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<mods:title id="E03E46AB71F438AF73FCBFEB65F432E2">Taxonomic revision and morphological cladistics analysis of the diatom genus Anorthoneis (Cocconeidaceae), with description of Anorthoneis arthus-bertrandii sp. nov.</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="4C05C2A1FFD78372FF6443A88774A9CB" authority="Hein 1991: 269" authorityName="Hein 1991 Hein" authorityPageNumber="269" authorityYear="1991" box="[136,541,465,492]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Cocconeidaceae" genus="Anorthoneis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Achnanthales" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="dulcis">
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<emphasis id="B9716530FFD78372FF6443A8840BA9CB" bold="true" box="[136,354,465,492]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Anorthoneis dulcis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF94C4D3FFD78372FE8643AA8774A9CB" author="Hein, M. K." box="[362,541,467,492]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" pagination="267 - 280" refId="ref17935" refString="Hein, M. K. (1991) Anorthoneis dulcis sp. nov., a new freshwater diatom from Northern Florida, U. S. A. Diatom Research 6: 267 - 280. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 0269249 X. 1991.9705172" type="journal article" year="1991">Hein 1991: 269</bibRefCitation>
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(
<figureCitation id="133EA5A7FFD78372FDC743AA87C5A9CB" box="[555,684,467,492]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 1422" captionStart-1="FIGURES 2327" captionStart-2="FIGURES 2834" captionStartId-0="10.[136,243,1796,1817]" captionStartId-1="11.[136,243,1807,1828]" captionStartId-2="12.[136,243,1646,1667]" captionTargetBox-0="[158,1434,190,1767]" captionTargetBox-1="[165,1427,592,1784]" captionTargetBox-2="[161,1430,200,1614]" captionTargetId-0="figure-15@10.[154,1434,190,1772]" captionTargetId-1="figure-187@11.[160,1427,588,1784]" captionTargetId-2="figure-15@12.[151,1436,190,1621]" captionTargetPageId-0="10" captionTargetPageId-1="11" captionTargetPageId-2="12" captionText-0="FIGURES 1422. Anorthoneis dulcis specimens from Hein (1991). (14) Raphe-sternum valve LM micrograph of A. dulcis from Hein (1991), fig. 2 (holotype); (15) Raphe-sternum valve LM micrograph of A. dulcis from Hein (1991), fig. 3; (16) Sternum valve LM micrograph of A. dulcis from Hein 1991, fig. 3; (17) Sternum valve LM micrograph of A. dulcis from Hein (1991), fig. 2 (holotype); (18, 19) LM micrographs of A. dulcis sternum and raphe-sternum valve from holotype (slide ANSP A-GC #55788, Diatom herbarium, Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences); (2022) LM micrographs of A. dulcis sternum and raphe-sternum valves from holotype (slide ANSP A-GC #55788, Diatom herbarium, Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences). Scale bars: Figs 14, 1719 = 10 μm; Figs 15, 16, 2022 = 5 μm." captionText-1="FIGURES 2327. Anorthoneis dulcis specimens from Hein (1991), original material #4138, Withlacoochee River, Fla, U.S.A, ANSP Material Collection, Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, SEM images. (23) External view of sternum valve showing asymmetrical subtriangular central area; (24) Tilted external view (60°) of sternum valve showing the convex external mantle; (25) Internal view of sternum valve; (26) Detail of mantle showing the apically elongated areolae at the end of each stria; (27) Tilted internal view (60°) of sternum valve showing the slight thickening of sternum and central area. Scale bars: Figs 2324, 29 = 5 μm; Fig. 25 = 2 μm; Fig. 26 = 1 μm." captionText-2="FIGURES 2834. Anorthoneis dulcis specimens from Hein (1991), original material #4138, Withlacoochee River, Fla, U.S.A, ANSP Material Collection, Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, SEM images. (28) External raphe-sternum valve with faint, hyaline, submarginal areas (arrow);(29) External coaxial, expanded, pore-like proximalraphe endings; (30) External distal raphe ending terminating in a roundish submarginal hyaline area; (31) Proximal raphe endings hooked in opposite directions and to the central nodule; (32) Internal distal raphe ending terminating in vestigial helictoglossa; (33) Internal view of raphe-sternum valve; (34) Tilted internal view (60°) of raphe-sternum valve showing the thickened raphe-sternum, central nodule and submarginal hyaline area. Scale bars: Figs 28, 33, 34 = 5 μm; Fig. 31 = 2 μm; Figs 29, 30, 32 = 1 μm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13720110" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13720114" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13720118" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/13720110/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/13720114/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/13720118/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Figs 1434</figureCitation>
)
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<paragraph id="8BBAB922FFD78372FF6443838770AA14" blockId="11.[136,1451,506,563]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">
<emphasis id="B9716530FFD78372FF6443838471AA28" bold="true" box="[136,280,506,527]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">References:—</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF94C4D3FFD78372FEF4438384E6AA28" author="Hein, M. K." box="[280,399,506,527]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" pagination="267 - 280" refId="ref17935" refString="Hein, M. K. (1991) Anorthoneis dulcis sp. nov., a new freshwater diatom from Northern Florida, U. S. A. Diatom Research 6: 267 - 280. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 0269249 X. 1991.9705172" type="journal article" year="1991">Hein (1991)</bibRefCitation>
, p. 269, figs 221, 2528;
<bibRefCitation id="EF94C4D3FFD78372FD74438386CCAA28" author="Tremarin, P. I. &amp; Ludwig, T. V." box="[664,933,506,527]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" pagination="213 - 220" refId="ref20059" refString="Tremarin, P. I. &amp; Ludwig, T. V. (2008) Anorthoneis dulcis Hein: first record in South America. Diatom Research 23: 213 - 220. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 0269249 X. 2008.9705747" type="journal article" year="2008">Tremarin &amp; Ludwig (2008)</bibRefCitation>
, figs 19, 1024;
<bibRefCitation id="EF94C4D3FFD78372FBBB43838023AA28" author="Garcia, M. &amp; Talgatti, D. M." box="[1111,1354,506,527]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" pagination="1 - 5" refId="ref17615" refString="Garcia, M. &amp; Talgatti, D. M. (2008) The diatom Anorthoneis dulcis Hein from Southern Brazil: Morphology and Ecology. Research letters in Ecology 1 - 5." type="book chapter" year="2008">Garcia &amp; Talgatti (2008)</bibRefCitation>
, figs 39;
<bibRefCitation id="EF94C4D3FFD78372FF51406784D3AA14" author="Lopez Fuerte, F. O. &amp; Siqueiros Beltrones, D. A. &amp; Novelo, E." box="[189,442,542,563]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" pagination="271 - 276" refId="ref18302" refString="Lopez Fuerte, F. O., Siqueiros Beltrones, D. A. &amp; Novelo, E. (2011) Geographic range extension of Anorthoneis dulcis Hein in Oases of Baja California Peninsula, Mexico. Iheringia. Serie Botanica, Porto Alegre 66: 271 - 276." type="journal article" year="2011">
López Fuerte
<emphasis id="B9716530FFD78372FEAF4067841DAA14" box="[323,372,542,563]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">et al.</emphasis>
(2011)
</bibRefCitation>
, figs 25.
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<paragraph id="8BBAB922FFD78372FF64457685C6AFF5" blockId="11.[136,1451,1807,2002]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">
<emphasis id="B9716530FFD78372FF6445768454AF03" bold="true" box="[136,317,1807,1828]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">FIGURES 2327.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C05C2A1FFD78372FEA945768495AF03" authorityName="Hein 1991 Hein" authorityYear="1991" box="[325,508,1807,1828]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Cocconeidaceae" genus="Anorthoneis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Achnanthales" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="dulcis">
<emphasis id="B9716530FFD78372FEA945768495AF03" box="[325,508,1807,1828]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="212">Anorthoneis dulcis</emphasis>
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specimens from
<bibRefCitation id="EF94C4D3FFD78372FD4B45768649AF03" author="Hein, M. K." box="[679,800,1807,1828]" pageId="11" pageNumber="212" pagination="267 - 280" refId="ref17935" refString="Hein, M. K. (1991) Anorthoneis dulcis sp. nov., a new freshwater diatom from Northern Florida, U. S. A. Diatom Research 6: 267 - 280. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 0269249 X. 1991.9705172" type="journal article" year="1991">Hein (1991)</bibRefCitation>
, original material #4138, Withlacoochee River, Fla, U.S.A, ANSP Material Collection, Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, SEM images. (23) External view of sternum valve showing asymmetrical subtriangular central area; (24) Tilted external view (60°) of sternum valve showing the convex external mantle; (25) Internal view of sternum valve; (26) Detail of mantle showing the apically elongated areolae at the end of each stria; (27) Tilted internal view (60°) of sternum valve showing the slight thickening of sternum and central area. Scale bars: Figs 2324, 29 = 5 μm; Fig. 25 = 2 μm; Fig. 26 = 1 μm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
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<paragraph id="8BBAB922FFD08375FF644417875DAF7C" blockId="12.[136,1452,1646,1883]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">
<emphasis id="B9716530FFD08375FF6444178454AEA4" bold="true" box="[136,317,1646,1667]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">FIGURES 2834.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C05C2A1FFD08375FEA944178495AEA4" authorityName="Hein 1991 Hein" authorityYear="1991" box="[325,508,1646,1667]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Cocconeidaceae" genus="Anorthoneis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Achnanthales" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="dulcis">
<emphasis id="B9716530FFD08375FEA944178495AEA4" box="[325,508,1646,1667]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Anorthoneis dulcis</emphasis>
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specimens from
<bibRefCitation id="EF94C4D3FFD08375FD4B44178649AEA4" author="Hein, M. K." box="[679,800,1646,1667]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" pagination="267 - 280" refId="ref17935" refString="Hein, M. K. (1991) Anorthoneis dulcis sp. nov., a new freshwater diatom from Northern Florida, U. S. A. Diatom Research 6: 267 - 280. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 0269249 X. 1991.9705172" type="journal article" year="1991">Hein (1991)</bibRefCitation>
, original material #4138, Withlacoochee River, Fla, U.S.A, ANSP Material Collection, Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, SEM images. (28) External raphe-sternum valve with faint, hyaline, submarginal areas (arrow); (29) External coaxial, expanded, pore-like proximal raphe endings; (30) External distal raphe ending terminating in a roundish submarginal hyaline area; (31) Proximal raphe endings hooked in opposite directions and to the central nodule; (32) Internal distal raphe ending terminating in vestigial helictoglossa; (33) Internal view of raphe-sternum valve; (34) Tilted internal view (60°) of raphe-sternum valve showing the thickened raphe-sternum, central nodule and submarginal hyaline area. Scale bars: Figs 28, 33, 34 = 5 μm; Fig. 31 = 2 μm; Figs 29, 30, 32 = 1 μm.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBAB922FFD08374FF6445F38043AA96" blockId="12.[136,1452,1930,2063]" lastBlockId="13.[136,1452,160,689]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="214" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">
<emphasis id="B9716530FFD08375FF6445F38473AF84" bold="true" box="[136,282,1930,1955]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Description.</emphasis>
Valves broadly elliptical to ovoid in outline (
<figureCitation id="133EA5A7FFD08375FCE745F38609AF84" box="[779,864,1930,1955]" captionStart="FIGURES 2327" captionStartId="11.[136,243,1807,1828]" captionTargetBox="[165,1427,592,1784]" captionTargetId="figure-187@11.[160,1427,588,1784]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 2327. Anorthoneis dulcis specimens from Hein (1991), original material #4138, Withlacoochee River, Fla, U.S.A, ANSP Material Collection, Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, SEM images. (23) External view of sternum valve showing asymmetrical subtriangular central area; (24) Tilted external view (60°) of sternum valve showing the convex external mantle; (25) Internal view of sternum valve; (26) Detail of mantle showing the apically elongated areolae at the end of each stria; (27) Tilted internal view (60°) of sternum valve showing the slight thickening of sternum and central area. Scale bars: Figs 2324, 29 = 5 μm; Fig. 25 = 2 μm; Fig. 26 = 1 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13720114" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13720114/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Figs 23</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="133EA5A7FFD08375FC8745F386E2AF84" box="[875,907,1930,1955]" captionStart="FIGURES 2834" captionStartId="12.[136,243,1646,1667]" captionTargetBox="[161,1430,200,1614]" captionTargetId="figure-15@12.[151,1436,190,1621]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 2834. Anorthoneis dulcis specimens from Hein (1991), original material #4138, Withlacoochee River, Fla, U.S.A, ANSP Material Collection, Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, SEM images. (28) External raphe-sternum valve with faint, hyaline, submarginal areas (arrow);(29) External coaxial, expanded, pore-like proximalraphe endings; (30) External distal raphe ending terminating in a roundish submarginal hyaline area; (31) Proximal raphe endings hooked in opposite directions and to the central nodule; (32) Internal distal raphe ending terminating in vestigial helictoglossa; (33) Internal view of raphe-sternum valve; (34) Tilted internal view (60°) of raphe-sternum valve showing the thickened raphe-sternum, central nodule and submarginal hyaline area. Scale bars: Figs 28, 33, 34 = 5 μm; Fig. 31 = 2 μm; Figs 29, 30, 32 = 1 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13720118" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13720118/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">28</figureCitation>
). Apical axis: 1416 μm, transapical axis: 9.212 μm.
<emphasis id="B9716530FFD08375FF5645D5846BAFE0" bold="true" box="[186,258,1964,1991]" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">
<emphasis id="B9716530FFD08375FF5645D585B5AFE1" bold="true" box="[186,220,1964,1990]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">SV</emphasis>
:—
</emphasis>
Externally, valve face flat to concave, becoming convex in the undifferentiated mantle, terminating in small marginal area (
<figureCitation id="133EA5A7FFD08375FEDC45AB84DBAFCC" box="[304,434,2002,2027]" captionStart="FIGURES 2327" captionStartId="11.[136,243,1807,1828]" captionTargetBox="[165,1427,592,1784]" captionTargetId="figure-187@11.[160,1427,588,1784]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 2327. Anorthoneis dulcis specimens from Hein (1991), original material #4138, Withlacoochee River, Fla, U.S.A, ANSP Material Collection, Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, SEM images. (23) External view of sternum valve showing asymmetrical subtriangular central area; (24) Tilted external view (60°) of sternum valve showing the convex external mantle; (25) Internal view of sternum valve; (26) Detail of mantle showing the apically elongated areolae at the end of each stria; (27) Tilted internal view (60°) of sternum valve showing the slight thickening of sternum and central area. Scale bars: Figs 2324, 29 = 5 μm; Fig. 25 = 2 μm; Fig. 26 = 1 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13720114" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13720114/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Figs 23, 24</figureCitation>
). Eccentric sternum neither raised nor thickened. The central area is asymmetric and larger on the wider hemivalve (
<figureCitation id="133EA5A7FFD08375FE76458F848FA028" box="[410,486,2038,2063]" captionStart="FIGURES 2327" captionStartId="11.[136,243,1807,1828]" captionTargetBox="[165,1427,592,1784]" captionTargetId="figure-187@11.[160,1427,588,1784]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 2327. Anorthoneis dulcis specimens from Hein (1991), original material #4138, Withlacoochee River, Fla, U.S.A, ANSP Material Collection, Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, SEM images. (23) External view of sternum valve showing asymmetrical subtriangular central area; (24) Tilted external view (60°) of sternum valve showing the convex external mantle; (25) Internal view of sternum valve; (26) Detail of mantle showing the apically elongated areolae at the end of each stria; (27) Tilted internal view (60°) of sternum valve showing the slight thickening of sternum and central area. Scale bars: Figs 2324, 29 = 5 μm; Fig. 25 = 2 μm; Fig. 26 = 1 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13720114" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13720114/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="213">Fig.23</figureCitation>
). Uniseriate transapical striae (
<quantity id="4CFD14C7FFD08375FCD6458F861AA028" box="[826,883,2038,2063]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.588" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" unit="in" value="22.0">22 in</quantity>
10 μm) composed of circular areolae (
<quantity id="4CFD14C7FFD08375FAF0458F803CA028" box="[1308,1365,2038,2063]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="12" pageNumber="213" unit="in" value="20.0">20 in</quantity>
10 μm) internally occluded by slightly perforated hymenes, in both the valve face and the mantle (
<figureCitation id="133EA5A7FFD18374FB6642D98066A89E" box="[1162,1295,160,185]" captionStart="FIGURES 2327" captionStartId="11.[136,243,1807,1828]" captionTargetBox="[165,1427,592,1784]" captionTargetId="figure-187@11.[160,1427,588,1784]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 2327. Anorthoneis dulcis specimens from Hein (1991), original material #4138, Withlacoochee River, Fla, U.S.A, ANSP Material Collection, Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, SEM images. (23) External view of sternum valve showing asymmetrical subtriangular central area; (24) Tilted external view (60°) of sternum valve showing the convex external mantle; (25) Internal view of sternum valve; (26) Detail of mantle showing the apically elongated areolae at the end of each stria; (27) Tilted internal view (60°) of sternum valve showing the slight thickening of sternum and central area. Scale bars: Figs 2324, 29 = 5 μm; Fig. 25 = 2 μm; Fig. 26 = 1 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13720114" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13720114/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Figs 25, 26</figureCitation>
). Close to the valve margin, each stria terminates with one larger, apically elongated or irregular areola (
<figureCitation id="133EA5A7FFD18374FB8642BD81D4A8FA" box="[1130,1213,196,221]" captionStart="FIGURES 2327" captionStartId="11.[136,243,1807,1828]" captionTargetBox="[165,1427,592,1784]" captionTargetId="figure-187@11.[160,1427,588,1784]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 2327. Anorthoneis dulcis specimens from Hein (1991), original material #4138, Withlacoochee River, Fla, U.S.A, ANSP Material Collection, Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, SEM images. (23) External view of sternum valve showing asymmetrical subtriangular central area; (24) Tilted external view (60°) of sternum valve showing the convex external mantle; (25) Internal view of sternum valve; (26) Detail of mantle showing the apically elongated areolae at the end of each stria; (27) Tilted internal view (60°) of sternum valve showing the slight thickening of sternum and central area. Scale bars: Figs 2324, 29 = 5 μm; Fig. 25 = 2 μm; Fig. 26 = 1 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13720114" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13720114/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
). Internally, the valve structures appear largely similar to the external ones, except for the sternum and the central area, which are visibly thicker (
<figureCitation id="133EA5A7FFD18374FF0943758401A902" box="[229,360,268,293]" captionStart="FIGURES 2327" captionStartId="11.[136,243,1807,1828]" captionTargetBox="[165,1427,592,1784]" captionTargetId="figure-187@11.[160,1427,588,1784]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 2327. Anorthoneis dulcis specimens from Hein (1991), original material #4138, Withlacoochee River, Fla, U.S.A, ANSP Material Collection, Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, SEM images. (23) External view of sternum valve showing asymmetrical subtriangular central area; (24) Tilted external view (60°) of sternum valve showing the convex external mantle; (25) Internal view of sternum valve; (26) Detail of mantle showing the apically elongated areolae at the end of each stria; (27) Tilted internal view (60°) of sternum valve showing the slight thickening of sternum and central area. Scale bars: Figs 2324, 29 = 5 μm; Fig. 25 = 2 μm; Fig. 26 = 1 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13720114" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13720114/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Figs 25, 27</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis id="B9716530FFD18374FE90437384BFA902" bold="true" box="[380,470,266,293]" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">
<emphasis id="B9716530FFD18374FE90437384D8A903" bold="true" box="[380,433,266,292]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">RSV</emphasis>
:—
</emphasis>
Externally, valve face flat to convex, curving gradually to form a wide, concave mantle terminating in hyaline marginal area (
<figureCitation id="133EA5A7FFD18374FDD1434987FDA96E" box="[573,660,304,329]" captionStart="FIGURES 2834" captionStartId="12.[136,243,1646,1667]" captionTargetBox="[161,1430,200,1614]" captionTargetId="figure-15@12.[151,1436,190,1621]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 2834. Anorthoneis dulcis specimens from Hein (1991), original material #4138, Withlacoochee River, Fla, U.S.A, ANSP Material Collection, Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, SEM images. (28) External raphe-sternum valve with faint, hyaline, submarginal areas (arrow);(29) External coaxial, expanded, pore-like proximalraphe endings; (30) External distal raphe ending terminating in a roundish submarginal hyaline area; (31) Proximal raphe endings hooked in opposite directions and to the central nodule; (32) Internal distal raphe ending terminating in vestigial helictoglossa; (33) Internal view of raphe-sternum valve; (34) Tilted internal view (60°) of raphe-sternum valve showing the thickened raphe-sternum, central nodule and submarginal hyaline area. Scale bars: Figs 28, 33, 34 = 5 μm; Fig. 31 = 2 μm; Figs 29, 30, 32 = 1 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13720118" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13720118/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Fig. 32</figureCitation>
). Raphe-sternum eccentric, developed entirely within the valve face. Straight, expanded, pore-like proximal raphe endings (
<figureCitation id="133EA5A7FFD18374FD1E432D862CA94A" box="[754,837,340,365]" captionStart="FIGURES 2834" captionStartId="12.[136,243,1646,1667]" captionTargetBox="[161,1430,200,1614]" captionTargetId="figure-15@12.[151,1436,190,1621]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 2834. Anorthoneis dulcis specimens from Hein (1991), original material #4138, Withlacoochee River, Fla, U.S.A, ANSP Material Collection, Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, SEM images. (28) External raphe-sternum valve with faint, hyaline, submarginal areas (arrow);(29) External coaxial, expanded, pore-like proximalraphe endings; (30) External distal raphe ending terminating in a roundish submarginal hyaline area; (31) Proximal raphe endings hooked in opposite directions and to the central nodule; (32) Internal distal raphe ending terminating in vestigial helictoglossa; (33) Internal view of raphe-sternum valve; (34) Tilted internal view (60°) of raphe-sternum valve showing the thickened raphe-sternum, central nodule and submarginal hyaline area. Scale bars: Figs 28, 33, 34 = 5 μm; Fig. 31 = 2 μm; Figs 29, 30, 32 = 1 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13720118" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13720118/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Fig. 29</figureCitation>
) converge coaxially on the asymmetric, subtriangular, in its wider part, and semi-circular, in its narrower part, central area (
<figureCitation id="133EA5A7FFD18374FC66430186B7A9B6" box="[906,990,376,401]" captionStart="FIGURES 2834" captionStartId="12.[136,243,1646,1667]" captionTargetBox="[161,1430,200,1614]" captionTargetId="figure-15@12.[151,1436,190,1621]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 2834. Anorthoneis dulcis specimens from Hein (1991), original material #4138, Withlacoochee River, Fla, U.S.A, ANSP Material Collection, Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, SEM images. (28) External raphe-sternum valve with faint, hyaline, submarginal areas (arrow);(29) External coaxial, expanded, pore-like proximalraphe endings; (30) External distal raphe ending terminating in a roundish submarginal hyaline area; (31) Proximal raphe endings hooked in opposite directions and to the central nodule; (32) Internal distal raphe ending terminating in vestigial helictoglossa; (33) Internal view of raphe-sternum valve; (34) Tilted internal view (60°) of raphe-sternum valve showing the thickened raphe-sternum, central nodule and submarginal hyaline area. Scale bars: Figs 28, 33, 34 = 5 μm; Fig. 31 = 2 μm; Figs 29, 30, 32 = 1 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13720118" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13720118/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
). Distal raphe endings similar in shape to the proximal ones terminate in roundish submarginal areas, close to the valve face-mantle junction (
<figureCitation id="133EA5A7FFD18374FB3843E5804EA992" box="[1236,1319,412,437]" captionStart="FIGURES 2834" captionStartId="12.[136,243,1646,1667]" captionTargetBox="[161,1430,200,1614]" captionTargetId="figure-15@12.[151,1436,190,1621]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 2834. Anorthoneis dulcis specimens from Hein (1991), original material #4138, Withlacoochee River, Fla, U.S.A, ANSP Material Collection, Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, SEM images. (28) External raphe-sternum valve with faint, hyaline, submarginal areas (arrow);(29) External coaxial, expanded, pore-like proximalraphe endings; (30) External distal raphe ending terminating in a roundish submarginal hyaline area; (31) Proximal raphe endings hooked in opposite directions and to the central nodule; (32) Internal distal raphe ending terminating in vestigial helictoglossa; (33) Internal view of raphe-sternum valve; (34) Tilted internal view (60°) of raphe-sternum valve showing the thickened raphe-sternum, central nodule and submarginal hyaline area. Scale bars: Figs 28, 33, 34 = 5 μm; Fig. 31 = 2 μm; Figs 29, 30, 32 = 1 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13720118" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13720118/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Fig. 30</figureCitation>
). Uniseriate valve face striae (
<quantity id="4CFD14C7FFD18374FEA643B984EAA9FE" box="[330,387,448,473]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.572" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" unit="in" value="18.0">18 in</quantity>
10 μm) separated from the mantle striae by faint, hyaline, submarginal area present on the valve face-mantle junction (
<figureCitation id="133EA5A7FFD18374FE92439D84B8A9DA" box="[382,465,484,509]" captionStart="FIGURES 2834" captionStartId="12.[136,243,1646,1667]" captionTargetBox="[161,1430,200,1614]" captionTargetId="figure-15@12.[151,1436,190,1621]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 2834. Anorthoneis dulcis specimens from Hein (1991), original material #4138, Withlacoochee River, Fla, U.S.A, ANSP Material Collection, Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, SEM images. (28) External raphe-sternum valve with faint, hyaline, submarginal areas (arrow);(29) External coaxial, expanded, pore-like proximalraphe endings; (30) External distal raphe ending terminating in a roundish submarginal hyaline area; (31) Proximal raphe endings hooked in opposite directions and to the central nodule; (32) Internal distal raphe ending terminating in vestigial helictoglossa; (33) Internal view of raphe-sternum valve; (34) Tilted internal view (60°) of raphe-sternum valve showing the thickened raphe-sternum, central nodule and submarginal hyaline area. Scale bars: Figs 28, 33, 34 = 5 μm; Fig. 31 = 2 μm; Figs 29, 30, 32 = 1 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13720118" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13720118/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
, arrow). Mantle striae uniseriate, becoming biseriate towards the valve margin (
<figureCitation id="133EA5A7FFD18374FABC439D85C1AA06" captionStart="FIGURES 2834" captionStartId="12.[136,243,1646,1667]" captionTargetBox="[161,1430,200,1614]" captionTargetId="figure-15@12.[151,1436,190,1621]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 2834. Anorthoneis dulcis specimens from Hein (1991), original material #4138, Withlacoochee River, Fla, U.S.A, ANSP Material Collection, Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, SEM images. (28) External raphe-sternum valve with faint, hyaline, submarginal areas (arrow);(29) External coaxial, expanded, pore-like proximalraphe endings; (30) External distal raphe ending terminating in a roundish submarginal hyaline area; (31) Proximal raphe endings hooked in opposite directions and to the central nodule; (32) Internal distal raphe ending terminating in vestigial helictoglossa; (33) Internal view of raphe-sternum valve; (34) Tilted internal view (60°) of raphe-sternum valve showing the thickened raphe-sternum, central nodule and submarginal hyaline area. Scale bars: Figs 28, 33, 34 = 5 μm; Fig. 31 = 2 μm; Figs 29, 30, 32 = 1 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13720118" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13720118/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Figs 28, 30</figureCitation>
). Areolae (
<quantity id="4CFD14C7FFD18374FECF40718434AA06" box="[291,349,520,545]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="13" pageNumber="214" unit="in" value="20.0">20 in</quantity>
10 μm) small, circular, occluded by hymenes ultrastructurally similar to those in the SV. Close to the valve margin, in correspondence of each biseriate stria, a larger, apically elongated areola is present (
<figureCitation id="133EA5A7FFD18374FAF1405580C9AA62" box="[1309,1440,556,581]" captionStart="FIGURES 2834" captionStartId="12.[136,243,1646,1667]" captionTargetBox="[161,1430,200,1614]" captionTargetId="figure-15@12.[151,1436,190,1621]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 2834. Anorthoneis dulcis specimens from Hein (1991), original material #4138, Withlacoochee River, Fla, U.S.A, ANSP Material Collection, Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, SEM images. (28) External raphe-sternum valve with faint, hyaline, submarginal areas (arrow);(29) External coaxial, expanded, pore-like proximalraphe endings; (30) External distal raphe ending terminating in a roundish submarginal hyaline area; (31) Proximal raphe endings hooked in opposite directions and to the central nodule; (32) Internal distal raphe ending terminating in vestigial helictoglossa; (33) Internal view of raphe-sternum valve; (34) Tilted internal view (60°) of raphe-sternum valve showing the thickened raphe-sternum, central nodule and submarginal hyaline area. Scale bars: Figs 28, 33, 34 = 5 μm; Fig. 31 = 2 μm; Figs 29, 30, 32 = 1 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13720118" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13720118/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Figs 28, 30</figureCitation>
). Internally, raphe-sternum, central nodule, and submarginal hyaline area clearly thickened and raised (
<figureCitation id="133EA5A7FFD18374FB18402980F6AA4E" box="[1268,1439,592,617]" captionStart="FIGURES 2834" captionStartId="12.[136,243,1646,1667]" captionTargetBox="[161,1430,200,1614]" captionTargetId="figure-15@12.[151,1436,190,1621]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 2834. Anorthoneis dulcis specimens from Hein (1991), original material #4138, Withlacoochee River, Fla, U.S.A, ANSP Material Collection, Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, SEM images. (28) External raphe-sternum valve with faint, hyaline, submarginal areas (arrow);(29) External coaxial, expanded, pore-like proximalraphe endings; (30) External distal raphe ending terminating in a roundish submarginal hyaline area; (31) Proximal raphe endings hooked in opposite directions and to the central nodule; (32) Internal distal raphe ending terminating in vestigial helictoglossa; (33) Internal view of raphe-sternum valve; (34) Tilted internal view (60°) of raphe-sternum valve showing the thickened raphe-sternum, central nodule and submarginal hyaline area. Scale bars: Figs 28, 33, 34 = 5 μm; Fig. 31 = 2 μm; Figs 29, 30, 32 = 1 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13720118" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13720118/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Figs 33 and 34</figureCitation>
). Proximal raphe endings hooked, deflected in opposite directions, converging on the central nodule (
<figureCitation id="133EA5A7FFD18374FB11400D803AAAAA" box="[1277,1363,628,653]" captionStart="FIGURES 2834" captionStartId="12.[136,243,1646,1667]" captionTargetBox="[161,1430,200,1614]" captionTargetId="figure-15@12.[151,1436,190,1621]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 2834. Anorthoneis dulcis specimens from Hein (1991), original material #4138, Withlacoochee River, Fla, U.S.A, ANSP Material Collection, Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, SEM images. (28) External raphe-sternum valve with faint, hyaline, submarginal areas (arrow);(29) External coaxial, expanded, pore-like proximalraphe endings; (30) External distal raphe ending terminating in a roundish submarginal hyaline area; (31) Proximal raphe endings hooked in opposite directions and to the central nodule; (32) Internal distal raphe ending terminating in vestigial helictoglossa; (33) Internal view of raphe-sternum valve; (34) Tilted internal view (60°) of raphe-sternum valve showing the thickened raphe-sternum, central nodule and submarginal hyaline area. Scale bars: Figs 28, 33, 34 = 5 μm; Fig. 31 = 2 μm; Figs 29, 30, 32 = 1 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13720118" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13720118/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Fig. 31</figureCitation>
). Distal raphe endings terminating in vestigial helictoglossae, hardly reaching the hyaline terminal areas (
<figureCitation id="133EA5A7FFD18374FB2540E18074AA96" box="[1225,1309,664,689]" captionStart="FIGURES 2834" captionStartId="12.[136,243,1646,1667]" captionTargetBox="[161,1430,200,1614]" captionTargetId="figure-15@12.[151,1436,190,1621]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 2834. Anorthoneis dulcis specimens from Hein (1991), original material #4138, Withlacoochee River, Fla, U.S.A, ANSP Material Collection, Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, SEM images. (28) External raphe-sternum valve with faint, hyaline, submarginal areas (arrow);(29) External coaxial, expanded, pore-like proximalraphe endings; (30) External distal raphe ending terminating in a roundish submarginal hyaline area; (31) Proximal raphe endings hooked in opposite directions and to the central nodule; (32) Internal distal raphe ending terminating in vestigial helictoglossa; (33) Internal view of raphe-sternum valve; (34) Tilted internal view (60°) of raphe-sternum valve showing the thickened raphe-sternum, central nodule and submarginal hyaline area. Scale bars: Figs 28, 33, 34 = 5 μm; Fig. 31 = 2 μm; Figs 29, 30, 32 = 1 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13720118" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13720118/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="214">Fig. 32</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>