261 lines
33 KiB
XML
261 lines
33 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="BB9F8ACFF6E87C6B274AEBCF42D5BC94">Pteropodidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C0910B5D16FA6ADE655BE36EFF1FFB5A">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5F52D075EF0A4C0D4465618F1F4DA9B6">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="B288CE06C8CC14AF313819D4BC70AC50">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03AD87FAFFD3F6328C6B3EF0FC94F60A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6794944" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196379429" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6794944" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AD87FAFFD3F6328C6B3EF0FC94F60A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD87FAFFD3F6328C6B3EF0FC94F60A" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="82" pageId="23" pageNumber="81">
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD3F63D8C6B3EF0FA0BF481" box="[1397,1454,2796,2842]" pageId="23" pageNumber="81" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD3F63D8C6B3EF0FA0BF481" blockId="23.[1394,2549,2796,2887]" box="[1397,1454,2796,2842]" pageId="23" pageNumber="81">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFD3F63D8C6B3EF0FA0BF481" box="[1397,1454,2796,2842]" pageId="23" pageNumber="81">
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<figureCitation id="133F2A69FFD3F63D8C6B3EF0FA0BF481" box="[1397,1454,2796,2842]" captionStart="Plate 3: Pteropodidae" captionStartId="23.[116,146,3323,3348]" captionTargetBox="[13,2758,18,3662]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="32. Zenker’s Fruit Bat (Scotonycteris zenkeri), 33. Hayman’s Fruit Bat (Scotonycteris occidentalis), 34. Bergmans’s Fruit Bat (Scotonycteris bergmansi), 35. Short-palated Fruit Bat (Casinycteris argynnas), 36. Pohle’s Fruit Bat (Casinycteris ophiodon), 37. Campo-Ma’an Fruit Bat (Casinycteris campomaanensis), 38. Lesser Dawn Bat (Eonycteris spelaea), 39. Greater Dawn Bat (Eonycteris major), 40. Philippine Dawn Bat (Eonycteris robusta), 41. Geoffroy’s Rousette (Rousettus amplexicaudatus), 42. Bare-backed Rousette (Rousettus spinalatus), 43. Leschenault’s Rousette (Rousettus leschenaultin), 44. Linduan Rousette (Rousettus linduensis), 45. Sulawesi Rousette (Rousettus celebensis), 46. Egyptian Rousette (Rousettus aegyptiacus), 47. Malagasy Rousette (Rousettus madagascariensis), 48. Comoro Rousette (Rousettus obliviosus), 49. Long-haired Fruit Bat (Stenonycteris lanosus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448843" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6448843/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="81">34.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD3F63D8CA03EF0F8D6F481" box="[1470,1907,2796,2842]" pageId="23" pageNumber="81" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD3F63D8CA03EF0F8D6F481" blockId="23.[1394,2549,2796,2887]" box="[1470,1907,2796,2842]" pageId="23" pageNumber="81">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFD3F63D8CA03EF0F8D6F481" box="[1470,1907,2796,2842]" pageId="23" pageNumber="81">
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFD3F63D8CA03EF0F8D6F481" ID-CoL="7WTNV" authority="Hassanin et al., 2015" authorityName="Hassanin" authorityYear="2015" box="[1470,1907,2796,2842]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Scotonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="81" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bergmansi">Bergmans’s Fruit Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD3F63D8EB83EF0F6FCF481" box="[1958,2393,2796,2842]" pageId="23" pageNumber="81" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD3F63D8EB83EF0F6FCF481" blockId="23.[1394,2549,2796,2887]" box="[1958,2393,2796,2842]" pageId="23" pageNumber="81">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFD3F63D8EB83EF0F6FCF481" box="[1958,2393,2796,2842]" pageId="23" pageNumber="81">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD3F63D8EB83EF0F6FCF481" ID-CoL="7WTNV" authority="Hassanin et al., 2015" authorityName="Hassanin" authorityYear="2015" box="[1958,2393,2796,2842]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Scotonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="81" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bergmansi">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD3F63D8EB83EF0F6FCF481" box="[1958,2393,2796,2842]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="81">Scotonycteris bergmansi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD3F63D8C6A3F31F650F4D9" box="[1396,2549,2861,2882]" pageId="23" pageNumber="81" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD3F63D8C6A3F31F650F4D9" blockId="23.[1394,2549,2796,2887]" box="[1396,2549,2861,2882]" pageId="23" pageNumber="81">
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||
<heading id="D0F38180FFD3F63D8C6A3F31F650F4D9" box="[1396,2549,2861,2882]" pageId="23" pageNumber="81">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD3F63D8C6A3F31FA1AF4D9" bold="true" box="[1396,1471,2861,2882]" pageId="23" pageNumber="81">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFD3F63D8CD63F31F97CF4D9" ID-CoL="7WTNV" authority="Hassanin et al., 2015" authorityName="Hassanin" authorityYear="2015" box="[1480,1753,2861,2882]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Scotonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="81" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bergmansi">Scotonyctere de Bergmans</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD3F63D8FF03F31F8ECF4D9" bold="true" box="[1774,1865,2861,2882]" pageId="23" pageNumber="81">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFD3F63D8E4D3F31F7CCF4D9" ID-CoL="7WTNV" authority="Hassanin et al., 2015" authorityName="Hassanin" authorityYear="2015" box="[1875,2153,2861,2882]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Scotonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="81" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bergmansi">Bergmans-Harlekinflughund</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD3F63D81603F31F77FF4D9" bold="true" box="[2174,2266,2861,2882]" pageId="23" pageNumber="81">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFD3F63D81FD3F31F650F4D9" ID-CoL="7WTNV" authority="Hassanin et al., 2015" authorityName="Hassanin" authorityYear="2015" box="[2275,2549,2861,2882]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Scotonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="81" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bergmansi">Scotonicterio de Bergmans</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD3F63D8C6C3F73F7F1F40B" box="[1394,2132,2927,2960]" pageId="23" pageNumber="81" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD3F63D8C6C3F73F7F1F40B" blockId="23.[1392,2603,2927,3246]" box="[1394,2132,2927,2960]" pageId="23" pageNumber="81">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD3F63D8C6C3F73F9AEF40B" bold="true" box="[1394,1547,2927,2960]" pageId="23" pageNumber="81">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD3F63D8F093F73F7F5F40B" ID-CoL="7WTNV" authority="Hassanin et al., 2015" authorityName="Hassanin" authorityYear="2015" box="[1559,2128,2927,2960]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Scotonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="81" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bergmansi">Scotonycteris bergmansi Hassanin et al., 2015</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD3F63D81413F73F655F423" pageId="23" pageNumber="81" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD3F63D81413F73F655F423" blockId="23.[1392,2603,2927,3246]" pageId="23" pageNumber="81">
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<materialsCitation id="3B6C3CB1FFD3F63D81413F73F655F423" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3828391307" latitude="3.9" longitude="17.16" pageId="23" pageNumber="81">
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“
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFD3F63D81733F73F663F40B" box="[2157,2502,2927,2960]" name="Central African Republic" pageId="23" pageNumber="81">Central African Republic</collectingCountry>
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, Mbaéré-Bodingué National Park, Case of Kpoka,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE30502BFFD3F63D8ED23F83F78EF423" box="[1996,2091,2975,3000]" degrees="3.90" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="23" pageNumber="81" precision="555" value="3.9">3.90°N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE30502BFFD3F63D81233F83F702F423" box="[2109,2215,2975,3000]" degrees="17.16" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="23" pageNumber="81" precision="555" value="17.16">17.16°E</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFD3F63D81A83F83F6AFF423" box="[2230,2314,2975,3000]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" pageId="23" pageNumber="81" unit="m" value="430.0">430 m</quantity>
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above sea level.”
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD3F6328C6C3FA2FBEAFE11" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="82" pageId="23" pageNumber="81" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD3F6328C6C3FA2FBEAFE11" blockId="23.[1392,2603,2927,3246]" lastBlockId="24.[785,1378,281,711]" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="82" pageId="23" pageNumber="81">
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Until recently, no differences were identified among
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD3F63D816A3FA2F74AF444" authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1894" box="[2164,2287,3006,3039]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Scotonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="81" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zenkeri">S. zenkeri</taxonomicName>
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specimens from West Africa to eastern
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFD3F63D8F723FFAF8A0F39C" box="[1644,1797,3046,3079]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="23" pageNumber="81">DR Congo</collectingCountry>
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; however, W. Bergmans in 1991 pointed out that distribution of
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD3F63D8F1B3811F9DAF3B5" authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1894" box="[1541,1663,3085,3118]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Scotonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="81" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zenkeri">S. zenkeri</taxonomicName>
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had several large gaps that were not related to lack of collecting efforts but to the species not being present in these areas. Four different clades were recovered in phylogenetic analyses using mitochondrial cytochrome-b and nDNA sequences, identified as three species:
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD3F63D8E9A389FF79CF33F" authorityName="Hayman" authorityYear="1947" box="[1924,2105,3203,3236]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Scotonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="81" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentalis">S. occidentalis</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD3F63D8153389FF762F33F" authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1894" box="[2125,2247,3203,3236]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Scotonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="81" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zenkeri">S. zenkeri</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD3F63D8003389FF664F33F" box="[2333,2497,3203,3236]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Scotonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="81" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bergmansi">S. bergmansi</taxonomicName>
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. These forms are now considered cryptic species formerly subsumed under
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDCF6328D86355DFAB6FEF9" authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1894" box="[1176,1299,321,354]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Scotonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zenkeri">S. zenkeri</taxonomicName>
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. Two subspecies recognized.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<caption id="DF7B6664FFD3F63D896A38E7FBDAF217" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448843" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6448843" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6448843/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="81" startId="23.[116,146,3323,3348]" targetBox="[13,2758,18,3662]" targetPageId="22">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD3F63D896A38E7FBDAF217" blockId="23.[113,2602,3305,3472]" pageId="23" pageNumber="81">
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On following pages: 35. Short-palated Fruit Bat (
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD3F63D8B9B38E1FCC8F28C" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1910" box="[645,877,3325,3351]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Casinycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="argynnis">Casinycteris argynnis</taxonomicName>
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||
); 36. Pohle’s Fruit Bat (
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD3F63D8D7438E3FAF9F282" baseAuthorityName="Pohle" baseAuthorityYear="1943" box="[1130,1372,3327,3353]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Casinycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ophiodon">Casinycteris ophiodon</taxonomicName>
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||
); 37. Campo-Ma'an Fruit Bat (
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD3F63D8FBF391DF84BF280" authorityName="Hassanin" authorityYear="2014" box="[1697,2030,3329,3355]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Casinycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="campomaanensis">Casinycteris campomaanensis</taxonomicName>
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); 38. Lesser Dawn Bat (
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD3F63D81E43918F662F286" baseAuthorityName="Dobson" baseAuthorityYear="1871" box="[2298,2503,3332,3357]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Eonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spelaea">Eonycteris spelaea</taxonomicName>
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); 39. Greater Dawn Bat (
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD3F63D886C3934FD8FF2A6" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1910" box="[370,554,3368,3389]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Eonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="81" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">Eonycteris major</taxonomicName>
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); 40. Philippine Dawn Bat (
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD3F63D8A4B3936FB84F2A4" authorityName="G. S. Miller" authorityYear="1913" box="[853,1057,3370,3391]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Eonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robusta">Eonycteris robusta</taxonomicName>
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); 41. Geoffroy's Rousette (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD3F63D8C583930F9D1F2DA" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1810" box="[1350,1652,3372,3393]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="81" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amplexicaudatus">Rousettus amplexicaudatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
): 42. Bare-backed Rousette (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD3F63D8EAC3932F730F2DF" authorityName="Bergmans & Hill" authorityYear="1980" box="[1970,2197,3374,3396]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinalatus">Rousettus spinalatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 43. Leschenault's Rousette (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD3F63D89653956FF4DF2F8" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[123,232,3402,3427]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="81" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rousettus</taxonomicName>
|
||
leschenaultil); 44. Linduan Rousette (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD3F63D8B993950FCCFF2FD" authorityName="Maryanto & Yani" authorityYear="2003" box="[647,874,3404,3430]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="linduensis">Rousettus linduensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 45.
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFD3F63D8AB43951FBACF2FD" box="[938,1033,3405,3430]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="23" pageNumber="81">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
|
||
Rousette (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD3F63D8D9B3952FACAF2F3" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1907" box="[1157,1391,3406,3432]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="celebensis">Rousettus celebensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 46. Egyptian Rousette (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD3F63D8F99394CF8DAF2F1" authorityName="E. Geoftroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1810" box="[1671,1919,3408,3434]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aegyptiacus">Rousettus aegyptiacus</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 47 Malagasy Rousette (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD3F63D8182394FF670F2F7" authorityName="G. Grandidier" authorityYear="1929" box="[2204,2517,3411,3436]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="81" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">Rousettus madagascariensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 48. Comoro Rousette (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD3F63D8871396FFDF4F217" authorityName="Kock" authorityYear="1978" box="[367,593,3443,3468]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obliviosus">Rousettus obliviosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 49. Long-haired Fruit Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD3F63D8A9D396FFBD1F217" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1906" box="[899,1140,3443,3468]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Stenonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="81" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lanosus">Stenonycteris lanosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDCF6328A0C358CFC73FD5C" pageId="24" pageNumber="82" type="multiple">
|
||
<caption id="DF7B6664FFDCF6328A0C358CFC73FD5C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6803648" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6803648" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6803648/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="82" startId="24.[786,940,400,433]" targetBox="[170,762,292,706]" targetPageId="24">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDCF6328A0C358CFB07FE2A" blockId="24.[785,1378,281,711]" box="[786,1186,400,433]" pageId="24" pageNumber="82">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDCF6328A0C358CFB07FE2A" bold="true" box="[786,1186,400,433]" pageId="24" pageNumber="82">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDCF6328A0D35A7FC74FDCA" blockId="24.[785,1378,281,711]" pageId="24" pageNumber="82">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDCF6328A0D35A7FC74FDCA" authority="Hassanin et al, 2015" authorityName="Hassanin et al" authorityYear="2015" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Scotonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="bergmansi" subSpecies="bergmansi">S.b.bergmansiHassaninetal,2015—SCameroon,SWCentralAfricanRepublic,EquatorialGuinea,Gabon,andRepublicoftheCongo.</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDCF6328A0A3648FC73FD5C" blockId="24.[785,1378,281,711]" pageId="24" pageNumber="82">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDCF6328A0A3648FB53FDEE" authority="Hassanin et al., 2015" authorityName="Hassanin et al." authorityYear="2015" box="[788,1270,596,629]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Scotonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="bergmansi" subSpecies="congoensis">S. b. congoensis Hassanin et al., 2015</taxonomicName>
|
||
— E
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFDCF6328C2A3648FCD7FD06" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="24" pageNumber="82">DR Congo</collectingCountry>
|
||
; possibly in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFDCF6328D3F3660FB37FD06" box="[1057,1170,636,669]" name="Rwanda" pageId="24" pageNumber="82">Rwanda</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFDCF6328DBD3660FABEFD06" box="[1187,1307,636,669]" name="Burundi" pageId="24" pageNumber="82">Burundi</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and NW
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFDCF6328A4F36B6FC77FD5C" box="[849,978,682,711]" name="Tanzania" pageId="24" pageNumber="82">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDCF63289B236CDFDEBF951" pageId="24" pageNumber="82" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDCF63289B236CDFDEBF951" blockId="24.[172,1384,721,2449]" pageId="24" pageNumber="82">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDCF63289B236CDFE08FD75" bold="true" box="[172,429,721,750]" pageId="24" pageNumber="82">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head-body
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFDCF6328B6A36CDFCABFD75" box="[628,782,721,750]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="8.5" metricValueMin="6.5" pageId="24" pageNumber="82" unit="mm" value="75.0" valueMax="85.0" valueMin="65.0">65-85 mm</quantity>
|
||
(tailless), ear
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFDCF6328AEF36CDFB29FD75" box="[1009,1164,721,750]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="24" pageNumber="82" unit="mm" value="14.5" valueMax="17.0" valueMin="12.0">12-17 mm</quantity>
|
||
, hindfoot
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFDCF6328C2D36CDFEB0FC8E" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.4" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="24" pageNumber="82" unit="mm" value="12.5" valueMax="14.0" valueMin="11.0">11- 14 mm</quantity>
|
||
, forearm
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFDCF63288B436E8FDE7FC8E" box="[426,578,756,789]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.1" metricValueMax="5.5" metricValueMin="4.7" pageId="24" pageNumber="82" unit="mm" value="51.0" valueMax="55.0" valueMin="47.0">47-55 mm</quantity>
|
||
(on average, females slightly longer); weight
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFDCF6328DF436E8FAF9FC8E" box="[1258,1372,756,789]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="2.4" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="24" pageNumber="82" unit="g" value="20.0" valueMax="24.0" valueMin="16.0">16-24 g</quantity>
|
||
. Bergmans’s Fruit Bat has white face markings on forehead and posterior corners of eyes; partially pale or white lips, especially around corners; short and slender muzzle; large eyes, with dark brown irises; naked ears with rounded tips; dark brown with lighter base, no basal ear patches; and moderately expansible lips. There are no epaulettes on adult males; dorsum is generally medium rusty brown to sepia-brown and speckled; hair has dark brown basal one-third, pale gray middles, and rusty brown tips; and pelage is dense,soft, woolly, and mid-dorsally
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFDCF6328BE73014FCDFFBB2" box="[761,890,1032,1065]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="9.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="82" unit="mm" value="9.5" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="9.0">9-10 mm</quantity>
|
||
long. Central lower chest and belly are whitish to pale gray; flanks are medium to dark brown, not as sharply contrasting as in Hayman'’s Fruit Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDCF63288E6304BFD17FBE3" authorityName="Hayman" authorityYear="1947" box="[504,690,1111,1144]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Scotonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentalis">S. occidentalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
); and pelage of underparts is shorter and sparser than dorsum, with stiff hairs on chest and belly forming a collar. Wings have claw on second digits, flight membranes are light brown to dark greenish brown and reticulated, attaching to first toes; finger joints are not yellowish; and calcar is small. Skull is short and delicate; forehead region is almost straight; rostrum is relatively short; braincase is rounded; zygomatic width is relatively small, with relatively lightly built arches; palate is weakly concave; bony palate extends clearly beyond posterior teeth; and post-dental palate has straight, converging lateral margins. There are four thick, smooth palatal ridges, followed by 6-9 very thin, serrated and irregular ridges; ridges 1-3 are not divided, and ridge 4 is occasionally divided in middle. Upper incisors are relatively short and hardly curved, with blurred inner groove and without secondary cusps or serrated inner edges; and premolars and molars are rounded, almost oval in transverse section, and cusps relatively weak. Diploid number is 2n = 32, with ten pairs of meta- or submetacentric, four pairs of subtelocentric, and one pair of acrocentric chromosomes. X-chromosomeis submetacentric, and Y-chromosome is very small and does not seem to be biarmed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDCF63289B132D3FE77F8DA" pageId="24" pageNumber="82" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDCF63289B132D3FE77F8DA" blockId="24.[172,1384,721,2449]" pageId="24" pageNumber="82">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDCF63289B132D3FEBAF96B" bold="true" box="[175,287,1743,1776]" pageId="24" pageNumber="82">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Degraded rainforests in low mountains and heavily disturbed low-elevation forests dominated by Hawmania liebrechtsiana (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDCF6328A5032EAFBA0F88C" box="[846,1029,1782,1815]" class="Liliopsida" family="Marantaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="24" pageNumber="82" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Marantaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in understory at elevations of
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFDCF632883D333CFE6AF8DA" box="[291,463,1824,1857]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.04" metricValueMax="11.0" metricValueMin="3.08" pageId="24" pageNumber="82" unit="m" value="704.0" valueMax="1100.0" valueMin="308.0">308-1100 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDCF63289AE3359FC3DF7B6" pageId="24" pageNumber="82" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDCF63289AE3359FC3DF7B6" blockId="24.[172,1384,721,2449]" pageId="24" pageNumber="82">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDCF63289AE3359FE19F8FD" bold="true" box="[176,444,1861,1894]" pageId="24" pageNumber="82">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Fruit consumption by Bergmans’s Fruit Bats varied seasonally in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFDCF63289AE3371FEEDF815" box="[176,328,1901,1934]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="24" pageNumber="82">DR Congo</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Fruits from seven species in five families were eaten in the first wet season (September—November), four species in two families in the first dry season (December-February), ten species in eight families in the second wet season (March-May), and three species in three families in the second dry season (June-August). Various species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDCF632885E3C0CFD88F7B6" box="[320,557,2064,2093]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Ficus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="24" pageNumber="82" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Ficus (Moraceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
were eaten in all seasons.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDCF63289AF3C2EFEB3F7E6" pageId="24" pageNumber="82" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDCF63289AF3C2EFEB3F7E6" blockId="24.[172,1384,721,2449]" pageId="24" pageNumber="82">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDCF63289AF3C2EFE92F7C8" bold="true" box="[177,311,2098,2131]" pageId="24" pageNumber="82">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
A pregnant Bergmans’s Fruit Bat was collected in June in north-eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFDCF6328C243C2EFEB7F7E6" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="24" pageNumber="82">DR Congo</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDCF63289AE3C9FFD2FF73F" box="[176,650,2179,2212]" pageId="24" pageNumber="82" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDCF63289AE3C9FFD2FF73F" blockId="24.[172,1384,721,2449]" box="[176,650,2179,2212]" pageId="24" pageNumber="82">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDCF63289AE3C9FFE3EF73F" bold="true" box="[176,411,2179,2212]" pageId="24" pageNumber="82">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
No information.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDCF63289AF3CB5FBFFF769" pageId="24" pageNumber="82" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDCF63289AF3CB5FBFFF769" blockId="24.[172,1384,721,2449]" pageId="24" pageNumber="82">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDCF63289AF3CB5FCD2F751" bold="true" box="[177,887,2217,2250]" pageId="24" pageNumber="82">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Movements and dispersal of Bergmans’s Fruit Bats appear limited by large rivers (e.g.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFDCF6328A883CCDFC56F769" box="[918,1011,2257,2290]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="24" pageNumber="82">Congo</collectingCountry>
|
||
River).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDCF63289AC3CE4FABFF6DA" pageId="24" pageNumber="82" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDCF63289AC3CE4FABFF6DA" blockId="24.[172,1384,721,2449]" pageId="24" pageNumber="82">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDCF63289AC3CE4FDB5F682" bold="true" box="[178,528,2296,2329]" pageId="24" pageNumber="82">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFDCF6328B023CE4FDF4F682" box="[540,593,2296,2329]" country="Maldives" name="Uthuru" pageId="24" pageNumber="82">Not</collectingRegion>
|
||
assessed on The IUCN Red List. Bergmans’s Fruit Bat was included in Zenker’s Fruit Bat (S.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDCF6328B8D3D38FD4AF6DA" authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1894" box="[659,751,2340,2369]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Scotonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zenkeri">zenkeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
), which was classified as Least Concern.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDCF63289AD3D4CFC94F60A" pageId="24" pageNumber="82" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDCF63289AD3D4CFC94F60A" blockId="24.[172,1384,721,2449]" pageId="24" pageNumber="82">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDCF63289AD3D4CFEE9F6F2" bold="true" box="[179,332,2384,2409]" pageId="24" pageNumber="82">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Bergmans (1991), Dowsett et al. (1991), Fahr (2013c), Gembu Tungaluna (2012), Hassanin etal. (2015), Primus et al. (2006), Van Cakenberghe et al. (2017).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |