143 lines
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143 lines
17 KiB
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<document id="EAC430B211F3B0D61179AF4ED0AD5AB0" ID-DOI="10.26879/1220" ID-ISSN="1094-8074" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10962250" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="admin" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="admin" IM.treatments_approvedBy="admin" checkinTime="1712859670786" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Jacisin Iii, John J. & Lawing, A. Michelle" docDate="2024" docId="03B387E8FFBF321C84F2FEE99AAAF9AE" docLanguage="en" docName="PalaeontolElectron.27.1.a2.pdf" docOrigin="Palaeontologia Electronica (a 2) 27 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/1220" docStyle="DocumentStyle:322FC57CC99045555090E8A84CFB029A.4:PalaeontolElectron.2018-.journal_article" docStyleId="322FC57CC99045555090E8A84CFB029A" docStyleName="PalaeontolElectron.2018-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Nerodia Baird and Girard 1853" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="24" masterDocId="FF8AFF90FFA8320B8770FFDA9964FFD9" masterDocTitle="Fossil snakes of the Penny Creek Local Fauna from Webster County, Nebraska, USA, and the first record of snakes from the Early Clarendonian (12.5 - 12 Ma) of North America" masterLastPageNumber="42" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="24" updateTime="1715215045661" updateUser="admin" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0">
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<mods:title id="1671F9D579F9A1415B3FF9E85835373D">Fossil snakes of the Penny Creek Local Fauna from Webster County, Nebraska, USA, and the first record of snakes from the Early Clarendonian (12.5 - 12 Ma) of North America</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="28C2A51B381EDDFC3918ABFD6577048D">Jacisin Iii, John J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="E3E5D4ACF2EFB0F2CE6E591CA092A585" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="5399F3E23153143BD7EFA35E3462BC33">Lawing, A. Michelle</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="3BEC5D51DF77342049A0525DF2390724">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="BBABEE4FF8A4BDCFCC622B69BA875343">Palaeontologia Electronica</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="F314E4B6425DAE9AFA1C478830A0D026">
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<mods:date id="BCD389702CD9AEA9E757C4E1D72D35BA">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:title id="9AB3E94E82970381F169750DDF65140F">a 2</mods:title>
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<mods:number id="44B36D4C686136B4B614E02228369F91">27</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="EB44FF7B096CD3B1A7D33C0508455914">http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/1220</mods:url>
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<mods:identifier id="BFA844C99160F92486B1508063802B06" type="DOI">10.26879/1220</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03B387E8FFBF321C84F2FEE99AAAF9AE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B387E8FFBF321C84F2FEE99AAAF9AE" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387E8FFBF321C84F2FEE99AAAF9AE" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<subSubSection id="C3006575FFBF321C84F2FEE99C02FE95" box="[898,1382,307,333]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA536FEFFBF321C84F2FEE99C02FE95" blockId="23.[898,1382,307,333]" box="[898,1382,307,333]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<heading id="D0ED8192FFBF321C84F2FEE99C02FE95" box="[898,1382,307,333]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" reason="2">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFBF321C84A8FEE99C02FE95" ID-CoL="63FHX" ID-ENA="8591" authority="Baird and Girard, 1853" authorityName="Baird and Girard" authorityYear="1853" box="[984,1382,307,333]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Nerodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFBF321C84A8FEE99D35FE95" box="[984,1105,307,332]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">NERODIA</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFBF321C8329FEE99C02FE95" author="Baird, S. F. & Girard, C." box="[1113,1382,307,333]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref17727" refString="Baird, S. F. and Girard, C. 1853. Catalogue of North American Reptiles in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. Part I. Serpentes. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 2: v - xvi + 172 p." year="1853">Baird and Girard, 1853</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3006575FFBF321C8438FE849DE9FD0E" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BA536FEFFBF321C8438FE849DE9FD0E" blockId="23.[840,1441,350,1655]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFBF321C8438FE849AABFEAE" bold="true" box="[840,975,350,375]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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The trunk vertebrae of
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFBF321C8392FE849C5BFEAE" authorityName="Baird and Girard" authorityYear="1853" box="[1250,1343,350,375]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Nerodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFBF321C8392FE849C5BFEAE" box="[1250,1343,350,375]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Nerodia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are typically medium to large in size and relatively short and wide, with an elongate centrum (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFBF321C824BFE449AEEFE0E" author="Holman, J. A." pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref19958" refString="Holman, J. A. 2000. Fossil snakes of North America: Origin, evolution, distribution, paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." type="book" year="2000">Holman, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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). The neural spines and hypapophyses are prominent (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFBF321C84BEFE049D1AFE2E" author="Holman, J. A." box="[974,1150,478,503]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref19958" refString="Holman, J. A. 2000. Fossil snakes of North America: Origin, evolution, distribution, paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." type="book" year="2000">Holman, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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). The neural spine is tall and undercut on both the anterior and posterior sides. The robust hypapophyses on each precaudal vertebra are well-developed, laterally compressed, directed posteriorly, and usually end in a somewhat pointed tip extending beyond the condylar head (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFBF321C84C5FD449D07FD6E" author="Holman, J. A." box="[949,1123,670,695]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref19958" refString="Holman, J. A. 2000. Fossil snakes of North America: Origin, evolution, distribution, paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." type="book" year="2000">Holman, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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). Epizygapophyseal spines are absent (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFBF321C84A4FD649DE7FD0E" author="Holman, J. A." box="[980,1155,702,727]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref19958" refString="Holman, J. A. 2000. Fossil snakes of North America: Origin, evolution, distribution, paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." type="book" year="2000">Holman, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3006575FFBF321C8438FD049AAAF9AE" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BA536FEFFBF321C8438FD049AAAF9AE" blockId="23.[840,1441,350,1655]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFBF321C8438FD049AA4FD2E" bold="true" box="[840,960,734,759]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Remarks.</emphasis>
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The trunk vertebrae of
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFBF321C8393FD049C24FD2E" authorityName="Baird and Girard" authorityYear="1853" box="[1251,1344,734,759]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Nerodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFBF321C8393FD049C24FD2E" box="[1251,1344,734,759]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Nerodia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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relative to other North American natricids are typically medium to large in size, relatively robust in appearance, and exhibit higher neural spines (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFBF321C824AFCE49AEEFCAE" author="Holman, J. A." pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref19958" refString="Holman, J. A. 2000. Fossil snakes of North America: Origin, evolution, distribution, paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." type="book" year="2000">Holman, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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). The vertebrae are still elongate relative to large North American colubrines (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFBF321C8393FCA49CF2FC4E" author="Holman, J. A." box="[1251,1430,894,919]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref19958" refString="Holman, J. A. 2000. Fossil snakes of North America: Origin, evolution, distribution, paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." type="book" year="2000">Holman, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFBF321C8438FC449AC1FC6E" authorityName="Baird and Girard" authorityYear="1853" box="[840,933,926,951]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Nerodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFBF321C8438FC449AC1FC6E" box="[840,933,926,951]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Nerodia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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vertebrae are typically less elongate than
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFBF321C8438FC649ABEFC0E" baseAuthorityName="Jasinski and Moscato" baseAuthorityYear="2017" box="[840,986,958,983]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Thamnophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFBF321C8438FC649ABEFC0E" box="[840,986,958,983]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Thamnophis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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vertebrae, with a more ventrally-oriented hypapophysis with a steeper angle relative to the centrum (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFBF321C836EFC249DB0FBCE" author="LaDuke, T. C." box="[1054,1236,1022,1047]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 28" refId="ref21017" refString="LaDuke, T. C. 1991. The fossil snakes of Pit 91, Racho La Brea, California. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Contributions in Science, 424: 1 - 28." type="journal article" year="1991">LaDuke, 1991</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFBF321C8399FC249CF8FBCE" author="Holman, J. A." box="[1257,1436,1022,1047]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref19958" refString="Holman, J. A. 2000. Fossil snakes of North America: Origin, evolution, distribution, paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." type="book" year="2000">Holman, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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; Jasinski and Moscata, 2017).
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFBF321C83D9FBC49C62FBEE" authorityName="Baird and Girard" authorityYear="1853" box="[1193,1286,1054,1079]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Nerodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFBF321C83D9FBC49C62FBEE" box="[1193,1286,1054,1079]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Nerodia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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also exhibits a more vaulted neural arch, broader and more robust hypapophyses, but more gracile prezygapophyses compared to
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFBF321C8315FBA49D77FB6E" authority="(Jasinski and Moscato, 2017)" baseAuthorityName="Jasinski and Moscato" baseAuthorityYear="2017" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Thamnophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFBF321C8315FBA49D9CFB4E" box="[1125,1272,1150,1175]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Thamnophis</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFBF321C8278FBA49D68FB6E" author="Jasinski, S. E. & Moscato, D. A." pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="245 - 257" refId="ref20745" refString="Jasinski, S. E. and Moscato, D. A. 2017. Late Hemphillian Colubrid Snakes (Serpentes, Colubridae) from the Gray Fossil Site of Northeastern Tennessee. Journal of Herpetology, 51: 245 - 257. https: // doi. org / 10.1670 / 16 - 020" type="journal article" year="2017">Jasinski and Moscato, 2017</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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. They possess higher neural spines than
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFBF321C8490FB679D99FB0E" box="[992,1277,1213,1239]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFBF321C8490FB679D5BFB0F" authorityName="Baird & Girard" authorityYear="1853" box="[992,1087,1213,1238]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Storeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Storeria</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFBF321C8320FB649D99FB0E" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1860" box="[1104,1277,1214,1239]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Tropidoclonion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tropidoclonion</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFBF321C8238FB649CC4FB0E" box="[1352,1440,1214,1239]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Virginia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFBF321C8238FB649CC4FB0E" box="[1352,1440,1214,1239]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Virginia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(but relatively shorter than
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFBF321C83FBFB049DBBFB2E" baseAuthorityName="Holman" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[1163,1247,1246,1271]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Regina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFBF321C83FBFB049DBBFB2E" box="[1163,1247,1246,1271]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Regina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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), and the hypapophyses are longer and less squared in shape when compared to
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFBF321C833DFAC49C1FFAEE" authority="(Holman, 2000)" baseAuthorityName="Holman" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[1101,1403,1310,1335]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Regina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFBF321C833DFAC49DC5FAEE" box="[1101,1185,1310,1335]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Regina</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFBF321C83CAFAC49C11FAEE" author="Holman, J. A." box="[1210,1397,1310,1335]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref19958" refString="Holman, J. A. 2000. Fossil snakes of North America: Origin, evolution, distribution, paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." type="book" year="2000">Holman, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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. It should be noted that the degree to which the hypapophysis extends beyond the condylar head appears to differ between some taxa, and perhaps between individuals, though this has not been extensively studied at this time. Other characters of
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A4D7DFFBF321C8438FA049AC1FA2E" authorityName="Baird and Girard" authorityYear="1853" box="[840,933,1502,1527]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Nerodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96EEAECFFBF321C8438FA049AC1FA2E" box="[840,933,1502,1527]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Nerodia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, such as neural spine height, hypapophysis shape, and the degree to which the neural spine is undercut all vary to some degree at least between species of the genus (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B4B0FFFBF321C8397F9E49CF8F98E" author="Holman, J. A." box="[1255,1436,1598,1623]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref19958" refString="Holman, J. A. 2000. Fossil snakes of North America: Origin, evolution, distribution, paleoecology. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." type="book" year="2000">Holman, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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; pers. obs.).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |