345 lines
39 KiB
XML
345 lines
39 KiB
XML
<document id="51D1C3DBF6911B1B291974D6C63457A1" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.1323.1.1" ID-ISSN="11755334" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5071178" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1625504382456" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Goulet, Henri & Mason, Peter G." docDate="2006" docId="03ACA67B6347656E6004FAF51A49FCD8" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01323p118.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1323 (1)" docSource="https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1323.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:8B0D3ECF822058C8413568C103B59429.6:Zootaxa.2001-2006.monograph" docStyleId="8B0D3ECF822058C8413568C103B59429" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.monograph" docStyleVersion="6" docTitle="Peristenus howardi Shaw" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="62" masterDocId="FF95DE03637C6553610CFFD91967FFE6" masterDocTitle="Review of the Nearctic species of Leiophron and Peristenus (Hymenoptera Braconidae: Euphorinae) parasitizing Lygus (Hemiptera: Miridae: Mirini:)" masterLastPageNumber="118" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="60" updateTime="1698989877144" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:mods id="CD76C1AD0AAD7456F525EB8E79D27BAA" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="26C43738B459095020929FF5416052E9">
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<mods:title id="0D4DC617E594C09CD63B5184F5AD15EB">Review of the Nearctic species of Leiophron and Peristenus (Hymenoptera Braconidae: Euphorinae) parasitizing Lygus (Hemiptera: Miridae: Mirini:)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="018C57F82189CDFBC5F88D67DA174840" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="7E21A8ACAF803FED55F08B0C11CA9C45">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="9122CCAB3D47C08A598A279CFB0E49A4">Goulet, Henri</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="320882D459FE0DE03226A1D2FFD8B9A7" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="F0565B5A673CC5C84DEB86F9EF44DC70">
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<mods:roleTerm id="D04FA6065999068864DCB5480A1C018C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="36B91DC4211DBE6A343398A143CE6086">Mason, Peter G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="89C2213C8F7AC15D6FF5FBA41808E4FC">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="DA8D81B14C1F7C8664AC80820E107ED7">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="54A39F512D8669BCBF4D19AA996FD1B1">
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<mods:date id="6D363ACAEB99EF9186AE8DFD3875ABCD">2006</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="CCF282BA1363E04BE9085C43A808A376" type="pubDate">
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<mods:number id="04583673726D519C8A4472DCB18586B5">2006-09-28</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="640458CD63BF32143457925400CD03BA" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="7E6D5640577D50395DCDFDC7F07C189A">1323</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="9B61E1D71F9897A5C98232B8E24CC1CC" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="64D3FAB9BD1CC0A835963423BEE71B0F">1</mods:number>
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<mods:extent id="BBC0424282F7EF58EB21CF11A58E2ABA" unit="page">
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<mods:start id="F33008F96457C706033A20F6A963DB98">1</mods:start>
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<mods:location id="0088C1E43B0A61BAB5EA6BBA64720391">
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<mods:url id="8C385B5CEF47916B585020B97387523A">https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1323.1.1</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification id="9F0B1C03E1D0F22F68AF780552666D9E">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="FA3EABBD2CA935F977AEB696B12D766B" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.1323.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="8795910AC6BF9BC6E3A30F20975E719A" type="ISSN">11755334</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="F9606A252731853336C6ACEA09B012D8" type="Zenodo-Dep">5071178</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="03ACA67B6347656E6004FAF51A49FCD8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5073173" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5073173" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03ACA67B6347656E6004FAF51A49FCD8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ACA67B6347656E6004FAF51A49FCD8" lastPageId="61" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
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<subSubSection id="C31F44E6634765686004FAF51B5AFAA0" box="[264,573,1324,1350]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBA176D634765686004FAF51B5AFAA0" blockId="59.[264,573,1324,1384]" box="[264,573,1324,1350]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
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<heading id="D0F2A001634765686004FAF51B5AFAA0" bold="true" box="[264,573,1324,1350]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C056CEE634765686004FAF51B5AFAA0" authority="Shaw" authorityName="Shaw" box="[264,573,1324,1350]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Peristenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="howardi">
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<emphasis id="B971CB7F634765686004FAF51B5AFAA0" bold="true" box="[264,573,1324,1350]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
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<emphasis id="B971CB7F634765686004FAF51896FAA0" bold="true" box="[264,497,1324,1350]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Peristenus howardi</emphasis>
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Shaw
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31F44E6634765686004FA971DDCFA13" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BBA176D634765686004FA971B47FA8E" blockId="59.[264,573,1324,1384]" box="[264,544,1358,1384]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
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<heading id="D0F2A001634765686004FA971B47FA8E" bold="true" box="[264,544,1358,1384]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B971CB7F634765686004FA971B47FA8E" bold="true" box="[264,544,1358,1384]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
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(
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<figureCitation id="133E0BE863476568601CFA9718F9FA8E" box="[272,414,1358,1384]" captionStart="FIGURES 59–66. 59–63" captionStartId="76.[264,382,1790,1814]" captionTargetBox="[313,1273,329,1763]" captionTargetId="figure-36@76.[313,1273,326,1766]" captionTargetPageId="76" captionText="FIGURES 59–66. 59–63. Radial cell and stigma of forewing. 64. Hind wing. 65–66. Basal and subbasal cells of hind wing." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071194" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071194/files/figure.png" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Figs. 59, 60</figureCitation>
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, Table 17)
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBA176D634765686004FA461DDCFA13" blockId="59.[264,1323,1438,1526]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
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<taxonomicName id="4C056CEE634765686004FA461BFAFA53" authority="Shaw, 1999: 371" authorityName="Shaw" authorityPageNumber="371" authorityYear="1999" box="[264,669,1438,1462]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Peristenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="howardi">
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<emphasis id="B971CB7F634765686004FA4618BEFA50" box="[264,473,1439,1462]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Peristenus howardi</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="3B6D1D306347656860EFFA471BFAFA53" box="[483,669,1438,1461]" collectingDate="1997-08-04" collectingDateMax="1997-09-03" collectingDateMin="1997-08-04" collectionCode="ESWU" collectorName="Parma & C. R. Baird" country="United States of America" county="Canyon Co." location="Canyon County" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Idaho" typeStatus="holotype">Shaw, 1999: 371</materialsCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Type locality:
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<collectingCountry id="F31257FD634765686245FA471AE4FA53" box="[841,899,1438,1461]" name="United States of America" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">USA</collectingCountry>
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:
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<collectingRegion id="49C1D98F634765686283FA471AA8FA53" box="[911,975,1438,1461]" country="United States of America" name="Idaho" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Idaho</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCounty id="62DB6FE16347656862D7FA471D38FA53" box="[987,1119,1438,1461]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Canyon Co.</collectingCounty>
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, Parma.
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<typeStatus id="54BEA9CF6347656865CCFA471C41FA53" box="[1216,1318,1438,1461]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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, female (ESWU), not seen, labelled: “
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<collectingRegion id="49C1D98F6347656863D4FA671A7EFA33" box="[728,793,1470,1493]" country="United States of America" name="Idaho" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Idaho</collectingRegion>
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,
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<location id="8EDA41B6634765686224FA671AB3FA33" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03ACA67B6347656E6004FAF51A49FCD8:8EDA41B6634765686224FA671AB3FA33" box="[808,980,1470,1493]" country="United States of America" county="Canyon Co." name="Canyon County" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" stateProvince="Idaho">Canyon County</location>
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,
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<collectorName id="26F072BB6347656862EFFA671D4DFA33" box="[995,1066,1470,1493]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Parma</collectorName>
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,
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<date id="FFBB31AD634765686535FA671D87FA33" box="[1081,1248,1470,1493]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" value="1997-08-04">
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<collectingDate id="EFFFC845634765686535FA671D87FA33" box="[1081,1248,1470,1493]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" value="1997-08-04">4 August 1997</collectingDate>
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</date>
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,
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<collectorName id="26F072BB6347656865E3FA671812FA13" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">C. R. Baird</collectorName>
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, host:
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<taxonomicName id="4C056CEE6347656860B7FA061BE0FA13" authority="Knight" authorityName="Knight" authorityYear="1917" box="[443,647,1502,1526]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Lygus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hesperus">
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<emphasis id="B971CB7F6347656860B7FA061B51FA10" box="[443,566,1503,1526]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">L. hesperus</emphasis>
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Knight
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</taxonomicName>
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nymph swept in alfalfa, emerged
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<date id="FFBB31AD6347656862FEFA071DD0FA13" box="[1010,1207,1502,1525]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" value="1997-09-03">
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<collectingDate id="EFFFC8456347656862FEFA071DD0FA13" box="[1010,1207,1502,1525]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" value="1997-09-03">3 September 1997</collectingDate>
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</date>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31F44E6634765686004F9FF1A40F977" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BBA176D634765686004F9FF1A40F977" blockId="59.[264,1323,1574,1881]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
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<emphasis id="B971CB7F634765686004F9FF18EFF9A6" bold="true" box="[264,392,1574,1600]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Clypeus black or dark brown, not densely punctate (especially between lateral ocellus and inner eye margin), forewing vein r generally absent, and a multivoltine life cycle associated with all generations of
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<taxonomicName id="4C056CEE6347656863D7F9AE1A47F976" box="[731,800,1655,1680]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Lygus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B971CB7F6347656863D7F9AE1A47F976" box="[731,800,1655,1680]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Lygus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31F44E66347656E6034F9471B2DFE60" lastPageId="61" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BBA176D6347656F6034F9471BA8FEB8" blockId="59.[264,1323,1574,1881]" lastBlockId="60.[264,1323,284,1870]" lastPageId="60" lastPageNumber="61" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
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<emphasis id="B971CB7F634765686034F94718B7F95E" bold="true" box="[312,464,1694,1720]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Description.</emphasis>
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FEMALE. Colour. Head, mesosoma and metasoma black. Legs generally straw coloured, metacoxa brown to black; basal 0.3–0.5 of metatibia usually straw coloured or occasionally light reddish brown, and apical 0.5–0.7 of metatibia, and metatarsomere 1 clearly darker than basal 0.3–0.5 of metatibia, but metatarsomeres 2–5 less dark than metatarsomere 1. Palpi, tegula and mandible (except apex) straw coloured. Scape to flagellomere 2 straw coloured, thereafter brown to dark brown. Stigma dark brown and straw coloured in basal 0.3.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBA176D6340656F6034FEB51D09FCD8" blockId="60.[264,1323,284,1870]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
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Structure. Flagellum with 18–20 flagellomeres (respectively 12%, 73% and 12% of
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<specimenCount id="9D03DCE46340656F6401FEB518E4FE48" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" type="generic">17 specimens</specimenCount>
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) and flagellomeres enlarged in apical 0.5. Few of the preapical flagellomeres subquadrate (none 3%, one 15%, two 9%, three 29% and four 44% of
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<specimenCount id="9D03DCE46340656F657BFE651C79FE30" box="[1143,1310,444,470]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" type="generic">34 specimens</specimenCount>
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). Length of gena behind eye 0.91–1.09 times as long as length of eye. Height of eye 1.34–1.52 times as long as minimum distance between inner eye margins (as in
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<figureCitation id="133E0BE86340656F65C8FDD51C7BFDC0" box="[1220,1308,524,550]" captionStart="FIGURES 13–24. 13–22" captionStartId="72.[264,382,1790,1814]" captionTargetBox="[318,1260,326,1763]" captionTargetId="figure-36@72.[313,1273,326,1766]" captionTargetPageId="72" captionText="FIGURES 13–24. 13–22. Frontal view of head. Code: “a” ventral edge of clypeus. 23–24. Dorsal view of head." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071184" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071184/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
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). Maximum width of head behind eyes subequal (0.93–0.97) to maximum head width at eye level. Occipital carina developed in dorsal third. Metasomal tergum 1 with lateral edges clearly convergent (posterior margin 2.1–2.4 times as wide as narrowest width near base) and elongate (medial length of tergum 1.5–1.7 times maximum width at posterior end). Radial cell length 0.94–1.13 as long as stigma width (as in
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<figureCitation id="133E0BE86340656F62C4FD0D1D3FFD08" box="[968,1112,724,750]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 50–58. 50–52" captionStart-1="FIGURES 59–66. 59–63" captionStartId-0="75.[264,382,1790,1814]" captionStartId-1="76.[264,382,1790,1814]" captionTargetBox-0="[313,1268,326,1765]" captionTargetBox-1="[313,1273,329,1763]" captionTargetId-0="figure-37@75.[313,1273,326,1766]" captionTargetId-1="figure-36@76.[313,1273,326,1766]" captionTargetPageId-0="75" captionTargetPageId-1="76" captionText-0="FIGURES 50–58. 50–52. Forewing. 53–54. Basal and subbasal cells of forewing. 55–58. Radial cell and stigma of forewing." captionText-1="FIGURES 59–66. 59–63. Radial cell and stigma of forewing. 64. Hind wing. 65–66. Basal and subbasal cells of hind wing." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071192" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071194" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5071192/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5071194/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Figs. 58–63</figureCitation>
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). Forewing vein r in most specimens not developed (78% based on
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<specimenCount id="9D03DCE46340656F6258FD251D62FCF0" box="[852,1029,764,790]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" type="generic">100 specimens</specimenCount>
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) and short (
|
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<figureCitation id="133E0BE86340656F6598FD251C7CFCF0" box="[1172,1307,764,790]" captionStart="FIGURES 59–66. 59–63" captionStartId="76.[264,382,1790,1814]" captionTargetBox="[313,1273,329,1763]" captionTargetId="figure-36@76.[313,1273,326,1766]" captionTargetPageId="76" captionText="FIGURES 59–66. 59–63. Radial cell and stigma of forewing. 64. Hind wing. 65–66. Basal and subbasal cells of hind wing." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071194" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071194/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Fig. 59, 60</figureCitation>
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), and basal cell of forewing (except extreme base) pubescent (as in
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<figureCitation id="133E0BE86340656F6506FCFD1D07FCD8" box="[1034,1120,804,830]" captionStart="FIGURES 50–58. 50–52" captionStartId="75.[264,382,1790,1814]" captionTargetBox="[313,1268,326,1765]" captionTargetId="figure-37@75.[313,1273,326,1766]" captionTargetPageId="75" captionText="FIGURES 50–58. 50–52. Forewing. 53–54. Basal and subbasal cells of forewing. 55–58. Radial cell and stigma of forewing." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071192" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071192/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Fig. 54</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBA176D6340656F6034FC951DCBFBB0" blockId="60.[264,1323,284,1870]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
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Sculpture. Punctures on vertex
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<quantity id="4CFDBA886340656F63A7FC951A72FC80" box="[683,789,844,870]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="7.5" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="5.0">5–10 µm</quantity>
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in diameter, on frons and mesoscutum about
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<quantity id="4CFDBA886340656F6004FCAD18E5FC68" box="[264,386,884,910]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="12.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="10.0">10–15 µm</quantity>
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in diameter (a little larger than diameter of ommatidia). Punctures
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<quantity id="4CFDBA886340656F65BDFCAD1C4CFC68" box="[1201,1323,884,910]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="22.5" valueMax="25.0" valueMin="20.0">20–25 µm</quantity>
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apart on vertex (especially between lateral ocellus and inner eye margin),
|
||
<quantity id="4CFDBA886340656F6571FC451D80FC50" box="[1149,1255,924,950]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="10.0" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="5.0">5–15 µm</quantity>
|
||
apart on frons to
|
||
<quantity id="4CFDBA886340656F6097FC1D1B6FFC38" box="[411,520,964,990]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="7.5" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="5.0">5–10 µm</quantity>
|
||
apart near antennal socket, and
|
||
<quantity id="4CFDBA886340656F6297FC1D1D71FC38" box="[923,1046,964,990]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="22.5" valueMax="25.0" valueMin="20.0">20–25 µm</quantity>
|
||
apart on mesoscutum. Punctures on mesopleuron generally dense, occasionally scattered. Clypeus generally smooth, rarely punctate all over. Metasomal tergum 1 with about 10–12 longitudinal ridges, these often anastomosing on disc and forming a puncturelike sculpture.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBA176D6340656F6034FBBD1B72FB98" blockId="60.[264,1323,284,1870]" box="[312,533,1124,1150]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">MALE. Unknown.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBA176D6340656F6034FB551BF5FA88" blockId="60.[264,1323,284,1870]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971CB7F6340656F6034FB551B71FB40" bold="true" box="[312,534,1164,1190]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Taxonomic notes.</emphasis>
|
||
The
|
||
<typeStatus id="54BEA9CF6340656F6353FB551BA2FB40" box="[607,709,1164,1190]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
was not seen, but several specimens reared in a laboratory colony in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C1D98F6340656F6308FB6D1B13FB28" box="[516,628,1204,1230]" country="United States of America" name="Delaware" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Delaware</collectingRegion>
|
||
originating from the type locality have been studied. The lack of r vein in the forewing, discovered by Shaw (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF946A9C6340656F6293FB051D0EFB10" author="Day, W. H. & Baird, C. R. & Shaw, S. R." box="[927,1129,1244,1270]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="370 - 375" refId="ref41256" refString="Day, W. H., Baird, C. R. & Shaw, S. R. (1999) New, native species of Peristenus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) parasitizing Lygus hesperus (Hemiptera: Miridae) in Idaho: biology, importance, and description. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 92, 370 - 375." type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Day
|
||
<emphasis id="B971CB7F6340656F62D2FB051D70FB13" box="[990,1047,1244,1269]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), applies to the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54BEA9CF6340656F6004FADD1815FAF8" box="[264,370,1284,1310]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
. The character is not seen in all specimens of this species studied and it also shows up frequently in adults of closely related species. Nevertheless, evidence discussed below supports its specific status.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBA176D6340656F6034FAA51B1DF9D0" blockId="60.[264,1323,284,1870]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
||
Adults of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C056CEE6340656F60BCFAA51B49FA73" box="[432,558,1404,1429]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Peristenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="howardi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971CB7F6340656F60BCFAA51B49FA73" box="[432,558,1404,1429]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">P. howardi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are most similar to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C056CEE6340656F6284FAA51D41FA73" box="[904,1062,1404,1429]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Peristenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="broadbenti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971CB7F6340656F6284FAA51D41FA73" box="[904,1062,1404,1429]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">P. broadbenti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Almost no structural differences were found between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C056CEE6340656F6385FA7D1A60FA5B" box="[649,775,1444,1469]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Peristenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="howardi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971CB7F6340656F6385FA7D1A60FA5B" box="[649,775,1444,1469]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">P. howardi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C056CEE6340656F624DFA7D1ABAFA5B" box="[833,989,1444,1469]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Peristenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="broadbenti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971CB7F6340656F624DFA7D1ABAFA5B" box="[833,989,1444,1469]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">P. broadbenti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Adults of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C056CEE6340656F6568FA7D1D85FA5B" box="[1124,1250,1444,1469]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Peristenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="howardi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971CB7F6340656F6568FA7D1D85FA5B" box="[1124,1250,1444,1469]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">P. howardi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differ from those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C056CEE6340656F60BEFA151B37FA03" box="[434,592,1484,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Peristenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="broadbenti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971CB7F6340656F60BEFA151B37FA03" box="[434,592,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">P. broadbenti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the development forewing vein r, the lack of males, and a multivoltine life cycle. A summary of measurement differences between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C056CEE6340656F6551FA2D1D9EF9EB" box="[1117,1273,1524,1549]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Peristenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="broadbenti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971CB7F6340656F6551FA2D1D9EF9EB" box="[1117,1273,1524,1549]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">P. broadbenti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C056CEE6340656F6004F9C518E1F9D3" box="[264,390,1564,1589]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Peristenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="howardi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971CB7F6340656F6004F9C518E1F9D3" box="[264,390,1564,1589]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">P. howardi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is given in Table 17.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBA176D6340656F6034F99D1D49F930" blockId="60.[264,1323,284,1870]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
||
Almost no structural differences were found between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C056CEE6340656F62DDF99D1D30F9BB" box="[977,1111,1604,1629]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Peristenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="howardi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971CB7F6340656F62DDF99D1D30F9BB" box="[977,1111,1604,1629]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">P. howardi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C056CEE6340656F659AF99D1C45F9BB" box="[1174,1314,1604,1629]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Peristenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gillespiei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971CB7F6340656F659AF99D1C45F9BB" box="[1174,1314,1604,1629]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">P. gillespiei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Adults of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C056CEE6340656F6073F9B51899F963" box="[383,510,1644,1669]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Peristenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="howardi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971CB7F6340656F6073F9B51899F963" box="[383,510,1644,1669]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">P. howardi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differ from those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C056CEE6340656F63FBF9B51AE7F963" box="[759,896,1644,1669]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Peristenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gillespiei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971CB7F6340656F63FBF9B51AE7F963" box="[759,896,1644,1669]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">P. gillespiei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the development of the forewing vein “r”, males unknown, and the multivoltine life cycle. A summary of measurement differences between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C056CEE6340656F60F6F9651B1FF933" box="[506,632,1724,1749]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Peristenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="howardi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971CB7F6340656F60F6F9651B1FF933" box="[506,632,1724,1749]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">P. howardi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C056CEE6340656F63BCF9651A5FF933" box="[688,824,1724,1749]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Peristenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gillespiei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971CB7F6340656F63BCF9651A5FF933" box="[688,824,1724,1749]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">P. gillespiei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is given in Table 17.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBA176D6340656E6034F93D1B2DFE60" blockId="60.[264,1323,284,1870]" lastBlockId="61.[264,1324,284,830]" lastPageId="61" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
||
Adults of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C056CEE6340656F60B4F93D1B59F91B" box="[440,574,1764,1789]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Peristenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="howardi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971CB7F6340656F60B4F93D1B59F91B" box="[440,574,1764,1789]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">P. howardi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
could easily be confused with those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C056CEE6340656F6539F93D1DDDF91B" box="[1077,1210,1764,1789]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Peristenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="braunae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971CB7F6340656F6539F93D1DDDF91B" box="[1077,1210,1764,1789]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">P. braunae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
a darkly coloured species. They are easily distinguished from those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C056CEE6340656F62E9F8D51D02F8C3" box="[997,1125,1804,1829]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Peristenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="braunae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971CB7F6340656F62E9F8D51D02F8C3" box="[997,1125,1804,1829]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">P. braunae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the colour of the clypeus and metatibia, by the puncture density on the vertex especially between the lateral ocellus and the inner eye margin, by the the ratio of eye height to minimal distance between eye inner margins, and the ratio of length of flagellum to maximum width of head between outer eye margins.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31F44E66341656E6034FE4A1B20FDA8" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBA176D6341656E6034FE4A1B20FDA8" blockId="61.[264,1324,284,830]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971CB7F6341656E6034FE4A1B11FE4B" bold="true" box="[312,630,403,429]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Host and biological notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Adults of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C056CEE6341656E63FEFE4D1A08FE4B" box="[754,879,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Peristenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="howardi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971CB7F6341656E63FEFE4D1A08FE4B" box="[754,879,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">P. howardi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been reared from fieldcollected
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C056CEE6341656E6004FE6518DBFE33" authorityName="Knight" authorityYear="1917" box="[264,444,444,469]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Lygus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hesperus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971CB7F6341656E6004FE6518DBFE33" box="[264,444,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Lygus hesperus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and in the laboratory on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C056CEE6341656E63E9FE651D2FFE30" authority="(Day et al. 1999)" baseAuthorityName="Day" baseAuthorityYear="1999" box="[741,1096,444,470]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Lygus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lineolaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971CB7F6341656E63E9FE651A13FE33" box="[741,884,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">L. lineolaris</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF946A9C6341656E6288FE651D58FE30" author="Day, W. H. & Baird, C. R. & Shaw, S. R." box="[900,1087,444,470]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="370 - 375" refId="ref41256" refString="Day, W. H., Baird, C. R. & Shaw, S. R. (1999) New, native species of Peristenus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) parasitizing Lygus hesperus (Hemiptera: Miridae) in Idaho: biology, importance, and description. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 92, 370 - 375." type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Day
|
||
<emphasis id="B971CB7F6341656E62B2FE651A95FE33" box="[958,1010,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Adults occur from early May to late September with peaks of abundance probably in mid June, late July, and early September. This is a multivoltine species. Females of this species parasitize nymphs of all generations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C056CEE6341656E60F7FDED1B27FDAB" box="[507,576,564,589]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" genus="Lygus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971CB7F6341656E60F7FDED1B27FDAB" box="[507,576,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Lygus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31F44E66341656E6034FD821A49FCD8" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBA176D6341656E6034FD8218FCFD20" blockId="61.[264,1324,284,830]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971CB7F6341656E6034FD821BD0FD93" bold="true" box="[312,695,603,629]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Material examined and range.</emphasis>
|
||
56 (
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D03DCE46341656E63FCFD851A44FD89" box="[752,803,603,630]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" type="female">56♀</specimenCount>
|
||
) adults were studied. All were reared from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C056CEE6341656E6004FD5D180FFD78" box="[264,360,644,670]" class="Insecta" family="Miridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Miridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The species is known from the northern portions of the Great Basin in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C1D98F6341656E65BAFD5D18F0FD20" isEnumeration="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Idaho and Washington</collectingRegion>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBA176D6341656E6034FD0D1A49FCD8" blockId="61.[264,1324,284,830]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B6D1D306341656E6034FD0D18AFFCF0" collectionCode="CNCI, USDA, USNM" country="United States of America" county="Canyon Co." location="Newark" municipality="Parma" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" specimenCount="52" specimenCount-female="52">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971CB7F6341656E6034FD0D18DFFD08" bold="true" box="[312,440,724,750]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31257FD6341656E6034FD0D1812FD08" box="[312,373,724,750]" name="United States of America" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
. DE:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<location id="8EDA41B66341656E60C8FD0D1B43FD08" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03ACA67B6347656E6004FAF51A49FCD8:8EDA41B66341656E60C8FD0D1B43FD08" box="[452,548,724,750]" country="United States of America" county="Canyon Co." municipality="Parma" name="Newark" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Newark</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8EDA41B66341656E633FFD0D1BD2FD08" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03ACA67B6347656E6004FAF51A49FCD8:8EDA41B66341656E633FFD0D1BD2FD08" box="[563,693,724,750]" country="United States of America" county="Canyon Co." municipality="Parma" name="Laboratory" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Laboratory</location>
|
||
colony from ID,
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62DB6FE16341656E6298FD0D1D41FD08" box="[916,1062,724,750]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Canyon Co.</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BDE8D176341656E6534FD0D1DE5FD08" box="[1080,1154,724,750]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Parma</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D03DCE46341656E659BFD0D1DAEFD01" box="[1175,1225,723,750]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" type="female">52♀</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED148FA86341656E65D1FD0D1C41FD08" box="[1245,1318,724,750]" country="Canada" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/rzcb-tdp2" name="Canadian National Collection Insects" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">CNCI</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED148FA86341656E6004FD25183CFCF0" box="[264,347,764,790]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/e3b9-k2i3" name="United States Department of Agriculture" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">USDA</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED148FA86341656E606AFD2518A7FCF0" box="[358,448,764,790]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B6D1D306341656E60DFFD251A9DFCF0" box="[467,1018,763,790]" collectionCode="ESUW" country="United States of America" county="Canyon Co." location="Parma" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" specimenCount="5" specimenCount-female="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971CB7F6341656E60DFFD25189AFCF0" bold="true" box="[467,509,764,790]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">ID:</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62DB6FE16341656E6308FD251BF5FCF0" box="[516,658,764,790]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Canyon Co.</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8EDA41B66341656E6392FD251B8EFCF0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03ACA67B6347656E6004FAF51A49FCD8:8EDA41B66341656E6392FD251B8EFCF0" box="[670,745,764,790]" country="United States of America" county="Canyon Co." name="Parma" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Parma</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D03DCE46341656E63F5FD251A7BFCE9" box="[761,796,763,790]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" type="female">5♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, not seen;
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED148FA86341656E6295FD251A95FCF0" box="[921,1010,764,790]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mgjb-f6gg" name="University of Wyoming Insect Museum and Gallery" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">ESUW</collectionCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B6D1D306341656E6508FD251A4DFCD8" collectionCode="ESWU, CNCI" country="United States of America" county="Benton Co." location="Exp. Station" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" specimenCount="4" specimenCount-female="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="B971CB7F6341656E6508FD251D27FCF0" bold="true" box="[1028,1088,764,790]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">WA:</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62DB6FE16341656E6548FD251DACFCF0" box="[1092,1227,764,790]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Benton Co.</collectingCounty>
|
||
, EWSU
|
||
<location id="8EDA41B66341656E6004FCFD18FFFCD8" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03ACA67B6347656E6004FAF51A49FCD8:8EDA41B66341656E6004FCFD18FFFCD8" box="[264,408,804,830]" country="United States of America" county="Benton Co." name="Exp. Station" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Exp. Station</location>
|
||
<locationDeviation id="9A080E4F6341656E60ACFCFD1B55FCD8" box="[416,562,804,830]" location="Prosser" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">N of Prosser</locationDeviation>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D03DCE46341656E634EFCFD1B01FCD1" box="[578,614,803,830]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" type="female">4♀</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED148FA86341656E6379FCFD1BACFCD8" box="[629,715,804,830]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">ESWU</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED148FA86341656E63DBFCFD1A45FCD8" box="[727,802,804,830]" country="Canada" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/rzcb-tdp2" name="Canadian National Collection Insects" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">CNCI</collectionCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |