232 lines
28 KiB
XML
232 lines
28 KiB
XML
<document id="1ACB3E12CDCC39EFA067415158525492" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4747.2.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="55ab330e-0468-42ed-aeb0-7850751cf989" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3694740" ID-ZooBank="6AA8F5DC-8D70-42B0-B016-6F9C4211C471" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1583220371855" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Dick, Matthew H., Ngai, Nguyen Danh & Doan, Hung Dinh" docDate="2020" docId="CD3D2E24CC5DFFE4B191FF28FAE11B88" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4747.2.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4747 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Parasmittina parsevalioidea Liu 2001" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="219" masterDocId="3104565CCC4FFFF6B106FFB1FFC61C7B" masterDocTitle="Taxonomy and diversity of coelobite bryozoans from drift coral cobbles on Co To Island, northern Vietnam" masterLastPageNumber="252" masterPageNumber="201" pageNumber="219" updateTime="1698724047848" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="0CB88B70B62E5873657B115DC0101A67">Taxonomy and diversity of coelobite bryozoans from drift coral cobbles on Co To Island, northern Vietnam</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="38D8D2902CDC59331D1B2F0976FAA8B7">Dick, Matthew H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6D0ED23CC1BCB8D616AB465356E08F4F">Ngai, Nguyen Danh</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4E931F6A395E5599744B48E27752C820">Doan, Hung Dinh</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="51C8D1F97BDD40BDE2C2A08B9FD8D86A">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="8A3560063E5FC22BFF7573EC85DD3A40">2020</mods:date>
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<treatment id="CD3D2E24CC5DFFE4B191FF28FAE11B88" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3703692" ID-GBIF-Taxon="162381104" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3703692" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CD3D2E24CC5DFFE4B191FF28FAE11B88" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CD3D2E24CC5DFFE4B191FF28FAE11B88" lastPageNumber="219" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">
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<subSubSection id="0D8ECCB9CC5DFFE4B191FF28FDA01CC8" box="[151,614,153,180]" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="452B9F32CC5DFFE4B191FF28FDA01CC8" blockId="18.[151,614,153,215]" box="[151,614,153,180]" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">
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<heading id="1E63285ECC5DFFE4B191FF28FDA01CC8" bold="true" box="[151,614,153,180]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="8294E4B1CC5DFFE4B191FF28FDA01CC8" ID-CoL="4DCDT" authority="Liu, 2001" authorityName="Liu" authorityYear="2001" box="[151,614,153,180]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Parasmittina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="parsevalioidea">
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<emphasis id="77E04320CC5DFFE4B191FF28FDA01CC8" bold="true" box="[151,614,153,180]" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">
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<emphasis id="77E04320CC5DFFE4B191FF28FE2F1CCF" bold="true" box="[151,489,153,180]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">Parasmittina parsevalioidea</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="2105E2C3CC5DFFE4B0F7FF28FDA01CC8" author="Liu, X. & Yin, X. & Ma, J." box="[497,614,153,179]" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" refId="ref30742" refString="Liu, X., Yin, X. & Ma, J. (2001) Biology of Marine-Fouling Bryozoans in the Coastal Waters of China. Science Press, Beijing, 860 pp., 82 pls." type="book" year="2001">Liu, 2001</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="0D8ECCB9CC5DFFE4B191FF0CFEEB1CAC" box="[151,301,189,215]" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" type="description">
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<paragraph id="452B9F32CC5DFFE4B191FF0CFEEB1CAC" blockId="18.[151,614,153,215]" box="[151,301,189,215]" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">
|
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(
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<figureCitation id="DDAF83B7CC5DFFE4B199FF0CFF211CAC" box="[159,231,189,215]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="19.[151,248,1524,1549]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1499]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,181,1499]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 8. Parasmittina parsevalioidea Liu, 2001. A. Colony VNMN-0232. B. Autozooids, with small, elliptical frontal avicularia; note bases to two oral spines in many zooids, VNMN-0230. C. Autozooid (top center) with long, spatulate, proximolaterally directed avicularium originating near orifice, VNMN-0230. D. Enlargement showing sharp, tusk-like condyles, lateral-oral avicularia with triangular mandibles, and quadrate-elliptical frontal avicularia, VNMN-0234. E. Enlargement of orifice showing sharp, denticulate condyle, VNMN-0233. F. Ooecia; note acute avicularium impinging on peristome and directed toward orifice (left-center), as well as elliptical frontal avicularia. VNMN-0229. Scale bars:A, 1.0 mm; B, 250 µm; C, F, 150 µm; D, 100 µm; E, 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3694756" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3694756/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">Figs 8</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="DDAF83B7CC5DFFE4B1F2FF0CFEE01CAC" box="[244,294,189,215]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1777,1802]" captionTargetBox="[219,1368,181,1752]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[219,1368,181,1752]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 20. Competitive interactions between bryozoans and the encrusting foraminiferan Planorbulina larvata. A. P. larvata forming stand-off with Scorpiodinipora costulata (upper part) and overgrowing the latter (lower part), VNMN-0254. B. P. larvata overgrowing Antropora minor, VNMN-0218. C. P. larvata overgrowing Torquatella imperforata, VNMN-0252. D. Founding chamber of P. larvata settled on margin of Parasmittina parsevalioidea colony, VNMN-0231. E. Stand-off between P. larvata and Scorpiodinipora costulata, VNMN-0254. F. P. larvata settled on Disporella phaohoa n. sp. colony, VNMN-0256. G. P. larvata settled on Plesiocleidochasma porcellaniforme, VNMN-0256. H. Metroperiella cotoensis n. sp. beginning to overgrow P. larvata, VNMN-0238. Scale bars: D, 150 µm; all others, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3694780" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3694780/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">20D</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0D8ECCB9CC5DFFE4B191FF4CFC091D6F" box="[151,975,252,277]" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="452B9F32CC5DFFE4B191FF4CFC091D6F" blockId="18.[151,975,252,277]" box="[151,975,252,277]" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">
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<taxonomicName id="8294E4B1CC5DFFE4B191FF4CFCE31D6E" ID-CoL="4DCDT" authority="Liu, 2001 in Liu et al. 2001, p. 625" box="[151,805,252,277]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Parasmittina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="parsevalioidea">
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<emphasis id="77E04320CC5DFFE4B191FF4CFE7F1D6F" box="[151,441,252,276]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">Parasmittina parsevalioidea</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="2105E2C3CC5DFFE4B0B9FF4DFDE41D6F" author="Liu, X. & Yin, X. & Ma, J." box="[447,546,252,277]" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" refId="ref30742" refString="Liu, X., Yin, X. & Ma, J. (2001) Biology of Marine-Fouling Bryozoans in the Coastal Waters of China. Science Press, Beijing, 860 pp., 82 pls." type="book" year="2001">
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Liu,
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<quantity id="826C32D7CC5DFFE4B0E9FF4DFDE41D6F" box="[495,546,252,276]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08254" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" unit="in" value="2001.0">2001</quantity>
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</bibRefCitation>
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in
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||
<bibRefCitation id="2105E2C3CC5DFFE4B344FF4DFD1F1D6F" author="Liu, X. & Yin, X. & Ma, J." box="[578,729,252,277]" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" refId="ref30742" refString="Liu, X., Yin, X. & Ma, J. (2001) Biology of Marine-Fouling Bryozoans in the Coastal Waters of China. Science Press, Beijing, 860 pp., 82 pls." type="book" year="2001">
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Liu
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<emphasis id="77E04320CC5DFFE4B36DFF4CFD5E1D6F" box="[619,664,252,276]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">et al</emphasis>
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. 2001
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</bibRefCitation>
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, p. 625
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</taxonomicName>
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, pl. 56, figs 1–4.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0D8ECCB9CC5DFFE4B191FE8CFA851D00" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="452B9F32CC5DFFE4B191FE8CFA851D00" blockId="18.[151,1437,317,2036]" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">
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<emphasis id="77E04320CC5DFFE4B191FE8CFE441D23" bold="true" box="[151,386,317,344]" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">Material examined.</emphasis>
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VNMN-0229 (CT-12), VNMN-0230 (CT-22), VNMN-0231 (CT-23), VNMN-0232 (CT-27), VNMN-0233 (CT-39), VNMN-0234 (CT-43), all on SEM stubs; VNMN-0235, 13 colonies and fragments.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0D8ECCB9CC5DFFE4B1C1FE37FB521958" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" type="description">
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<paragraph id="452B9F32CC5DFFE4B1C1FE37FF301D9C" blockId="18.[151,1437,317,2036]" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">
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<emphasis id="77E04320CC5DFFE4B1C1FE37FE7E1DDB" bold="true" box="[199,440,389,416]" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">Measurements. AzL</emphasis>
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, 0.41–0.65 (0.504 ± 0.060);
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<emphasis id="77E04320CC5DFFE4B3FBFE34FCFC1DDB" bold="true" box="[765,826,389,416]" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">AzW</emphasis>
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, 0.24–0.39 (0.311 ± 0.044);
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<emphasis id="77E04320CC5DFFE4B578FE34FB751DDB" bold="true" box="[1150,1203,389,416]" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">OrL</emphasis>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="20A0F9F5CC5DFFE4B5C7FE34FB391DE4" box="[1217,1279,389,415]" degrees="0.082" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" precision="55" value="0.082">0.082</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate id="20A0F9F5CC5DFFE4B406FE34FA8A1DE4" box="[1280,1356,389,415]" degrees="0.112" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" precision="55" value="-0.112">–0.112</geoCoordinate>
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(0.096 ± 0.008);
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<emphasis id="77E04320CC5DFFE4B002FE18FE841DBF" bold="true" box="[260,322,425,452]" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">OrW</emphasis>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="20A0F9F5CC5DFFE4B056FE18FE481DB8" box="[336,398,425,451]" degrees="0.083" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" precision="55" value="0.083">0.083</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate id="20A0F9F5CC5DFFE4B088FE18FE1D1DB8" box="[398,475,425,451]" degrees="0.102" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" precision="55" value="-0.102">–0.102</geoCoordinate>
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(0.093 ± 0.006);
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<emphasis id="77E04320CC5DFFE4B398FE18FD121DBF" bold="true" box="[670,724,425,452]" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">OvL</emphasis>
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, 0.18–0.21 (0.193 ± 0.009);
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<emphasis id="77E04320CC5DFFE4B512FE18FB921DBF" bold="true" box="[1044,1108,425,452]" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">OvW</emphasis>
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, 0.19–0.24 (0.215 ±0.013) (n = 15, 1).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="452B9F32CC5DFFE4B1C1FE40FCF01E70" blockId="18.[151,1437,317,2036]" box="[199,822,497,524]" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">
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<emphasis id="77E04320CC5DFFE4B1C1FE40FE9F1E77" bold="true" box="[199,345,497,524]" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">Description.</emphasis>
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Colony encrusting, unilaminar, sheet-like.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="452B9F32CC5DFFE4B1C1FDA4FBAF1F7C" blockId="18.[151,1437,317,2036]" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">Zooids variable in shape (sub-rectangular, oval, spindle-shaped, irregularly polygonal), distinct, delineated by raised line of calcification between adjacent rows of marginal pores (circular, five to 10 along each lateral margin). Frontal wall slightly convex, imperforate, entirely coarsely pustulose. Primary orifice semicircular distally, widest at condyles; distal margin smooth; low, wide, non-alate median lyrula; strong, curved, tusk-like, acute, proximomedially directed condyles originating just proximal to widest part of orifice, finely denticulate along curved edge. Sharp peristomial lip surrounding orifice proximally and laterally, often forming raised lateral flanges. Oral spine bases, when evident, predominantly two, but occasional zooids with one, three, or four.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="452B9F32CC5DFFE4B1C1FCA0FD001814" blockId="18.[151,1437,317,2036]" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">
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Adventitious avicularia polymorphic, including the following
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<typeStatus id="9A2F2190CC5DFFE4B28EFCA3FC011F57" box="[904,967,786,812]" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">types</typeStatus>
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. 1) Small oral avicularium with short-triangular mandible, usually lateral to and directed toward orifice, tip of rostrum reaching top of peristomial flange, crossbar complete unless damaged; often degenerate, rostrum replaced by irregular opening; single, or often lacking. 2) Oval, shoe-shaped, or rounded-quadrate frontal avicularia, somewhat larger than oral avicularia, occurring proximally or laterally on frontal wall; one or occasionally two per zooid when present, lacking in many zooids; mandible short-spatulate, wider distally than proximally, pointing in any direction; crossbar usually incomplete but sometimes complete. 3) Large, spatulate avicularium originating lateral or distolateral to orifice, extending to lateral corner of zooid, directed proximolaterally; sides of rostrum parallel for about half rostral length, then expanding to spatulate end, about twice width of proximal portion; rim of rostrum smooth; large avicularia uncommon in Co To specimens and lacking in some colony fragments.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="452B9F32CC5DFFE4B1C1FBC8FB521958" blockId="18.[151,1437,317,2036]" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">Ooecium prominent, with about 25 pseudopores, imperforate in proximocentral area; periphery covered by narrow zone of pustulose frontal calcification from surrounding zooids; peristomial collar thickened, higher in ooeciate zooids, narrowing proximally as pseudosinus, extending part way onto ooecium on each side, occasionally forming complete collar across proximal part of ooecium. In reproductive parts of colony, large, secondary areolar openings surrounding peristome and ooecium, with calcified struts forming coarse reticular network.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0D8ECCB9CC5DFFE4B1C1FA9FFE7E1BB4" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="452B9F32CC5DFFE4B1C1FA9FFCC019CF" blockId="18.[151,1437,317,2036]" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">
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<emphasis id="77E04320CC5DFFE4B1C1FA9FFEFD1933" bold="true" box="[199,315,1326,1352]" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">Remarks.</emphasis>
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The Co To specimens agree well with the original description of
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<taxonomicName id="8294E4B1CC5DFFE4B52DFA9FFEB21910" authority="Liu (in Liu et al.)" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Parasmittina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="parsevalioidea">
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<emphasis id="77E04320CC5DFFE4B52DFA9FFAAA193C" box="[1067,1388,1325,1351]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">Parasmittina parsevalioidea</emphasis>
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Liu (in Liu
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<emphasis id="77E04320CC5DFFE4B1EDFAE3FEE51910" box="[235,291,1361,1387]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">et al.</emphasis>
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), 2001
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</taxonomicName>
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, from
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<collectingRegion id="875051D0CC5DFFE4B0BAFAE0FDCB1910" box="[444,525,1361,1387]" country="China" name="Hainan" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">Hainan</collectingRegion>
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Island,
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<collectingCountry id="3D83DFA2CC5DFFE4B360FAE0FD6A1910" box="[614,684,1361,1387]" name="China" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">China</collectingCountry>
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, roughly
|
||
<quantity id="826C32D7CC5DFFE4B212FAE0FCAF1910" box="[788,873,1361,1387]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" unit="km" value="200.0">200 km</quantity>
|
||
southeast of Co To. The original description notes that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8294E4B1CC5DFFE4B1CEFAC7FDCE19F4" box="[200,520,1397,1423]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Parasmittina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="parsevalioidea">
|
||
<emphasis id="77E04320CC5DFFE4B1CEFAC7FDCE19F4" box="[200,520,1397,1423]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">Parasmittina parsevalioidea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
varies in colony form from unilaminar to multilaminar, but we observed only the unilaminar condition in the colonies collected at Co To.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="452B9F32CC5DFFE4B1C1FA0CFE7E1BB4" blockId="18.[151,1437,317,2036]" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2105E2C3CC5DFFE4B1C1FA0CFEBA19A3" author="Tilbrook, K. J." box="[199,380,1469,1496]" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" refId="ref32691" refString="Tilbrook, K. J. (2006) Cheilostomatous Bryozoa of the Solomon Islands. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, 386 pp." type="book" year="2006">Tilbrook (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
declared
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8294E4B1CC5DFFE4B0EBFA0FFD7719AC" box="[493,689,1469,1495]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Parasmittina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="parsevalioidea">
|
||
<emphasis id="77E04320CC5DFFE4B0EBFA0FFD7719AC" box="[493,689,1469,1495]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">P. parsevalioidea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be a junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8294E4B1CC5DFFE4B2E9FA0FFA5E19AC" authority="Ryland & Hayward, 1992" authorityName="Ryland & Hayward" authorityYear="1992" box="[1007,1432,1469,1495]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Parasmittina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="galerita">
|
||
<emphasis id="77E04320CC5DFFE4B2E9FA0FFBA019AC" box="[1007,1126,1469,1495]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">P. galerita</emphasis>
|
||
Ryland & Hayward, 1992
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, originally described from the Great Barrier Reef; however, while the two are very similar, they also appear to show consistent differences, and we retain the former name for populations in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3D83DFA2CC5DFFE4B510F9B4FB9F1A64" box="[1046,1113,1541,1567]" name="China" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3D83DFA2CC5DFFE4B594F9B4FB331A64" box="[1170,1269,1541,1567]" name="Vietnam" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8294E4B1CC5DFFE4B426F9B7FA501A64" authorityName="Ryland & Hayward" authorityYear="1992" box="[1312,1430,1541,1567]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Parasmittina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="galerita">
|
||
<emphasis id="77E04320CC5DFFE4B426F9B7FA501A64" box="[1312,1430,1541,1567]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">P. galerita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the condyles are relatively small, blunt, and directed medially, with fine denticulation around the blunt end; in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8294E4B1CC5DFFE4B48EF99BFEFB1A1C" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Parasmittina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="parsevalioidea">
|
||
<emphasis id="77E04320CC5DFFE4B48EF99BFEFB1A1C" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">P. parsevalioidea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the condyles are long, tusk-shaped, acute, and directed proximomedially toward the lyrula, with denticulation along the curved edge. The lyrula in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8294E4B1CC5DFFE4B3DEF9C3FC5D1AF0" box="[728,923,1649,1675]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Parasmittina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="parsevalioidea">
|
||
<emphasis id="77E04320CC5DFFE4B3DEF9C3FC5D1AF0" box="[728,923,1649,1675]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">P. parsevalioidea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears to be wider than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8294E4B1CC5DFFE4B5E5F9C3FA9F1AF0" authorityName="Ryland & Hayward" authorityYear="1992" box="[1251,1369,1649,1675]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Parasmittina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="galerita">
|
||
<emphasis id="77E04320CC5DFFE4B5E5F9C3FA9F1AF0" box="[1251,1369,1649,1675]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">P. galerita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8294E4B1CC5DFFE4B48EF9C3FF361AD4" authorityName="Ryland & Hayward" authorityYear="1992" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Parasmittina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="galerita">
|
||
<emphasis id="77E04320CC5DFFE4B48EF9C3FF361AD4" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">P. galerita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the peristome is complete around the proximal margin of the ooecium, whereas in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8294E4B1CC5DFFE4B593F927FA901AD4" box="[1173,1366,1685,1711]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Parasmittina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="parsevalioidea">
|
||
<emphasis id="77E04320CC5DFFE4B593F927FA901AD4" box="[1173,1366,1685,1711]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">P. parsevalioidea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, short extensions of the peristome extend onto the ooecium but only occasionally meet to form a continuous peristome. Finally, the original description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8294E4B1CC5DFFE4B313F96FFD4E1A8C" authorityName="Ryland & Hayward" authorityYear="1992" box="[533,648,1757,1783]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Parasmittina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="galerita">
|
||
<emphasis id="77E04320CC5DFFE4B313F96FFD4E1A8C" box="[533,648,1757,1783]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">P. galerita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
indicates that zooids have a single, ephemeral oral spine; spine number in our material ranges from one to four but most zooids have two, with spine bases remaining in older parts of the colony far from the margin. Nominal
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8294E4B1CC5DFFE4B34FF897FCFB1B44" authorityName="Ryland & Hayward" authorityYear="1992" box="[585,829,1829,1855]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Parasmittina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="galerita">
|
||
<emphasis id="77E04320CC5DFFE4B34FF897FCFB1B44" box="[585,829,1829,1855]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">Parasmittina galerita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3D83DFA2CC5DFFE4B2B6F894FBAB1B44" box="[944,1133,1829,1855]" name="Solomon Islands" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">Solomon Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2105E2C3CC5DFFE4B578F894FAE21B3B" author="Tilbrook, K. J." box="[1150,1316,1829,1856]" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" refId="ref32691" refString="Tilbrook, K. J. (2006) Cheilostomatous Bryozoa of the Solomon Islands. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, 386 pp." type="book" year="2006">Tilbrook 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) has blunt condyles, one or two ephemeral oral spines, giant avicularia with the distal rim coarsely toothed, one or two triangular avicularia associated with each orifice, a triangular avicularium sometimes associated with the ooecium, and a flared peristome, and may represent a distinct species—in other words, nominal
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8294E4B1CC5DFFE4B509F823FB441BD0" authorityName="Ryland & Hayward" authorityYear="1992" box="[1039,1154,1937,1963]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Parasmittina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="galerita">
|
||
<emphasis id="77E04320CC5DFFE4B509F823FB441BD0" box="[1039,1154,1937,1963]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">P. galerita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may represent a complex of closely related species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0D8ECCB9CC5DFFE4B1C1F868FAE11B88" box="[199,1319,2009,2036]" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="452B9F32CC5DFFE4B1C1F868FAE11B88" blockId="18.[151,1437,317,2036]" box="[199,1319,2009,2036]" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">
|
||
<emphasis id="77E04320CC5DFFE4B1C1F868FEA71B8F" bold="true" box="[199,353,2009,2036]" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Previously reported from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="875051D0CC5DFFE4B38EF868FD1F1B88" box="[648,729,2009,2035]" country="China" name="Hainan" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">Hainan</collectingRegion>
|
||
Island,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3D83DFA2CC5DFFE4B234F868FCBE1B88" box="[818,888,2009,2035]" name="China" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
, at depths of
|
||
<quantity id="826C32D7CC5DFFE4B50BF868FBA41B8F" box="[1037,1122,2009,2036]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" unit="m" value="10.0" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="0.0">0–20 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2105E2C3CC5DFFE4B576F868FADD1B88" author="Liu, X. & Yin, X. & Ma, J." box="[1136,1307,2009,2036]" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" refId="ref30742" refString="Liu, X., Yin, X. & Ma, J. (2001) Biology of Marine-Fouling Bryozoans in the Coastal Waters of China. Science Press, Beijing, 860 pp., 82 pls." type="book" year="2001">
|
||
Liu
|
||
<emphasis id="77E04320CC5DFFE4B5A6F86BFB171B88" box="[1184,1233,2009,2035]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |