691 lines
89 KiB
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691 lines
89 KiB
XML
<document id="97ABCB10AFB7D7B9B2AE36E7F151F702" ID-DOI="10.1016/j.ijppaw.2023.11.005" ID-ISSN="2213-2244" ID-PMC="PMC10772711" ID-PubMed="38192304" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10933773" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1712341608192" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Tukmechi, Amir, Ownagh, Abdulghaffar, Enferadi, Ahmad & Khademi, Peyman" docDate="2024" docId="03B754521566FF8C3624FE1CFA8181D6" docLanguage="en" docName="IntJParasitolParasitesWildlife.23.100892.pdf" docOrigin="International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 23" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2023.11.005" docStyle="DocumentStyle:77CC2CF2FBA7BCD129DD16D0D4F96931.2:IntJParasitolParasitesWildlife.2012-.journal_article" docStyleId="77CC2CF2FBA7BCD129DD16D0D4F96931" docStyleName="IntJParasitolParasitesWildlife.2012-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Francisella tularensis Dorofeev 1947" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" masterDocId="FF8E2C2A1564FF893516FFFAFFEE824F" masterDocTitle="First molecular detection of Francisella tularensis in turtle (Testudo graeca) and ticks (Hyalomma aegyptium) in Northwest of Iran" masterLastPageNumber="100892" masterPageNumber="100892" pageNumber="100892" updateTime="1713815192211" updateUser="carolina" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0">
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<mods:title id="ED0A177318CC48CD96FBF5AAB93E6ADF">First molecular detection of Francisella tularensis in turtle (Testudo graeca) and ticks (Hyalomma aegyptium) in Northwest of Iran</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="7299CD2D7079EA7492098A1481A234DB">Tukmechi, Amir</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="1D9DFF0CB7F516FDE67AEC3B327507A3" type="email">a.tukmachi@urmia.ac.ir</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="6E4101BCBB1A29DC9C8DB9195B7808C4">Ownagh, Abdulghaffar</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="84697E16BE69ED2CF3BDF4DBC462BD0C">Enferadi, Ahmad</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="99F1EF2D7548B004FF08062ACE8E7435">Khademi, Peyman</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="8A81A5F978DA01740FF3A0AF265993CB">International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="B48230E253194A628C84016B4C8D1952">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="9F3409532175B2065A4ACAAD81B0E751">2024-04-30</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="6DB72903EB8D7E31770F0B2364EDABB0">23</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="2DB8C11738AC5E2F51FE7A17AC9F017F">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2023.11.005</mods:url>
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<treatment id="03B754521566FF8C3624FE1CFA8181D6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B754521566FF8C3624FE1CFA8181D6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B754521566FF8C3624FE1CFA8181D6" lastPageId="5" pageId="2">
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<subSubSection id="C304B6CF1566FF8B3624FE1CFB0183B6" box="[818,1263,486,505]" pageId="2" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA1E5441566FF8B3624FE1CFB0183B6" blockId="2.[818,1263,486,505]" box="[818,1263,486,505]" pageId="2">
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<heading id="D0E952281566FF8B3624FE1CFB0183B6" box="[818,1263,486,505]" fontSize="36" level="2" pageId="2" reason="3">
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<emphasis id="B96A39561566FF8B3624FE1CFB0183B6" bold="true" box="[818,1263,486,505]" italics="true" pageId="2">
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3.2. Detection of
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71566FF8B36C3FE1CFB6183B6" ID-CoL="6JLDK" authority="Dorofeev, 1947" authorityName="Dorofeev" authorityYear="1947" box="[981,1167,486,505]" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Francisellaceae" genus="Francisella" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thiotrichales" pageId="2" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="tularensis">Francisella tularensis</taxonomicName>
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subspecies
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C304B6CF1566FF8B3647FDE4FAC28608" pageId="2" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BA1E5441566FF8B3647FDE4FAD480F2" blockId="2.[818,1487,541,701]" pageId="2">
|
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The presence of
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71566FF8B36E5FDE4FB8E807F" box="[1011,1120,541,561]" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Francisellaceae" genus="Francisella" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thiotrichales" pageId="2" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="tularensis">
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<emphasis id="B96A39561566FF8B36E5FDE4FB8E807F" bold="true" box="[1011,1120,541,561]" italics="true" pageId="2">F. tularensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was not detected through the
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<emphasis id="B96A39561566FF8B3098FDE7FA21807F" bold="true" box="[1422,1487,541,560]" italics="true" pageId="2">pdpD-2</emphasis>
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gene within both blood and tick samples. However, the
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<emphasis id="B96A39561566FF8B3058FDC0FA9B8002" bold="true" box="[1358,1397,570,589]" italics="true" pageId="2">RD1</emphasis>
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gene did yield amplification, producing a 520 bp product size. In tick samples, the outcomes based on the
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<emphasis id="B96A39561566FF8B3107FD8BFBD680CB" bold="true" box="[1041,1080,625,644]" italics="true" pageId="2">RD1</emphasis>
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gene indicated the presence of 15 samples belonging to the
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71566FF8B36CAFD77FBDA80EF" box="[988,1076,653,672]" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Francisellaceae" genus="Francisella" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thiotrichales" pageId="2" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="holarctica">
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<emphasis id="B96A39561566FF8B36CAFD77FBDA80EF" bold="true" box="[988,1076,653,672]" italics="true" pageId="2">holarctica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
. Similarly, from blood samples, seven instances were isolated that also fell under the
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71566FF8B31CAFD53FADA80F3" box="[1244,1332,681,700]" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Francisellaceae" genus="Francisella" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thiotrichales" pageId="2" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="holarctica">
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<emphasis id="B96A39561566FF8B31CAFD53FADA80F3" bold="true" box="[1244,1332,681,700]" italics="true" pageId="2">holarctica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA1E5441566FF8B3624FD1EFBF180B8" blockId="2.[818,1055,740,759]" box="[818,1055,740,759]" pageId="2">
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||
<heading id="D0E952281566FF8B3624FD1EFBF180B8" box="[818,1055,740,759]" fontSize="36" level="2" pageId="2" reason="3">
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||
<emphasis id="B96A39561566FF8B3624FD1EFBF180B8" bold="true" box="[818,1055,740,759]" italics="true" pageId="2">3.3. Phylogenetic analysis</emphasis>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA1E5441566FF8B3647FCE6FA2181D0" blockId="2.[818,1487,796,1095]" pageId="2">
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Through the construction of a phylogenetic tree utilizing neighborjoining analysis of both the
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<emphasis id="B96A39561566FF8B3150FCC2FB4B8104" bold="true" box="[1094,1189,824,843]" italics="true" pageId="2">16S rRNA</emphasis>
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and
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<emphasis id="B96A39561566FF8B31CCFCC2FAEF8104" bold="true" box="[1242,1281,824,843]" italics="true" pageId="2">RD1</emphasis>
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partial genes, it was discerned that four isolates exhibited close clustering. These isolates showcased a high degree of similarity, ranging between 99.9% and 100%, signifying their similarity as practically identical (
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<figureCitation id="1325F9C11566FF8B305FFC76FA6981D0" box="[1353,1415,908,927]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[100,130,1155,1172]" captionTargetBox="[340,1248,149,1127]" captionTargetId="figure-518@3.[339,1249,148,1128]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. The evolutionary lineage was determined using the Maximum Likelihood method and the Tamura-Nei model. The displayed tree represents the one with the most favorable log likelihood (429.22). Additionally, the branches are accompanied by the percentage denoting how frequently the related taxa formed clusters in the trees. The initial trees for exploratory purposes were automatically created using the Neighbor-Join and BioNJ algorithms. This was accomplished by utilizing a matrix of pairwise distances, which were calculated employing the Tamura-Nei model. From these initial trees, the one with the most favorable log likelihood value was selected. This analysis was conducted on a collection of 31 nucleotide sequences. The encompassed codon positions consisted of 1st+2nd+3rd +Noncoding. The final dataset consisted of a total of 306 positions. The evolutionary analyses were performed utilizing MEGA11." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10933777" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10933777/files/figure.png" pageId="2">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
and
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||
<figureCitation id="1325F9C11566FF8B30A3FC76FA2F81D0" box="[1461,1473,908,927]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[100,130,1693,1710]" captionTargetBox="[233,1366,168,1653]" captionTargetId="figure-13@4.[206,1381,148,1666]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3. The lineage’s evolutionary narrative was deduced through the application of the Neighbor-Joining technique. The most advantageous tree configuration is depicted. Adjacent to the branches, the percentages reflect how often the related taxa aggregated within the bootstrap test, comprising 1000 replicates. Evolutionary distances were calculated using the Maximum Composite Likelihood method, expressed as the count of base substitutions per site. In this study, a collective of 32 nucleotide sequences were taken into account. The codon positions covered 1st+2nd+3rd +Noncoding. Ambiguous positions were excluded for each sequence pair, following the pairwise deletion technique. In the culminating dataset, a collective count of 542 positions was encompassed. The evolutionary analyses were executed using MEGA11." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10933779" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10933779/files/figure.png" pageId="2">3</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA1E5441566FF8B3647FC52FAC28608" blockId="2.[818,1487,796,1095]" pageId="2">
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||
<figureCitation id="1325F9C11566FF8B3647FC52FC6081F4" box="[849,910,936,955]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[100,130,1155,1172]" captionTargetBox="[340,1248,149,1127]" captionTargetId="figure-518@3.[339,1249,148,1128]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. The evolutionary lineage was determined using the Maximum Likelihood method and the Tamura-Nei model. The displayed tree represents the one with the most favorable log likelihood (429.22). Additionally, the branches are accompanied by the percentage denoting how frequently the related taxa formed clusters in the trees. The initial trees for exploratory purposes were automatically created using the Neighbor-Join and BioNJ algorithms. This was accomplished by utilizing a matrix of pairwise distances, which were calculated employing the Tamura-Nei model. From these initial trees, the one with the most favorable log likelihood value was selected. This analysis was conducted on a collection of 31 nucleotide sequences. The encompassed codon positions consisted of 1st+2nd+3rd +Noncoding. The final dataset consisted of a total of 306 positions. The evolutionary analyses were performed utilizing MEGA11." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10933777" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10933777/files/figure.png" pageId="2">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
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and
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<figureCitation id="1325F9C11566FF8B36ACFC52FC2881F4" box="[954,966,936,955]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[100,130,1693,1710]" captionTargetBox="[233,1366,168,1653]" captionTargetId="figure-13@4.[206,1381,148,1666]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3. The lineage’s evolutionary narrative was deduced through the application of the Neighbor-Joining technique. The most advantageous tree configuration is depicted. Adjacent to the branches, the percentages reflect how often the related taxa aggregated within the bootstrap test, comprising 1000 replicates. Evolutionary distances were calculated using the Maximum Composite Likelihood method, expressed as the count of base substitutions per site. In this study, a collective of 32 nucleotide sequences were taken into account. The codon positions covered 1st+2nd+3rd +Noncoding. Ambiguous positions were excluded for each sequence pair, following the pairwise deletion technique. In the culminating dataset, a collective count of 542 positions was encompassed. The evolutionary analyses were executed using MEGA11." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10933779" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10933779/files/figure.png" pageId="2">3</figureCitation>
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illustrate the outcomes of phylogenetic analyses carried out utilizing
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<emphasis id="B96A39561566FF8B36B9FC3EFC388198" bold="true" box="[943,982,964,983]" italics="true" pageId="2">RD1</emphasis>
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||
and
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<emphasis id="B96A39561566FF8B311FFC3EFB898198" bold="true" box="[1033,1127,964,983]" italics="true" pageId="2">16S rRNA</emphasis>
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sequences. The nucleotide sequences recorded in this study have been assigned accession numbers (
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<emphasis id="B96A39561566FF8B3079FC25FA2781BC" bold="true" box="[1391,1481,991,1011]" italics="true" pageId="2">16S rRNA</emphasis>
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: OR413784, OR413805) and (
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<emphasis id="B96A39561566FF8B3146FC01FB998641" bold="true" box="[1104,1143,1019,1038]" italics="true" pageId="2">RD1</emphasis>
|
||
: OR396897, OR396898). These sequences have been added to the GenBank database, which can be accessed at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C304B6CF1566FF8C3624FB96FA8181D6" lastPageId="5" pageId="2" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA1E5441566FF8B3624FB96FC538630" blockId="2.[818,957,1132,1151]" box="[818,957,1132,1151]" pageId="2">
|
||
<heading id="D0E952281566FF8B3624FB96FC538630" bold="true" box="[818,957,1132,1151]" fontSize="36" level="1" pageId="2" reason="1">
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||
<emphasis id="B96A39561566FF8B3624FB96FC538630" bold="true" box="[818,957,1132,1151]" pageId="2">4. Discussion</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA1E5441566FF8B3647FB5EFBC88769" blockId="2.[818,1488,1187,1514]" pageId="2">
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||
The present study was the first study on
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71566FF8B31FBFB59FAA386F9" authorityName="Dorofe'ev" authorityYear="1947" box="[1261,1357,1187,1206]" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Francisellaceae" genus="Francisella" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thiotrichales" pageId="2" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561566FF8B31FBFB59FAA386F9" bold="true" box="[1261,1357,1187,1206]" italics="true" pageId="2">Francisella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the blood samples and tick pool of
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<collectingRegion id="49DA2BA61566FF8B310FFB3AFAE6869D" box="[1049,1288,1215,1235]" country="Iran" name="Azarbayjan-e Gharbi" pageId="2">West Azerbaijan province</collectingRegion>
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||
(Oshnavieh). Results of the present study revealed that 23% of the all examined tick samples were positive for
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71566FF8B36C4FB0DFBDC8745" authorityName="Dorofe'ev" authorityYear="1947" box="[978,1074,1271,1290]" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Francisellaceae" genus="Francisella" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thiotrichales" pageId="2" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561566FF8B36C4FB0DFBDC8745" bold="true" box="[978,1074,1271,1290]" italics="true" pageId="2">Francisella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
. Also, the contamination of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71566FF8B3023FB0DFA7B8745" authorityName="Dorofe'ev" authorityYear="1947" box="[1333,1429,1271,1290]" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Francisellaceae" genus="Francisella" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thiotrichales" pageId="2" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561566FF8B3023FB0DFA7B8745" bold="true" box="[1333,1429,1271,1290]" italics="true" pageId="2">Francisella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
genus in blood samples was 7%.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA1E5441566FF8A3647FAD5FF3387EC" blockId="2.[818,1488,1187,1514]" lastBlockId="3.[100,770,1341,1974]" lastPageId="3" pageId="2">
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||
Ticks play a significant role in transporting critical pathogens for both humans and animals, making them indicators of infection within natural ecosystems (
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F98B51566FF8B36E6FA9DFB718735" author="Rizzoli, A. & Hauffe, H. C. & Carpi, G. & Neteler, M. & Rosa, R." box="[1008,1183,1383,1402]" pageId="2" pagination="19906" refId="ref7245" refString="Rizzoli, A., Hauffe, H. C., Carpi, G., Vourc' h, G., Neteler, M., Rosa, R., 2011. Lyme borreliosis in Europe. Euro Surveill. 16 (27), 19906." type="journal article" year="2011">Rizzoli et al., 2011</bibRefCitation>
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||
). In recent times, there has been an expansion in the geographical range and habitats of diverse and adaptable tick species. This growth trend is substantially influenced by factors such as alterations in land utilization, shifts in climate patterns, and the global interconnectedness (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F98B51566FF8B3185FA2DFABF87A5" author="Gubler, D. J. & Reiter, P. & Ebi, K. L. & Yap, W. & Nasci, R. & Patz, J. A." box="[1171,1361,1495,1514]" pageId="2" pagination="223 - 233" refId="ref6355" refString="Gubler, D. J., Reiter, P., Ebi, K. L., Yap, W., Nasci, R., Patz, J. A., 2001. Climate variability and change in the United States: potential impacts on vector-and rodent-borne diseases. Environ. Health Perspect. 109 (Suppl. 2), 223 - 233. https: // doi. org / 10.1289 / ehp. 109 - 1240669." type="journal article" year="2001">Gubler et al., 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Harrus and Baneth, 2005). On the flip side, specific tick species, like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71567FF8A3793FAC7FD15871F" box="[645,763,1341,1360]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Hyalomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegyptium">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561567FF8A3793FAC7FD15871F" bold="true" box="[645,763,1341,1360]" italics="true" pageId="3">H. aegyptium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, demonstrate a pattern of shrinking geographical distribution, closely linked to the diminishing populations of their vulnerable hosts (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F98B51567FF8A37A1FA8EFF3E87EC" author="Mihalca, A. D. & Gherman, C. M. & Cozma, V." pageId="3" pagination="1 - 7" refId="ref6905" refString="Mihalca, A. D., Gherman, C. M., Cozma, V., 2011. Coendangered hard-ticks: threatened or threatening? Parasites Vectors 4, 1 - 7. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / 1756 - 3305 - 4 - 71." type="journal article" year="2011">Mihalca et al., 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF61B5CC1566FF8B3572F9EFFF468416" pageId="2" startId="2.[100,150,1557,1573]" targetBox="[116,1471,1645,1968]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="2" targetType="table">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA1E5441566FF8B3572F9EFFF498469" blockId="2.[100,1487,1557,1625]" box="[100,167,1557,1574]" pageId="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561566FF8B3572F9EFFF498469" bold="true" box="[100,167,1557,1574]" pageId="2">Table 1</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA1E5441566FF8B3572F9D4FF468416" blockId="2.[100,1487,1557,1625]" pageId="2">
|
||
The PCR technique used for identifying the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71566FF8B34CEF9D4FDC08470" authorityName="Dorofe'ev" authorityYear="1947" box="[472,558,1582,1599]" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Francisellaceae" genus="Francisella" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thiotrichales" pageId="2" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561566FF8B34CEF9D4FDC08470" bold="true" box="[472,558,1582,1599]" italics="true" pageId="2">Francisella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
genus and subspecies includes specific primers, product sizes and a thermal program, which are described as follows.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA1E5441566FF8B3562F997FDB785FF" pageId="2">
|
||
<table id="F91E17E4156600763562F997FA5185FF" box="[116,1471,1645,1968]" gridcols="7" gridrows="14" pageId="2">
|
||
<tr id="352EE706156600763562F997FA518434" box="[116,1471,1645,1659]" gridrow="0" pageId="2" rowspan-6="1">
|
||
<th id="76FF8E7A156600763562F997FF228434" box="[116,204,1645,1659]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="2">Protocol</th>
|
||
<th id="76FF8E7A1566007635FDF997FEAF8434" box="[235,321,1645,1659]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="2">Primer</th>
|
||
<th id="76FF8E7A15660076347FF997FD9D8434" box="[361,627,1645,1659]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="2">Sequence 5’——3’</th>
|
||
<th id="76FF8E7A156600763787F997FCD98434" box="[657,823,1645,1659]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="2">product size (bp)</th>
|
||
<th id="76FF8E7A156600763643F997FC178434" box="[853,1017,1645,1659]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="2">PCR condition (cycle)</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="352EE706156600763562F97EFA5184DD" box="[116,1471,1668,1682]" gridrow="1" pageId="2">
|
||
<th id="76FF8E7A156600763562F97EFA5184DD" box="[116,1471,1668,1682]" colspan="7" colspanRight="6" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="2">Name</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="352EE706156600763562F95FFA5184FA" box="[116,1471,1701,1717]" gridrow="2" pageId="2" rowspan-4="1">
|
||
<th id="76FF8E7A156600763562F95FFF2284FA" box="[116,204,1701,1717]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="2">Normal-</th>
|
||
<td id="76FF8E7A1566007635FDF95FFEAF84FA" box="[235,321,1701,1717]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="2">16SrRNA-F</td>
|
||
<td id="76FF8E7A15660076347FF95FFD9D84FA" box="[361,627,1701,1717]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="2">TGGTGTAGCGGTGAAATGCGTA</td>
|
||
<td id="76FF8E7A156600763787F95FFD1584FA" box="[657,763,1701,1717]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="2">495</td>
|
||
<td id="76FF8E7A156600763643F95FFA5184FA" box="[853,1471,1701,1717]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="2">95 ◦C for 4 m, 95 ◦C for 55s, Touchdown 66–63 (5) for 55s, 72 ◦C for 55 m, 72 ◦C for</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="352EE706156600763562F947FA518483" box="[116,1471,1725,1740]" gridrow="3" pageId="2" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-6="1">
|
||
<th id="76FF8E7A156600763562F947FF228483" box="[116,204,1725,1740]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="2">PCR</th>
|
||
<td id="76FF8E7A1566007635FDF947FEAF8483" box="[235,321,1725,1740]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="2">16SrRNA-R</td>
|
||
<td id="76FF8E7A15660076347FF947FD9D8483" box="[361,627,1725,1740]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="2">GCCTTGTCAGCGGCAGTCTTAATA</td>
|
||
<td id="76FF8E7A156600763643F947FC178483" box="[853,1017,1725,1740]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="2">7 m. (32)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="352EE706156600763562F929FA5184AC" box="[116,1471,1747,1763]" gridrow="4" pageId="2" rowspan-4="1">
|
||
<th id="76FF8E7A156600763562F929FF2284AC" box="[116,204,1747,1763]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="2">Nested-PCR</th>
|
||
<td id="76FF8E7A1566007635FDF929FEAF84AC" box="[235,321,1747,1763]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="2">16SrRNA-</td>
|
||
<td id="76FF8E7A15660076347FF929FD9D84AC" box="[361,627,1747,1763]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="2">TGGTAGTCCACGCTGTAAACGATG</td>
|
||
<td id="76FF8E7A156600763787F929FD1584AC" box="[657,763,1747,1763]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="2">306</td>
|
||
<td id="76FF8E7A156600763643F929FA5184AC" box="[853,1471,1747,1763]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="2">95 ◦C for 4 m, 95 ◦C for 15s, 66 ◦C for 15s, 72 ◦C for 7 m. (30)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="352EE706156600763562F916FA5184B5" box="[116,1471,1772,1786]" gridrow="5" pageId="2">
|
||
<th id="76FF8E7A156600763562F916FA5184B5" box="[116,1471,1772,1786]" colspan="7" colspanRight="6" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="2">NF</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="352EE706156600763562F8F8FA51855F" box="[116,1471,1794,1808]" gridrow="6" pageId="2" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1">
|
||
<td id="76FF8E7A1566007635FDF8F8FEAF855F" box="[235,321,1794,1808]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="2">16SrRNA-</td>
|
||
<td id="76FF8E7A15660076347FF8F8FD9D855F" box="[361,627,1794,1808]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="2">GCGGGACTTAACCCAACATTTCAC</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="352EE706156600763562F8E3FA518568" box="[116,1471,1817,1831]" gridrow="7" pageId="2" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1">
|
||
<td id="76FF8E7A1566007635FDF8E3FEAF8568" box="[235,321,1817,1831]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="2">NR</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="352EE706156600763562F8D4FA518571" box="[116,1471,1838,1854]" gridrow="8" pageId="2">
|
||
<th id="76FF8E7A156600763562F8D4FF228571" box="[116,204,1838,1854]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="2">Normal-</th>
|
||
<td id="76FF8E7A1566007635FDF8D4FEAF8571" box="[235,321,1838,1854]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561566FF8B35FDF8D5FEFE8572" bold="true" box="[235,272,1839,1853]" italics="true" pageId="2">pdpD</emphasis>
|
||
-F
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76FF8E7A15660076347FF8D4FD9D8571" box="[361,627,1838,1854]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="2">TGGGTTATTCAATGGCTCAG</td>
|
||
<td id="76FF8E7A156600763787F8D4FD158571" box="[657,763,1838,1854]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="2">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71566FF8B3787F8CAFD088572" box="[657,742,1839,1854]" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Francisellaceae" genus="Francisella" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thiotrichales" pageId="2" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="tularensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561566FF8B3787F8CAFD088572" bold="true" box="[657,742,1839,1854]" italics="true" pageId="2">F. tularensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76FF8E7A15660076360CF8D4FCD98571" box="[794,823,1838,1854]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="2">136</td>
|
||
<td id="76FF8E7A156600763643F8D4FA518571" box="[853,1471,1838,1854]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="2">95 ◦C for 4 m, 95 ◦C for 15s, 66 ◦C for 15s, 72 ◦C for 7 m. (30)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="352EE706156600763562F8BCFA51851A" box="[116,1471,1862,1877]" gridrow="9" pageId="2" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1">
|
||
<th id="76FF8E7A156600763562F8BCFF22851A" box="[116,204,1862,1877]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="2">PCR</th>
|
||
<td id="76FF8E7A156600763787F8BCFD15851A" box="[657,763,1862,1877]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="2">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71566FF8B3787F8BDFD04851B" box="[657,746,1862,1877]" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Francisellaceae" genus="Francisella" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thiotrichales" pageId="2" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="holarctica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561566FF8B3787F8BDFD04851B" bold="true" box="[657,746,1862,1877]" italics="true" pageId="2">F. holarctica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76FF8E7A15660076360CF8BCFCD9851A" box="[794,823,1862,1877]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561566FF8B360CF8BDFCCD851A" bold="true" box="[794,803,1863,1877]" italics="true" pageId="2">–</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="352EE706156600763562F8A7FA518523" box="[116,1471,1885,1900]" gridrow="10" pageId="2" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1">
|
||
<td id="76FF8E7A1566007635FDF8A7FEAF8523" box="[235,321,1885,1900]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561566FF8B35FDF8A7FECE8524" bold="true" box="[235,288,1885,1899]" italics="true" pageId="2">pdpD-R</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76FF8E7A15660076347FF8A7FD9D8523" box="[361,627,1885,1900]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="2">TCTTGCACAGCTCCAAGAGT</td>
|
||
<td id="76FF8E7A156600763787F8A7FD158523" box="[657,763,1885,1900]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="2">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71566FF8B3787F8A4FD158524" box="[657,763,1885,1900]" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Francisellaceae" genus="Francisella" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thiotrichales" pageId="2" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="mediasiatica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561566FF8B3787F8A4FD158524" bold="true" box="[657,763,1885,1900]" italics="true" pageId="2">F. mediasiatica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76FF8E7A15660076360CF8A7FCD98523" box="[794,823,1885,1900]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="2">280</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="352EE706156600763562F88EFA5185CD" box="[116,1471,1908,1922]" gridrow="11" pageId="2" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1">
|
||
<td id="76FF8E7A156600763787F88EFD1585CD" box="[657,763,1908,1922]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="2">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71566FF8B3787F88EFD3185CD" box="[657,735,1908,1922]" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Francisellaceae" genus="Francisella" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thiotrichales" pageId="2" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="novicida">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561566FF8B3787F88EFD3185CD" bold="true" box="[657,735,1908,1922]" italics="true" pageId="2">F. novicida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="352EE706156600763562F870FA5185D6" box="[116,1471,1930,1945]" gridrow="12" pageId="2">
|
||
<th id="76FF8E7A156600763562F870FF2285D6" box="[116,204,1930,1945]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="2">Normal-</th>
|
||
<td id="76FF8E7A1566007635FDF870FEAF85D6" box="[235,321,1930,1945]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561566FF8B35FDF871FEF685D6" bold="true" box="[235,280,1931,1945]" italics="true" pageId="2">RD1-F</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76FF8E7A15660076347FF870FD9D85D6" box="[361,627,1930,1945]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="2">TGATTCTGTACGCTGGCGTTGT</td>
|
||
<td id="76FF8E7A156600763787F870FD1585D6" box="[657,763,1930,1945]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="2">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71566FF8B3787F871FD0485D6" box="[657,746,1931,1945]" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Francisellaceae" genus="Francisella" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thiotrichales" pageId="2" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="holarctica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561566FF8B3787F871FD0485D6" bold="true" box="[657,746,1931,1945]" italics="true" pageId="2">F. holarctica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76FF8E7A15660076360CF870FCD985D6" box="[794,823,1930,1945]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="2">520</td>
|
||
<td id="76FF8E7A156600763643F870FA5185D6" box="[853,1471,1930,1945]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="2">95 ◦C for 4 m, 95 ◦C for 15s, 62 ◦C for 15s, 72 ◦C for 7 m. (30)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="352EE706156600763562F858FA5185FF" box="[116,1471,1954,1968]" gridrow="13" pageId="2" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1">
|
||
<th id="76FF8E7A156600763562F858FF2285FF" box="[116,204,1954,1968]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="2">PCR</th>
|
||
<td id="76FF8E7A1566007635FDF858FEAF85FF" box="[235,321,1954,1968]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561566FF8B35FDF858FEF485FF" bold="true" box="[235,282,1954,1968]" italics="true" pageId="2">RD1-R</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76FF8E7A15660076347FF858FD9D85FF" box="[361,627,1954,1968]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="2">AAGCGCACCGTAGCTTTCATCT</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF61B5CC1567FF8A3572FB79FBCA875B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10933777" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10933777" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10933777/files/figure.png" pageId="3" startId="3.[100,130,1155,1172]" targetBox="[340,1248,149,1127]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA1E5441567FF8A3572FB79FBCA875B" blockId="3.[100,1488,1155,1300]" pageId="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561567FF8A3572FB79FF7386DB" bold="true" box="[100,157,1155,1172]" pageId="3">Fig. 2.</emphasis>
|
||
The evolutionary lineage was determined using the Maximum Likelihood method and the Tamura-Nei model. The displayed tree represents the one with the most favorable log likelihood (429.22). Additionally, the branches are accompanied by the percentage denoting how frequently the related taxa formed clusters in the trees. The initial trees for exploratory purposes were automatically created using the Neighbor-Join and BioNJ algorithms. This was accomplished by utilizing a matrix of pairwise distances, which were calculated employing the Tamura-Nei model. From these initial trees, the one with the most favorable log likelihood value was selected. This analysis was conducted on a collection of 31 nucleotide sequences. The encompassed codon positions consisted of 1st+2nd+3rd +Noncoding. The final dataset consisted of a total of 306 positions. The evolutionary analyses were performed utilizing MEGA11.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA1E5441567FF8A3592FA56FDEA8404" blockId="3.[100,770,1341,1974]" pageId="3">
|
||
Nevertheless, as a broader principle, the decline in the presence of natural host populations may instigate a phenomenon known as hostswitching behavior (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F98B51567FF8A343DFA1EFE0387B8" author="Keesing, F. & Belden, L. K. & Daszak, P. & Dobson, A. & Harvell, C. D. & Holt, R. D. & Hudson, P. & Jolles, A. & Jones, K. E. & Mitchell, C. E." box="[299,493,1508,1527]" pageId="3" pagination="647 - 652" refId="ref6731" refString="Keesing, F., Belden, L. K., Daszak, P., Dobson, A., Harvell, C. D., Holt, R. D., Hudson, P., Jolles, A., Jones, K. E., Mitchell, C. E., 2010. Impacts of biodiversity on the emergence and transmission of infectious diseases. Nature 468 (7324), 647 - 652. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / nature 09575." type="journal article" year="2010">Keesing et al., 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Given that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71567FF8A3767FA1EFD0487B8" box="[625,746,1508,1527]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Hyalomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegyptium">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561567FF8A3767FA1EFD0487B8" bold="true" box="[625,746,1508,1527]" italics="true" pageId="3">H. aegyptium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known to shift its feeding preference towards a variety of other hosts, particularly during its pre-adult stages, the assessment of its zoonotic pathogen load holds significant importance.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA1E5441567FF8A3592F9AEFD07852D" blockId="3.[100,770,1341,1974]" pageId="3">
|
||
In terms of their contribution to the ecology of zoonotic infectious diseases, tortoises and their ticks have received considerably less focus in comparison to mammals and birds. Among small mammals, hedgehogs (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71567FF8A3589F95DFECA84F5" box="[159,292,1703,1722]" class="Mammalia" family="Erinaceidae" genus="Erinaceus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Erinaceomorpha" pageId="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561567FF8A3589F95DFF1A84F5" bold="true" box="[159,244,1703,1722]" italics="true" pageId="3">Erinaceus</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) hold particular importance in synanthropic environments. In such contexts, they act as reservoir hosts for important human pathogens, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71567FF8A346BF925FDC184BD" authorityName="Dumler et al." authorityYear="2001" baseAuthorityName="Foggie" baseAuthorityYear="1949" box="[381,559,1759,1778]" class="Alphaproteobacteria" family="Anaplasmataceae" genus="Anaplasma" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Rickettsiales" pageId="3" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="phagocytophilum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561567FF8A346BF925FDC184BD" bold="true" box="[381,559,1759,1778]" italics="true" pageId="3">A. phagocytophilum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71567FF8A3728F925FD5C84BD" box="[574,690,1759,1778]" family="Babesiidae" genus="Babesia" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="3" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561567FF8A3728F925FD6C84BD" bold="true" box="[574,642,1759,1778]" italics="true" pageId="3">Babesia</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F98B51567FF8A37D7F925FF3E8541" author="Silaghi, C. & Woll, D. & Hamel, D. & Pfister, K. & Mahling, M. & Pfeffer, M." pageId="3" pagination="1 - 14" refId="ref7295" refString="Silaghi, C., Woll, D., Hamel, D., Pfister, K., Mahling, M., Pfeffer, M., 2012. Babesia spp. and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in questing ticks, ticks parasitizing rodents and the parasitized rodents - analyzing the host-pathogen-vector interface in a metropolitan area. Parasites Vectors 5, 1 - 14. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / 1756 - 3305 - 5 - 191." type="journal article" year="2012">Silaghi et al., 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71567FF8A3418F901FE658541" box="[270,395,1787,1806]" family="Babesiidae" genus="Babesia" kingdom="Chromista" order="Piroplasmida" pageId="3" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="burgdorferi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561567FF8A3418F901FE658541" bold="true" box="[270,395,1787,1806]" italics="true" pageId="3">B. burgdorferi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A259842D1567FF8A3487F901FE428541" box="[401,428,1787,1806]" pageId="3" sensu="lato">s.l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F98B51567FF8A34ACF901FD938541" author="Skuballa, J. & Petney, T. & Oehme, R. & Hartelt, K. & Fingerle, V. & Kimmig, P. & Taraschewski, H." box="[442,637,1787,1806]" pageId="3" pagination="8 - 13" refId="ref7516" refString="Skuballa, J., Petney, T., Pf ¨ affle, M., Oehme, R., Hartelt, K., Fingerle, V., Kimmig, P., Taraschewski, H., 2012. Occurrence of different Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies including B. afzelii, B. bavariensis, and B. spielmanii in hedgehogs (Erinaceus spp.) in Europe. Ticks. Tick. Borne. Dis. 3 (1), 8 - 13. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ttbdis. 2011.09.008." type="journal article" year="2012">Skuballa et al., 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Considering
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71567FF8A3572F8EDFF348565" box="[100,218,1815,1834]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Hyalomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegyptium">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561567FF8A3572F8EDFF348565" bold="true" box="[100,218,1815,1834]" italics="true" pageId="3">H. aegyptium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’s occasional feeding on hedgehogs and its potential interaction with humans (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F98B51567FF8A3439F8C9FE0D8509" author="Bursali, A. & Tekin, S. & Orhan, M. & Keskin, A. & Ozkan, M." box="[303,483,1843,1862]" pageId="3" pagination="180 - 186" refId="ref5475" refString="Bursali, A., Tekin, S., Orhan, M., Keskin, A., Ozkan, M., 2010. Ixodid ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) infesting humans in Tokat Province of Turkey: species diversity and seasonal activity. J. Vector Ecol. 35 (1), 180 - 186. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1948 - 7134.2010.00045. x." type="journal article" year="2010">Bursali et al., 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), it becomes essential to evaluate the role of this species as a carrier host for zoonotic pathogens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA1E5441567FF8A3592F891FACC87C7" blockId="3.[100,770,1341,1974]" lastBlockId="3.[818,1487,1341,1974]" pageId="3">
|
||
In this study, the Real Time-PCR technique was employed to examine the presence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71567FF8A35ECF87DFE8B85D6" box="[250,357,1926,1946]" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Francisellaceae" genus="Francisella" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thiotrichales" pageId="3" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="tularensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561567FF8A35ECF87DFE8B85D6" bold="true" box="[250,357,1926,1946]" italics="true" pageId="3">F. tularensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in both small ruminants and the associated ticks in the western region of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F309A5D41567FF8A349EF859FE5F85F9" box="[392,433,1955,1974]" name="Iran" pageId="3">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Through this method,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71567FF8A3783F859FCB0871F" authority="DNA" authorityName="DNA" box="[661,862,1341,1974]" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Francisellaceae" genus="Francisella" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thiotrichales" pageId="3" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="tularensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561567FF8A3783F859FCEC85FA" bold="true" box="[661,770,1954,1974]" italics="true" pageId="3">F. tularensis</emphasis>
|
||
DNA
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was identified in 0.82% of tick samples collected from the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DA2BA61567FF8A3082FAC7FC5C8724" country="Iran" name="Kordestan" pageId="3">Kurdistan province</collectingRegion>
|
||
. However, no presence of the bacteria was observed in the sheep and goat populations (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F98B51567FF8A3154FA8EFAFB87C7" author="Rahravani, M. & Moravedji, M. & Mostafavi, E. & Baseri, N. & Seyfi, H. & Mohammadi, M. & Ziaei, A. H. & Mozoun, M. M. & Latifian, M. & Esmaeili, S." box="[1090,1301,1396,1416]" pageId="3" pagination="101779" refId="ref7082" refString="Rahravani, M., Moravedji, M., Mostafavi, E., Baseri, N., Seyfi, H., Mohammadi, M., Ziaei, A. H., Mozoun, M. M., Latifian, M., Esmaeili, S., 2022. Molecular detection of Francisella tularensis in small ruminants and their ticks in western Iran. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 83, 101779 https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cimid. 2022.101779." type="journal article" year="2022">Rahravani et al., 2022</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA1E5441567FF8A3647FA6AFB6C8460" blockId="3.[818,1487,1341,1974]" pageId="3">
|
||
Starting from 2011, the Pasteur Institute of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F309A5D41567FF8A31FBFA6BFAFD87EB" box="[1261,1299,1425,1444]" name="Iran" pageId="3">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
has shown growing interest in exploring tularemia within the country. Most of the research efforts in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F309A5D41567FF8A3686FA32FC588794" box="[912,950,1480,1499]" name="Iran" pageId="3">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
have predominantly concentrated on rodents, the environment, and the human populations vulnerable to the disease. These studies have sounded cautionary notes about the potential emergence of tularemia outbreaks in the country.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA1E5441567FF8A3647F9C2FA998531" blockId="3.[818,1487,1341,1974]" pageId="3">
|
||
Despite these previous warnings, there remains a substantial dearth of research conducted on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71567FF8A313AF9AEFB778429" box="[1068,1177,1619,1639]" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Francisellaceae" genus="Francisella" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thiotrichales" pageId="3" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="tularensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561567FF8A313AF9AEFB778429" bold="true" box="[1068,1177,1619,1639]" italics="true" pageId="3">F. tularensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in arthropod vectors within the Iranian context. Hence, a vital goal is to comprehend the origins of infection within the lifecycle of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71567FF8A3166F971FB3E84D1" authorityName="Dorofe'ev" authorityYear="1947" box="[1136,1232,1675,1694]" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Francisellaceae" genus="Francisella" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thiotrichales" pageId="3" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561567FF8A3166F971FB3E84D1" bold="true" box="[1136,1232,1675,1694]" italics="true" pageId="3">Francisella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F309A5D41567FF8A31E0F976FAF184D0" box="[1270,1311,1676,1695]" name="Iran" pageId="3">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
. As a part of this ongoing investigation, the DNAs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71567FF8A319DF95DFB1684F5" box="[1163,1272,1703,1722]" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Francisellaceae" genus="Francisella" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thiotrichales" pageId="3" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="tularensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561567FF8A319DF95DFB1684F5" bold="true" box="[1163,1272,1703,1722]" italics="true" pageId="3">F. tularensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
found in tick samples underwent molecular subtyping assays, leading to their categorization as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71567FF8A3646F925FC5184BD" box="[848,959,1759,1778]" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Francisellaceae" genus="Francisella" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thiotrichales" pageId="3" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="tularensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561567FF8A3646F925FC5184BD" bold="true" box="[848,959,1759,1778]" italics="true" pageId="3">F. tularensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
subsp. This particular subspecies,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71567FF8A300AF925FA9A84BD" box="[1308,1396,1759,1778]" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Francisellaceae" genus="Francisella" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thiotrichales" pageId="3" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="holarctica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561567FF8A300AF925FA9A84BD" bold="true" box="[1308,1396,1759,1778]" italics="true" pageId="3">holarctica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, exhibits reduced virulence in both humans and animals and is widely distributed across Asia, Europe, and Eurasia (Sj¨ostedt, 2007;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F98B51567FF8A303FF8EDFC8C8509" author="Rahravani, M. & Moravedji, M. & Mostafavi, E. & Baseri, N. & Seyfi, H. & Mohammadi, M. & Ziaei, A. H. & Mozoun, M. M. & Latifian, M. & Esmaeili, S." pageId="3" pagination="101779" refId="ref7082" refString="Rahravani, M., Moravedji, M., Mostafavi, E., Baseri, N., Seyfi, H., Mohammadi, M., Ziaei, A. H., Mozoun, M. M., Latifian, M., Esmaeili, S., 2022. Molecular detection of Francisella tularensis in small ruminants and their ticks in western Iran. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 83, 101779 https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cimid. 2022.101779." type="journal article" year="2022">Rahravani et al., 2022</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Research conducted in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F309A5D41567FF8A3149F8C9FB4A8509" box="[1119,1188,1843,1862]" name="Turkey" pageId="3">Turkey</collectingCountry>
|
||
, a neighboring country to the northwest, has emphasized the existence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71567FF8A31DEF8B5FA21852E" authorityName="Olsufjev & Meshcheryakova" authorityYear="1983" baseAuthorityName="ex Olsufjev et al." baseAuthorityYear="1959" box="[1224,1487,1870,1890]" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Francisellaceae" genus="Francisella" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thiotrichales" pageId="3" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="subSpecies" species="tularensis" subSpecies="holarctica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561567FF8A31DEF8B5FADC852E" bold="true" box="[1224,1330,1870,1890]" italics="true" pageId="3">F. tularensis</emphasis>
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561567FF8A3061F8B4FA21852E" bold="true" box="[1399,1487,1870,1889]" italics="true" pageId="3">holarctica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
within its territory (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F98B51567FF8A36F9F890FB5B8531" author="Yesilyurt, M. & Kilic, S. & Celebi, B. & Celik, M. & Gul, S." box="[1007,1205,1898,1918]" pageId="3" pagination="2588 - 2592" refId="ref7807" refString="Yesilyurt, M., Kilic, S., Celebi, B., Celik, M., Gul, S., Erdo ˘ gan, F., Ozel ¨, G., 2011. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica strains isolated from humans in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 66 (11), 2588 - 2592. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jac / dkr 338." type="journal article" year="2011">Yeşilyurt et al., 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F98B51567FF8A31D7F890FA848532" author="Duzlu, O. & Yildirim, A. & Inci, A. & Gumussoy, K. S. & Ciloglu, A. & Onder, Z." box="[1217,1386,1898,1918]" pageId="3" pagination="26 - 32" refId="ref5738" refString="Duzlu, O., Yildirim, A., Inci, A., Gumussoy, K. S., Ciloglu, A., Onder, Z., 2016. Molecular investigation of Francisella - like endosymbiont in ticks and Francisella tularensis in ixodid ticks and mosquitoes in Turkey. Vector. Borne. Zoonotic. Dis. 16 (1), 26 - 32. https: // doi. org / 10.1089 / vbz. 2015.1818." type="journal article" year="2016">Duzlu et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA1E5441567FF8C3647F87CFD14828C" blockId="3.[818,1487,1341,1974]" lastBlockId="5.[100,771,148,1980]" lastPageId="5" pageId="3">
|
||
This particular subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71567FF8A314AF87DFB2885D6" box="[1116,1222,1926,1946]" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Francisellaceae" genus="Francisella" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thiotrichales" pageId="3" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="tularensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561567FF8A314AF87DFB2885D6" bold="true" box="[1116,1222,1926,1946]" italics="true" pageId="3">F. tularensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is frequently linked to water sources that have been contaminated, such as lakes, rivers, and ponds. A previous investigation also proposed waterborne transmission as a potential avenue for a tularemia outbreak in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F309A5D41561FF8C34E1FF4AFDF3828C" box="[503,541,176,195]" name="Iran" pageId="5">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F98B51561FF8C373DFF4AFD02828C" author="Esmaeili, S. & Rohani, M. & Ghasemi, A. & Gouya, M. M. & Khayatzadeh, S. & Mahmoudi, A. & Ahangari Cohan, H. & Johansson, A. & Maurin, M. & Mostafavi, E." box="[555,748,176,195]" pageId="5" pagination="1 - 8" refId="ref5990" refString="Esmaeili, S., Rohani, M., Ghasemi, A., Gouya, M. M., Khayatzadeh, S., Mahmoudi, A., Ahangari Cohan, H., Johansson, A., Maurin, M., Mostafavi, E., 2021. Francisella tularensis human infections in a village of northwest Iran. BMC Infect. Dis. 21 (1), 1 - 8. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 12879 - 021 - 06004 - y." type="journal article" year="2021">Esmaeili et al., 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF61B5CC1560FF8D3572F967FF048561" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10933779" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10933779" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10933779/files/figure.png" pageId="4" startId="4.[100,130,1693,1710]" targetBox="[233,1366,168,1653]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA1E5441560FF8D3572F967FF048561" blockId="4.[100,1488,1693,1838]" pageId="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561560FF8D3572F967FF7084E1" bold="true" box="[100,158,1693,1710]" pageId="4">Fig. 3.</emphasis>
|
||
The lineage’ s evolutionary narrative was deduced through the application of the Neighbor-Joining technique. The most advantageous tree configuration is depicted. Adjacent to the branches, the percentages reflect how often the related taxa aggregated within the bootstrap test, comprising 1000 replicates. Evolutionary distances were calculated using the Maximum Composite Likelihood method, expressed as the count of base substitutions per site. In this study, a collective of 32 nucleotide sequences were taken into account. The codon positions covered 1st+2nd+3rd +Noncoding. Ambiguous positions were excluded for each sequence pair, following the pairwise deletion technique. In the culminating dataset, a collective count of 542 positions was encompassed. The evolutionary analyses were executed using MEGA11.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA1E5441561FF8C3592FF31FD568395" blockId="5.[100,771,148,1980]" pageId="5">
|
||
Taking into account this collection of evidence along with the findings of the present study, there is a potential indication that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71561FF8C37D1FF1DFF528359" authorityName="Olsufjev & Meshcheryakova" authorityYear="1983" baseAuthorityName="ex Olsufjev et al." baseAuthorityYear="1959" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Francisellaceae" genus="Francisella" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thiotrichales" pageId="5" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="subSpecies" species="tularensis" subSpecies="holarctica">
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561561FF8C3572FEF9FF528359" bold="true" box="[100,188,259,278]" italics="true" pageId="5">holarctica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is present within
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F309A5D41561FF8C3463FEFEFE708358" box="[373,414,260,279]" name="Iran" pageId="5">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Given the infrequent occurrence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71561FF8C3572FEE5FF3D837D" box="[100,211,287,306]" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Francisellaceae" genus="Francisella" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thiotrichales" pageId="5" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="tularensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561561FF8C3572FEE5FF3D837D" bold="true" box="[100,211,287,306]" italics="true" pageId="5">F. tularensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
bacteremia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F98B51561FF8C344EFEE5FDCB837D" author="Haristoy, X. & Lozniewski, A. & Tram, C. & Simeon, D. & Bevanger, L. & Lion, C." box="[344,549,287,307]" pageId="5" pagination="2774 - 2776" refId="ref6440" refString="Haristoy, X., Lozniewski, A., Tram, C., Simeon, D., Bevanger, L., Lion, C., 2003. Francisella tularensis bacteremia. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41 (6), 2774 - 2776. https: // doi. org / 10.1128 / JCM. 41.6.2774 - 2776.2003." type="journal article" year="2003">Haristoy et al., 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the task of isolating
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71561FF8C3572FEC1FF3D8301" box="[100,211,315,334]" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Francisellaceae" genus="Francisella" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thiotrichales" pageId="5" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="tularensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561561FF8C3572FEC1FF3D8301" bold="true" box="[100,211,315,334]" italics="true" pageId="5">F. tularensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from blood samples of livestock presents a considerable challenge. The intricacies of this lifecycle could plausibly contribute to the difficulties encountered in successfully identifying
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71561FF8C3786FE89FCEC83CA" box="[656,770,370,390]" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Francisellaceae" genus="Francisella" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thiotrichales" pageId="5" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="tularensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561561FF8C3786FE89FCEC83CA" bold="true" box="[656,770,370,390]" italics="true" pageId="5">F. tularensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
within livestock blood samples. Past seroepidemiological investigations carried out in this area revealed that 16% of butchers had displayed positive results for tularemia antibodies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F98B51561FF8C34FCFE3DFD458395" author="Esmaeili, S. & Esfandiari, B. & Maurin, M. & Gouya, M. M. & Shirzadi, M. R. & Amiri, F. B. & Mostafavi, E." box="[490,683,455,474]" pageId="5" pagination="516 - 518" refId="ref5900" refString="Esmaeili, S., Esfandiari, B., Maurin, M., Gouya, M. M., Shirzadi, M. R., Amiri, F. B., Mostafavi, E., 2014. Serological survey of tularemia among butchers and slaughterhouse workers in Iran. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 108 (8), 516 - 518. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / trstmh / tru 094." type="journal article" year="2014">Esmaeili et al., 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA1E5441561FF8C3592FE19FE14809B" blockId="5.[100,771,148,1980]" pageId="5">
|
||
Moreover, instances of infection were documented among captured rodents (4.8%) and hunters (18%) within the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DA2BA61561FF8C375EFE04FCEC805E" box="[584,770,510,529]" country="Iran" name="Kordestan" pageId="5">Kurdistan province</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F98B51561FF8C357AFDE0FEDB8062" author="Mostafavi, E. & Shahraki, A. H. & Japoni-Nejad, A. & Esmaeili, S. & Darvish, J. & Sedaghat, M. M. & Mohammadi, A. & Mohammadi, Z. & Mahmoudi, A. & Pourhossein, B." box="[108,309,538,558]" pageId="5" pagination="247 - 253" refId="ref6958" refString="Mostafavi, E., Shahraki, A. H., Japoni-Nejad, A., Esmaeili, S., Darvish, J., Sedaghat, M. M., Mohammadi, A., Mohammadi, Z., Mahmoudi, A., Pourhossein, B., 2017. A field study of plague and tularemia in rodents, Western Iran. Vector. Borne. Zoonotic. Dis. 17 (4), 247 - 253. https: // doi. org / 10.1089 / vbz. 2016.2053." type="journal article" year="2017">Mostafavi et al., 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Hence, it strongly advocates for the initiation of comprehensive research endeavors on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71561FF8C34CBFDCDFDBD8006" box="[477,595,566,586]" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Francisellaceae" genus="Francisella" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thiotrichales" pageId="5" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="tularensis">F. tularensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
involving diverse tick species and other arthropods. Such investigations are vital to ascertain their plausible contribution to the epidemiological cycle of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71561FF8C3572FD70FF3E80D3" box="[100,208,649,669]" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Francisellaceae" genus="Francisella" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thiotrichales" pageId="5" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="tularensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561561FF8C3572FD70FF3E80D3" bold="true" box="[100,208,649,669]" italics="true" pageId="5">F. tularensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F309A5D41561FF8C35E7FD70FEF480D2" box="[241,282,650,669]" name="Iran" pageId="5">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
, particularly within regions prone to endemicity. A molecular study conducted in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F309A5D41561FF8C3468FD5CFE5A80F6" box="[382,436,678,697]" name="Egypt" pageId="5">Egypt</collectingCountry>
|
||
unveiled the presence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71561FF8C37B4FD5FFF65809A" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Francisellaceae" genus="Francisella" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thiotrichales" pageId="5" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561561FF8C37B4FD5FFCEC80F7" bold="true" box="[674,770,677,696]" italics="true" pageId="5">Francisella</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
among 4.7% of ticks found on camels.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA1E5441561FF8C3592FD27FDB681FB" blockId="5.[100,771,148,1980]" pageId="5">
|
||
Nevertheless, aligning with our findings,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71561FF8C370DFD27FD4280BE" box="[539,684,733,753]" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Francisellaceae" genus="Francisella" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thiotrichales" pageId="5" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561561FF8C370DFD27FD9580BF" bold="true" box="[539,635,733,752]" italics="true" pageId="5">Francisella</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was not identified in the blood and fecal samples of camels. Intriguingly, their study unveiled a remarkable seroprevalence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71561FF8C373AFCECFD778167" box="[556,665,789,809]" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Francisellaceae" genus="Francisella" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thiotrichales" pageId="5" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="tularensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561561FF8C373AFCECFD778167" bold="true" box="[556,665,789,809]" italics="true" pageId="5">F. tularensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
among individuals working in slaughterhouses, indicating a greater prevalence of tick bites (20.7%) in comparison to sporadic exposure (2.2%) among workers who encountered ticks less frequently (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F98B51561FF8C373DFC93FD1A8133" author="Ghoneim, N. H. & Abdel-Moein, K. A. & Zaher, H. M." box="[555,756,873,892]" pageId="5" pagination="384 - 387" refId="ref6169" refString="Ghoneim, N. H., Abdel-Moein, K. A., Zaher, H. M., 2017. Molecular detection of Francisella spp. among ticks attached to camels in Egypt. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 17 (6), 384 - 387. https: // doi. org / 10.1089 / vbz. 2016.2100." type="journal article" year="2017">Ghoneim et al., 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Conversely, reinforcing the disparities observed, findings opposing these results were found in a study conducted in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F309A5D41561FF8C34EBFC5BFDBA81FB" box="[509,596,929,948]" name="Malaysia" pageId="5">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA1E5441561FF8C3592FC47FF4C86E0" blockId="5.[100,771,148,1980]" pageId="5">
|
||
The absence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71561FF8C3403FC46FE4F819F" box="[277,417,956,976]" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Francisellaceae" genus="Francisella" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thiotrichales" pageId="5" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561561FF8C3403FC46FE9B8180" bold="true" box="[277,373,956,975]" italics="true" pageId="5">Francisella</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in ticks and animal samples collected from livestock farms suggests that its presence might be restricted to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71561FF8C3572FC0FFF308647" authorityName="C.L.Koch" authorityYear="1844" box="[100,222,1013,1032]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Dermacentor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dermacentor</taxonomicName>
|
||
questing ticks, without spreading to different tick species and livestock animals. The study highlighted that 11.3% of questing ticks gathered from forest reserves exhibited positive results for the
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561561FF8C37C9FBD6FF798614" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="5">16S rRNA</emphasis>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71561FF8C35A1FBB2FEAA8613" box="[183,324,1096,1116]" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Francisellaceae" genus="Francisella" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thiotrichales" pageId="5" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561561FF8C35A1FBB2FEF98614" bold="true" box="[183,279,1096,1115]" italics="true" pageId="5">Francisella</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
In stark contrast, no ticks attached to livestock animals such as sheep, goats, and cattle, nor their corresponding blood samples, displayed any indication of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71561FF8C34AEFB7AFDAD86DC" box="[440,579,1152,1171]" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Francisellaceae" genus="Francisella" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thiotrichales" pageId="5" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561561FF8C34AEFB7AFDF686DC" bold="true" box="[440,536,1152,1171]" italics="true" pageId="5">Francisella</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
presence (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F98B51561FF8C37B3FB7AFF7A86E0" author="Koh, F. X. & Nurhidayah, M. N. & Tan, P. E. & Kho, K. L. & Tay, S. T." pageId="5" pagination="100315" refId="ref6827" refString="Koh, F. X., Nurhidayah, M. N., Tan, P. E., Kho, K. L., Tay, S. T., 2019. Francisella spp. detected in Dermacentor ticks in Malaysian forest reserve areas. Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Reports. 17, 100315 https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. vprsr. 2019.100315." type="journal article" year="2019">Koh et al., 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA1E5441561FF8C3592FB42FEE78422" blockId="5.[100,771,148,1980]" pageId="5">
|
||
Even though
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71561FF8C341DFB42FE958685" box="[267,379,1207,1227]" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Francisellaceae" genus="Francisella" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thiotrichales" pageId="5" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="tularensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561561FF8C341DFB42FE958685" bold="true" box="[267,379,1207,1227]" italics="true" pageId="5">F. tularensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
remains prevalent among human populations in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F309A5D41561FF8C35DDFB2EFEE386A8" box="[203,269,1236,1255]" name="Turkey" pageId="5">Turkey</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F98B51561FF8C340CFB2EFE2A86A8" author="Akalin, H. & Helvaci, S." box="[282,452,1236,1255]" pageId="5" pagination="547 - 551" refId="ref5030" refString="Akalin, H., Helvaci, S., Gedikoglu ˘, S., 2009. Re-emergence of tularemia in Turkey. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 13 (5), 547 - 551. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ijid. 2008.09.020." type="journal article" year="2009">Akalın et al., 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), employing the same method has not revealed its presence in different tick and mosquito species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F98B51561FF8C37A4FB15FF218751" author="Haristoy, X. & Lozniewski, A. & Tram, C. & Simeon, D. & Bevanger, L. & Lion, C." pageId="5" pagination="2774 - 2776" refId="ref6440" refString="Haristoy, X., Lozniewski, A., Tram, C., Simeon, D., Bevanger, L., Lion, C., 2003. Francisella tularensis bacteremia. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41 (6), 2774 - 2776. https: // doi. org / 10.1128 / JCM. 41.6.2774 - 2776.2003." type="journal article" year="2003">Haristoy et al., 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F98B51561FF8C35CDFAF1FE678751" author="Akalin, H. & Helvaci, S." box="[219,393,1291,1311]" pageId="5" pagination="547 - 551" refId="ref5030" refString="Akalin, H., Helvaci, S., Gedikoglu ˘, S., 2009. Re-emergence of tularemia in Turkey. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 13 (5), 547 - 551. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ijid. 2008.09.020." type="journal article" year="2009">Akalın et al., 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F98B51561FF8C3483FAF1FDD38751" author="Duzlu, O. & Yildirim, A. & Inci, A. & Gumussoy, K. S. & Ciloglu, A. & Onder, Z." box="[405,573,1291,1311]" pageId="5" pagination="26 - 32" refId="ref5738" refString="Duzlu, O., Yildirim, A., Inci, A., Gumussoy, K. S., Ciloglu, A., Onder, Z., 2016. Molecular investigation of Francisella - like endosymbiont in ticks and Francisella tularensis in ixodid ticks and mosquitoes in Turkey. Vector. Borne. Zoonotic. Dis. 16 (1), 26 - 32. https: // doi. org / 10.1089 / vbz. 2015.1818." type="journal article" year="2016">Duzlu et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F98B51561FF8C375FFAF1FD1A8751" author="Demir, S. & Erkunt Alak, S. & A. E & Un, C. & Nalcaci, M. & Can, H." box="[585,756,1291,1311]" pageId="5" pagination="239 - 253" refId="ref5652" refString="Demir, S., Erkunt Alak, S., K ¨ oseo ˘ glu, A. E., Un, C., Nalcaci, M., Can, H., 2020. Molecular investigation of Rickettsia spp. and Francisella tularensis in ticks from three provinces of Turkey. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 81, 239 - 253. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10493 - 020 - 00498 - y." type="journal article" year="2020">Demir et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Consequently, it has been postulated that the pattern of tularemia outbreaks in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F309A5D41561FF8C35D2FAB9FEE88719" box="[196,262,1347,1366]" name="Turkey" pageId="5">Turkey</collectingCountry>
|
||
might be driven by water-borne transmission rather than vector-borne transmission (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F98B51561FF8C3484FAA5FDD8873D" author="Duzlu, O. & Yildirim, A. & Inci, A. & Gumussoy, K. S. & Ciloglu, A. & Onder, Z." box="[402,566,1375,1395]" pageId="5" pagination="26 - 32" refId="ref5738" refString="Duzlu, O., Yildirim, A., Inci, A., Gumussoy, K. S., Ciloglu, A., Onder, Z., 2016. Molecular investigation of Francisella - like endosymbiont in ticks and Francisella tularensis in ixodid ticks and mosquitoes in Turkey. Vector. Borne. Zoonotic. Dis. 16 (1), 26 - 32. https: // doi. org / 10.1089 / vbz. 2015.1818." type="journal article" year="2016">Duzlu et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In a Japanese study,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71561FF8C3572FA81FF3F87C1" box="[100,209,1403,1422]" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Francisellaceae" genus="Francisella" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thiotrichales" pageId="5" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="tularensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561561FF8C3572FA81FF3F87C1" bold="true" box="[100,209,1403,1422]" italics="true" pageId="5">F. tularensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
demonstrated prevalence within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71561FF8C3702FA81FD2087C1" box="[532,718,1403,1422]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="monospinosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561561FF8C3702FA81FD2087C1" bold="true" box="[532,718,1403,1422]" italics="true" pageId="5">Ixodes monospinosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ticks (8.22%), yet its occurrence in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71561FF8C3491FA6DFDC787E5" box="[391,553,1431,1450]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persulcatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561561FF8C3491FA6DFDC787E5" bold="true" box="[391,553,1431,1450]" italics="true" pageId="5">Ixodes persulcatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ticks was significantly lower at 0.66% (Suzuki et al., 2016). In this study, out of the 244 ticks collected from sheep and goats, the majority were identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71561FF8C3572FA11FF0F87B2" box="[100,225,1514,1534]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Dermacentor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marginatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561561FF8C3572FA11FF0F87B2" bold="true" box="[100,225,1514,1534]" italics="true" pageId="5">D. marginatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(66.4%), with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71561FF8C3467FA10FE1987B2" box="[369,503,1514,1533]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Rhipicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sanguineus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561561FF8C3467FA10FE1987B2" bold="true" box="[369,503,1514,1533]" italics="true" pageId="5">Rh. sanguineus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
accounting for the minority (10%). The presence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71561FF8C3459F9FDFE1F8455" authority="DNA" authorityName="DNA" box="[335,497,1542,1562]" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Francisellaceae" genus="Francisella" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thiotrichales" pageId="5" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="tularensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561561FF8C3459F9FDFE528456" bold="true" box="[335,444,1542,1562]" italics="true" pageId="5">F. tularensis</emphasis>
|
||
DNA
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was exclusively detected in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71561FF8C3572F9D9FF04847A" box="[100,234,1570,1590]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Dermacentor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marginatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561561FF8C3572F9D9FF04847A" bold="true" box="[100,234,1570,1590]" italics="true" pageId="5">D. marginatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ticks (1.22%). These findings indicate a potential involvement of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71561FF8C3414F9C4FE6D841E" box="[258,387,1598,1617]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Dermacentor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marginatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561561FF8C3414F9C4FE6D841E" bold="true" box="[258,387,1598,1617]" italics="true" pageId="5">D. marginatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the lifecycle of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71561FF8C375DF9C4FD55841E" box="[587,699,1598,1617]" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Francisellaceae" genus="Francisella" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thiotrichales" pageId="5" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="tularensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561561FF8C375DF9C4FD55841E" bold="true" box="[587,699,1598,1617]" italics="true" pageId="5">F. tularensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Kurdistan region.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA1E5441561FF8C3592F98CFF4C85CB" blockId="5.[100,771,148,1980]" pageId="5">
|
||
Notably, in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F309A5D41561FF8C3436F98CFE4C84C6" box="[288,418,1654,1673]" name="United States of America" pageId="5">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71561FF8C34B9F98CFD9584C6" box="[431,635,1654,1673]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Dermacentor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="variabilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561561FF8C34B9F98CFD9584C6" bold="true" box="[431,635,1654,1673]" italics="true" pageId="5">Dermacentor variabilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71561FF8C379AF98CFD1484C6" box="[652,762,1654,1673]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Dermacentor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="variabilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561561FF8C379AF98CFD1484C6" bold="true" box="[652,762,1654,1673]" italics="true" pageId="5">D. variabilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) assumes a pivotal role as a vector for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71561FF8C34D5F968FDC084EB" box="[451,558,1681,1701]" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Francisellaceae" genus="Francisella" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thiotrichales" pageId="5" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="tularensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561561FF8C34D5F968FDC084EB" bold="true" box="[451,558,1681,1701]" italics="true" pageId="5">F. tularensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, actively participating in the bacterium’ s natural life cycle (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F98B51561FF8C34DFF954FD66848E" author="Whitten, T. & Demontigny, C. & Bjork, J. & Foss, M. & Peterson, M. & Scheftel, J. & Neitzel, D. & Sullivan, M. & Smith, K." box="[457,648,1710,1729]" pageId="5" pagination="596 - 603" refId="ref7717" refString="Whitten, T., Demontigny, C., Bjork, J., Foss, M., Peterson, M., Scheftel, J., Neitzel, D., Sullivan, M., Smith, K., 2019. Prevalence of Francisella tularensis in Dermacentor variabilis ticks, Minnesota, 2017. Vector. Borne. Zoonotic. Dis. 19 (8), 596 - 603. https: // doi. org / 10.1089 / vbz. 2018.2388." type="journal article" year="2019">Whitten et al., 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F98B51561FF8C3780F954FF058492" author="Zellner, B. & Huntley, J. F." pageId="5" pagination="146" refId="ref7896" refString="Zellner, B., Huntley, J. F., 2019. Ticks and tularemia: do we know what we don' t know? Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 9, 146. https: // doi. org / 10.3389 / fcimb. 2019.00146." type="journal article" year="2019">Zellner and Huntley, 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Whitten et al. have documented a tularemia prevalence of 34% in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71561FF8C35D4F91CFEDD84B6" box="[194,307,1766,1785]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Dermacentor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="variabilis">D. variabilis</taxonomicName>
|
||
through a comprehensive RT-PCR study (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F98B51561FF8C37A0F91CFF3C855A" author="Whitten, T. & Demontigny, C. & Bjork, J. & Foss, M. & Peterson, M. & Scheftel, J. & Neitzel, D. & Sullivan, M. & Smith, K." pageId="5" pagination="596 - 603" refId="ref7717" refString="Whitten, T., Demontigny, C., Bjork, J., Foss, M., Peterson, M., Scheftel, J., Neitzel, D., Sullivan, M., Smith, K., 2019. Prevalence of Francisella tularensis in Dermacentor variabilis ticks, Minnesota, 2017. Vector. Borne. Zoonotic. Dis. 19 (8), 596 - 603. https: // doi. org / 10.1089 / vbz. 2018.2388." type="journal article" year="2019">Whitten et al., 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Similar to our study, previous research conducted in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F309A5D41561FF8C3572F8E4FF63857E" box="[100,141,1822,1841]" name="United States of America" pageId="5">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Europe has typically reported
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71561FF8C34CCF8E4FDAB857F" box="[474,581,1821,1841]" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Francisellaceae" genus="Francisella" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thiotrichales" pageId="5" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="tularensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561561FF8C34CCF8E4FDAB857F" bold="true" box="[474,581,1821,1841]" italics="true" pageId="5">F. tularensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
presence in various
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71561FF8C3572F8C0FEC98503" box="[100,295,1849,1869]" pageId="5">Dermacentor species</taxonomicName>
|
||
ranging from less than 1% to less than 10% (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F98B51561FF8C37C0F8C3FEE78527" author="Goethert, H. K. & Shani, I. & Telford III, S. R." pageId="5" pagination="4968 - 4973" refId="ref6287" refString="Goethert, H. K., Shani, I., Telford III, S. R., 2004. Genotypic diversity of Francisella tularensis infecting Dermacentor variabilis ticks on Martha' s Vineyard, Massachusetts. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42 (11), 4968 - 4973. https: // doi. org / 10.1128 / JCM. 42.11.4968 - 4973.2004." type="journal article" year="2004">Goethert et al., 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F98B51561FF8C340EF8AFFDC38527" author="Bielawska-Drozd, A. & Glowacka, P. & Wlizlo-Skowronek, B. & Zieba, P. & Zdun, A." box="[280,557,1877,1897]" pageId="5" pagination="529 - 534" refId="ref5393" refString="Bielawska-Drozd, A., Cie´slik, P., Zakowska ˙, D., Glowacka, P., Wlizlo-Skowronek, B., Zieba, P., Zdun, A., 2018. Detection of and in tissues of wild-living animals and in ticks of North-West Poland. Pol. J. Microbiol. 67 (4), 529 - 534. https: // doi. org / 10.21307 / pjm- 2018 - 059." type="journal article" year="2018">Bielawska-Drozd et al., 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F98B51561FF8C372DF8AFFF7A85CB" author="Hubalek, Z. & Rudolf, I." pageId="5" pagination="234 - 239" refId="ref6563" refString="Hubalek, Z., Rudolf, I., 2017. Francisella tularensis prevalence and load in Dermacentor reticulatus ticks in an endemic area in Central E urope. Med. Vet. Entomol. 31 (2), 234 - 239. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / mve. 12229." type="journal article" year="2017">Hubalek and Rudolf, 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA1E5441561FF8C3592F877FC818359" blockId="5.[100,771,148,1980]" lastBlockId="5.[818,1488,148,558]" pageId="5">
|
||
Employing a real-time TaqMan PCR assay targeting the
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561561FF8C37A4F877FD3B85EF" bold="true" box="[690,725,1933,1952]" italics="true" pageId="5">tul4</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561561FF8C3572F853FF7085F3" bold="true" box="[100,158,1961,1980]" italics="true" pageId="5">ISFtu2</emphasis>
|
||
genes, an examination was conducted on ticks acquired from both wild and domestic animals across the Iberian Peninsula. The research revealed the presence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71561FF8C313BFF4AFB73828D" box="[1069,1181,175,195]" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Francisellaceae" genus="Francisella" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thiotrichales" pageId="5" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="tularensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561561FF8C313BFF4AFB73828D" bold="true" box="[1069,1181,175,195]" italics="true" pageId="5">F. tularensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in 0.6% of ticks. Notably, it’ s important to mention that positive instances were primarily linked to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71561FF8C3624FF1DFC5782B5" box="[818,953,231,250]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Rhipicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sanguineus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561561FF8C3624FF1DFC5782B5" bold="true" box="[818,953,231,250]" italics="true" pageId="5">Rh. sanguineus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(25.7%) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71561FF8C3154FF12FB2F82B5" box="[1090,1217,231,251]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Dermacentor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marginatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561561FF8C3154FF12FB2F82B5" bold="true" box="[1090,1217,231,251]" italics="true" pageId="5">D. marginatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(2.4%) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F98B51561FF8C300DFF1DFC8C8359" author="de Carvalho, I. L. & Toledo, A. & Carvalho, C. & Barandika, J. & Respicio-Kingry, L. & Amil, C. & Olmeda, A. & Petersen, J." pageId="5" pagination="159 - 165" refId="ref5554" refString="de Carvalho, I. L., Toledo, A., Carvalho, C., Barandika, J., Respicio-Kingry, L., Garcia- Amil, C., Garcia-P´erez, A., Olmeda, A., Z´e-Z´e, L., Petersen, J., 2016. Francisella species in ticks and animals, Iberian Peninsula. Ticks. Tick. Borne. Dis. 7 (1), 159 - 165. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ttbdis. 2015.10.009." type="journal article" year="2016">de Carvalho et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA1E5441561FF8C3647FEDAFB3483C9" blockId="5.[818,1488,148,558]" pageId="5">
|
||
Instances of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71561FF8C36C6FEE5FBDE837D" authorityName="Dorofe'ev" authorityYear="1947" box="[976,1072,287,306]" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Francisellaceae" genus="Francisella" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thiotrichales" pageId="5" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561561FF8C36C6FEE5FBDE837D" bold="true" box="[976,1072,287,306]" italics="true" pageId="5">Francisella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71561FF8C317EFEE5FB26837D" authorityName="Dorofe'ev" authorityYear="1947" box="[1128,1224,287,306]" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Francisellaceae" genus="Francisella" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thiotrichales" pageId="5" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561561FF8C317EFEE5FB26837D" bold="true" box="[1128,1224,287,306]" italics="true" pageId="5">Francisella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-like endosymbionts (FLEs) have been documented in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71561FF8C312BFEC1FB298301" box="[1085,1223,315,334]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Rhipicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sanguineus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561561FF8C312BFEC1FB298301" bold="true" box="[1085,1223,315,334]" italics="true" pageId="5">Rh. sanguineus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ticks in diverse locations, including
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F309A5D41561FF8C3682FEADFC0D8325" box="[916,995,343,362]" name="Bulgaria" pageId="5">Bulgaria</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F98B51561FF8C36E2FEADFB418325" author="Ivanov, I. N. & Mitkova, N. & Reye, A. L. & Hubschen, J. M. & Vatcheva-Dobrevska, R. S. & Dobreva, E. G. & Kantardjiev, T. V. & Muller, C. P." box="[1012,1199,343,362]" pageId="5" pagination="5562 - 5565" refId="ref6621" refString="Ivanov, I. N., Mitkova, N., Reye, A. L., Hubschen, J. M., Vatcheva-Dobrevska, R. S., Dobreva, E. G., Kantardjiev, T. V., Muller, C. P., 2011. Detection of new Francisella - like tick endosymbionts in Hyalomma spp. and Rhipicephalus spp. (Acari: Ixodidae) from Bulgaria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 77 (15), 5562 - 5565. https: // doi. org / 10.1128 / AEM. 02934 - 10." type="journal article" year="2011">Ivanov et al., 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F309A5D41561FF8C31D1FEADFAF58325" box="[1223,1307,343,362]" name="Romania" pageId="5">Romania</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F98B51561FF8C303AFEADFC8C83C9" author="Andersson, M. O. & Tolf, C. & Tamba, P. & Stefanache, M. & Radbea, G. & Frangoulidis, D. & Tomaso, H. & Dobler, G. & Chitimia-Dobler, L." pageId="5" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref5187" refString="Andersson, M. O., Tolf, C., Tamba, P., Stefanache, M., Radbea, G., Frangoulidis, D., Tomaso, H., Waldenstrom ¨, J., Dobler, G., Chitimia-Dobler, L., 2018. Molecular survey of neglected bacterial pathogens reveals an abundant diversity of species and genotypes in ticks collected from animal hosts across Romania. Parasites Vectors 11 (1), 1 - 10. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 018 - 2756 - 1." type="journal article" year="2018">Andersson et al., 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F309A5D41561FF8C3689FE89FC1C83C9" box="[927,1010,371,390]" name="Thailand" pageId="5">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F98B51561FF8C3117FE89FB2383C9" author="Rakthong, P. & Ruang-Areerate, T. & Baimai, V. & Trinachartvanit, W. & Ahantarig, A." box="[1025,1229,371,390]" pageId="5" pagination="245" refId="ref7181" refString="Rakthong, P., Ruang-Areerate, T., Baimai, V., Trinachartvanit, W., Ahantarig, A., 2016. Francisella - like endosymbiont in a tick collected from a chicken in southern Thailand. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Publ. Health 47 (2), 245. PMID: 27244963." type="journal article" year="2016">Rakthong et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA1E5441561FF8C3647FE75FAC48062" blockId="5.[818,1488,148,558]" pageId="5">
|
||
Given the insights from previous studies, our results suggest that the prevalence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71561FF8C36A1FE51FBCC83F2" box="[951,1058,426,446]" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Francisellaceae" genus="Francisella" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thiotrichales" pageId="5" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="tularensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561561FF8C36A1FE51FBCC83F2" bold="true" box="[951,1058,426,446]" italics="true" pageId="5">F. tularensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in ticks could vary depending on the specific tick species. For a thorough understanding of the disease dynamics, encompassing reservoirs and the primary agents of infection transmission in areas where positive cases have been detected, it is recommended to conduct a study with a larger sample size.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA1E5441561FF8C3624FDA9FC228029" blockId="5.[818,972,595,614]" box="[818,972,595,614]" pageId="5">
|
||
<heading id="D0E952281561FF8C3624FDA9FC228029" bold="true" box="[818,972,595,614]" fontSize="36" level="1" pageId="5" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561561FF8C3624FDA9FC228029" bold="true" box="[818,972,595,614]" pageId="5">5. Conclusions</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA1E5441561FF8C3647FD71FA8181D6" blockId="5.[818,1487,651,922]" pageId="5">
|
||
During the current research, the blood of examined turtles and ticks collected from various regions in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F309A5D41561FF8C3196FD5DFB4880F5" box="[1152,1190,679,698]" name="Iran" pageId="5">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
were positive for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71561FF8C3076FD5DFA2180F5" box="[1376,1487,679,698]" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Francisellaceae" genus="Francisella" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thiotrichales" pageId="5" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="tularensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561561FF8C3076FD5DFA2180F5" bold="true" box="[1376,1487,679,698]" italics="true" pageId="5">F. tularensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
bacteremia through the PCR and Nested-PCR techniques. Importantly, a proportion of 1.6% of the ticks found on these turtles (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71561FF8C3035FD25FA7980BD" box="[1315,1431,735,754]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Hyalomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegyptium">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561561FF8C3035FD25FA7980BD" bold="true" box="[1315,1431,735,754]" italics="true" pageId="5">H. aegyptium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ticks) were determined to harbor
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71561FF8C3156FD01FABC8142" authorityName="Olsufjev & Meshcheryakova" authorityYear="1983" baseAuthorityName="ex Olsufjev et al." baseAuthorityYear="1959" box="[1088,1362,762,782]" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Francisellaceae" genus="Francisella" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thiotrichales" pageId="5" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="subSpecies" species="tularensis" subSpecies="holarctica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561561FF8C3156FD01FB438142" bold="true" box="[1088,1197,762,782]" italics="true" pageId="5">F. tularensis</emphasis>
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561561FF8C31ECFD00FABC8142" bold="true" box="[1274,1362,762,781]" italics="true" pageId="5">holarctica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Hence, it is advisable to evaluate the contribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71561FF8C31C0FCEDFABE8165" box="[1238,1360,791,810]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Hyalomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegyptium">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561561FF8C31C0FCEDFABE8165" bold="true" box="[1238,1360,791,810]" italics="true" pageId="5">H. aegyptium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ticks to the epidemiological cycle and the persistence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1E9EC71561FF8C31F7FCC9FAA3810A" box="[1249,1357,818,838]" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Francisellaceae" genus="Francisella" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thiotrichales" pageId="5" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="tularensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96A39561561FF8C31F7FCC9FAA3810A" bold="true" box="[1249,1357,818,838]" italics="true" pageId="5">F. tularensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F309A5D41561FF8C3079FCC9FA768109" box="[1391,1432,819,838]" name="Iran" pageId="5">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Conducting more extensive screenings of both livestock and their associated ticks, encompassing a substantial volume of samples from diverse geographical regions throughout
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F309A5D41561FF8C317AFC7DFB7C81D5" box="[1132,1170,903,922]" name="Iran" pageId="5">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
is of great importance.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |