463 lines
60 KiB
XML
463 lines
60 KiB
XML
<document ID-CLB-Dataset="293206" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.100.113972" ID-GBIF-Dataset="031b49ce-7b39-4783-aa69-c336a7c0c5fc" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1860-0743-2-425" ID-Pensoft-UUID="54A156427A205897B1BE2942496A3CF6" ID-ZooBank="A9F39F7B24AD44CCA61C73D9BF4066CE" ModsDocID="1860-0743-100-2-425" checkinTime="1712716692428" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Yu, Yanan, Jiao, Yingyi & Zhang, Junlong" docDate="2024" docId="BCEFBE1955B056EDBD043357BA3AB8A8" docLanguage="en" docName="ZoosystEvol 100(2): 425-436" docOrigin="Zoosystematics and Evolution 100 (2)" docPubDate="2024-04-09" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.100.113972" docTitle="Cultellus exilis Yu & Jiao & Zhang 2024, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="4F4ACFDD-3083-4EF7-900E-C259F51ECE95" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="2" id="54A156427A205897B1BE2942496A3CF6" lastPageNumber="425" masterDocId="54A156427A205897B1BE2942496A3CF6" masterDocTitle="Description of a new species of the genus Cultellus Schumacher, 1817 (Bivalvia, Pharidae) from the South China Sea, based on integrative taxonomy" masterLastPageNumber="436" masterPageNumber="425" pageNumber="425" updateTime="1712717297582" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="C7FC976EC01C3F0D0084A73D1C59BAF5">Description of a new species of the genus Cultellus Schumacher, 1817 (Bivalvia, Pharidae) from the South China Sea, based on integrative taxonomy</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="64C54D300ACE9D4ECF423D4AA8A02DCF" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="C10DDF32F28FF9E957D82D2C0ECCCBA7">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="6DF073BE8AC71A6C6D5EF716D75D386A">Yu, Yanan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="6691988F2896AB732D6B199FD9E3278C">Laboratory of Marine Organism Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm id="F8F236FE998AA57CDD1162652A642821">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="19BE0F71CF4659EF13710A196837296C">Jiao, Yingyi</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="5CA4B17833EC736E9F9CB083EB1C106F">Laboratory of Marine Organism Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="40D18EB03CB6F67F1ED1B3D05DD43407">Zhang, Junlong</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="E2E9B578EBD06B88BADFB2A1C0B7769D" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3831-4673</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="B6D707CC0F88434802E6E583CB5C60A5">Laboratory of Marine Organism Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China & Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, China & Marine Biological Museum, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="7C1B61B88332D9BEBBEFF1AFFFE69D17" type="email">zhangjl@qdio.ac.cn</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="51D8A78A925F9EB20BC3249C1BB53B35">Zoosystematics and Evolution</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="6D9176C96A2406D779EC56453215098A">
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<mods:date id="C8822E271CDF9BB6F6C51E8427B2EEE9">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="5A44DFDA9FA8A401C19D53B46C113B21">2024-04-09</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="276C327C181D4C96C2861B9B50B70380">100</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="BB87B9826584EB2BB5B25B7DD097B542">425</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="FC5FF6385902D65AA07FBC87552A1A62">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="873485B15C9EA59BD2EE555335A8BDA9" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.100.113972</mods:identifier>
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<subSection id="C1438B9C56AB1C351F56F34BE60A7350" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" type="results">
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<treatment id="BCEFBE1955B056EDBD043357BA3AB8A8" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4F4ACFDD-3083-4EF7-900E-C259F51ECE95" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/BCEFBE1955B056EDBD043357BA3AB8A8" lastPageNumber="425" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">
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<subSubSection id="C8523FE8C36FDA722D92F61E54D102EB" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="33377DDBA3BF8D6F8AA009839F466521" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">
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<taxonomicName id="2743C535D383289CEAEE3584F25AC52B" LSID="https://zoobank.org/4F4ACFDD-3083-4EF7-900E-C259F51ECE95" authority="Yu & Jiao & Zhang, 2024" authorityName="Yu & Jiao & Zhang" authorityYear="2024" class="Bivalvia" family="Pharidae" genus="Cultellus" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cultellus exilis" order="Adapedonta" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="exilis" status="sp. nov.">Cultellus exilis</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="080A59DCF9484B04AE2D9C9D8837C6BE" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="2328ADEC82E05FE9FF4C7F07C5BAFAC2" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" type="description">
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<paragraph id="D584827F34C10F178B566D7056E8AD2A" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">
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<figureCitation id="F6C363D96467D4748A4455F3C3170678" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Cultellus exilis sp. nov. (holotype) A, B. MBM 229032, L = 34.66 mm; C, D. Exterior views of left and right valve; E, F. Interior views of left and right valve; H. Hinge of left valve; I. Hinge of right valve; J. Internal radial rib of left valve." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.100.113972.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1022355" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">Figs 2</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="C39A7C19625A9BC7DC7083BABD8B92BE" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Cultellus exilis sp. nov. (paratypes) A-D. MBM 264485; E-H. MBM 264488; I-L. MBM 264497; M-P. MBM 264500; Q-T. MBM 229040. Scale bars: 10 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.100.113972.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1022356" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">, 3</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="E54B335D597DA9B73888BAD7381171BF" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. A. Cultellus attenuatus Dunker, 1862. Two syntypes, NHMUK 20240145: L = 54.7 mm, H = 13.9 mm; L = 45.2 mm, H = 12.2 mm; B. Cultellus hanleyi Dunker, 1862. One syntype, NHMUK 1986103: L = 54.1 mm, H = 16.1 mm; C. Cultellus subellipticus Dunker, 1862. One syntype, NHMUK 20240146: L = 46.3 mm, H = 16.0 mm; D. Cultellus vitreus Dunker, 1862. One syntype, NHMUK 20240147: L = 39.5 mm, H = 10.9 mm; E. Cultellus maximus (Gmelin, 1791). MBM 264615: L = 33.6 mm, H = 11.3 mm; F. Cultellus exilis sp. nov. MBM 229032: L = 34.66 mm, H = 10.35 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.100.113972.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1022357" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">, 4F</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="7FF490B2258F05463DAF615C52EA8788" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" type="type specimens">
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<paragraph id="704A853B042D9025012B444BA0AE23EB" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">Type specimens.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="091999658BB4539B93E03A43FBD6FABE" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">
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<emphasis id="C774049EB61F06872EF80A3F8BF6BEB4" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">Holotype</emphasis>
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: MBM229032, one complete individual, collected on 28 May 2021 by Agassiz trawl on the research vessel "TAN KAH KEE" (muddy bottom, depth 55 m).
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<emphasis id="9EDA855B164D585949B260232FB52A79" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">Paratype</emphasis>
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: MBM264485, one complete specimen, collected from the Beibu Gulf, China, January 1962 (muddy bottom, depth 55 m); MBM264488, two complete specimens, collected from the Beibu Gulf, China, December 1959 (Habitat unknown); MBM264497, one complete specimen, collected from Haimen, Guangdong Province, China, March 1954 (Habitat unknown); MBM264500, one complete specimen, collected from Shanwei, Guangdong Province, China, January 1995 (Habitat unknown); MBM229040, one complete specimen, collected from Hainan Province, China, January 1959 (muddy bottom, depth 91.5 m).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="58E5B416F38D4D07EF60F0824D433DC5" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" type="type locality">
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<paragraph id="6E474250935286B5A0665EF49F8C2EE5" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">Type locality.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D9EA593D13665815CD7544C212C680FC" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">
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Neritic zone of the South China Sea (depth 55 m,
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<geoCoordinate id="F4C7D849715FA1C8EEAE78DE60CB96CD" degrees="20" direction="north" minutes="1" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="13.44" value="20.0204">20°1'13.44"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="F171D0820239571980FEB2451893E187" degrees="117" direction="east" minutes="10" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="45.84" value="117.1794">117°10'45.84"E</geoCoordinate>
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); Muddy bottom.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="B66B8BCF961D6F467AE2E5E322078343" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="AE0D3EEBFF9F78CA30DC06E410BE50B4" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="ACFC7105C916EBAE3404836425C0759A" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">
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The specific epithet
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<normalizedToken id="8F1D0C764362CBFD1182A0D6A496F34E" originalValue="“exilis>”">"exilis>"</normalizedToken>
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is derived from the Latin, referring to its slender shell, which is a remarkable difference from other species in this genus.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="FB571B785578CA2D52EBB18BD06438B4" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" type="description">
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<paragraph id="9CC265BE80691ABCB97FCD349E73012B" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="59C077515DD3784B565EF67679A6ACB7" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">
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Shell medium in size, flattened, elongate, fragile, glazed, translucent, equivalve, inequilateral. Some specimens are covered with various-sized bubbles on their surface (Figs
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<figureCitation id="69A3AECF50C96438D2F9EDB3CFC28DCB" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Cultellus exilis sp. nov. (holotype) A, B. MBM 229032, L = 34.66 mm; C, D. Exterior views of left and right valve; E, F. Interior views of left and right valve; H. Hinge of left valve; I. Hinge of right valve; J. Internal radial rib of left valve." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.100.113972.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1022355" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">2A-D</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="EC050E2ED58B1E40FB9C4098AC5872A7" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Cultellus exilis sp. nov. (paratypes) A-D. MBM 264485; E-H. MBM 264488; I-L. MBM 264497; M-P. MBM 264500; Q-T. MBM 229040. Scale bars: 10 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.100.113972.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1022356" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">3A-D</figureCitation>
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). Umbo depressed, weakly prosogyrous, situated at anterior 2/9 of shell. Anterior area short, elliptical, posterior area elongated, both ends gaping, anterior end slightly turned-up, posterior end slightly more pointed than anterior end; antero-dorsal margin downward sloping, postero-dorsal margin almost straight, ventral margin rather arcuate, postero-ventral margin more curved than antero-ventral, middle-ventral margin almost straight. Periostracum of valve surface yellowish; shell surface with fine, dense, regular and non-isometric co-marginal growth lines, without radial lines; lunule and escutcheon absent. Ligament short, but strong, dark brown and situated opisthodetic.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="E6264BE87597363875263A777F9D16AF" doi="10.3897/zse.100.113972.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1022355" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
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<paragraph id="7F120D1C42A42A3336B9D0D3F74D6DB3" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">
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<emphasis id="E280D28BD78EC7EDD727A5403615A368" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">Figure 2.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="067654C57AEB54B0D73644A5D56036D7" authorityName="Yu & Jiao & Zhang" authorityYear="2024" class="Bivalvia" family="Pharidae" genus="Cultellus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cultellus exilis" order="Adapedonta" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="exilis">
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<emphasis id="1609A0AE66F0F1AB1C64F942FFE98620" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">Cultellus exilis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. nov. (holotype)
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<emphasis id="ECFD7A87B054E90AD5F0364E79322482" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">A, B.</emphasis>
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MBM229032, L = 34.66 mm;
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<emphasis id="7A7D628CC696995D07630D0BC9F082DD" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">C, D.</emphasis>
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Exterior views of left and right valve;
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<emphasis id="5511565E90565EFA769AF4312A0C5BAC" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">E, F.</emphasis>
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Interior views of left and right valve;
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<emphasis id="59C6DACD5E9160FFFC33D1BEDC671D50" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">H.</emphasis>
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Hinge of left valve;
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<emphasis id="B734E28BA8C32F189015F882FCC7AD69" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">I.</emphasis>
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Hinge of right valve;
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<emphasis id="92ACAF98C48DE876E3130ADFE42B3DE1" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">J.</emphasis>
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Internal radial rib of left valve.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="53D6C4F88F71C64C3AE06AA3365E1679" doi="10.3897/zse.100.113972.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1022356" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
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<paragraph id="2F4F82EA102F73EE6487CE67FE35DABE" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">
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<emphasis id="C2014AEF9AC1EF57F030DA6387E269F8" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">Figure 3.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="6238F138697D30E36F004D7AB337C673" authorityName="Yu & Jiao & Zhang" authorityYear="2024" class="Bivalvia" family="Pharidae" genus="Cultellus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cultellus exilis" order="Adapedonta" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="exilis">
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<emphasis id="30FC3DBDA896892FD6220C6FE79CB464" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">Cultellus exilis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. nov. (paratypes)
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<emphasis id="856481D9DFAABC9F3619C376A39A3ACF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">A-D.</emphasis>
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MBM264485;
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<emphasis id="0A48602CC3E14EF3635A5F74809432D1" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">E-H.</emphasis>
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MBM264488;
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<emphasis id="09ABF2EDBD9F22B2D35769F9FD1B37C0" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">I-L.</emphasis>
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MBM264497;
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<emphasis id="AA321A1960153B51A0B86141F90910FB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">M-P.</emphasis>
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MBM264500;
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<emphasis id="1A52832945461DAC54D04015EBBF6200" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">Q-T.</emphasis>
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MBM229040. Scale bars: 10 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="05016C27187AE18A81C49F4EE857E681" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">
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Interior shell off-white, with yellowish periostracum in margin. Each valve with one white, strong, thin, straight, internal radial rib extending from umbonal area to anterior end, forming ca. 21° angle with antero-dorsal margin (Fig.
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<figureCitation id="D5B0004A517BECD251B5B6AC056FA7FD" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Cultellus exilis sp. nov. (holotype) A, B. MBM 229032, L = 34.66 mm; C, D. Exterior views of left and right valve; E, F. Interior views of left and right valve; H. Hinge of left valve; I. Hinge of right valve; J. Internal radial rib of left valve." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.100.113972.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1022355" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">2H-J</figureCitation>
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). Anterior adductor muscle scar subtrigonal, obvious, near internal rib; posterior adductor scar falciform, almost straight near the dorsal margin; pedal retractor scars rhombic, situated at the corner between umbo and internal rib; pallial sinus shallow, pallial lines connected to adductor scars. Left valve with three strong and projecting cardinal teeth, central tooth bifid at the top and confluent at the base, without lateral tooth (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="19895109B35307EEF6FF537C569228F1" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Cultellus exilis sp. nov. (holotype) A, B. MBM 229032, L = 34.66 mm; C, D. Exterior views of left and right valve; E, F. Interior views of left and right valve; H. Hinge of left valve; I. Hinge of right valve; J. Internal radial rib of left valve." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.100.113972.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1022355" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">2H</figureCitation>
|
||
); right valve with two long and strong cardinal teeth, anterior protruding downwards, posterior pointing to the back end, without lateral tooth (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="4A35AFA769BC3DF58C0B70CDB15638D5" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Cultellus exilis sp. nov. (holotype) A, B. MBM 229032, L = 34.66 mm; C, D. Exterior views of left and right valve; E, F. Interior views of left and right valve; H. Hinge of left valve; I. Hinge of right valve; J. Internal radial rib of left valve." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.100.113972.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1022355" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">2I</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D4A9D4A5307CE68E9B311A26CCBD8393" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">Siphons short and bifurcated, situated at posterior area; gills transversely folded; foot strong, depressed, truncated, situated at anterior area.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3CCED3B3484A4AB739ADA6F9E578F616" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="D4E153E41D0D90D35AB72A54F602C125" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">Measurement.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9DF8E5616989FFB7C223277CBDCF1AB5" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">Holotype: MBM229032: L = 34.66 mm, H = 10.35 mm, W = 2.27 mm. Paratype: MBM264485: L = 45.42 mm, H = 12.65 mm, W = 2.37 mm; MBM264488: L = 61.51 mm, H = 16.26 mm, W = 3.73 mm; MBM264497: L = 77.05 mm, H = 21.14 mm, W = 4.72 mm; MBM264500: L = 73.30 mm, H = 19.74 mm, W = 4.52 mm; MBM264601: L = 44.32 mm, H = 12.42 mm, W = 2.33 mm.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8D1196D854BF3389C833397E46F1DD4B" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph id="9E711E517DAB92B9F26D60DB55F0CC39" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D764023D2A162C5E3FA617E133C792B3" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">
|
||
The shells of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="49515D3E2E513FD438E35270BEB4FAEC" authorityName="Schumacher" authorityYear="1817" class="Bivalvia" family="Pharidae" genus="Cultellus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cultellus" order="Adapedonta" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="948C30D7D59F2CBDE7A323548E2E8B18" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">Cultellus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are relatively less elongated compared to those of the other genera of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9CAE8A3121C72AC6A6D6751672514F6" authorityName="Schumacher" authorityYear="1817" class="Bivalvia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Adapedonta" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" phylum="Mollusca" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Solenoidea">Solenoidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Typically, the shells of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="91AEFB2A377A9640DE11F7AA3482C5FA" authorityName="Schumacher" authorityYear="1817" class="Bivalvia" family="Pharidae" genus="Cultellus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cultellus" order="Adapedonta" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AA8DC43E58084BBE9DBC59F0C316477E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">Cultellus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have rounded anterior and posterior ends, an anteriorly located umbo, strong internal ribs and three cardinal teeth on the left valve and two on the right (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BFED8C3965CFA9FAB6D5E8C8FC556DEC" author="Thiele, J" journalOrPublisher="T, Ancona, Italy" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" refId="B48" refString="Thiele, J, 1992. Handbook of systematic malacology pts 3-4. Smithsonian Institution Libraries: National Science Foundation, 1396 pp." title="Handbook of systematic malacology pts 3 - 4. Smithsonian Institution Libraries: National Science Foundation, 1396 pp." year="1992">Thiele 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The remarkable morphologic similarity amongst
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCD57B923E7B3E812CCF586A554874B5" authorityName="Schumacher" authorityYear="1817" class="Bivalvia" family="Pharidae" genus="Cultellus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cultellus" order="Adapedonta" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DFB8F3C0211664BCA9873DFC24276E9D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">Cultellus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
members makes species identification challenging. The distinguishing features that separate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B6550DCA0099C68B2C3263E0CDA5663D" authorityName="Yu & Jiao & Zhang" authorityYear="2024" class="Bivalvia" family="Pharidae" genus="Cultellus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cultellus exilis" order="Adapedonta" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="exilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="822F347C0B15B7BA7D5273399B181D87" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">Cultellus exilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. from other species in this genus are its particularly slender, fragile and translucent shells. Additionally, the new species differs from the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3439F2163A2C196046B9CB68E2B3257C" lsidName="C. maximus" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="703092D866A684A83711FB729DA1E812" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">C. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="E28382403FA68EFD6F1C27F36190BD7B" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. A. Cultellus attenuatus Dunker, 1862. Two syntypes, NHMUK 20240145: L = 54.7 mm, H = 13.9 mm; L = 45.2 mm, H = 12.2 mm; B. Cultellus hanleyi Dunker, 1862. One syntype, NHMUK 1986103: L = 54.1 mm, H = 16.1 mm; C. Cultellus subellipticus Dunker, 1862. One syntype, NHMUK 20240146: L = 46.3 mm, H = 16.0 mm; D. Cultellus vitreus Dunker, 1862. One syntype, NHMUK 20240147: L = 39.5 mm, H = 10.9 mm; E. Cultellus maximus (Gmelin, 1791). MBM 264615: L = 33.6 mm, H = 11.3 mm; F. Cultellus exilis sp. nov. MBM 229032: L = 34.66 mm, H = 10.35 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.100.113972.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1022357" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">4E</figureCitation>
|
||
) in that its posterior end is notably narrower than its anterior end (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3A4BD6AF337E0D11380757209A878864" author="Gmelin, JF" journalOrPublisher="6, Impensis Georg, Emanuel Beer, Lipsiae" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" refId="B18" refString="Gmelin, JF, 1791. Caroli a Linne. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Vol. Tom. 1 Pars. 6, Impensis Georg, Emanuel Beer, Lipsiae" title="Caroli a Linne. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Vol. Tom. 1 Pars." year="1791">Gmelin 1791</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It closely resembles
|
||
<taxonomicName id="277B6881AE3168FF6E10E8876AA4CF19" lsidName="C. attenuatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" rank="species" species="attenuatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9F1707AD573B5B1D0D74920D3A8A558F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">C. attenuatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="4E9D59BCB8304F69565DE67C2D4C125E" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. A. Cultellus attenuatus Dunker, 1862. Two syntypes, NHMUK 20240145: L = 54.7 mm, H = 13.9 mm; L = 45.2 mm, H = 12.2 mm; B. Cultellus hanleyi Dunker, 1862. One syntype, NHMUK 1986103: L = 54.1 mm, H = 16.1 mm; C. Cultellus subellipticus Dunker, 1862. One syntype, NHMUK 20240146: L = 46.3 mm, H = 16.0 mm; D. Cultellus vitreus Dunker, 1862. One syntype, NHMUK 20240147: L = 39.5 mm, H = 10.9 mm; E. Cultellus maximus (Gmelin, 1791). MBM 264615: L = 33.6 mm, H = 11.3 mm; F. Cultellus exilis sp. nov. MBM 229032: L = 34.66 mm, H = 10.35 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.100.113972.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1022357" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">4A</figureCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9D2EA5155ED8D0DEDFE80FB728EF56B2" lsidName="C. vitreus" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" rank="species" species="vitreus">
|
||
<emphasis id="EF08A2B61D611CD3BFBAD10FAB0A3D23" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">C. vitreus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="3E4F62E3C9BCF767A1069377B570E4F5" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. A. Cultellus attenuatus Dunker, 1862. Two syntypes, NHMUK 20240145: L = 54.7 mm, H = 13.9 mm; L = 45.2 mm, H = 12.2 mm; B. Cultellus hanleyi Dunker, 1862. One syntype, NHMUK 1986103: L = 54.1 mm, H = 16.1 mm; C. Cultellus subellipticus Dunker, 1862. One syntype, NHMUK 20240146: L = 46.3 mm, H = 16.0 mm; D. Cultellus vitreus Dunker, 1862. One syntype, NHMUK 20240147: L = 39.5 mm, H = 10.9 mm; E. Cultellus maximus (Gmelin, 1791). MBM 264615: L = 33.6 mm, H = 11.3 mm; F. Cultellus exilis sp. nov. MBM 229032: L = 34.66 mm, H = 10.35 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.100.113972.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1022357" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">4D</figureCitation>
|
||
). However,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72C0820CF696E477D53EEEA41EA12519" lsidName="C. attenuatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" rank="species" species="attenuatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D9F87C893A9A83AE6745ABD7D4B7B910" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">C. attenuatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="8BF92ECB309025460E6E96EAFA7E777E" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. A. Cultellus attenuatus Dunker, 1862. Two syntypes, NHMUK 20240145: L = 54.7 mm, H = 13.9 mm; L = 45.2 mm, H = 12.2 mm; B. Cultellus hanleyi Dunker, 1862. One syntype, NHMUK 1986103: L = 54.1 mm, H = 16.1 mm; C. Cultellus subellipticus Dunker, 1862. One syntype, NHMUK 20240146: L = 46.3 mm, H = 16.0 mm; D. Cultellus vitreus Dunker, 1862. One syntype, NHMUK 20240147: L = 39.5 mm, H = 10.9 mm; E. Cultellus maximus (Gmelin, 1791). MBM 264615: L = 33.6 mm, H = 11.3 mm; F. Cultellus exilis sp. nov. MBM 229032: L = 34.66 mm, H = 10.35 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.100.113972.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1022357" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">4A</figureCitation>
|
||
) differs from the new species by the anterior area of the shell, which is obviously wider than the posterior part. Additionally, the posterior end of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B7A6ECA7F06DD7EA96ACA2FAEDB98AFD" lsidName="C. vitreus" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" rank="species" species="vitreus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8B4B799FBDF612F684E933B7FAA8E65" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">C. vitreus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is slightly truncated (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="78102569D533050FA6920FBBB718C438" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. A. Cultellus attenuatus Dunker, 1862. Two syntypes, NHMUK 20240145: L = 54.7 mm, H = 13.9 mm; L = 45.2 mm, H = 12.2 mm; B. Cultellus hanleyi Dunker, 1862. One syntype, NHMUK 1986103: L = 54.1 mm, H = 16.1 mm; C. Cultellus subellipticus Dunker, 1862. One syntype, NHMUK 20240146: L = 46.3 mm, H = 16.0 mm; D. Cultellus vitreus Dunker, 1862. One syntype, NHMUK 20240147: L = 39.5 mm, H = 10.9 mm; E. Cultellus maximus (Gmelin, 1791). MBM 264615: L = 33.6 mm, H = 11.3 mm; F. Cultellus exilis sp. nov. MBM 229032: L = 34.66 mm, H = 10.35 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.100.113972.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1022357" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">4D</figureCitation>
|
||
), whereas
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B86AF06DB46D4344AE207EDE9BE2C71E" authorityName="Yu & Jiao & Zhang" authorityYear="2024" class="Bivalvia" family="Pharidae" genus="Cultellus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cultellus exilis" order="Adapedonta" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="exilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B73A6FE9C69B33E0650D528B0C45AF0D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">Cultellus exilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is more curved.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="68DB938F68E53FD4C646C5C6BB3BE68C" lsidName="C. subellipticus" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" rank="species" species="subellipticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="EE299CEF8D4649F22FFAC7CC00D7A591" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">C. subellipticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="273D1EA4372EDB2DBC1880660DCF971A" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. A. Cultellus attenuatus Dunker, 1862. Two syntypes, NHMUK 20240145: L = 54.7 mm, H = 13.9 mm; L = 45.2 mm, H = 12.2 mm; B. Cultellus hanleyi Dunker, 1862. One syntype, NHMUK 1986103: L = 54.1 mm, H = 16.1 mm; C. Cultellus subellipticus Dunker, 1862. One syntype, NHMUK 20240146: L = 46.3 mm, H = 16.0 mm; D. Cultellus vitreus Dunker, 1862. One syntype, NHMUK 20240147: L = 39.5 mm, H = 10.9 mm; E. Cultellus maximus (Gmelin, 1791). MBM 264615: L = 33.6 mm, H = 11.3 mm; F. Cultellus exilis sp. nov. MBM 229032: L = 34.66 mm, H = 10.35 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.100.113972.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1022357" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">4C</figureCitation>
|
||
) differs from the new species by the posterior area of the shell, which is much wider than the anterior part (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="54E78FF08F5084D024F7D7AC4FF22D79" author="Dunker, W" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" pagination="418 - 427" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28672974" refId="B14" refString="Dunker, W, 1862. Solenacea nova collectionis Cumingianae. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1861: 418 - 427, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28672974" title="Solenacea nova collectionis Cumingianae." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28672974" volume="1861" year="1862">Dunker 1862</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="23669157EA23B855238F560C2728DC65" author="Clessin, S" journalOrPublisher="Marketing Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" refId="B9" refString="Clessin, S, 1888. Die Familie der Solenaceen: In Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen. In: Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet Von Martini Und Chemnitz. Forgotten Books, Lodon, 36-48." title="Die Familie der Solenaceen: In Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen. In: Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet Von Martini Und Chemnitz. Forgotten Books, Lodon, 36 - 48." year="1888">Clessin 1888</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Compared to this new species, the length-to-height ratio of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="457A638183C2EFE1032D4F6BF1831875" lsidName="C. hanleyi" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" rank="species" species="hanleyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="42257F30B6B2F7F9785EBBF27C42422B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">C. hanleyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is 3.3-3.4:1 (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="42A1ECD50E02775C284FAEDD1646D0DF" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. A. Cultellus attenuatus Dunker, 1862. Two syntypes, NHMUK 20240145: L = 54.7 mm, H = 13.9 mm; L = 45.2 mm, H = 12.2 mm; B. Cultellus hanleyi Dunker, 1862. One syntype, NHMUK 1986103: L = 54.1 mm, H = 16.1 mm; C. Cultellus subellipticus Dunker, 1862. One syntype, NHMUK 20240146: L = 46.3 mm, H = 16.0 mm; D. Cultellus vitreus Dunker, 1862. One syntype, NHMUK 20240147: L = 39.5 mm, H = 10.9 mm; E. Cultellus maximus (Gmelin, 1791). MBM 264615: L = 33.6 mm, H = 11.3 mm; F. Cultellus exilis sp. nov. MBM 229032: L = 34.66 mm, H = 10.35 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.100.113972.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1022357" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">4B</figureCitation>
|
||
), whereas the ratio of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="52E1EA0CCA9A01F40A4C60DD032DCB4A" authorityName="Yu & Jiao & Zhang" authorityYear="2024" class="Bivalvia" family="Pharidae" genus="Cultellus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cultellus exilis" order="Adapedonta" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="exilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="AE238C688DEE530AFC3C1FC75039B2B2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">Cultellus exilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is 3.5-3.8:1.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="4AF912311AFE92E2BC73D2C2A6280077" doi="10.3897/zse.100.113972.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1022357" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
|
||
<paragraph id="DBBCD07F2BF10ABB1CAE7BBFFF0F382F" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">
|
||
<emphasis id="2978DB9610D9C2D97BBE71B65841872A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">Figure 4.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="3F219B26B22F8DCAAE8801ADD05BB514" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">A.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7685479D5581F21AEBF1634E36CF5F4A" authorityName="Dunker" authorityYear="1862" class="Bivalvia" family="Pharidae" genus="Cultellus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cultellus attenuatus" order="Adapedonta" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="attenuatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A0AD607A02B4D88126E596BAFF766A1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">Cultellus attenuatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Dunker, 1862. Two syntypes, NHMUK 20240145: L = 54.7 mm, H = 13.9 mm; L = 45.2 mm, H = 12.2 mm;
|
||
<emphasis id="6B1880381AF274EE370FAC2F7EA15620" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">B.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="188CE31A065FC42A5C02E1D8C57294E6" authorityName="Dunker" authorityYear="1861" class="Bivalvia" family="Pharidae" genus="Cultellus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cultellus hanleyi" order="Adapedonta" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="hanleyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E99A16CF6F284C031FAD77C35763C5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">Cultellus hanleyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Dunker, 1862. One syntype, NHMUK 1986103: L = 54.1 mm, H = 16.1 mm;
|
||
<emphasis id="66B40331E734BADD0F0C1B61D34EBE5D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">C.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C2D97C0C094A72C0D1B0B4618E857" authorityName="Dunker" authorityYear="1862" class="Bivalvia" family="Pharidae" genus="Cultellus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cultellus subellipticus" order="Adapedonta" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="subellipticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8D335BDC13C2CCF792E730D8F85244F0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">Cultellus subellipticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Dunker, 1862. One syntype, NHMUK 20240146: L = 46.3mm, H = 16.0 mm;
|
||
<emphasis id="7572D42F00F2C82383FA5B609596FDB0" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">D.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D6547C460986601FFA81375210416F6E" authorityName="Dunker" authorityYear="1862" class="Bivalvia" family="Pharidae" genus="Cultellus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cultellus vitreus" order="Adapedonta" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="vitreus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9EF9D629C3790CA3AC12EAE2C19E9E5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">Cultellus vitreus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Dunker, 1862. One syntype, NHMUK 20240147: L = 39.5 mm, H = 10.9 mm;
|
||
<emphasis id="8F08A795505EE21A89C3709F6EB556E2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">E.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="73505B612F65758624E166E021872B77" baseAuthorityName="Gmelin" baseAuthorityYear="1791" class="Bivalvia" family="Pharidae" genus="Cultellus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cultellus maximus" order="Adapedonta" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B67195D90B8CFB1F90CA5E82B0D6A18" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">Cultellus maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Gmelin, 1791). MBM264615: L = 33.6 mm, H = 11.3 mm;
|
||
<emphasis id="90B48076E735419348C0E3A3EB7A2662" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">F.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5AA00E5528CED10F4E21319EE44414EC" authorityName="Yu & Jiao & Zhang" authorityYear="2024" class="Bivalvia" family="Pharidae" genus="Cultellus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cultellus exilis" order="Adapedonta" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="exilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C70FCA8F110BB32B6C538B1372697783" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">Cultellus exilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. MBM229032: L = 34.66 mm, H = 10.35 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="CBCDB0F70B37122D801A61BE8375300B" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" type="geometric morphometrics of shell outlines">
|
||
<paragraph id="2C0D2AF69F984ED5C4EC95B66C532B10" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">Geometric morphometrics of shell outlines.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="32455CEF9C7C1EDDDA92505CFBA98CA5" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">
|
||
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was conducted on the Progrustes alignment outline data of 32 samples representing six species. The results revealed that the first three principal components accounted for a cumulative contribution rate of 96.88% (PCA1 80.79%, PCA2 13.97% and PCA3 2.12%), indicating that they can represent the major morphological differences amongst the samples. According to the extreme distortion state of the thin plate spline plots, the main difference of all samples along the PCA1 axis occurs in the relative height of the shell (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="A48E8620E1FF32DC0E48F8DAB5DD5C56" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Principal component and thin plate spline analyses, based on outlines of the genus Cultellus. A. The extreme distortion of the outlines in the negative of PC 2; B. The extreme distortion of the outlines in the positive of PC 1; C. The extreme distortion of the outlines in the negative of PC 1; D. The extreme distortion of the outlines in the positive of PC 2. Each colour of the dot in the principal component analysis diagram represents a species." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.100.113972.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1022358" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">5B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Differences in the PCA2 axis mainly involve the length-to-height ratio of the shells. Shells were increasingly elongated from the PCA2+ to PCA2- direction (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="EC9EF12A23A6842E23A51E5172608D5E" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Principal component and thin plate spline analyses, based on outlines of the genus Cultellus. A. The extreme distortion of the outlines in the negative of PC 2; B. The extreme distortion of the outlines in the positive of PC 1; C. The extreme distortion of the outlines in the negative of PC 1; D. The extreme distortion of the outlines in the positive of PC 2. Each colour of the dot in the principal component analysis diagram represents a species." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.100.113972.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1022358" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">5A, D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Considering the distortion observed along both the PCA1 and PCA2 axes, the main variation in the outlines of the six species within the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4AA8F52E48D9C236E166F69A5BEE0268" authorityName="Schumacher" authorityYear="1817" class="Bivalvia" family="Pharidae" genus="Cultellus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cultellus" order="Adapedonta" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="50AA6AAB25697FAAB3439BF41C252D67" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">Cultellus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the relative length and height of the shell. Discriminant analysis of all data indicated that the first two variance values explain 96.98% of the overall variation. A Discriminant analysis plot clearly demonstrated that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FAC94AADB408B862400C47ED5B528F8C" authorityName="Yu & Jiao & Zhang" authorityYear="2024" class="Bivalvia" family="Pharidae" genus="Cultellus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cultellus exilis" order="Adapedonta" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="exilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="5F94404002B406329DCFC17CC9950F48" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">Cultellus exilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. is distinctly separated from the other species, forming its own cluster (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="79FF51EC1675BB3FCF38ACEF8268585A" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Scatter plot of discriminant analysis of the genus Cultellus. Each colour of the dot in the principal component analysis diagram represents a species." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.100.113972.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1022359" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">6</figureCitation>
|
||
). Therefore, the geometric morphometric analysis results, based on outlines, support distinguishing the new species from other species within the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C298254BFA7CBE6D1DCBDC223C9E3C61" authorityName="Schumacher" authorityYear="1817" class="Bivalvia" family="Pharidae" genus="Cultellus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cultellus" order="Adapedonta" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="6771CC23545C3205867BF9EA240B46BD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">Cultellus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="21E4FE7CE2BE4CC34FAB04E07A921162" doi="10.3897/zse.100.113972.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1022358" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" start="Figure 5" startId="F5">
|
||
<paragraph id="4DAE199FA6BFA41021AF9C0D08457638" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">
|
||
<emphasis id="BD575F8C3EB543E8B70EEFA2A2F0BF2E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">Figure 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Principal component and thin plate spline analyses, based on outlines of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F36A0995A4173B9D08D81ABBCE616DE" authorityName="Schumacher" authorityYear="1817" class="Bivalvia" family="Pharidae" genus="Cultellus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cultellus" order="Adapedonta" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9B8E20E927576258B85EAA99233EEC1C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">Cultellus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="11ACD30AF70A4E8BD56F2D3FDF5440D8" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">A.</emphasis>
|
||
The extreme distortion of the outlines in the negative of PC2;
|
||
<emphasis id="39A6581648078A60DF7EC9E7BC1BA31F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">B.</emphasis>
|
||
The extreme distortion of the outlines in the positive of PC1;
|
||
<emphasis id="C52EF109AC9301550A1CCAC87D802AEE" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">C.</emphasis>
|
||
The extreme distortion of the outlines in the negative of PC1;
|
||
<emphasis id="A8572C166D38E6761D2DD5C5C802D0BB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">D.</emphasis>
|
||
The extreme distortion of the outlines in the positive of PC2. Each colour of the dot in the principal component analysis diagram represents a species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="51E213E211F71240A39CE01C90893BFD" doi="10.3897/zse.100.113972.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1022359" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" start="Figure 6" startId="F6">
|
||
<paragraph id="FABB10255C1E622364058EA1FA01D140" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">
|
||
<emphasis id="C0779625D549D6AD69F68646A8F974F7" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">Figure 6.</emphasis>
|
||
Scatter plot of discriminant analysis of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6D6F882F287A4F6001C6011518583AB7" authorityName="Schumacher" authorityYear="1817" class="Bivalvia" family="Pharidae" genus="Cultellus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cultellus" order="Adapedonta" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2F8B50C4182099B53E058AC7FAB669F0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">Cultellus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Each colour of the dot in the principal component analysis diagram represents a species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="5D783144A0045BE24C69F1A8271A85C2" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" type="species delimitation analyses">
|
||
<paragraph id="E0F580E50E5787765CF1C5DE08B349B0" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">Species delimitation analyses.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AE3D9D0B991C9E01F16E94C1B494A4CF" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">
|
||
All species delimitation analyses, namely ABGD, bPTP and GMYC, conducted on the COI sequences, resulted in the delimitation of eleven species in the superfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="288E9A89AE55AFE3BC026EF99E1A197B" authorityName="Schumacher" authorityYear="1817" class="Bivalvia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Adapedonta" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" phylum="Mollusca" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Solenoidea">Solenoidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The analysis confirmed that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE785C01F0B53FDA261D0E1967F641E" authorityName="Yu & Jiao & Zhang" authorityYear="2024" class="Bivalvia" family="Pharidae" genus="Cultellus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cultellus exilis" order="Adapedonta" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="exilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="1E91ED942140164F94251005AB2F144E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">Cultellus exilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. is a distinct species from other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7B3B881A41EA99AD5287ACFF0D1F770F" authorityName="Schumacher" authorityYear="1817" class="Bivalvia" family="Pharidae" genus="Cultellus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cultellus" order="Adapedonta" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CAA3ED4EF49A6678728FD1BF271CF588" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">Cultellus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. Sequences of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A37794F39D43FB084760C13AB964309" authorityName="Schumacher" authorityYear="1817" class="Bivalvia" family="Pharidae" genus="Cultellus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cultellus" order="Adapedonta" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1E4FE72882E4E43D7BEB0CBD578DBBE0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">Cultellus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were delimited into four species, i.e.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28FB5CDA9D84E97AF03098891395020B" lsidName="C. attenuatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" rank="species" species="attenuatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9DC5D8EB8C353FAD5D90F5523FE83541" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">C. attenuatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B2735BBF718F94B9BB779E76F03C444F" lsidName="C. subellipticus" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" rank="species" species="subellipticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="972DC97C6AC2A981BD156638F76E4322" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">C. subellipticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2EC0DD17B47371260D4C16FDD9AF72D7" lsidName="C. maximus" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1F4477C483D81AFED12E6D0B4DDEFB70" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">C. maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="62404FF7F42645ECD99A0E4B935A1E10" authorityName="Yu & Jiao & Zhang" authorityYear="2024" class="Bivalvia" family="Pharidae" genus="Cultellus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cultellus exilis" order="Adapedonta" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="exilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="7381EDEB8C64C789BEC5E07EC5204153" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">Cultellus exilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="BAC6C4CDDC55E38E1059C608C2AD762F" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Phylogenetic tree obtained by the Maximum Likelihood (ML), based on COI gene sequences. Numbers adjacent to nodes refer to ML bootstrap scores (BS <50 represented by " * "). The results of three species delimitation methods are shown on the right of the figure (Each species is represented by a single colour)." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.100.113972.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1022360" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">7</figureCitation>
|
||
). In addition, based on the available molecular data, the analysis of a 581-bp fragment of the COI gene yielded a 12.2%-13.9% pairwise distance between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DAE2CDC64D3C7D4D82C3D77C968F733" authorityName="Yu & Jiao & Zhang" authorityYear="2024" class="Bivalvia" family="Pharidae" genus="Cultellus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cultellus exilis" order="Adapedonta" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="exilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="6AE9D668F73F29DFF40F58FDC71CDAED" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">Cultellus exilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. and other congeners, a divergence higher than the intraspecific variation (0-1.7%) of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CFC9EC3AD050057E6822B49D905BCE31" authorityName="Schumacher" authorityYear="1817" class="Bivalvia" family="Pharidae" genus="Cultellus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cultellus" order="Adapedonta" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="928E177C8E03B42784802DD895769435" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">Cultellus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Suppl. material 1: table S2).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="6A1F266B5476C9E75447248226C148CA" doi="10.3897/zse.100.113972.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1022360" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" start="Figure 7" startId="F7">
|
||
<paragraph id="EE401BC467104E512B20470ED0ED92D8" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">
|
||
<emphasis id="DB2970C76FE1B052CE7A25E355E7FED4" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">Figure 7.</emphasis>
|
||
Phylogenetic tree obtained by the Maximum Likelihood (ML), based on COI gene sequences. Numbers adjacent to nodes refer to ML bootstrap scores (BS <50 represented by
|
||
<normalizedToken id="72F6BE1AE421BC59C8F1EBF938642EBC" originalValue="“*”">"*"</normalizedToken>
|
||
). The results of three species delimitation methods are shown on the right of the figure (Each species is represented by a single colour).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="1519EC14893B7EDA5F91ECAF4084AF74" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" type="phylogenetic analyses">
|
||
<paragraph id="B88237B5A51D94C3C55F98ACE6D3DFFF" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">Phylogenetic analyses.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="ADE9FEABE57488EB74A9193EBD5AB6F7" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">
|
||
The best-fitting evolutionary model of the concatenated dataset (COI, 16S and 28S) was selected as GTR+G+I using the Akaike Information Criterion implemented in jModelTest 2.1.10. The evolutionary relationships amongst the razor clams were depicted on a phylogenetic tree constructed using the ML and BI methods. These trees exhibited highly similar topologies (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="6D5B4254B200D946710FB18F5A9021B8" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Phylogenetic tree inferred by Bayesian Inference analysis (BI) and Maximum Likelihood (ML), based on concatenated dataset of COI, 16 S and 28 S genes. Bayesian posterior probability and Maximum Likelihood bootstrap scores (left and right, respectively. " - " represents different branch position on ML and BI trees) are shown above the branch." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.100.113972.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1022361" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">8</figureCitation>
|
||
). Phylogenetic trees obtained from the datasets were completely resolved and highly supported, as indicated by posterior probability (PP) or bootstrap scores (BS).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="26ECD6CED7B985E826FA2A9E7A4C9BE7" authorityName="Yu & Jiao & Zhang" authorityYear="2024" class="Bivalvia" family="Pharidae" genus="Cultellus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cultellus exilis" order="Adapedonta" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="exilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="59ECD0D788D90B0F3B79397FD7646520" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">Cultellus exilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. and the two other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CFB5BC2B9E27C885DA4AD369F1BEE9BF" authorityName="Schumacher" authorityYear="1817" class="Bivalvia" family="Pharidae" genus="Cultellus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cultellus" order="Adapedonta" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4B349C3ADD6170A5D234F79F47B44721" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">Cultellus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species formed a clade within the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="20B0468EDFEC6E24953DE7A679B41633" authorityName="H. Adams & A. Adams" authorityYear="1856" class="Bivalvia" family="Pharidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Adapedonta" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Pharidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The sequences of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DA327C9DF10A546FECF45EC5949F9F4" authorityName="Yu & Jiao & Zhang" authorityYear="2024" class="Bivalvia" family="Pharidae" genus="Cultellus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cultellus exilis" order="Adapedonta" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="exilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="118CF9BA2E95E7E01308BE375DCA8A33" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">Cultellus exilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. recovered a well-supported lineage distinct from the other congeners. Notably,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DCDAC6D42B70D9FE3E564375A49F477" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Bivalvia" family="Pharidae" genus="Ensiculus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ensiculus cultellus" order="Adapedonta" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="cultellus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9DA37F0E04EF6F2A966DCD51033B0372" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">Ensiculus cultellus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2D4C34F447050940BBF9937AF5C0D01E" baseAuthorityName="Pennant" baseAuthorityYear="1777" class="Bivalvia" family="Pharidae" genus="Phaxas" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phaxas pellucidus" order="Adapedonta" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pellucidus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2AA81D4062B501EF5C56C197C5FC9636" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">Phaxas pellucidus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
did not cluster together with the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1E10F4716842A1D465D211E6C056ACAB" authorityName="Schumacher" authorityYear="1817" class="Bivalvia" family="Pharidae" genus="Cultellus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cultellus" order="Adapedonta" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0CE7FC41FC8F1766964A6FAF5047FD6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">Cultellus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Instead, they occupied different branch positions in both ML and BI trees. On the ML tree,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8ECD9A434C3ECF37621C05F7F74C0948" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Bivalvia" family="Pharidae" genus="Ensiculus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ensiculus cultellus" order="Adapedonta" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="cultellus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96C63AD7960A1EC9C36EE754395D8D6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">Ensiculus cultellus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clustered with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77E00B7923357C3957105A1159C2E32D" baseAuthorityName="Pennant" baseAuthorityYear="1777" class="Bivalvia" family="Pharidae" genus="Phaxas" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phaxas pellucidus" order="Adapedonta" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pellucidus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DF0B0EA38031C72F87D18B6E34644BC1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">Phaxas pellucidus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and formed a sister clade with the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0ACFF50CCEA3358649F94D4DBE384EDE" authorityName="Megerle von Muhlfeld" authorityYear="1811" class="Bivalvia" family="Pharidae" genus="Siliqua" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Siliqua" order="Adapedonta" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="24B680A71FA932BD63FFF596DDA67711" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">Siliqua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. While on the BI tree,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="82CC870681CEC3E6EA32C7CA8EB188D7" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Bivalvia" family="Pharidae" genus="Ensiculus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ensiculus cultellus" order="Adapedonta" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="cultellus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CDB6B1DB96DAB974CD750713311A1449" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">Ensiculus cultellus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
grouped with the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A9205A401616B178342B0285A45201F5" authorityName="Megerle von Muhlfeld" authorityYear="1811" class="Bivalvia" family="Pharidae" genus="Siliqua" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Siliqua" order="Adapedonta" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="99D6553D6D2F462B25E9F504BA2BC090" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">Siliqua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, constituting a sister lineage to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9BA6F9A0FC519821F84481FC370E3DBB" baseAuthorityName="Pennant" baseAuthorityYear="1777" class="Bivalvia" family="Pharidae" genus="Phaxas" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phaxas pellucidus" order="Adapedonta" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pellucidus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8DB3EAA19CB51141E14437443BC13E45" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">Phaxas pellucidus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. All phylogenetic results strongly supported the close relationship between pharids and solenids (PP = 0.99; BS = 92). Furthermore, the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="92C4112E8E4E6DB803BD4E5E62C3A115" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1824" class="Bivalvia" family="Hiatellidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Adapedonta" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Hiatellidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
was found to be closely related as a sister to the superfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D29F67CDE6830092784803E746F6FD83" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1852" class="Bivalvia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Adapedonta" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" phylum="Mollusca" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Solenoidea">Solenoidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(PP = 1; BS = 100). The best-fitting evolutionary model of the COI sequence was GTR+G. The phylogenetic tree inferred using ML criteria, based on single gene COI (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="AC0D32B6DDB05A615B56C21CA18BCD26" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Phylogenetic tree inferred by Bayesian Inference analysis (BI) and Maximum Likelihood (ML), based on concatenated dataset of COI, 16 S and 28 S genes. Bayesian posterior probability and Maximum Likelihood bootstrap scores (left and right, respectively. " - " represents different branch position on ML and BI trees) are shown above the branch." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.100.113972.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1022361" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">8</figureCitation>
|
||
), showed a similar overall topology.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="31859E77BCE8FFB34966C7A0D11A87DD" doi="10.3897/zse.100.113972.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1022361" pageId="0" pageNumber="425" start="Figure 8" startId="F8">
|
||
<paragraph id="33D5E3094936B4602D04B2515D2A7BD2" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">
|
||
<emphasis id="0E952F717A2AB25660D335CFD605D20A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="425">Figure 8.</emphasis>
|
||
Phylogenetic tree inferred by Bayesian Inference analysis (BI) and Maximum Likelihood (ML), based on concatenated dataset of COI, 16S and 28S genes. Bayesian posterior probability and Maximum Likelihood bootstrap scores (left and right, respectively.
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A0B05F6F0EDD2C2484EB0F403C6FEAA7" originalValue="“-”">"-"</normalizedToken>
|
||
represents different branch position on ML and BI trees) are shown above the branch.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</document> |