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<mods:title id="1E5B45D1EEF3A79B9EC0CAC09FACDB7D">Across the great divide: revision of the genus Eupetaurus (Sciuridae: Pteromyini), the woolly flying squirrels of the Himalayan region, with the description of two new species</mods:title>
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GENUS 
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<emphasis id="B938EAB635418E4F7B4EBC67FE21F886" box="[353,504,1796,1819]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="508">EUPETAURUS</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B5535418E4F7BD1BC60FD7DF881" author="THOMAS" box="[510,676,1795,1820]" firstAuthor="THOMAS" pageId="6" pageNumber="508" pagination="256 - 260" refId="ref17317" refString="Thomas O. 1888. Eupetaurus, a new form of flying squirrel from Kashmir. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 57: 256 - 260." type="journal article" year="1888">THOMAS, 1888</bibRefCitation>
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D2735418E4F7A8CBC54FEF2F8D1" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1888" box="[163,299,1847,1868]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Eupetaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="6" pageNumber="508" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B938EAB635418E4F7A8CBC54FEF2F8D1" box="[163,299,1847,1868]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="508">Eupetaurus</emphasis>
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are amongst the largest flying squirrels, with fur that is thick, long and soft. Dorsal coloration ranges from pale grey to brownish grey, and ventral coloration is typically whitish grey. The cylindrical, fox-like tail is long and bushy. The palmar and plantar surfaces are thickly furred between naked pads (
<figureCitation id="13772A2135418E4F79AEBD3CFC18F9E8" box="[897,961,1631,1653]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="9.[145,224,1214,1236]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,195,1175]" captionTargetId="figure-321@9.[145,1425,195,1175]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 6. Skins of the three taxa of Eupetaurus. Top row, specimen from Pakistan (Eupetaurus cinereus BMNH 14. 2. 10. 1); middle row, Tibet (Eupetaurus tibetensis NML 19524, holotype); bottom row, Yunnan (Eupetaurus nivamons KIZ 034190, holotype)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10133333" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10133333/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="508">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF336A435418E4E797CBD1DFACFF96F" blockId="6.[827,1443,1508,1898]" lastBlockId="7.[809,1425,1542,1902]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="509" pageId="6" pageNumber="508">
The skull is generally similar to other flying squirrels (reviewed in detail by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B5535418E4F7E88BDFEFA80F92F" author="McKenna" box="[1191,1369,1692,1714]" firstAuthor="McKenna" pageId="6" pageNumber="508" pagination="1 - 38" refId="ref16169" refString="McKenna MC. 1962. Eupetaurus and the living petauristine sciurids. American Museum Novitates 2104: 1 - 38." type="journal article" year="1962">McKenna, 1962</bibRefCitation>
), with the following diagnostic features (
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): (1) the snout is long and constricted at the base; (2) the incisors are ungrooved and relatively small, with pale yellow enamel faces; (3) the glenoid fossa opens posteriorly, with the opening placed high on the skull; (4) the coronoid process of the mandible is weak, not rising above the condyle; (5) the cheek teeth are large, slow to erupt and strongly hypsodont in younger animals (the occlusal surfaces becoming nearly flat after wear); they are enormously expanded vertically (Supporting Information, Supplementary Data SD7), with cusps and their interconnecting ridges combined into lophs and cross-lophs (this remarkable hypsodonty is unlike any other sciurid); (6) the alveolar cavities are strongly swollen to house the unerupted portion of the hypsodont cheek teeth; and (7) ‘the pterygoid fossae possess three diagonally elongate pits for the origin of powerful pterygoid musculature’ (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B5535408E4E78ACBC3BFCB8F981" author="McKenna" box="[643,865,1542,1901]" firstAuthor="McKenna" pageId="7" pageNumber="509" pagination="1 - 38" refId="ref16169" refString="McKenna MC. 1962. Eupetaurus and the living petauristine sciurids. American Museum Novitates 2104: 1 - 38." type="journal article" year="1962">McKenna, 1962</bibRefCitation>
). These diagnostic features appear to relate to 
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<emphasis id="B938EAB635408E4E7906BD45FC68F9A6" box="[809,945,1574,1595]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="509">Eupetaurus</emphasis>
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feeding primarily on abrasive food, with the incisors reduced in functionality and chewing achieved mainly by anteroposterior trituration of the cheek teeth (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B5535408E4E79DEBDE2FB71F90A" author="McKenna" box="[1009,1192,1665,1687]" firstAuthor="McKenna" pageId="7" pageNumber="509" pagination="1 - 38" refId="ref16169" refString="McKenna MC. 1962. Eupetaurus and the living petauristine sciurids. American Museum Novitates 2104: 1 - 38." type="journal article" year="1962">McKenna, 1962</bibRefCitation>
). Limited available natural history information (mainly for 
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<emphasis id="B938EAB635408E4E7F28BDC3FA51F928" box="[1287,1416,1696,1717]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="509">E. cinereus</emphasis>
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) suggests that these squirrels might specialize on eating pine needles (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B5535408E4E7E39BDBEFADFF96F" author="Zahler &amp; Khan" box="[1046,1286,1757,1779]" firstAuthor="Zahler" pageId="7" pageNumber="509" pagination="480 - 486" refId="ref18090" refString="Zahler P, Khan M. 2003. Evidence for dietary specialization on pine needles by the woolly flying squirrel (Eupetaurus cinereus). Journal of Mammalogy 84: 480 - 486." type="journal article" year="2003">Zahler &amp; Khan, 2003</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B938EAB635408E4E7ABBBBA7FF34FF45" bold="true" box="[148,237,195,217]" pageId="7" pageNumber="509">Table 3.</emphasis>
Easily observed diagnostic features of the three species of 
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<emphasis id="B938EAB635408E4E7ABBBB9EFED5FE8E" bold="true" box="[148,268,253,275]" pageId="7" pageNumber="509">Character</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D2735408E4E7BF6BB9DFD13FE8F" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1888" box="[473,714,253,275]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Eupetaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="7" pageNumber="509" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereus">
<emphasis id="B938EAB635408E4E7BF6BB9DFD13FE8F" bold="true" box="[473,714,253,275]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="509">Eupetaurus cinereus</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D2735408E4E797BBB9DFB8BFE8E" box="[852,1106,253,275]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Eupetaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="7" pageNumber="509" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tibetensis">
<emphasis id="B938EAB635408E4E797BBB9DFB8BFE8E" bold="true" box="[852,1106,253,275]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="509">Eupetaurus tibetensis</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D2735408E4E7EA8BB9DFA5EFE8F" box="[1159,1415,253,275]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Eupetaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="7" pageNumber="509" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nivamons">
<emphasis id="B938EAB635408E4E7EA8BB9DFA5EFE8F" bold="true" box="[1159,1415,253,275]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="509">Eupetaurus nivamons</emphasis>
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<th id="76AD5D9A354071B67ABCBA56FE69FED6" box="[147,432,309,331]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="509">Dorsal fur colour</th>
<td id="76AD5D9A354071B67BF6BA56FCE4FED6" box="[473,829,309,331]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="509">More grey; extensive grey frosting</td>
<td id="76AD5D9A354071B6797BBA56FB8BFED6" box="[852,1106,309,331]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="509">More brown</td>
<td id="76AD5D9A354071B67EA8BA56FA52FED6" box="[1159,1419,309,331]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="509">More brown</td>
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<th id="76AD5D9A354071B67ABCBA30FE69FEF4" box="[147,432,339,361]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="509">Tail tip colour</th>
<td id="76AD5D9A354071B67BF6BA30FCE4FEF4" box="[473,829,339,361]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="509">Shorter black tail tip, ~5–10%</td>
<td id="76AD5D9A354071B6797BBA30FB8BFEF4" box="[852,1106,339,361]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="509">Shorter black tail tip,</td>
<td id="76AD5D9A354071B67EA8BA30FA52FEF4" box="[1159,1419,339,361]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="509">Long black tail tip, ~50%</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357C34E6354071B67ABCBA13FA52FE1B" box="[147,1419,368,390]" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="509" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76AD5D9A354071B67BF6BA13FCE4FE1B" box="[473,829,368,390]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="509">black</td>
<td id="76AD5D9A354071B6797BBA13FB8BFE1B" box="[852,1106,368,390]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="509">~10–15% black</td>
<td id="76AD5D9A354071B67EA8BA13FA52FE1B" box="[1159,1419,368,390]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="509">black</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357C34E6354071B67ABCBAEDFA52FE39" box="[147,1419,398,420]" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="509">
<th id="76AD5D9A354071B67ABCBAEDFE69FE39" box="[147,432,398,420]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="509">Rostral breadth</th>
<td id="76AD5D9A354071B67BF6BAEDFCE4FE39" box="[473,829,398,420]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="509">Narrow (13.4–13.7 mm)</td>
<td id="76AD5D9A354071B6797BBAEDFB8BFE39" box="[852,1106,398,420]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="509">Narrow (13.4 mm)</td>
<td id="76AD5D9A354071B67EA8BAEDFA52FE39" box="[1159,1419,398,420]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="509">Wide (14–16.2 mm)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357C34E6354071B67ABCBACFFA52FE5F" box="[147,1419,428,450]" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="509">
<th id="76AD5D9A354071B67ABCBACFFE69FE5F" box="[147,432,428,450]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="509">Interorbital breadth</th>
<td id="76AD5D9A354071B67BF6BACFFCE4FE5F" box="[473,829,428,450]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="509">Wide (19–20 mm)</td>
<td id="76AD5D9A354071B6797BBACFFB8BFE5F" box="[852,1106,428,450]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="509">Narrow (15.8 mm)</td>
<td id="76AD5D9A354071B67EA8BACFFA52FE5F" box="[1159,1419,428,450]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="509">Narrow (14.9–17.9 mm)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357C34E6354071B67ABCBAA9FA52FE7D" box="[147,1419,458,480]" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="509">
<th id="76AD5D9A354071B67ABCBAA9FE69FE7D" box="[147,432,458,480]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="509">Temporal ridge</th>
<td id="76AD5D9A354071B67BF6BAA9FCE4FE7D" box="[473,829,458,480]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="509">Posteriorly convergent</td>
<td id="76AD5D9A354071B6797BBAA9FB8BFE7D" box="[852,1106,458,480]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="509">Posteriorly convergent</td>
<td id="76AD5D9A354071B67EA8BAA9FA52FE7D" box="[1159,1419,458,480]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="509">Parallel</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357C34E6354071B67ABCBA8BFA52FE63" box="[147,1419,488,510]" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="509">
<th id="76AD5D9A354071B67ABCBA8BFE69FE63" box="[147,432,488,510]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="509">Shape of upper cheek teeth</th>
<td id="76AD5D9A354071B67BF6BA8BFCE4FE63" box="[473,829,488,510]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="509">Heart shaped</td>
<td id="76AD5D9A354071B6797BBA8BFB8BFE63" box="[852,1106,488,510]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="509">Heart shaped</td>
<td id="76AD5D9A354071B67EA8BA8BFA52FE63" box="[1159,1419,488,510]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="509">Round</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357C34E6354071B67ABCB965FA52FD81" box="[147,1419,518,540]" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="509">
<th id="76AD5D9A354071B67ABCB965FE69FD81" box="[147,432,518,540]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="509">Shape of lower cheek teeth</th>
<td id="76AD5D9A354071B67BF6B965FCE4FD81" box="[473,829,518,540]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="509">Subsquare</td>
<td id="76AD5D9A354071B6797BB965FB8BFD81" box="[852,1106,518,540]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="509">Subrectangular</td>
<td id="76AD5D9A354071B67EA8B965FA52FD81" box="[1159,1419,518,540]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="509">Subrectangular</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357C34E6354071B67ABCB947FA52FDA7" box="[147,1419,548,570]" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="509">
<th id="76AD5D9A354071B67ABCB947FE69FDA7" box="[147,432,548,570]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="509">Anterior fossettid</th>
<td id="76AD5D9A354071B67BF6B947FCE4FDA7" box="[473,829,548,570]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="509">A short one</td>
<td id="76AD5D9A354071B6797BB947FB8BFDA7" box="[852,1106,548,570]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="509">A long one</td>
<td id="76AD5D9A354071B67EA8B947FA52FDA7" box="[1159,1419,548,570]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="509">Two short ones</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF33662C35408E4E7ABEBEECFB3AFA7D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10133327" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10133327" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10133327/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="509" startId="7.[145,223,1423,1445]" targetBox="[146,1426,643,1382]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8BF336A435408E4E7ABEBEECFB3AFA7D" blockId="7.[145,1425,1423,1504]" pageId="7" pageNumber="509">
<emphasis id="B938EAB635408E4E7ABEBEECFF21FA39" bold="true" box="[145,248,1423,1445]" pageId="7" pageNumber="509">Figure 4.</emphasis>
Phylogenetic trees showing the position of the three 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D2735408E4E790DBEF3FC45FA38" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1888" box="[802,924,1424,1445]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Eupetaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="7" pageNumber="509" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B938EAB635408E4E790DBEF3FC45FA38" box="[802,924,1424,1445]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="509">Eupetaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
taxa using combined mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. A, maximum-likelihood tree. B, Bayesian inference tree. We mark only the maximum-likelihood bootstrap proportions &lt;90 and Bayesian posterior probabilities &lt;0.9. The star indicates the fossil occurrence used in this study.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BF336A435408E41796EBD9FFC65F881" blockId="7.[809,1425,1542,1902]" lastBlockId="8.[827,1443,1645,1887]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="510" pageId="7" pageNumber="509">
The upper cheek-tooth row is strongly convergent anteriorly in adults (although it remains more parallel in juveniles). The P 
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is peg-like and strong. The relative size of the upper cheek teeth can be given as P 
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&gt; M 
<superScript id="7C399BEC354F8E417B77BD0FFEB9F9E5" attach="left" box="[344,352,1644,1656]" fontSize="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="510">1</superScript>
≈ M 
<superScript id="7C399BEC354F8E417BBCBD0FFE42F9E5" attach="left" box="[403,411,1644,1656]" fontSize="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="510">2</superScript>
&gt; M 
<superScript id="7C399BEC354F8E417BE0BD0FFE0EF9E5" attach="right" box="[463,471,1644,1656]" fontSize="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="510">3</superScript>
. The P 
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(and DP 
<superScript id="7C399BEC354F8E4178B6BD0FFD78F9E5" attach="left" box="[665,673,1644,1656]" fontSize="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="510">4</superScript>
) and the upper molars have similar structures: the endoloph is strongly folded to form the ‘posterolingual diagonal flexus’ (see below); the anteroloph, hypertrophic preparaconule crista, paraloph, metaloph and posteroloph are finger-like and connected, in turn, to the buccal side of the endoloph. The anterior valley is wide and divided by the preparaconule crista. When worn, the preparaconule crista gradually connects with the parastyle to isolate the lingual part of anterior valley into an anterofossette. The central valley is always open. The posterior valley is always closed into a posterofossette, except in the M 
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in
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early wear.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF33662C354F8E417A8BBD70FA93F9DA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10133329" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10133329" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10133329/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="510" startId="8.[164,243,1555,1577]" targetBox="[164,1444,198,1512]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="8BF336A4354F8E417A8BBD70FA93F9DA" blockId="8.[163,1442,1555,1607]" pageId="8" pageNumber="510">
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354F8E417A8BBD70FED4F9B4" bold="true" box="[164,269,1555,1577]" pageId="8" pageNumber="510">Figure 5.</emphasis>
Molecular species delimitation based on generalized mixed Yule coalescent model and 
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354F8E417E81BD70FB06F9B4" box="[1198,1247,1555,1577]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="510">Cytb</emphasis>
data for the three taxa of 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D27354F8E417ADFBD51FEB3F9DA" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1888" box="[240,362,1586,1607]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Eupetaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="510" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354F8E417ADFBD51FEB3F9DA" box="[240,362,1586,1607]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="510">Eupetaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Red lines represent intraspecies variation; black lines represent variation above species level.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BF336A4354F8E40797CBC46FAF6F918" blockId="8.[827,1443,1645,1887]" lastBlockId="9.[809,1425,1371,1674]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="511" pageId="8" pageNumber="510">
The relative size of the lower cheek teeth can be given as P 
<subScript id="17C834E1354F8E41799DBC30FC63F8C2" attach="left" box="[946,954,1875,1887]" fontSize="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="510">4</subScript>
&gt; M 
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≈ M 
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≥ M 
<subScript id="17C834E1354F8E417E70BC30FBBEF8C2" attach="left" box="[1119,1127,1875,1887]" fontSize="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="510">3</subScript>
. The structure of the lower molars is relatively simple, with a ‘ring’ at the front and back, connected by the ectolophid in the middle. The anterior ring is formed by the anterolophid between the protoconid and metaconid, and the protolophid between the protoconid and metastylid. The centre of the anterior ring is one (
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D27354E8E407B0BBE96FE7EF997" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1888" box="[292,423,1525,1546]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Eupetaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="511" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereus">
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354E8E407B0BBE96FE7EF997" box="[292,423,1525,1546]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="511">E. cinereus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D27354E8E407BC8BE97FDB6F994" box="[487,623,1524,1545]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Eupetaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="511" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tibetensis">
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354E8E407BC8BE97FDB6F994" box="[487,623,1524,1545]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="511">E.tibetensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) or two (
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D27354E8E4078CFBE96FED9F9B5" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Eupetaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="511" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nivamons">
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354E8E4078CFBE96FED9F9B5" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="511">E. nivamons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) anterior fossettids. The lingual edge of the anterior fossettid is not closed in early wear. The posterior ring is formed by the entolophid and posterolophid that run between hypoconid and entoconid. The centre of the posterior ring is one posterior fossettid (talonid basin remnant). The posterior fossettid of M 3 is not closed in early wear. The mesoconid develops into a buccal cusp as strong as the protoconid and hypoconid on the middle of the ectolophid, which divides the hypoflexid into two folds. The central flexid runs from the posterolingual side of the tooth to the base of the anterior fold of the hypoflexid. Generally, DP 
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is similar to the lower molars, but has two opened anterior fossettids and two extra small cusps:an isolated paraconid in front of the buccal anterior fossettid and an isolated ectostylid on the buccal side of the mesoconid (
<figureCitation id="13772A21354E8E407E0ABEB6FBBAFA76" box="[1061,1123,1493,1515]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="11.[145,226,1088,1110]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,195,1048]" captionTargetId="figure-358@11.[145,1425,195,1048]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 8. Cheek teeth of the nine known skulls of Eupetaurus species: A, Eupetaurus cinereus ZSI 9492, adult from Pakistan; B, E. cinereus BNHS 7108, adult (now reported lost) from Pakistan (McKenna 1962); C, E. cinereus FLMNH 28583, old adult, from Pakistan; D, Eupetaurus tibetensis NML 19524, holotype, young adult, from Tibet; E, Eupetaurus nivamons KIZ 034189, immature, from Yunnan; F, E. nivamons KIZ 034192, immature, from Yunnan; G, E. nivamons KIZ 034190, holotype, young adult, from Yunnan; H, E. nivamons KIZ 035087, adult, from Yunnan; and I, E. nivamons KIZ 035088, adult, from Yunnan. Left side is labial side." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10133337" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10133337/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="511">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
). Also, P 4 possess two open anterior fossettids and an isolated paraconid, but the paraconid will connect with the metaconid and protoconid as the teeth are worn. The mesoconid is very small on P 
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D27354E8E407969BD32FC10F9FB" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1888" box="[838,969,1617,1638]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Eupetaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="511" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B938EAB6354E8E407969BD32FC10F9FB" box="[838,969,1617,1638]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="511">Eupetaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13772A21354E8E4079F6BD33FBFEF9F8" box="[985,1063,1616,1638]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="12.[163,243,1593,1615]" captionTargetBox="[163,1443,195,1553]" captionTargetId="figure-99@12.[163,1443,195,1553]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 9. Comparison of cheek teeth between Eupetaurus and related genera: A, Petaurista xanthotis (USNM 144021); B, Aeretes melanopterus (USNM 219205); C, Pteromys volans (AMNH 19534); D, Aeromys tephromelas (USNM 292649); E, Biswamoyopterus biswasi (ZSI 20705); F, Eupetaurus nivamons (KIZ 034190); G, Trogopterus xanthipes (FMNH 39835); H, Belomys pearsonii (FMNH 35443); and I, Pteromyscus pulverulentus (USNM 481186)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10133339" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10133339/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="511">Fig. 9F</figureCitation>
). The entire crown of P 4 is more diagonally oriented than DP 
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and lower molars.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>