670 lines
106 KiB
XML
670 lines
106 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.5252/geodiversitas2023v45a7" ID-ISSN="1638-9395" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7867111" ID-ZooBank="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:1B8E4EDF-D6E0-4118-A8C9-CFC7589EC5C4" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.tables_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="tatiana" checkinTime="1682508754950" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Laere, Gaëlle Van & Mörs, Thomas" docDate="2023" docId="03FA5002830DFFCC5BD2FB9AFA58F866" docLanguage="en" docName="Geodiversitas.45.7.223-241.pdf" docOrigin="Geodiversitas 45 (7)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:F830B10FF475E64C1F1601E3B32DDC00.4:Geodiversitas.2018-.journal_article" docStyleId="F830B10FF475E64C1F1601E3B32DDC00" docStyleName="Geodiversitas.2018-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Trogontherium minus Newton 1890" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="233" masterDocId="FFC3287A830AFFC05B2BFFACFFF7FF8A" masterDocTitle="Beavers and flying squirrels (Rodentia: Castoridae, Pteromyini) from the Late Pliocene of Hambach 11 C, Germany" masterLastPageNumber="241" masterPageNumber="223" pageNumber="228" updateTime="1682585831537" updateUser="tatiana" zenodo-license-document="CC0-1.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC0-1.0">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Beavers and flying squirrels (Rodentia: Castoridae, Pteromyini) from the Late Pliocene of Hambach 11 C, Germany</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Laere, Gaëlle Van</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P. O. Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm (Sweden)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">gaelle.vanlaere@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Mörs, Thomas</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P. O. Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm (Sweden) and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm (Sweden)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">thomas.moers@nrm.se</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Geodiversitas</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2023</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2023-04-20</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>45</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>7</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>223</mods:start>
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<mods:end>241</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.5252/geodiversitas2023v45a7</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1638-9395</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">7867111</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:1B8E4EDF-D6E0-4118-A8C9-CFC7589EC5C4</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FA5002830DFFCC5BD2FB9AFA58F866" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA5002830DFFCC5BD2FB9AFA58F866" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="233" pageId="7" pageNumber="228">
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<subSubSection box="[249,658,1076,1104]" pageId="7" pageNumber="228" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="7.[249,658,1076,1104]" box="[249,658,1076,1104]" pageId="7" pageNumber="228">
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<heading box="[249,658,1076,1104]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="228" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName authority="Newton, 1890" authorityName="Newton" authorityYear="1890" box="[249,658,1076,1104]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Trogontherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="7" pageNumber="228" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minus">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[249,490,1076,1104]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="228">Trogontherium minus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="NEWTON E." box="[497,658,1076,1103]" firstAuthor="Newton" journalOrPublisher="Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society" pageId="7" pageNumber="228" pagination="444 - 453" part="46" refId="ref12701" refString="NEWTON E. 1890. - On some new mammals from the Red and Norwich Crags. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society 46 (1 - 4): 444 - 453. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / GSL. JGS. 1890.046.01 - 04.29" title="On some new mammals from the Red and Norwich Crags" type="journal article" year="1890">Newton, 1890</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[400,507,1108,1135]" pageId="7" pageNumber="228" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="7.[400,507,1108,1135]" box="[400,507,1108,1135]" pageId="7" pageNumber="228">
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(
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<figureCitation box="[409,498,1108,1135]" captionStart-0="FIG" captionStart-1="FIG" captionStart-2="FIG" captionStartId-0="8.[132,143,1715,1732]" captionStartId-1="9.[132,143,1940,1957]" captionStartId-2="10.[132,143,1776,1793]" captionTargetBox-0="[132,1455,215,1755]" captionTargetBox-1="[171,1413,215,1811]" captionTargetBox-2="[162,1423,215,1734]" captionTargetId-0="figure-214@8.[776,1336,725,1287]" captionTargetId-1="figure-122@9.[709,1262,744,1300]" captionTargetId-2="figure-192@10.[693,1262,738,1294]" captionTargetPageId-0="8" captionTargetPageId-1="9" captionTargetPageId-2="10" captionText-0="FIG. 4. — Trogontherium minus Newton, 1890 from Hambach 11C, IPB-HaR-5642, left jaw with i to m2: A, labial view; B, occlusal view; C, lingual view. Scale bar: 1 cm." captionText-1="FIG. 5. — Trogontherium minus Newton, 1890 from Hambach 11C: A, IPB-HaR-5654, labial view of an incisor fragment; B, IPB-HaR-5650, left dp4 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; C, IPB-HaR-5643, upper right jaw fragment with teeth P4 to M2 labial view; D, IPB-HaR-5643, occlusal view; E, IPB-HaR-5643, lingual view; F, IPB-HaR-5645, left P4 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; G, IPB-HaR-5649, right P4 labial, occlusal, and lingual views. All teeth are figured as left teeth, an underlined letter indicates a right tooth. Scale bar: 2 mm." captionText-2="FIG. 6. — Trogontherium minus Newton, 1890 from Hambach 11C: A, IPB-HaR-5646, left M1/2 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; B, IPB-HaR-5647, left M1/2 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; C, IPB-HaR-5652, right M1/2 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; D, IPB-HaR-5644, upper right M3 occlusal, labial and lingual views; E, IPB-HaR-5648, left M3 labial, occlusal, and lingual views;F, IPB-HaR-5651,right M3 labial, occlusal, and lingual views.All teeth are figured as left teeth, an underlined letter indicates a right tooth. Scale bar: 2 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7867121" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7867123" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7867125" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/7867121/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/7867123/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/7867125/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="228">Figs 4-6</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="228" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="7.[131,777,1165,1348]" pageId="7" pageNumber="228">
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<smallCapsWord baselines="1183,1184" box="[132,235,1166,1189]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Material" pageId="7" pageNumber="228">MATERIAL</smallCapsWord>
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<smallCapsWord baselines="1184" box="[241,344,1171,1188]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="examined" pageId="7" pageNumber="228">EXAMINED</smallCapsWord>
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. —
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<materialsCitation pageId="7" pageNumber="228" specimenCode="IPB-HaR-5642" specimenCount="1">
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Left mandibular fragment with incisor to m2 (
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<specimenCode box="[203,364,1191,1215]" pageId="7" pageNumber="228">IPB-HaR-5642</specimenCode>
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),
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</materialsCitation>
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<materialsCitation pageId="7" pageNumber="228" specimenCode="IPB-HaR-5643" specimenCount="1">
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right maxillary fragment with P4 to M2 (
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<specimenCode box="[138,301,1218,1242]" pageId="7" pageNumber="228">IPB-HaR-5643</specimenCode>
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).
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</materialsCitation>
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<materialsCitation box="[318,734,1218,1242]" pageId="7" pageNumber="228" specimenCode="IPB-HaR-5650" specimenCount="1">
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Isolated teeth: left dP4 (
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<specimenCode box="[560,724,1218,1242]" pageId="7" pageNumber="228">IPB-HaR-5650</specimenCode>
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),
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</materialsCitation>
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<materialsCitation pageId="7" pageNumber="228" specimenCode="IPB-HaR-5645" specimenCount="1">
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left P4 (
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<specimenCode box="[170,328,1244,1268]" pageId="7" pageNumber="228">IPB-HaR-5645</specimenCode>
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),
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</materialsCitation>
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<materialsCitation box="[343,602,1244,1269]" pageId="7" pageNumber="228" specimenCode="IPB-HaR-5649" specimenCount="1">
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right P4 (
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<specimenCode box="[433,591,1244,1268]" pageId="7" pageNumber="228">IPB-HaR-5649</specimenCode>
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),
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</materialsCitation>
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<materialsCitation collectionCode="IPB" pageId="7" pageNumber="228" specimenCode="IPB- HaR-5652" specimenCount="1">
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right M1/2 (
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<specimenCode pageId="7" pageNumber="228">IPB- HaR-5652</specimenCode>
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),
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</materialsCitation>
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<materialsCitation box="[267,770,1271,1295]" pageId="7" pageNumber="228" specimenCode="IPB-HaR-5646, IPB-HaR-5647" specimenCount="1">
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left M1/2 (
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<specimenCode box="[384,545,1271,1295]" pageId="7" pageNumber="228">IPB-HaR-5646</specimenCode>
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and
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<specimenCode box="[600,763,1271,1295]" pageId="7" pageNumber="228">IPB-HaR-5647</specimenCode>
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)
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</materialsCitation>
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,
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<materialsCitation box="[134,623,1297,1321]" pageId="7" pageNumber="228" specimenCode="IPB-HaR-5644, IPB-HaR-5651" specimenCount="1">
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right M3 (
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<specimenCode box="[243,401,1297,1321]" pageId="7" pageNumber="228">IPB-HaR-5644</specimenCode>
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and
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<specimenCode box="[455,617,1297,1321]" pageId="7" pageNumber="228">IPB-HaR-5651</specimenCode>
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)
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</materialsCitation>
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,
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<materialsCitation collectionCode="IPB" pageId="7" pageNumber="228" specimenCode="IPB- HaR-5648" specimenCount="1">
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left M3 (
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<specimenCode pageId="7" pageNumber="228">IPB- HaR-5648</specimenCode>
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)
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</materialsCitation>
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<materialsCitation box="[257,657,1324,1348]" pageId="7" pageNumber="228" specimenCode="IPB-HaR-5654" specimenCount="1">
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and incisor fragment (
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<specimenCode box="[482,646,1324,1348]" pageId="7" pageNumber="228">IPB-HaR-5654</specimenCode>
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).
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="232" pageId="7" pageNumber="228" type="description">
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||
<paragraph blockId="7.[133,463,1371,1396]" box="[133,463,1371,1396]" pageId="7" pageNumber="228">
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||
<smallCapsWord baselines="1389,1390" box="[133,296,1372,1395]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Measurements" pageId="7" pageNumber="228">MEASUREMENTS</smallCapsWord>
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. — See
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<tableCitation box="[382,463,1371,1396]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="7.[438,449,225,242]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 2. — Measurements (in mm) of Trogontherium minus teeth from Hambach 11C." pageId="7" pageNumber="228">Table 2.</tableCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="7.[130,775,1428,1645]" box="[132,294,1428,1454]" pageId="7" pageNumber="228">
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<smallCapsWord baselines="1447,1447" box="[132,294,1428,1454]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Descriptions" pageId="7" pageNumber="228">DESCRIPTIONS</smallCapsWord>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="7.[130,775,1428,1645]" box="[132,378,1459,1485]" pageId="7" pageNumber="228">
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<emphasis box="[132,378,1459,1485]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="228">
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i – HaR-5642 (
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<figureCitation box="[305,368,1459,1485]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1715,1732]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1755]" captionTargetId="figure-214@8.[776,1336,725,1287]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 4. — Trogontherium minus Newton, 1890 from Hambach 11C, IPB-HaR-5642, left jaw with i to m2: A, labial view; B, occlusal view; C, lingual view. Scale bar: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7867121" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7867121/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="228">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="7.[130,775,1428,1645]" pageId="7" pageNumber="228">The specimen exhibits the only complete incisor presented here despite several fragments also being found. The rounded enamel band is finely wrinkled but does not show longitudinal grooves. The wear facet is slightly curved and runs from the tip of the incisor to the lower jaw symphysis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="7.[132,688,1682,1708]" box="[132,688,1682,1708]" pageId="7" pageNumber="228">
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<heading box="[132,688,1682,1708]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="228" reason="8">
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||
<emphasis box="[132,688,1682,1708]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="228">
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m1/2 – HaR-
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<quantity box="[281,368,1682,1708]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.642" pageId="7" pageNumber="228" unit="m" value="5642.0">5642 m</quantity>
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1 and HaR-
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<quantity box="[498,585,1682,1708]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.642" pageId="7" pageNumber="228" unit="m" value="5642.0">5642 m</quantity>
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2 (
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<figureCitation box="[615,678,1682,1708]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1715,1732]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1755]" captionTargetId="figure-214@8.[776,1336,725,1287]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 4. — Trogontherium minus Newton, 1890 from Hambach 11C, IPB-HaR-5642, left jaw with i to m2: A, labial view; B, occlusal view; C, lingual view. Scale bar: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7867121" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7867121/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="228">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="7.[131,777,1714,2027]" lastBlockId="7.[811,1457,789,1007]" pageId="7" pageNumber="228">
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The hypostriid reaches the base of the exposed tooth. No cement is in the striids. The anterior half of the tooth is higher than the posterior half. The paraflexid is curving anteriorly. The hypoflexid and mesoflexid seem to be “face to face” and meet at the middle of the tooth. The mesoflexid is horizontal and the hypoflexid seems to be oriented posteriorly. The metaflexid is oriented anteriorly. The rectangular shaped m1 is slightly worn. The tooth is dipping anteriorly (
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<figureCitation box="[258,379,1969,1995]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1715,1732]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1755]" captionTargetId="figure-214@8.[776,1336,725,1287]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 4. — Trogontherium minus Newton, 1890 from Hambach 11C, IPB-HaR-5642, left jaw with i to m2: A, labial view; B, occlusal view; C, lingual view. Scale bar: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7867121" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7867121/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="228">Fig. 4A, C</figureCitation>
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). The labial side is shorter than the lingual. The entire height of the striids is exposed. The hypostriid closes at the end of the exposed tooth. There is no cement in the striids. The hypoflexid is curving posteriorly. The metaflexid is horizontal and reaches the middle of the tooth. The mesoflexid is short, slightly curving anteriorly. The paraflexid is curving anteriorly, almost reaching the anterior wall. The m2 is slightly worn. There is no cement in the striids. The tooth morphology identical with the m1.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="7.[813,1078,1044,1071]" box="[813,1078,1044,1071]" pageId="7" pageNumber="228">
|
||
<heading box="[813,1078,1044,1071]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="228" reason="8">
|
||
<emphasis box="[813,1078,1044,1071]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="228">
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p4 – HaR-5642 (
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||
<figureCitation box="[1005,1068,1044,1070]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1715,1732]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1755]" captionTargetId="figure-214@8.[776,1336,725,1287]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 4. — Trogontherium minus Newton, 1890 from Hambach 11C, IPB-HaR-5642, left jaw with i to m2: A, labial view; B, occlusal view; C, lingual view. Scale bar: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7867121" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7867121/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="228">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="7.[811,1457,1076,1357]" pageId="7" pageNumber="228">The p4 is erupting. It has not reached the occlusal surface yet and is therefore completely unworn. There is no cement in the striids. The hypostriid reaches the base of the exposed tooth. The anterior half is higher than the posterior half. The paraflexid is curving anteriorly. The hypoflexid and mesoflexid seem to be “face to face” and meet at mid-length of the tooth. The mesoflexid is horizontal to the width and the hypoflexid seems to be oriented posteriorly. The metaflexid is oriented anteriorly.</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph blockId="7.[813,1077,1395,1422]" box="[813,1077,1395,1422]" pageId="7" pageNumber="228">
|
||
<heading box="[813,1077,1395,1422]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="228" reason="8">
|
||
<emphasis box="[813,1077,1395,1422]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="228">
|
||
I – HaR-5654 (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[987,1069,1395,1422]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[132,143,1940,1957]" captionTargetBox="[171,1413,215,1811]" captionTargetId="figure-122@9.[709,1262,744,1300]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 5. — Trogontherium minus Newton, 1890 from Hambach 11C: A, IPB-HaR-5654, labial view of an incisor fragment; B, IPB-HaR-5650, left dp4 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; C, IPB-HaR-5643, upper right jaw fragment with teeth P4 to M2 labial view; D, IPB-HaR-5643, occlusal view; E, IPB-HaR-5643, lingual view; F, IPB-HaR-5645, left P4 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; G, IPB-HaR-5649, right P4 labial, occlusal, and lingual views. All teeth are figured as left teeth, an underlined letter indicates a right tooth. Scale bar: 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7867123" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7867123/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="228">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="7.[813,1456,1427,1581]" pageId="7" pageNumber="228">The figured incisor fragment shows the characteristic crenulations and the longitudinal lines. The other incisor fragments from this site which are not figured, also show these features although not as clearly as in this one. All fragments show a convex surface.</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="7.[813,1111,1618,1645]" box="[813,1111,1618,1645]" pageId="7" pageNumber="228">
|
||
<heading box="[813,1111,1618,1645]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="228" reason="8">
|
||
<emphasis box="[813,1111,1618,1645]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="228">
|
||
dP4 – HaR-5650 (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1022,1103,1619,1645]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[132,143,1940,1957]" captionTargetBox="[171,1413,215,1811]" captionTargetId="figure-122@9.[709,1262,744,1300]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 5. — Trogontherium minus Newton, 1890 from Hambach 11C: A, IPB-HaR-5654, labial view of an incisor fragment; B, IPB-HaR-5650, left dp4 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; C, IPB-HaR-5643, upper right jaw fragment with teeth P4 to M2 labial view; D, IPB-HaR-5643, occlusal view; E, IPB-HaR-5643, lingual view; F, IPB-HaR-5645, left P4 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; G, IPB-HaR-5649, right P4 labial, occlusal, and lingual views. All teeth are figured as left teeth, an underlined letter indicates a right tooth. Scale bar: 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7867123" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7867123/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="228">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[811,1457,1650,2028]" pageId="7" pageNumber="228">This medium worn tooth is very low crowned. The shape is close to triangular, although quite rounded. The anterior and posterior sides are rounded and the anterior one is wider. The parastria and the mesostria span the whole preserved height of the tooth, the metastria is almost worn off. The hypostria is longer than the others but does not reach the base of the tooth crown. The paraflexus is facing the hypoflexus although the hypoflexus ends slightly more anteriorly. The mesoflexus is open on both sides of the tooth and creates an indentation on the labial side. The metaflexus is curving anteriorly before dipping posteriorly (with a smaller angle).</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7867121" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7867121" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7867121/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="229" startId="8.[132,143,1715,1732]" targetBox="[132,1455,215,1755]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[132,1455,1715,1755]" pageId="8" pageNumber="229">
|
||
<smallCapsWord baselines="1728,1729" box="[132,157,1715,1732]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="8" pageNumber="229">FIG</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. 4. —
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Newton, 1890" authorityName="Newton" authorityYear="1890" box="[214,516,1715,1732]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Trogontherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="8" pageNumber="229" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[214,392,1715,1732]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="229">Trogontherium minus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="NEWTON E." box="[398,516,1715,1732]" firstAuthor="Newton" journalOrPublisher="Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society" pageId="8" pageNumber="229" pagination="444 - 453" part="46" refId="ref12701" refString="NEWTON E. 1890. - On some new mammals from the Red and Norwich Crags. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society 46 (1 - 4): 444 - 453. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / GSL. JGS. 1890.046.01 - 04.29" title="On some new mammals from the Red and Norwich Crags" type="journal article" year="1890">Newton, 1890</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Hambach 11C, IPB-HaR-5642, left jaw with i to m2:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1006,1019,1715,1732]" pageId="8" pageNumber="229">A</emphasis>
|
||
, labial view;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1128,1141,1715,1732]" pageId="8" pageNumber="229">B</emphasis>
|
||
, occlusal view;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1275,1289,1715,1732]" pageId="8" pageNumber="229">C</emphasis>
|
||
, lingual view. Scale bar: 1 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[131,776,1809,2028]" lastBlockId="10.[811,1455,1937,2031]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="231" pageId="8" pageNumber="229">
|
||
<emphasis box="[132,771,1809,1836]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="229">
|
||
P4 – HaR-5643, HaR-5645 and HaR-5649 (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[647,712,1810,1836]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[132,143,1940,1957]" captionTargetBox="[171,1413,215,1811]" captionTargetId="figure-122@9.[709,1262,744,1300]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 5. — Trogontherium minus Newton, 1890 from Hambach 11C: A, IPB-HaR-5654, labial view of an incisor fragment; B, IPB-HaR-5650, left dp4 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; C, IPB-HaR-5643, upper right jaw fragment with teeth P4 to M2 labial view; D, IPB-HaR-5643, occlusal view; E, IPB-HaR-5643, lingual view; F, IPB-HaR-5645, left P4 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; G, IPB-HaR-5649, right P4 labial, occlusal, and lingual views. All teeth are figured as left teeth, an underlined letter indicates a right tooth. Scale bar: 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7867123" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7867123/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="229">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
C-G)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The three teeth are heavily worn with the hypoflexus closing. HaR-5643 is preserved in a bone fragment with two other teeth (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[276,341,1905,1932]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[132,143,1940,1957]" captionTargetBox="[171,1413,215,1811]" captionTargetId="figure-122@9.[709,1262,744,1300]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 5. — Trogontherium minus Newton, 1890 from Hambach 11C: A, IPB-HaR-5654, labial view of an incisor fragment; B, IPB-HaR-5650, left dp4 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; C, IPB-HaR-5643, upper right jaw fragment with teeth P4 to M2 labial view; D, IPB-HaR-5643, occlusal view; E, IPB-HaR-5643, lingual view; F, IPB-HaR-5645, left P4 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; G, IPB-HaR-5649, right P4 labial, occlusal, and lingual views. All teeth are figured as left teeth, an underlined letter indicates a right tooth. Scale bar: 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7867123" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7867123/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="229">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
C-E). Shape is triangular, the anterior side is rounded and the labial side shorter than the lingual side. The hypostria is the only remaining stria. There is no cement in the fossettes nor the hypoflexus. The enamel of HaR-5649 (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[952,1039,1809,1836]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[132,143,1940,1957]" captionTargetBox="[171,1413,215,1811]" captionTargetId="figure-122@9.[709,1262,744,1300]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 5. — Trogontherium minus Newton, 1890 from Hambach 11C: A, IPB-HaR-5654, labial view of an incisor fragment; B, IPB-HaR-5650, left dp4 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; C, IPB-HaR-5643, upper right jaw fragment with teeth P4 to M2 labial view; D, IPB-HaR-5643, occlusal view; E, IPB-HaR-5643, lingual view; F, IPB-HaR-5645, left P4 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; G, IPB-HaR-5649, right P4 labial, occlusal, and lingual views. All teeth are figured as left teeth, an underlined letter indicates a right tooth. Scale bar: 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7867123" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7867123/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="229">Fig. 5G</figureCitation>
|
||
) is wrinkled, which is more strongly visible on its antero-lingual side. The hypoflexus meets the parafossette. It is oriented anteriorly on HaR-5645 (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1370,1447,1873,1900]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[132,143,1940,1957]" captionTargetBox="[171,1413,215,1811]" captionTargetId="figure-122@9.[709,1262,744,1300]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 5. — Trogontherium minus Newton, 1890 from Hambach 11C: A, IPB-HaR-5654, labial view of an incisor fragment; B, IPB-HaR-5650, left dp4 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; C, IPB-HaR-5643, upper right jaw fragment with teeth P4 to M2 labial view; D, IPB-HaR-5643, occlusal view; E, IPB-HaR-5643, lingual view; F, IPB-HaR-5645, left P4 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; G, IPB-HaR-5649, right P4 labial, occlusal, and lingual views. All teeth are figured as left teeth, an underlined letter indicates a right tooth. Scale bar: 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7867123" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7867123/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="229">Fig. 5F</figureCitation>
|
||
) and rather straight on HaR-5643 and HaR-5649. On this tooth the fossettes are also rather straight whereas they are more curved on HaR-5645. Both metafossette and mesofossette are parallel to the anterior wall except on HaR-5643 where they are tilting postero-labially. They are touching the outer walls of the tooth. The fossettes and the hypoflexus are more or less parallel to each other’s. The enamel of the anterior wall, on the posterior side of the fossettes and of the hypoflexus are thicker. On HaR-5645 and HaR-5649, the posterior root is broken off (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1176,1256,2001,2028]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[132,143,1940,1957]" captionTargetBox="[171,1413,215,1811]" captionTargetId="figure-122@9.[709,1262,744,1300]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 5. — Trogontherium minus Newton, 1890 from Hambach 11C: A, IPB-HaR-5654, labial view of an incisor fragment; B, IPB-HaR-5650, left dp4 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; C, IPB-HaR-5643, upper right jaw fragment with teeth P4 to M2 labial view; D, IPB-HaR-5643, occlusal view; E, IPB-HaR-5643, lingual view; F, IPB-HaR-5645, left P4 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; G, IPB-HaR-5649, right P4 labial, occlusal, and lingual views. All teeth are figured as left teeth, an underlined letter indicates a right tooth. Scale bar: 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7867123" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7867123/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="231">Fig. 5F</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1257,1313,2001,2031]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="3.[320,331,834,851]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,201,801]" captionTargetId="figure-660@3.[131,794,213,709]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIG. 1. — A, Map of the location of the Hambach lignite mine (from MÖrs & Stefen 2010); B, picture of the outcrop." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7867115" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7867115/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="231">
|
||
<subScript attach="right" box="[1257,1267,2014,2031]" fontSize="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="231">1</subScript>
|
||
; G
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[1303,1313,2014,2031]" fontSize="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="231">1</subScript>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7867123" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7867123" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7867123/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="230" startId="9.[132,143,1940,1957]" targetBox="[171,1413,215,1811]" targetPageId="9" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[132,1457,1940,2025]" pageId="9" pageNumber="230">
|
||
<smallCapsWord baselines="1953,1953" box="[132,157,1940,1957]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="9" pageNumber="230">FIG</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. 5. —
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Newton, 1890" authorityName="Newton" authorityYear="1890" box="[214,517,1940,1957]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Trogontherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[214,392,1940,1957]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="230">Trogontherium minus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="NEWTON E." box="[399,517,1940,1957]" firstAuthor="Newton" journalOrPublisher="Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society" pageId="9" pageNumber="230" pagination="444 - 453" part="46" refId="ref12701" refString="NEWTON E. 1890. - On some new mammals from the Red and Norwich Crags. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society 46 (1 - 4): 444 - 453. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / GSL. JGS. 1890.046.01 - 04.29" title="On some new mammals from the Red and Norwich Crags" type="journal article" year="1890">Newton, 1890</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Hambach 11C:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[698,711,1940,1957]" pageId="9" pageNumber="230">A</emphasis>
|
||
, IPB-HaR-5654, labial view of an incisor fragment;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1145,1158,1940,1957]" pageId="9" pageNumber="230">B</emphasis>
|
||
, IPB-HaR-5650, left dp4 labial, occlusal, and lingual views;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[342,356,1963,1980]" pageId="9" pageNumber="230">C</emphasis>
|
||
, IPB-HaR-5643, upper right jaw fragment with teeth P4 to M2 labial view;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[970,984,1963,1980]" pageId="9" pageNumber="230">D</emphasis>
|
||
, IPB-HaR-5643, occlusal view;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1247,1259,1963,1980]" pageId="9" pageNumber="230">E</emphasis>
|
||
, IPB-HaR-5643, lingual view;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[180,191,1986,2003]" pageId="9" pageNumber="230">F</emphasis>
|
||
, IPB-HaR-5645, left P4 labial, occlusal, and lingual views;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[676,690,1986,2003]" pageId="9" pageNumber="230">G</emphasis>
|
||
, IPB-HaR-5649, right P4 labial, occlusal, and lingual views. All teeth are figured as left teeth, an underlined letter indicates a right tooth. Scale bar: 2 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7867125" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7867125" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7867125/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="231" startId="10.[132,143,1776,1793]" targetBox="[162,1423,215,1734]" targetPageId="10" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[132,1457,1776,1861]" pageId="10" pageNumber="231">
|
||
<smallCapsWord baselines="1789,1789" box="[132,157,1776,1793]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="10" pageNumber="231">FIG</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. 6. —
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Newton, 1890" authorityName="Newton" authorityYear="1890" box="[214,516,1776,1793]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Trogontherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="231" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[214,392,1776,1793]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="231">Trogontherium minus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="NEWTON E." box="[398,516,1776,1793]" firstAuthor="Newton" journalOrPublisher="Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society" pageId="10" pageNumber="231" pagination="444 - 453" part="46" refId="ref12701" refString="NEWTON E. 1890. - On some new mammals from the Red and Norwich Crags. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society 46 (1 - 4): 444 - 453. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / GSL. JGS. 1890.046.01 - 04.29" title="On some new mammals from the Red and Norwich Crags" type="journal article" year="1890">Newton, 1890</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Hambach 11C:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[697,710,1776,1793]" pageId="10" pageNumber="231">A</emphasis>
|
||
, IPB-HaR-5646, left M1/2 labial, occlusal, and lingual views;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1223,1236,1776,1793]" pageId="10" pageNumber="231">B</emphasis>
|
||
, IPB-HaR-5647, left M1/2 labial, occlusal, and lingual views;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[418,432,1799,1816]" pageId="10" pageNumber="231">C</emphasis>
|
||
, IPB-HaR-5652, right M1/2 labial, occlusal, and lingual views;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[952,966,1799,1816]" pageId="10" pageNumber="231">D</emphasis>
|
||
, IPB-HaR-5644, upper right M3 occlusal, labial and lingual views;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[189,201,1821,1838]" pageId="10" pageNumber="231">E</emphasis>
|
||
, IPB-HaR-5648, left M3 labial, occlusal, and lingual views;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[684,695,1821,1838]" pageId="10" pageNumber="231">F</emphasis>
|
||
, IPB-HaR-5651,right M3 labial, occlusal, and lingual views.All teeth are figured as left teeth, an underlined letter indicates a right tooth. Scale bar: 2 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[132,605,215,241]" lastBlockId="11.[131,777,247,1581]" pageId="11" pageNumber="232">
|
||
<heading box="[132,605,215,241]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="232" reason="8">
|
||
<emphasis box="[132,605,215,241]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="232">
|
||
<collectionCode box="[132,157,215,241]" country="Germany" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15637" name="Botanische Staatssammlung München" pageId="11" pageNumber="232" type="Herbarium">M</collectionCode>
|
||
1/2 – HaR-5643, HaR-5646, HaR-5647
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
<emphasis box="[132,507,247,274]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="232">
|
||
and HaR-5652 (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[315,379,248,274]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[132,143,1940,1957]" captionTargetBox="[171,1413,215,1811]" captionTargetId="figure-122@9.[709,1262,744,1300]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 5. — Trogontherium minus Newton, 1890 from Hambach 11C: A, IPB-HaR-5654, labial view of an incisor fragment; B, IPB-HaR-5650, left dp4 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; C, IPB-HaR-5643, upper right jaw fragment with teeth P4 to M2 labial view; D, IPB-HaR-5643, occlusal view; E, IPB-HaR-5643, lingual view; F, IPB-HaR-5645, left P4 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; G, IPB-HaR-5649, right P4 labial, occlusal, and lingual views. All teeth are figured as left teeth, an underlined letter indicates a right tooth. Scale bar: 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7867123" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7867123/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="232">Figs 5</figureCitation>
|
||
C-E; 6A-C)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[131,777,247,1581]" pageId="11" pageNumber="232">
|
||
HaR-5643 (
|
||
<collectionCode box="[269,300,279,305]" country="Germany" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15637" name="Botanische Staatssammlung München" pageId="11" pageNumber="232" type="Herbarium">M</collectionCode>
|
||
1 and
|
||
<collectionCode box="[363,392,279,305]" country="Germany" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15637" name="Botanische Staatssammlung München" pageId="11" pageNumber="232" type="Herbarium">M</collectionCode>
|
||
2,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[415,477,279,306]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[132,143,1940,1957]" captionTargetBox="[171,1413,215,1811]" captionTargetId="figure-122@9.[709,1262,744,1300]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 5. — Trogontherium minus Newton, 1890 from Hambach 11C: A, IPB-HaR-5654, labial view of an incisor fragment; B, IPB-HaR-5650, left dp4 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; C, IPB-HaR-5643, upper right jaw fragment with teeth P4 to M2 labial view; D, IPB-HaR-5643, occlusal view; E, IPB-HaR-5643, lingual view; F, IPB-HaR-5645, left P4 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; G, IPB-HaR-5649, right P4 labial, occlusal, and lingual views. All teeth are figured as left teeth, an underlined letter indicates a right tooth. Scale bar: 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7867123" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7867123/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="232">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
C-E), HaR-5646 (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[685,768,279,305]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1776,1793]" captionTargetBox="[162,1423,215,1734]" captionTargetId="figure-192@10.[693,1262,738,1294]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 6. — Trogontherium minus Newton, 1890 from Hambach 11C: A, IPB-HaR-5646, left M1/2 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; B, IPB-HaR-5647, left M1/2 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; C, IPB-HaR-5652, right M1/2 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; D, IPB-HaR-5644, upper right M3 occlusal, labial and lingual views; E, IPB-HaR-5648, left M3 labial, occlusal, and lingual views;F, IPB-HaR-5651,right M3 labial, occlusal, and lingual views.All teeth are figured as left teeth, an underlined letter indicates a right tooth. Scale bar: 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7867125" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7867125/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="232">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
|
||
) and 5647 (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[257,341,311,337]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1776,1793]" captionTargetBox="[162,1423,215,1734]" captionTargetId="figure-192@10.[693,1262,738,1294]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 6. — Trogontherium minus Newton, 1890 from Hambach 11C: A, IPB-HaR-5646, left M1/2 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; B, IPB-HaR-5647, left M1/2 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; C, IPB-HaR-5652, right M1/2 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; D, IPB-HaR-5644, upper right M3 occlusal, labial and lingual views; E, IPB-HaR-5648, left M3 labial, occlusal, and lingual views;F, IPB-HaR-5651,right M3 labial, occlusal, and lingual views.All teeth are figured as left teeth, an underlined letter indicates a right tooth. Scale bar: 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7867125" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7867125/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="232">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
|
||
) are heavily worn. On HaR-5643 and HaR-5647, the hypoflexus is not fully closed yet and the hypostria is still visible on HaR-5643 although shorter on the
|
||
<collectionCode box="[215,242,407,433]" country="Germany" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15637" name="Botanische Staatssammlung München" pageId="11" pageNumber="232" type="Herbarium">M</collectionCode>
|
||
2 than on the
|
||
<collectionCode box="[408,438,407,433]" country="Germany" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15637" name="Botanische Staatssammlung München" pageId="11" pageNumber="232" type="Herbarium">M</collectionCode>
|
||
. HaR-5652 (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[593,681,406,433]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1776,1793]" captionTargetBox="[162,1423,215,1734]" captionTargetId="figure-192@10.[693,1262,738,1294]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 6. — Trogontherium minus Newton, 1890 from Hambach 11C: A, IPB-HaR-5646, left M1/2 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; B, IPB-HaR-5647, left M1/2 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; C, IPB-HaR-5652, right M1/2 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; D, IPB-HaR-5644, upper right M3 occlusal, labial and lingual views; E, IPB-HaR-5648, left M3 labial, occlusal, and lingual views;F, IPB-HaR-5651,right M3 labial, occlusal, and lingual views.All teeth are figured as left teeth, an underlined letter indicates a right tooth. Scale bar: 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7867125" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7867125/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="232">Fig. 6C</figureCitation>
|
||
) is only slightly worn and is the only specimen still retaining striae. The parastria is really short and the mesostria a little longer. The metastria is not observable. On this specimen the hypostria is quite long, although not reaching the base of the tooth. Due to the early wear stage, this tooth still has a relatively triangular shape with a rounded anterior side, wider than the posterior side. The postero-buccal face, below the occlusal surface is damaged. The shape of the other four teeth is close to square with the anterior side rounded and the labial side shorter than the lingual. On HaR-5646 and 5647, the parafossette and the metafossette are small, although smaller on HaR-5647. They are also really small on the
|
||
<collectionCode box="[132,163,853,879]" country="Germany" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15637" name="Botanische Staatssammlung München" pageId="11" pageNumber="232" type="Herbarium">M</collectionCode>
|
||
1 and
|
||
<collectionCode box="[237,264,853,879]" country="Germany" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15637" name="Botanische Staatssammlung München" pageId="11" pageNumber="232" type="Herbarium">M</collectionCode>
|
||
2 on HaR-5643. The hypofossette touches the parafossette. The fossettes are more or less parallel to the anterior side. On HaR-5643, the fossettes are titling postero-lingually and more or less parallel to the hypoflexus. On these teeth, the hypoflexus is going anteriorly and meeting the parafossette. The parafossette and metafossette of the
|
||
<collectionCode box="[366,393,1044,1070]" country="Germany" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15637" name="Botanische Staatssammlung München" pageId="11" pageNumber="232" type="Herbarium">M</collectionCode>
|
||
2 on HaR-5643 are bigger than in the
|
||
<collectionCode box="[217,249,1076,1102]" country="Germany" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15637" name="Botanische Staatssammlung München" pageId="11" pageNumber="232" type="Herbarium">M</collectionCode>
|
||
1 and hence, the hypoflexus is shorter. The metafossette of HaR-5647 is a round island (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[661,747,1108,1135]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1776,1793]" captionTargetBox="[162,1423,215,1734]" captionTargetId="figure-192@10.[693,1262,738,1294]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 6. — Trogontherium minus Newton, 1890 from Hambach 11C: A, IPB-HaR-5646, left M1/2 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; B, IPB-HaR-5647, left M1/2 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; C, IPB-HaR-5652, right M1/2 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; D, IPB-HaR-5644, upper right M3 occlusal, labial and lingual views; E, IPB-HaR-5648, left M3 labial, occlusal, and lingual views;F, IPB-HaR-5651,right M3 labial, occlusal, and lingual views.All teeth are figured as left teeth, an underlined letter indicates a right tooth. Scale bar: 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7867125" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7867125/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="232">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation box="[747,757,1121,1138]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="4.[620,631,1611,1628]" captionTargetBox="[426,1161,214,1571]" captionTargetId="figure-200@4.[355,965,752,1314]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIG. 2. — Stratigraphic column of the section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7867117" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7867117/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="232">
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[747,757,1121,1138]" fontSize="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="232">2</subScript>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). On HaR-5652, only the metafossette is closed and it has a curving shape, pointing toward the anterior side. The hypoflexus is facing the paraflexus and the fold anterior to the hypoflexus is not as wide as the posterior fold. The mesoflexus is curving posteriorly, reaching the labial wall. There is no cement in the fossettes of all the specimens. On HaR-5646, two roots are preserved. An anterior one, wide, and a small, postero-lingual one (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[142,229,1395,1421]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1776,1793]" captionTargetBox="[162,1423,215,1734]" captionTargetId="figure-192@10.[693,1262,738,1294]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 6. — Trogontherium minus Newton, 1890 from Hambach 11C: A, IPB-HaR-5646, left M1/2 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; B, IPB-HaR-5647, left M1/2 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; C, IPB-HaR-5652, right M1/2 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; D, IPB-HaR-5644, upper right M3 occlusal, labial and lingual views; E, IPB-HaR-5648, left M3 labial, occlusal, and lingual views;F, IPB-HaR-5651,right M3 labial, occlusal, and lingual views.All teeth are figured as left teeth, an underlined letter indicates a right tooth. Scale bar: 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7867125" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7867125/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="232">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation box="[230,240,1408,1425]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="3.[320,331,834,851]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,201,801]" captionTargetId="figure-660@3.[131,794,213,709]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIG. 1. — A, Map of the location of the Hambach lignite mine (from MÖrs & Stefen 2010); B, picture of the outcrop." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7867115" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7867115/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="232">
|
||
<subScript attach="right" box="[230,240,1408,1425]" fontSize="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="232">1</subScript>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). On HaR-5647, only one root is preserved, the postero-lingual one is broken off. On HaR-5652, no roots are formed but the base of the crown is visible on the anterior side. The roots of the
|
||
<collectionCode box="[564,591,1491,1517]" country="Germany" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15637" name="Botanische Staatssammlung München" pageId="11" pageNumber="232" type="Herbarium">M</collectionCode>
|
||
2 on HaR-5643 are more exposed than for the
|
||
<collectionCode box="[492,523,1523,1549]" country="Germany" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15637" name="Botanische Staatssammlung München" pageId="11" pageNumber="232" type="Herbarium">M</collectionCode>
|
||
1 and a postero-labial small root seem to have been broken off.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[132,648,1618,1644]" box="[132,648,1618,1644]" pageId="11" pageNumber="232">
|
||
<heading box="[132,648,1618,1644]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="232" reason="8">
|
||
<emphasis box="[132,648,1618,1644]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="232">
|
||
<collectionCode box="[132,159,1618,1644]" country="Germany" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15637" name="Botanische Staatssammlung München" pageId="11" pageNumber="232" type="Herbarium">M</collectionCode>
|
||
3 – HaR-5644, HaR-5648 and HaR-5651
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[131,775,1650,2027]" box="[133,267,1650,1677]" pageId="11" pageNumber="232">
|
||
<emphasis box="[133,267,1650,1677]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="232">
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[142,209,1650,1676]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1776,1793]" captionTargetBox="[162,1423,215,1734]" captionTargetId="figure-192@10.[693,1262,738,1294]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 6. — Trogontherium minus Newton, 1890 from Hambach 11C: A, IPB-HaR-5646, left M1/2 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; B, IPB-HaR-5647, left M1/2 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; C, IPB-HaR-5652, right M1/2 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; D, IPB-HaR-5644, upper right M3 occlusal, labial and lingual views; E, IPB-HaR-5648, left M3 labial, occlusal, and lingual views;F, IPB-HaR-5651,right M3 labial, occlusal, and lingual views.All teeth are figured as left teeth, an underlined letter indicates a right tooth. Scale bar: 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7867125" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7867125/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="232">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
D-F)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[131,775,1650,2027]" lastBlockId="11.[811,1458,215,1071]" pageId="11" pageNumber="232">
|
||
The shape of the specimens is elongated and triangular. The anterior side is rounded, and the posterior side is narrower than the anterior. HaR-5644 (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[570,655,1746,1772]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1776,1793]" captionTargetBox="[162,1423,215,1734]" captionTargetId="figure-192@10.[693,1262,738,1294]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 6. — Trogontherium minus Newton, 1890 from Hambach 11C: A, IPB-HaR-5646, left M1/2 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; B, IPB-HaR-5647, left M1/2 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; C, IPB-HaR-5652, right M1/2 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; D, IPB-HaR-5644, upper right M3 occlusal, labial and lingual views; E, IPB-HaR-5648, left M3 labial, occlusal, and lingual views;F, IPB-HaR-5651,right M3 labial, occlusal, and lingual views.All teeth are figured as left teeth, an underlined letter indicates a right tooth. Scale bar: 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7867125" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7867125/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="232">Fig. 6D</figureCitation>
|
||
) and 5648 (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[142,228,1778,1804]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1776,1793]" captionTargetBox="[162,1423,215,1734]" captionTargetId="figure-192@10.[693,1262,738,1294]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 6. — Trogontherium minus Newton, 1890 from Hambach 11C: A, IPB-HaR-5646, left M1/2 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; B, IPB-HaR-5647, left M1/2 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; C, IPB-HaR-5652, right M1/2 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; D, IPB-HaR-5644, upper right M3 occlusal, labial and lingual views; E, IPB-HaR-5648, left M3 labial, occlusal, and lingual views;F, IPB-HaR-5651,right M3 labial, occlusal, and lingual views.All teeth are figured as left teeth, an underlined letter indicates a right tooth. Scale bar: 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7867125" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7867125/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="232">Fig. 6E</figureCitation>
|
||
) are heavily worn with only the hypoflexus not closed. In these two teeth, the height of the hypostria, which is the only stria remaining, indicates that it is closing. HaR-5651 (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[325,408,1873,1900]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1776,1793]" captionTargetBox="[162,1423,215,1734]" captionTargetId="figure-192@10.[693,1262,738,1294]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 6. — Trogontherium minus Newton, 1890 from Hambach 11C: A, IPB-HaR-5646, left M1/2 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; B, IPB-HaR-5647, left M1/2 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; C, IPB-HaR-5652, right M1/2 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; D, IPB-HaR-5644, upper right M3 occlusal, labial and lingual views; E, IPB-HaR-5648, left M3 labial, occlusal, and lingual views;F, IPB-HaR-5651,right M3 labial, occlusal, and lingual views.All teeth are figured as left teeth, an underlined letter indicates a right tooth. Scale bar: 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7867125" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7867125/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="232">Fig. 6F</figureCitation>
|
||
) is slightly to medium worn. Its parastria and mesostria are visible, although quite short. The metastria is worn off. The hypostria does not span the whole height of the tooth but is clearly visible and about twice the length of the parastria. The parafossette and metafossette of HaR-5644 and 5648 are rather small and about the same size. There is an additional posterior fossette of approximately the same size (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1290,1382,279,306]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1776,1793]" captionTargetBox="[162,1423,215,1734]" captionTargetId="figure-192@10.[693,1262,738,1294]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 6. — Trogontherium minus Newton, 1890 from Hambach 11C: A, IPB-HaR-5646, left M1/2 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; B, IPB-HaR-5647, left M1/2 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; C, IPB-HaR-5652, right M1/2 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; D, IPB-HaR-5644, upper right M3 occlusal, labial and lingual views; E, IPB-HaR-5648, left M3 labial, occlusal, and lingual views;F, IPB-HaR-5651,right M3 labial, occlusal, and lingual views.All teeth are figured as left teeth, an underlined letter indicates a right tooth. Scale bar: 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7867125" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7867125/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="232">Fig. 6D</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1382,1437,280,309]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="3.[320,331,834,851]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,201,801]" captionTargetId="figure-660@3.[131,794,213,709]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIG. 1. — A, Map of the location of the Hambach lignite mine (from MÖrs & Stefen 2010); B, picture of the outcrop." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7867115" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7867115/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="232">
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[1382,1392,292,309]" fontSize="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="232">1</subScript>
|
||
, E
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[1427,1437,292,309]" fontSize="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="232">1</subScript>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The metafossette and the additional posterior fossette are oriented towards the postero-lingual side. On HaR- 5644, the hypoflexus is oriented towards the anterior side. On HaR-5648, the hypofossette meets the anterior side of the parafossette. The occlusal surface of HaR- 5651 is different from the other two teeth due to a difference in wear. On this tooth, the paraflexus is facing the hypoflexus and the fold anterior to the hypoflexus is not as wide as the posterior fold. The mesoflexus is open on the whole width of the tooth and forms a small indentation on the labial side. The metaflexus is closed but the metafossette is slightly open on the labial side indicating that the metaflexus was probably spanning the whole width of the occlusal surface. There is a small hole posteriorly, potentially indicating the presence of a posterior fossette. On HaR-5644, three roots are preserved. The anterior-most one is the widest and is curving like the anterior wall of the tooth. The antero-lingual one is small, erupting from the wider, most anterior root. The third one is located posteriorly. On HaR-5648, two roots are present. The anterior one is wide and following the anterior curve of the tooth. The posterior one is oval. On HaR-5651, no roots are preserved but the base of the crown is visible on the anterior side.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="233" pageId="11" pageNumber="232" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[811,1457,1109,2028]" box="[813,921,1109,1135]" pageId="11" pageNumber="232">
|
||
<smallCapsWord baselines="1128,1128" box="[813,921,1109,1135]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Remarks" pageId="11" pageNumber="232">REMARKS</smallCapsWord>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[811,1457,1109,2028]" lastBlockId="12.[811,1456,1044,2028]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="233" pageId="11" pageNumber="232">
|
||
The right maxillary fragment HaR-5643 and the potentially corresponding
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1047,1077,1172,1198]" country="Germany" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15637" name="Botanische Staatssammlung München" pageId="11" pageNumber="232" type="Herbarium">M</collectionCode>
|
||
3, HaR-5644, have been matched based on size, position, and degree of wear. The similarity in size and wear stages of the two upper tooth rows of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fischer de Waldheim" authorityYear="1809" box="[910,1077,1267,1293]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Trogontherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="232" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[910,1077,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="232">Trogontherium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(specimens HaR-5643 to HaR- 5648) indicate that they might have belonged to the same individual. The lack of longitudinal lines on the incisor of HaR-5642 is probably due to the fact that it is a juvenile specimen and therefore smaller and less developed (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="HUGUENEY M. & GUERIN C. & POIDEVIN J. - L." box="[950,1209,1427,1454]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Hugueney" journalOrPublisher="Comptes rendus de l'Academie des Sciences. Serie 2, Mecanique, Physique, Chimie, Sciences de l'univers, Sciences de la Terre" pageId="11" pageNumber="232" pagination="763 - 768" part="309" publicationUrl="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k56640789/f769.item" refId="ref11825" refString="HUGUENEY M., GUERIN C. & POIDEVIN J. - L. 1989. - Decouverte de Trogontherium minus Newton 1890 (Rodentia: Castoridae) dans le Villafranchien inferieur de Perrier-Etouaires (Puy-de- Dome, France): implications phylogenetiques. Comptes rendus de l'Academie des Sciences. Serie 2, Mecanique, Physique, Chimie, Sciences de l'univers, Sciences de la Terre 309 (7): 763 - 768. https: // gallica. bnf. fr / ark: / 12148 / bpt 6 k 56640789 / f 769. item" title="Decouverte de Trogontherium minus Newton 1890 (Rodentia: Castoridae) dans le Villafranchien inferieur de Perrier-Etouaires (Puy-de- Dome, France): implications phylogenetiques" type="journal article" year="1989">
|
||
Hugueney
|
||
<emphasis box="[1081,1139,1427,1453]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="232">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1989
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The attribution of our material to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fischer de Waldheim" authorityYear="1809" box="[998,1165,1459,1485]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Trogontherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="232" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[998,1165,1459,1485]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="232">Trogontherium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is based on several characteristics. These are the presence of elongated, cone shaped upper
|
||
<collectionCode box="[988,1019,1523,1549]" country="Germany" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15637" name="Botanische Staatssammlung München" pageId="11" pageNumber="232" type="Herbarium">M</collectionCode>
|
||
3s, P4 substantially bigger than the molars and a wrinkled enamel on the incisors (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="MAYHEW D. F." firstAuthor="Mayhew" journalOrPublisher="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences" pageId="11" pageNumber="232" pagination="407 - 438" part="281" refId="ref12354" refString="MAYHEW D. F. 1978. - Reinterpretation of the extinct beaver Trogontherium (Mammalia, Rodentia). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences 281 (983): 407 - 438. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rstb. 1978.0004" title="Reinterpretation of the extinct beaver Trogontherium (Mammalia, Rodentia)" type="journal article" year="1978">Mayhew 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) as shown in
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1045,1141,1586,1613]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="10.[132,143,1776,1793]" captionTargetBox="[162,1423,215,1734]" captionTargetId="figure-192@10.[693,1262,738,1294]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIG. 6. — Trogontherium minus Newton, 1890 from Hambach 11C: A, IPB-HaR-5646, left M1/2 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; B, IPB-HaR-5647, left M1/2 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; C, IPB-HaR-5652, right M1/2 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; D, IPB-HaR-5644, upper right M3 occlusal, labial and lingual views; E, IPB-HaR-5648, left M3 labial, occlusal, and lingual views;F, IPB-HaR-5651,right M3 labial, occlusal, and lingual views.All teeth are figured as left teeth, an underlined letter indicates a right tooth. Scale bar: 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7867125" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7867125/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="232">Fig. 6G</figureCitation>
|
||
. The taxonomy of smaller species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fischer de Waldheim" authorityYear="1809" box="[923,1086,1618,1644]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Trogontherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="232" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[923,1086,1618,1644]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="232">Trogontherium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is very debated but we can safely attribute our material to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Newton" authorityYear="1890" box="[1102,1345,1650,1676]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Trogontherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="232" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1102,1345,1650,1676]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="232">Trogontherium minus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on stratigraphic age and on size.
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1168,1186,1682,1708]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="11" pageNumber="232" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
|
||
comparison with data from different species found in the literature confirms this (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[871,937,1746,1772]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[132,143,881,898]" captionTargetBox="[275,1318,190,826]" captionTargetId="figure-635@12.[246,809,189,750]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 7. — Size comparison of our specimens with different species. Trogontherium minus Newton, 1890 from Czernielewski 2022, Hugueney et al. 1989 and Newton 1890. Trogontherium cuvieri Owen, 1846 from Fostowicz-Frelik 2008 and Langeveld 2013. Trogontherium (Euroxenomys) minutum (von Meyer, 1838) from Stefen & Rummel 2003." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7867127" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7867127/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="232">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
). The P
|
||
<quantity box="[1029,1073,1746,1772]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.016" pageId="11" pageNumber="232" unit="in" value="4.0">4 in</quantity>
|
||
our material are larger than most
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Newton" authorityYear="1890" box="[811,911,1779,1804]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Trogontherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="232" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[811,911,1779,1804]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="232">T. minus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
which could be a result of wear or of the tendency of the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fischer de Waldheim" authorityYear="1809" box="[972,1140,1810,1836]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Trogontherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="232" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[972,1140,1810,1836]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="232">Trogontherium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lineage to increase in size (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="STEFEN C." box="[822,964,1841,1868]" firstAuthor="Stefen" journalOrPublisher="Baltic Forestry" pageId="11" pageNumber="232" pagination="148 - 153" part="17" refId="ref13266" refString="STEFEN C. 2011. - A brief overview of the evolution of European tertiary beavers. Baltic Forestry 17 (1): 148 - 153." title="A brief overview of the evolution of European tertiary beavers" type="journal article" year="2011">Stefen 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We also notice that while the length of our specimens matches the range for
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Newton" authorityYear="1890" box="[1248,1347,1874,1899]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Trogontherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="232" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1248,1347,1874,1899]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="232">T. minus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, they are wider and reach the lower width range of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fischer de Waldheim" authorityYear="1809" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Trogontherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="232" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cuvieri">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="232">Trogontherium cuvieri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that is visible in the figure 3 of
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="FOSTOWICZ-FRELIK L." firstAuthor="Fostowicz-Frelik" journalOrPublisher="Geodiversitas" pageId="11" pageNumber="232" pagination="765 - 778" part="30" refId="ref11362" refString="FOSTOWICZ-FRELIK L. 2008. - First record of Trogontherium cuvieri (Mammalia, Rodentia) from the middle Pleistocene of Poland and review of the species. Geodiversitas 30 (4): 765 - 778." title="First record of Trogontherium cuvieri (Mammalia, Rodentia) from the middle Pleistocene of Poland and review of the species" type="journal article" year="2008">Fostowicz-Frelik 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. This is coherent with the age and the assumption that
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Newton" authorityYear="1890" box="[865,960,2002,2027]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Trogontherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="232" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[865,960,2002,2027]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="232">T. minus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fischer de Waldheim" authorityYear="1809" box="[1016,1120,2002,2027]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Trogontherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="232" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cuvieri">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1016,1120,2002,2027]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="232">T. cuvieri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are two representatives in the same evolutionary lineage proposed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="MAYHEW D. F." box="[588,774,1044,1071]" firstAuthor="Mayhew" journalOrPublisher="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences" pageId="12" pageNumber="233" pagination="407 - 438" part="281" refId="ref12354" refString="MAYHEW D. F. 1978. - Reinterpretation of the extinct beaver Trogontherium (Mammalia, Rodentia). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences 281 (983): 407 - 438. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rstb. 1978.0004" title="Reinterpretation of the extinct beaver Trogontherium (Mammalia, Rodentia)" type="journal article" year="1978">Mayhew (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
who also stated that only one species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fischer de Waldheim" authorityYear="1809" box="[609,776,1076,1102]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Trogontherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="233" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[609,776,1076,1102]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="233">Trogontherium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was present at a time. However,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="HUGUENEY M. & GUERIN C. & POIDEVIN J. - L." box="[505,774,1108,1135]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Hugueney" journalOrPublisher="Comptes rendus de l'Academie des Sciences. Serie 2, Mecanique, Physique, Chimie, Sciences de l'univers, Sciences de la Terre" pageId="12" pageNumber="233" pagination="763 - 768" part="309" publicationUrl="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k56640789/f769.item" refId="ref11825" refString="HUGUENEY M., GUERIN C. & POIDEVIN J. - L. 1989. - Decouverte de Trogontherium minus Newton 1890 (Rodentia: Castoridae) dans le Villafranchien inferieur de Perrier-Etouaires (Puy-de- Dome, France): implications phylogenetiques. Comptes rendus de l'Academie des Sciences. Serie 2, Mecanique, Physique, Chimie, Sciences de l'univers, Sciences de la Terre 309 (7): 763 - 768. https: // gallica. bnf. fr / ark: / 12148 / bpt 6 k 56640789 / f 769. item" title="Decouverte de Trogontherium minus Newton 1890 (Rodentia: Castoridae) dans le Villafranchien inferieur de Perrier-Etouaires (Puy-de- Dome, France): implications phylogenetiques" type="journal article" year="1989">
|
||
Hugueney
|
||
<emphasis box="[633,688,1108,1134]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="233">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1989)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
have shown that
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fischer de Waldheim" authorityYear="1809" box="[322,426,1141,1166]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Trogontherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="233" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cuvieri">
|
||
<emphasis box="[322,426,1141,1166]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="233">T. cuvieri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Newton" authorityYear="1890" box="[483,580,1141,1166]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Trogontherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="233" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[483,580,1141,1166]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="233">T. minus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
coexisted during the Late Pliocene/Early Pleistocene. Some argue against the lineage hypothesis based on a too great size disparity (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="FOSTOWICZ-FRELIK L." box="[142,402,1236,1262]" firstAuthor="Fostowicz-Frelik" journalOrPublisher="Geodiversitas" pageId="12" pageNumber="233" pagination="765 - 778" part="30" refId="ref11362" refString="FOSTOWICZ-FRELIK L. 2008. - First record of Trogontherium cuvieri (Mammalia, Rodentia) from the middle Pleistocene of Poland and review of the species. Geodiversitas 30 (4): 765 - 778." title="First record of Trogontherium cuvieri (Mammalia, Rodentia) from the middle Pleistocene of Poland and review of the species" type="journal article" year="2008">Fostowicz-Frelik 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, our specimens show that the size disparity might not be as big as previously thought when compared to the data in the literature (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="FOSTOWICZ-FRELIK L." box="[142,401,1331,1357]" firstAuthor="Fostowicz-Frelik" journalOrPublisher="Geodiversitas" pageId="12" pageNumber="233" pagination="765 - 778" part="30" refId="ref11362" refString="FOSTOWICZ-FRELIK L. 2008. - First record of Trogontherium cuvieri (Mammalia, Rodentia) from the middle Pleistocene of Poland and review of the species. Geodiversitas 30 (4): 765 - 778." title="First record of Trogontherium cuvieri (Mammalia, Rodentia) from the middle Pleistocene of Poland and review of the species" type="journal article" year="2008">Fostowicz-Frelik 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="HEINRICH W. - D." box="[416,588,1331,1357]" editor="VAN KOLFSCHOTEN T. & GIBBARD P. L." firstAuthor="Heinrich" journalOrPublisher="Mededelingen Nederlands Instituut voor Toegepaste Geowetenschappen TNO" pageId="12" pageNumber="233" pagination="573 - 578" part="60" refId="ref11514" refString="HEINRICH W. - D. 1998. - Evolutionary trends in Trogontherium cuvieri (Mammalia, Rodentia, Castoridae) and their implications, in VAN KOLFSCHOTEN T. & GIBBARD P. L. (eds), The Dawn of the Quaternary. Mededelingen Nederlands Instituut voor Toegepaste Geowetenschappen TNO 60: 573 - 578." title="Evolutionary trends in Trogontherium cuvieri (Mammalia, Rodentia, Castoridae) and their implications" type="journal article" volumeTitle="The Dawn of the Quaternary" year="1998">Heinrich 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This is mainly observed in the P4s as the width of the
|
||
<collectionCode box="[604,634,1363,1389]" country="Germany" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15637" name="Botanische Staatssammlung München" pageId="12" pageNumber="233" type="Herbarium">M</collectionCode>
|
||
1/2 is closer to others found in the literature (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="HUGUENEY M. & GUERIN C. & POIDEVIN J. - L." box="[517,767,1395,1422]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Hugueney" journalOrPublisher="Comptes rendus de l'Academie des Sciences. Serie 2, Mecanique, Physique, Chimie, Sciences de l'univers, Sciences de la Terre" pageId="12" pageNumber="233" pagination="763 - 768" part="309" publicationUrl="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k56640789/f769.item" refId="ref11825" refString="HUGUENEY M., GUERIN C. & POIDEVIN J. - L. 1989. - Decouverte de Trogontherium minus Newton 1890 (Rodentia: Castoridae) dans le Villafranchien inferieur de Perrier-Etouaires (Puy-de- Dome, France): implications phylogenetiques. Comptes rendus de l'Academie des Sciences. Serie 2, Mecanique, Physique, Chimie, Sciences de l'univers, Sciences de la Terre 309 (7): 763 - 768. https: // gallica. bnf. fr / ark: / 12148 / bpt 6 k 56640789 / f 769. item" title="Decouverte de Trogontherium minus Newton 1890 (Rodentia: Castoridae) dans le Villafranchien inferieur de Perrier-Etouaires (Puy-de- Dome, France): implications phylogenetiques" type="journal article" year="1989">
|
||
Hugueney
|
||
<emphasis box="[645,700,1395,1421]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="233">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1989
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="NEWTON E." box="[132,293,1427,1454]" firstAuthor="Newton" journalOrPublisher="Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society" pageId="12" pageNumber="233" pagination="444 - 453" part="46" refId="ref12701" refString="NEWTON E. 1890. - On some new mammals from the Red and Norwich Crags. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society 46 (1 - 4): 444 - 453. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / GSL. JGS. 1890.046.01 - 04.29" title="On some new mammals from the Red and Norwich Crags" type="journal article" year="1890">Newton 1890</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The measurements used for comparison are the maximum occlusal surface and can vary with wear, therefore one of our specimens is much less wide than the rest (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[297,365,1523,1549]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[132,143,881,898]" captionTargetBox="[275,1318,190,826]" captionTargetId="figure-635@12.[246,809,189,750]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 7. — Size comparison of our specimens with different species. Trogontherium minus Newton, 1890 from Czernielewski 2022, Hugueney et al. 1989 and Newton 1890. Trogontherium cuvieri Owen, 1846 from Fostowicz-Frelik 2008 and Langeveld 2013. Trogontherium (Euroxenomys) minutum (von Meyer, 1838) from Stefen & Rummel 2003." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7867127" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7867127/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="233">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
). The shape and appearance of the incisor are comparable to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fischer de Waldheim" authorityYear="1809" box="[541,653,1555,1580]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Trogontherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="233" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cuvieri">
|
||
<emphasis box="[541,653,1555,1580]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="233">T. cuvieri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="NEWTON E. T." box="[172,367,1587,1613]" firstAuthor="Newton" journalOrPublisher="Geological Magazine" pageId="12" pageNumber="233" pagination="385 - 388" part="9" refId="ref12661" refString="NEWTON E. T. 1902. - Trogontherium from a Pleistocene Deposit in the Thames Valley. Geological Magazine 9 (9): 385 - 388. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0016756800181324" title="Trogontherium from a Pleistocene Deposit in the Thames Valley" type="journal article" year="1902">Newton (1902)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, although much smaller, further confirming the attribution to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Newton" authorityYear="1890" box="[491,590,1619,1644]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Trogontherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="233" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[491,590,1619,1644]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="233">T. minus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This species is rare (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="HUGUENEY M. & GUERIN C. & POIDEVIN J. - L." box="[193,441,1650,1677]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Hugueney" journalOrPublisher="Comptes rendus de l'Academie des Sciences. Serie 2, Mecanique, Physique, Chimie, Sciences de l'univers, Sciences de la Terre" pageId="12" pageNumber="233" pagination="763 - 768" part="309" publicationUrl="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k56640789/f769.item" refId="ref11825" refString="HUGUENEY M., GUERIN C. & POIDEVIN J. - L. 1989. - Decouverte de Trogontherium minus Newton 1890 (Rodentia: Castoridae) dans le Villafranchien inferieur de Perrier-Etouaires (Puy-de- Dome, France): implications phylogenetiques. Comptes rendus de l'Academie des Sciences. Serie 2, Mecanique, Physique, Chimie, Sciences de l'univers, Sciences de la Terre 309 (7): 763 - 768. https: // gallica. bnf. fr / ark: / 12148 / bpt 6 k 56640789 / f 769. item" title="Decouverte de Trogontherium minus Newton 1890 (Rodentia: Castoridae) dans le Villafranchien inferieur de Perrier-Etouaires (Puy-de- Dome, France): implications phylogenetiques" type="journal article" year="1989">
|
||
Hugueney
|
||
<emphasis box="[320,374,1650,1676]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="233">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1989
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and less well known than
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Stefen 2011)" baseAuthorityName="Stefen" baseAuthorityYear="2011" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Trogontherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="233" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cuvieri">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="233">T. cuvieri</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="STEFEN C." box="[227,368,1682,1708]" firstAuthor="Stefen" journalOrPublisher="Baltic Forestry" pageId="12" pageNumber="233" pagination="148 - 153" part="17" refId="ref13266" refString="STEFEN C. 2011. - A brief overview of the evolution of European tertiary beavers. Baltic Forestry 17 (1): 148 - 153." title="A brief overview of the evolution of European tertiary beavers" type="journal article" year="2011">Stefen 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which makes it hard to compare our material. As stated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="MORS T. & VON KOENIGSWALD W. VON & VON DER HOCHT F." box="[444,659,1714,1741]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Mors" journalOrPublisher="Mededelingen Nederlands Instituut voor Toegepaste Geowetenschappen TNO" pageId="12" pageNumber="233" pagination="135 - 160" part="60" refId="ref12454" refString="MORS T., VON KOENIGSWALD W. VON & VON DER HOCHT F. 1998. - Rodents (Mammalia) from the late Pliocene Reuver Clay of Hambach (Lower Rhine Embayment, Germany). Mededelingen Nederlands Instituut voor Toegepaste Geowetenschappen TNO 60: 135 - 160." title="Rodents (Mammalia) from the late Pliocene Reuver Clay of Hambach (Lower Rhine Embayment, Germany)" type="journal article" year="1998">
|
||
Mörs
|
||
<emphasis box="[512,569,1714,1740]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="233">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1998)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, there are only a few previously reported occurrences of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fischer de Waldheim" authorityYear="1809" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Trogontherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="233" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="233">Trogontherium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[233,343,1778,1804]" name="Germany" pageId="12" pageNumber="233">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
from the Miocene and Pliocene.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Newton" authorityYear="1890" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Trogontherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="233" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="233">T. minus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was previously found in deposits from Hambach of the same age (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="MORS T. & VON KOENIGSWALD W. VON & VON DER HOCHT F." box="[329,521,1841,1868]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Mors" journalOrPublisher="Mededelingen Nederlands Instituut voor Toegepaste Geowetenschappen TNO" pageId="12" pageNumber="233" pagination="135 - 160" part="60" refId="ref12454" refString="MORS T., VON KOENIGSWALD W. VON & VON DER HOCHT F. 1998. - Rodents (Mammalia) from the late Pliocene Reuver Clay of Hambach (Lower Rhine Embayment, Germany). Mededelingen Nederlands Instituut voor Toegepaste Geowetenschappen TNO 60: 135 - 160." title="Rodents (Mammalia) from the late Pliocene Reuver Clay of Hambach (Lower Rhine Embayment, Germany)" type="journal article" year="1998">
|
||
Mörs
|
||
<emphasis box="[398,454,1841,1867]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="233">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1998
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It was also reported from the Slovakian
|
||
<collectionCode box="[354,405,1873,1899]" country="Brazil" name="Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro" pageId="12" pageNumber="233">MN</collectionCode>
|
||
16a locality of Hajnačka I (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="SABOL M. & KONECNY V. & VASS D. & KOVACOVA M. & DURIsOVA A. & TUNYI I." etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Sabol" journalOrPublisher="Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg" pageId="12" pageNumber="233" pagination="261 - 274" part="256" refId="ref13099" refString="SABOL M., KONECNY V., VASS D., KOVACOVA M., DURIsOVA A. & TUNYI I. 2006. - Early Late Pliocene site of Hajnacka I (Southern Slovakia) - geology, palaeovolcanic evolution, fossil assemblages and palaeoenvironment. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 256: 261 - 274." title="Early Late Pliocene site of Hajnacka I (Southern Slovakia) - geology, palaeovolcanic evolution, fossil assemblages and palaeoenvironment" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Sabol
|
||
<emphasis box="[132,188,1905,1931]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="233">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and from the
|
||
<collectionCode box="[432,484,1905,1931]" country="Brazil" name="Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro" pageId="12" pageNumber="233">MN</collectionCode>
|
||
16 of Podpusk-Lebyazh’e (Western Siberia) where the most complete material was found (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="VISLOBOKOVA I." box="[217,424,1969,1995]" firstAuthor="Vislobokova" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontographia Italica" pageId="12" pageNumber="233" pagination="1 - 23" part="83" refId="ref13765" refString="VISLOBOKOVA I. 1996. - The Pliocene Podpusk-Lebyazh'e mammalian faunas and assemblage, western Siberia. Palaeontographia Italica 83: 1 - 23." title="The Pliocene Podpusk-Lebyazh'e mammalian faunas and assemblage, western Siberia" type="journal article" year="1996">Vislobokova 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Newton" authorityYear="1890" box="[448,727,1969,1995]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Trogontherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="233" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[448,612,1969,1995]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="233">Trogontherium</emphasis>
|
||
aff.
|
||
<emphasis box="[660,727,1970,1995]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="233">minus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="PASCARI V." box="[269,434,2001,2028]" editor="UNGUREANU L. & TODERAs I. & ZUBCOV E. & DERJANSCHI V. & ERHAN D. & NISTREANU V." firstAuthor="Pascari" journalOrPublisher="Xth international conference of zoologists, Chisinau" pageId="12" pageNumber="233" pagination="357 - 361" part="2020" refId="ref12751" refString="PASCARI V. 2021. - The evolution of Castorids (Mammalia, Rodentia) in the Republic of Moldova, in UNGUREANU L., TODERAs I., ZUBCOV E., DERJANSCHI V., ERHAN D. & NISTREANU V. (eds), Sustainable use and protection of animal world in the context of climate change, Moldova. Xth international conference of zoologists, Chisinau, 2020, abstracts: 357 - 361. https: // doi. org / 10.53937 / icz 10.2021.58" title="The evolution of Castorids (Mammalia, Rodentia) in the Republic of Moldova" type="proceedings" volumeTitle="Sustainable use and protection of animal world in the context of climate change, Moldova" year="2021">Pascari (2021)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from the Pliocene of Musaitu in the
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[893,1082,1044,1070]" country="Moldova" name="Taraclia" pageId="12" pageNumber="233">Taraclia district</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1101,1214,1044,1071]" name="Moldova" pageId="12" pageNumber="233">Moldova</collectingCountry>
|
||
), but the published measurements are inconsistent and were therefore not used here for comparison.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="APOLTSEV D. A. & REKOVETS L. I." box="[1123,1455,1108,1135]" firstAuthor="Apoltsev" journalOrPublisher="Vestnik Zoologii" pageId="12" pageNumber="233" pagination="519 - 528" part="49" refId="ref10385" refString="APOLTSEV D. A. & REKOVETS L. I. 2015. - Beavers of the Genus Trogontherium (Castoridae, Rodentia) From the Late Miocene of Ukraine. Vestnik Zoologii 49 (6): 519 - 528. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / vzoo- 2015 - 0062" title="Beavers of the Genus Trogontherium (Castoridae, Rodentia) From the Late Miocene of Ukraine" type="journal article" year="2015">Apoltsev & Rekovets (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
place
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Newton" authorityYear="1890" box="[879,977,1141,1166]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Trogontherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="233" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[879,977,1141,1166]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="233">T. minus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the sub-genus
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Samson & Radulesco" authorityYear="1973" box="[1183,1329,1141,1166]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Euroxenomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="233" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1183,1329,1141,1166]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="233">Euroxenomys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, we follow
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="HUGUENEY M. & DURANTHON F." box="[929,1307,1172,1198]" editor="PEIGNE S. & SEN S." firstAuthor="Hugueney" journalOrPublisher="Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris" pageId="12" pageNumber="233" pagination="95 - 118" part="203" refId="ref11925" refString="HUGUENEY M. & DURANTHON F. 2012. - Les Castoridae (Rodentia) de Sansan, in PEIGNE S. & SEN S. (eds), Mammiferes de Sansan. Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris: 95 - 118 (Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle; 203)." title="Les Castoridae (Rodentia) de Sansan" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Mammiferes de Sansan" year="2012">Hugueney & Duranthon (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="MORS T. & TOMIDA Y." firstAuthor="Mors" journalOrPublisher="Paleontological Research" pageId="12" pageNumber="233" pagination="145 - 149" part="22" refId="ref12606" refString="MORS T. & TOMIDA Y. 2018. - Euroxenomys nanus sp. nov., a minute beaver (Rodentia, Castoridae) from the Early Miocene of Japan. Paleontological Research 22 (2): 145 - 149. https: // doi. org / 10.2517 / 2017 PR 013" title="Euroxenomys nanus sp. nov., a minute beaver (Rodentia, Castoridae) from the Early Miocene of Japan" type="journal article" year="2018">Mörs & Tomida (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
who only place the Miocene
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="von Meyer" authorityYear="1838" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Euroxenomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="233" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minutus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="233">Euroxenomys minutus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[963,1184,1236,1261]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Euroxenomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="233" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nanus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[963,1184,1236,1261]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="233">Euroxenomys nanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Samson & Radulesco" authorityYear="1973" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Euroxenomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="233" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="233">Euroxenomys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fischer de Waldheim" authorityYear="1809" box="[867,1034,1267,1293]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Trogontherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="233" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[867,1034,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="233">Trogontherium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is an extinct genus of beavers, found from the Late Miocene (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="MAYHEW D. F." box="[1087,1250,1299,1326]" firstAuthor="Mayhew" journalOrPublisher="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences" pageId="12" pageNumber="233" pagination="407 - 438" part="281" refId="ref12354" refString="MAYHEW D. F. 1978. - Reinterpretation of the extinct beaver Trogontherium (Mammalia, Rodentia). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences 281 (983): 407 - 438. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rstb. 1978.0004" title="Reinterpretation of the extinct beaver Trogontherium (Mammalia, Rodentia)" type="journal article" year="1978">Mayhew 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) to the Late Pleistocene (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="YANG Y. & LI Q. & NI X. & CHENG X. & ZHANG J. & LI H. & JIN C." box="[907,1097,1331,1358]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Yang" journalOrPublisher="Quaternary International" pageId="12" pageNumber="233" pagination="70 - 79" part="591" refId="ref13864" refString="YANG Y., LI Q., NI X., CHENG X., ZHANG J., LI H. & JIN C. 2021. - Tooth micro-wear analysis reveals that persistence of beaver Trogontherium cuvieri (Rodentia, Mammalia) in Northeast China relied on its plastic ecological niche in Pleistocene. Quaternary International 591: 70 - 79. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. quaint. 2021.01.004" title="Tooth micro-wear analysis reveals that persistence of beaver Trogontherium cuvieri (Rodentia, Mammalia) in Northeast China relied on its plastic ecological niche in Pleistocene" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
Yang
|
||
<emphasis box="[972,1029,1331,1357]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="233">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Newton" authorityYear="1890" box="[1123,1223,1332,1357]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Trogontherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="233" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1123,1223,1332,1357]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="233">T. minus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
seems to have been restricted to Europe (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="YANG Y. & LI Q. & NI X. & CHENG X. & ZHANG J. & LI H. & JIN C." box="[1067,1260,1363,1390]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Yang" journalOrPublisher="Quaternary International" pageId="12" pageNumber="233" pagination="70 - 79" part="591" refId="ref13864" refString="YANG Y., LI Q., NI X., CHENG X., ZHANG J., LI H. & JIN C. 2021. - Tooth micro-wear analysis reveals that persistence of beaver Trogontherium cuvieri (Rodentia, Mammalia) in Northeast China relied on its plastic ecological niche in Pleistocene. Quaternary International 591: 70 - 79. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. quaint. 2021.01.004" title="Tooth micro-wear analysis reveals that persistence of beaver Trogontherium cuvieri (Rodentia, Mammalia) in Northeast China relied on its plastic ecological niche in Pleistocene" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
Yang
|
||
<emphasis box="[1133,1190,1363,1389]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="233">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Unlike
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1377,1448,1364,1390]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="233" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1377,1448,1364,1390]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="233">Castor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fischer de Waldheim" authorityYear="1809" box="[813,980,1395,1421]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Trogontherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="233" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[813,980,1395,1421]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="233">Trogontherium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is subhypsodont (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="HUGUENEY M." box="[1202,1392,1395,1422]" editor="ROSSNER G. E. & HEISSIG K." firstAuthor="Hugueney" journalOrPublisher="Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munich" pageId="12" pageNumber="233" pagination="281 - 300" refId="ref11783" refString="HUGUENEY M. 1999. - Family castoridae, in ROSSNER G. E. & HEISSIG K. (eds), The Miocene Land Mammals of Europe. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munich: 281 - 300." title="Family castoridae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="The Miocene Land Mammals of Europe" year="1999">Hugueney 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="STEFEN C." firstAuthor="Stefen" journalOrPublisher="Baltic Forestry" pageId="12" pageNumber="233" pagination="148 - 153" part="17" refId="ref13266" refString="STEFEN C. 2011. - A brief overview of the evolution of European tertiary beavers. Baltic Forestry 17 (1): 148 - 153." title="A brief overview of the evolution of European tertiary beavers" type="journal article" year="2011">Stefen 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and seems to have a more terrestrial lifestyle (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="FOSTOWICZ-FRELIK L." box="[822,1083,1459,1485]" firstAuthor="Fostowicz-Frelik" journalOrPublisher="Geodiversitas" pageId="12" pageNumber="233" pagination="765 - 778" part="30" refId="ref11362" refString="FOSTOWICZ-FRELIK L. 2008. - First record of Trogontherium cuvieri (Mammalia, Rodentia) from the middle Pleistocene of Poland and review of the species. Geodiversitas 30 (4): 765 - 778." title="First record of Trogontherium cuvieri (Mammalia, Rodentia) from the middle Pleistocene of Poland and review of the species" type="journal article" year="2008">Fostowicz-Frelik 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7867127" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7867127" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7867127/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="233" startId="12.[132,143,881,898]" targetBox="[275,1318,190,826]" targetPageId="12" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[132,1456,881,944]" pageId="12" pageNumber="233">
|
||
<smallCapsWord baselines="894,895" box="[132,157,881,898]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="12" pageNumber="233">FIG</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. 7. — Size comparison of our specimens with different species.
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Newton, 1890" authorityName="Newton" authorityYear="1890" box="[707,1012,881,898]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Trogontherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="233" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[707,886,881,898]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="233">Trogontherium minus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="NEWTON E." box="[894,1012,881,898]" firstAuthor="Newton" journalOrPublisher="Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society" pageId="12" pageNumber="233" pagination="444 - 453" part="46" refId="ref12701" refString="NEWTON E. 1890. - On some new mammals from the Red and Norwich Crags. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society 46 (1 - 4): 444 - 453. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / GSL. JGS. 1890.046.01 - 04.29" title="On some new mammals from the Red and Norwich Crags" type="journal article" year="1890">Newton, 1890</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="CZERNIELEWSKI M." box="[1062,1225,881,898]" firstAuthor="Czernielewski" journalOrPublisher="Geological Quarterly" pageId="12" pageNumber="233" pagination="18" part="66" refId="ref11101" refString="CZERNIELEWSKI M. 2022. - Castoridae (Rodentia) from the Villafranchian site of Weze 2 in southern Po land. Geological Quarterly 66: 18. https: // doi. org / 10.7306 / gq. 1650" title="Castoridae (Rodentia) from the Villafranchian site of Weze 2 in southern Po land" type="journal article" year="2022">Czernielewski 2022</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="HUGUENEY M. & GUERIN C. & POIDEVIN J. - L." box="[1236,1418,881,898]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Hugueney" journalOrPublisher="Comptes rendus de l'Academie des Sciences. Serie 2, Mecanique, Physique, Chimie, Sciences de l'univers, Sciences de la Terre" pageId="12" pageNumber="233" pagination="763 - 768" part="309" publicationUrl="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k56640789/f769.item" refId="ref11825" refString="HUGUENEY M., GUERIN C. & POIDEVIN J. - L. 1989. - Decouverte de Trogontherium minus Newton 1890 (Rodentia: Castoridae) dans le Villafranchien inferieur de Perrier-Etouaires (Puy-de- Dome, France): implications phylogenetiques. Comptes rendus de l'Academie des Sciences. Serie 2, Mecanique, Physique, Chimie, Sciences de l'univers, Sciences de la Terre 309 (7): 763 - 768. https: // gallica. bnf. fr / ark: / 12148 / bpt 6 k 56640789 / f 769. item" title="Decouverte de Trogontherium minus Newton 1890 (Rodentia: Castoridae) dans le Villafranchien inferieur de Perrier-Etouaires (Puy-de- Dome, France): implications phylogenetiques" type="journal article" year="1989">
|
||
Hugueney
|
||
<emphasis box="[1328,1370,881,898]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="233">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1989
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="NEWTON E." box="[132,245,904,921]" firstAuthor="Newton" journalOrPublisher="Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society" pageId="12" pageNumber="233" pagination="444 - 453" part="46" refId="ref12701" refString="NEWTON E. 1890. - On some new mammals from the Red and Norwich Crags. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society 46 (1 - 4): 444 - 453. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / GSL. JGS. 1890.046.01 - 04.29" title="On some new mammals from the Red and Norwich Crags" type="journal article" year="1890">Newton 1890</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Owen, 1846" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1846" box="[256,547,904,921]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Trogontherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="233" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cuvieri">
|
||
<emphasis box="[256,438,904,921]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="233">Trogontherium cuvieri</emphasis>
|
||
Owen, 1846
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="FOSTOWICZ-FRELIK L." box="[596,781,904,921]" firstAuthor="Fostowicz-Frelik" journalOrPublisher="Geodiversitas" pageId="12" pageNumber="233" pagination="765 - 778" part="30" refId="ref11362" refString="FOSTOWICZ-FRELIK L. 2008. - First record of Trogontherium cuvieri (Mammalia, Rodentia) from the middle Pleistocene of Poland and review of the species. Geodiversitas 30 (4): 765 - 778." title="First record of Trogontherium cuvieri (Mammalia, Rodentia) from the middle Pleistocene of Poland and review of the species" type="journal article" year="2008">Fostowicz-Frelik 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="LANGEVELD B." box="[824,958,904,921]" firstAuthor="Langeveld" journalOrPublisher="Cranium" pageId="12" pageNumber="233" pagination="8 - 12" part="30" publicationUrl="https://natuurtijdschriften.nl/pub/713239" refId="ref12243" refString="LANGEVELD B. 2013. - Trogontherium cuvieri Fischer (Castoridae) van het strand van Hoek van Holland en de Zandmotor (Zuid-Holland). Cranium 30 (1): 8 - 12. https: // natuurtijdschriften. nl / pub / 713239" title="Trogontherium cuvieri Fischer (Castoridae) van het strand van Hoek van Holland en de Zandmotor (Zuid-Holland)" type="journal article" year="2013">Langeveld 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(von Meyer, 1838)" baseAuthorityName="von Meyer" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[969,1456,904,921]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Trogontherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="233" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minutum" subGenus="Euroxenomys">
|
||
<emphasis box="[969,1091,904,921]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="233">Trogontherium</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis box="[1102,1215,904,921]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="233">Euroxenomys</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis box="[1225,1298,904,921]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="233">minutum</emphasis>
|
||
(von Meyer, 1838)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="STEFEN C. & RUMMEL M." box="[176,368,927,944]" firstAuthor="Stefen" journalOrPublisher="Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie-Monatshefte" pageId="12" pageNumber="233" pagination="11 - 34" part="1" refId="ref13386" refString="STEFEN C. & RUMMEL M. 2003. - Trogontherium (Euroxenomys) minutum (Castoridae: Mammalia) from Petersbuch 50, Miocene, South Germany. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie-Monatshefte 1: 11 - 34. https: // doi. org / 10.1127 / njgpm / 2003 / 2003 / 11" title="Trogontherium (Euroxenomys) minutum (Castoridae: Mammalia) from Petersbuch 50, Miocene, South Germany" type="journal article" year="2003">Stefen & Rummel 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[811,1456,1044,2028]" pageId="12" pageNumber="233">
|
||
The lower jaw HaR-5642 belongs to a juvenile individual, according to its erupting P4 and the early wear stage of the two preserved molars. Tentative age determination was done based on the timing of eruption of the p4. Different possible ages have been found in the literature based on studies of recent
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1248,1319,1651,1677]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="233" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1248,1319,1651,1677]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="233">Castor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="MAYHEW D. F." box="[846,1034,1682,1709]" firstAuthor="Mayhew" journalOrPublisher="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences" pageId="12" pageNumber="233" pagination="407 - 438" part="281" refId="ref12354" refString="MAYHEW D. F. 1978. - Reinterpretation of the extinct beaver Trogontherium (Mammalia, Rodentia). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences 281 (983): 407 - 438. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rstb. 1978.0004" title="Reinterpretation of the extinct beaver Trogontherium (Mammalia, Rodentia)" type="journal article" year="1978">Mayhew (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
the premolars erupt between six to ten months after birth and according (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="HEINRICH W. - D. & MAUL L. C." firstAuthor="Heinrich" journalOrPublisher="Fossil Imprint" pageId="12" pageNumber="233" pagination="40 - 58" part="76" refId="ref11573" refString="HEINRICH W. - D. & MAUL L. C. 2020. - Mortality profiles of Castor and Trogontherium (Mammalia; Rodentia, Castoridae), with notes on the site formation of the mid-Pleistocene Hominin locality Bilzingsleben II (Thunringa, Central Germany). Fossil Imprint 76 (1): 40 - 58. https: // doi. org / 10.37520 / fi. 2020.004" title="Mortality profiles of Castor and Trogontherium (Mammalia; Rodentia, Castoridae), with notes on the site formation of the mid-Pleistocene Hominin locality Bilzingsleben II (Thunringa, Central Germany)" type="journal article" year="2020">Heinrich & Maul (2020)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
p4s come into wear around the end of the first year.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="HUGUENEY M. & ESCUILLIE F." box="[873,1215,1778,1804]" firstAuthor="Hugueney" journalOrPublisher="Paleobiology" pageId="12" pageNumber="233" pagination="507 - 513" part="22" refId="ref11980" refString="HUGUENEY M. & ESCUILLIE F. 1996. - Fossil evidence for the origin of behavioral strategies in early Miocene Castoridae, and their role in the evolution of the family. Paleobiology 22 (4): 507 - 513. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0094837300016493" title="Fossil evidence for the origin of behavioral strategies in early Miocene Castoridae, and their role in the evolution of the family" type="journal article" year="1996">Hugueney & Escuillié (1996)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
consider individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Geoffroy St.Hilaire" authorityYear="1834" box="[846,969,1810,1836]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Steneofiber" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="233" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[846,969,1810,1836]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="233">Steneofiber</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with erupting p4s to be yearlings which correspond to individuals one year old or in their second year. According to these authors, it seems that our individual was around one year old, although probably a little less. However, these estimates are to be taken with caution as we do not know the lifespan nor the postnatal development of fossil species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="STEFEN C. & RUMMEL M." box="[1161,1438,2001,2027]" firstAuthor="Stefen" journalOrPublisher="Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie-Monatshefte" pageId="12" pageNumber="233" pagination="11 - 34" part="1" refId="ref13386" refString="STEFEN C. & RUMMEL M. 2003. - Trogontherium (Euroxenomys) minutum (Castoridae: Mammalia) from Petersbuch 50, Miocene, South Germany. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie-Monatshefte 1: 11 - 34. https: // doi. org / 10.1127 / njgpm / 2003 / 2003 / 11" title="Trogontherium (Euroxenomys) minutum (Castoridae: Mammalia) from Petersbuch 50, Miocene, South Germany" type="journal article" year="2003">Stefen & Rummel 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |