauss & Morton & Haynes & Daltry & Corry & Gaymes & Gaymes & Bech & Jelić & Grandjean" authorityYear="2019" box="[502,708,369,395]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" genus="Iguana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="iguana" subSpecies="insularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFCE750BF6F1722B40807C81" box="[502,708,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">I. iguana insularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and invasive iguanas.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C331654EFFCE750BF7C072CC43167CD9" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9436C5FFCE750BF7C072CC43167CD9" blockId="11.[151,1437,152,467]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95FEAD7FFCE750BF7C072CC430A7CA5" bold="true" box="[199,334,405,431]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
The subspecific name refers to the numerous islands in the southern Lesser Antilles where the new subspecies lives.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |