197 lines
32 KiB
XML
197 lines
32 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="2E9F6A7F3225BDEF1980426F74788539">Dammarane triterpenoid glycosides in Bacopa monnieri: A review on chemical diversity and bioactivity</mods:title>
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3.1. Chromatographic analysis of
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<taxonomicName id="4C024D5FFFA6FFF79930FCF7FB62FC52" authority="(L.)" baseAuthorityName="L." box="[1126,1230,829,848]" class="Bacilli" family="Bacillaceae" genus="Bacillus" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Bacillales" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Firmicutes" rank="species" species="monnieri">B. monnieri</taxonomicName>
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Despite the isolation and characterization of specialized metabolites, dammarane triterpenoid glycosides were analysed in natural matrixes of the plant and different herbal formulations by using different analytical techniques (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF934B2DFFA6FFF79918FC02FA9EFCD9" author="Renukappa, T. & Roos, G. & Klaiber, I. & Vogler, B. & Kraus, W." box="[1102,1330,968,988]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="109 - 116" refId="ref17669" refString="Renukappa, T., Roos, G., Klaiber, I., Vogler, B., Kraus, W., 1999. Application of high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, mass spectrometry and bioassay for the determination of active saponins from Bacopa monniera Wettst. J. Chromatogr. A 847, 109 - 116." type="journal article" year="1999">Renukappa et al., 1999</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF934B2DFFA6FFF79817FC02FCCEFCF5" author="Ganzera, M. & Gampenrieder, J. & Pawar, R. S. & Khan, I. A. & Stuppner, H." pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="149 - 154" refId="ref13309" refString="Ganzera, M., Gampenrieder, J., Pawar, R. S., Khan, I. A., Stuppner, H., 2004. Separation of the major triterpenoid saponins in Bacopa monnieri by high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal. Chim. Acta 516, 149 - 154." type="journal article" year="2004">Ganzera et al., 2004</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF934B2DFFA6FFF79E38FC2EFBEEFCF5" author="Shrikumar, S. & Ravi, T. K. & Umamaheshwari, M." box="[878,1090,996,1015]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="132 - 135" refId="ref18844" refString="Shrikumar, S., Ravi, T. K., Umamaheshwari, M., 2004. A HPTLC determination and fingerprinting of bacoside A in Bacopa monnieri and its formulation. Indian J. Pharmaceut. Sci. 66, 132 - 135." type="journal article" year="2004">Shrikumar et al., 2004</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF934B2DFFA6FFF79918FC2EFAAAFCF5" author="Deepak, M. & Sangli, G. K. & Arun, P. C. & Amit, A." box="[1102,1286,996,1015]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="24 - 29" refId="ref13038" refString="Deepak, M., Sangli, G. K., Arun, P. C., Amit, A., 2005. Quantitative determination of the major saponin mixture bacoside A in Bacopa monnieri by HPLC. Phytochem. Anal. 16, 24 - 29." type="journal article" year="2005">Deepak et al., 2005</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF934B2DFFA6FFF79844FC2EFA65FCF5" author="Murthy, P. B. S. & Raju, V. R. & Ramakrisana, T. & Chakravarthy, M. S. & Kumar, K. V. & Kannababu, S. & Subbaraju, G. V." box="[1298,1481,996,1015]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="907 - 911" refId="ref16299" refString="Murthy, P. B. S., Raju, V. R., Ramakrisana, T., Chakravarthy, M. S., Kumar, K. V., Kannababu, S., Subbaraju, G. V., 2006. Estimation of twelve bacopa saponins in Bacopa monnieri extracts and formulations by high-performance liquid chromatography. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 54, 907 - 911." type="journal article" year="2006">Murthy et al., 2006</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF934B2DFFA6FFF79E64FBCAFC5CFB11" author="Agrawal, H. & Kaul, N. & Paradkar, A. R. & Mahadik, K. R." box="[818,1008,1024,1043]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="125 - 150" refId="ref11225" refString="Agrawal, H., Kaul, N., Paradkar, A. R., Mahadik, K. R., 2006. Separation of bacoside A 3 and bacopaside II, major triterpenoid saponins in bacopa monnieri, by HPTLC and SFC. Application of SFC in implementation of uniform design for herbal drug standardization, with thermodynamic study. Acta Chromatogr. 17, 125 - 150." type="journal article" year="2006">Agrawal et al., 2006</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF934B2DFFA6FFF79EAAFBCAFB62FB11" author="Bhandari, P. & Kumar, N. & Singh, B. & Kaul, V. K." box="[1020,1230,1024,1043]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="240 - 241" refId="ref11899" refString="Bhandari, P., Kumar, N., Singh, B., Kaul, V. K., 2006 a. Bacosterol glycoside, a new 13, 14 - seco-steroid glycoside from Bacopa monnieri. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 54, 240 - 241." type="journal article" year="2006">Bhandari et al., 2006a</bibRefCitation>
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,b, 2009a;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF934B2DFFA6FFF79866FBCAFA65FB11" author="Zehl, M. & Pittenauer, E. & Jirovetz, L. & Bandhari, P. & Singh, B. & Kaul, V. K. & Rizzi, A. & Allmaier, G." box="[1328,1481,1024,1043]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="8214 - 8221" refId="ref20025" refString="Zehl, M., Pittenauer, E., Jirovetz, L., Bandhari, P., Singh, B., Kaul, V. K., Rizzi, A., Allmaier, G., 2007. Multistage and tandem mass spectrometry of glycosylated triterpenoid saponins isolated from Bacopa monnieri: comparison of the information content provided by different techniques. Anal. Chem. 79, 8214 - 8221." type="journal article" year="2007">Zehl et al., 2007</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF934B2DFFA6FFF79E64FBD6FBA0FB2D" author="Srivastava, P. & Raut, H. N. & Puntambekar, H. M. & Desai, A. C." box="[818,1036,1052,1071]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="502 - 507" refId="ref19329" refString="Srivastava, P., Raut, H. N., Puntambekar, H. M., Desai, A. C., 2012. Stability studies of crude plant material of Bacopa monnieri and quantitative determination of bacopaside I and bacoside A by HPLC. Phytochem. Anal. 23, 502 - 507." type="journal article" year="2012">Srivastava et al., 2012</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF934B2DFFA6FFF7994DFBD6FB75FB2D" author="Ahmed, A. & Ahmad, S. & Ur-Rahman, M." box="[1051,1241,1052,1071]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="287 - 293" refId="ref11341" refString="Ahmed, A., Ahmad, S., Ur-Rahman, M., 2015. Quantitative analysis of bacoside A from Bacopa, collected from different geographic regions of India, by high performance thin layer chromatography-densitometry. J Plan. Chrom 28 (4), 287 - 293." type="journal article" year="2015">Ahmed et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
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). The various techniques used for analysis of specialized products in
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<taxonomicName id="4C024D5FFFA6FFF799B7FBF2FAE7FB49" box="[1249,1355,1080,1099]" class="Bacilli" family="Bacillaceae" genus="Bacillus" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Bacillales" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Firmicutes" rank="species" species="monnieri">
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<emphasis id="B976EACEFFA6FFF799B7FBF2FAE7FB49" bold="true" box="[1249,1355,1080,1099]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">B. monnieri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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include TLC, HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography), HPTLC (high performance thin layer chromatography), SFC (super critical fluid chromatography) and LC-MS/MS (liquid chromatography mass spectrometry). The spectrophotometeric methods had also been developed for the quantification of bacosides in which bacosides were hydrolysed and aglycone was measured at
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<quantity id="4CFA9B39FFA6FFF79966FB15FBD4FBF0" box="[1072,1144,1247,1266]" metricMagnitude="-7" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.78" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" unit="nm" value="278.0">278 nm</quantity>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EF934B2DFFA6FFF799D1FB15FAEDFBF0" author="Pal, R. & Sarin, J. P. S." box="[1159,1345,1247,1266]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refId="ref16603" refString="Pal, R., Sarin, J. P. S., 1992. Quantitative determination of bacosides by UV-spectrophotometry. Highly accessed article. Indian J. Pharm. Sci. 54." type="book" year="1992">Pal and Sarin, 1992</bibRefCitation>
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). A HPLC-PDA method was described for the quantification of six bacosides and enlisted that the total saponin contents varied in the range of 1.06–13.03%. The findings showed that accumulation of dammarane triterpenoid glycosides was more in the leaves as compared to the stem part of the herb (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF934B2DFFA6FFF79E88FAA1FB08FA7C" author="Ganzera, M. & Gampenrieder, J. & Pawar, R. S. & Khan, I. A. & Stuppner, H." box="[990,1188,1386,1406]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="149 - 154" refId="ref13309" refString="Ganzera, M., Gampenrieder, J., Pawar, R. S., Khan, I. A., Stuppner, H., 2004. Separation of the major triterpenoid saponins in Bacopa monnieri by high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal. Chim. Acta 516, 149 - 154." type="journal article" year="2004">Ganzera et al., 2004</bibRefCitation>
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). For the determination of bacoside-A3 and bacopaside –I content in
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<taxonomicName id="4C024D5FFFA6FFF799E6FA4DFAB5FA9B" box="[1200,1305,1414,1434]" class="Bacilli" family="Bacillaceae" genus="Bacillus" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Bacillales" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Firmicutes" rank="species" species="monnieri">
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<emphasis id="B976EACEFFA6FFF799E6FA4DFAB5FA9B" bold="true" box="[1200,1305,1414,1434]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">B. monnieri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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extract and monoherbal formulations, a HPTLC and SFC methods were developed by different research groups (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF934B2DFFA6FFF7997EFA74FB55FAD3" author="Shrikumar, S. & Ravi, T. K. & Umamaheshwari, M." box="[1064,1273,1470,1490]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="132 - 135" refId="ref18844" refString="Shrikumar, S., Ravi, T. K., Umamaheshwari, M., 2004. A HPTLC determination and fingerprinting of bacoside A in Bacopa monnieri and its formulation. Indian J. Pharmaceut. Sci. 66, 132 - 135." type="journal article" year="2004">Shrikumar et al., 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
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;
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EF934B2DFFA6FFF79852FA74FA6DFAD3" author="Agrawal, H. & Kaul, N. & Paradkar, A. R. & Mahadik, K. R." box="[1284,1473,1470,1490]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="125 - 150" refId="ref11225" refString="Agrawal, H., Kaul, N., Paradkar, A. R., Mahadik, K. R., 2006. Separation of bacoside A 3 and bacopaside II, major triterpenoid saponins in bacopa monnieri, by HPTLC and SFC. Application of SFC in implementation of uniform design for herbal drug standardization, with thermodynamic study. Acta Chromatogr. 17, 125 - 150." type="journal article" year="2006">Agrawal et al., 2006</bibRefCitation>
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). As discussed previously that the structures of bacoside A & B were conflicting and most of the pharmacological and clinical studies of the
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<taxonomicName id="4C024D5FFFA6FFF79E64F9D8FC36F927" box="[818,922,1554,1573]" class="Bacilli" family="Bacillaceae" genus="Bacillus" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Bacillales" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Firmicutes" rank="species" species="monnieri">
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<emphasis id="B976EACEFFA6FFF79E64F9D8FC36F927" bold="true" box="[818,922,1554,1573]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">B. monnieri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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extract were considered due to bacoside A and bacoside B (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF934B2DFFA6FFF79E6CF9E4FC50F943" author="Chatterji, N. & Rastogi, R. & Dhar, M. L." box="[826,1020,1582,1601]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="212 - 215" refId="ref12663" refString="Chatterji, N., Rastogi, R., Dhar, M. L., 1963. Chemical examination of Bacopa monniera Wettst.: part I-isolation of chemical constituents. Indian J. Chem. 1, 212 - 215." type="journal article" year="1963">Chatterji et al., 1963</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF934B2DFFA6FFF7995EF9E4FB66F943" author="Chatterji, N. & Rastogi, R. P. & Dhar, M. L." box="[1032,1226,1582,1601]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="24 - 29" refId="ref12707" refString="Chatterji, N., Rastogi, R. P., Dhar, M. L., 1965. Chemical examination of bacopa monniera Wettst. Part II: the constitution of Bacoside A. Indian J. Chem. 3, 24 - 29." type="journal article" year="1965">Chatterji et al., 1965</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF934B2DFFA6FFF79980F9E4FA6DF943" author="Kawai, K. - I. & Shibata, S." box="[1238,1473,1582,1601]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="287 - 289" refId="ref14507" refString="Kawai, K. - I., Shibata, S., 1978. Pseudojujubogenin, a new sapogenin from Bacopa monniera. Phytochemistry 17, 287 - 289." type="journal article" year="1978">Kawai and Shibata, 1978</bibRefCitation>
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). To resolve this ambiguity, authors attempted to establish the chemical structures of bacoside A and accomplished that it was a mixture of four saponins (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF934B2DFFA6FFF79EC7F94BFBE4F996" author="Deepak, M. & Sangli, G. K. & Arun, P. C. & Amit, A." box="[913,1096,1665,1685]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="24 - 29" refId="ref13038" refString="Deepak, M., Sangli, G. K., Arun, P. C., Amit, A., 2005. Quantitative determination of the major saponin mixture bacoside A in Bacopa monnieri by HPLC. Phytochem. Anal. 16, 24 - 29." type="journal article" year="2005">Deepak et al., 2005</bibRefCitation>
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). Later on, the composition of bacoside B was also eastablished as a mixture of four diglycosidic saponins (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF934B2DFFA6FFF79E6CF973FBF9F9CE" author="Sivaramakrishna, C. & Rao, C. V. & Trimurtulu, G. & Vanisree, M. & Subbaraju, G. V." box="[826,1109,1721,1741]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="2719 - 2728" refId="ref19203" refString="Sivaramakrishna, C., Rao, C. V., Trimurtulu, G., Vanisree, M., Subbaraju, G. V., 2005 b. Triterpenoid glycosides from Bacopa monnieri. Phytochemistry 66, 2719 - 2728." type="journal article" year="2005">Sivaramakrishna et al., 2005b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). An analytical HPLC–DAD method had been developed for quantification of twelve saponins in plant extract and herbal formulations in which saponins were resolved on Luna C18 column (Phenomenex) with isocratic elution of 0.05 M sodium sulphate buffer and acetonitrile (68.3:31.5,
|
||
<emphasis id="B976EACEFFA6FFF799D5F8E3FB0DF83E" bold="true" box="[1155,1185,1833,1852]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">v/v</emphasis>
|
||
) with flow rate of 1.0 ml/min (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF934B2DFFA6FFF79E6CF88FFC5FF85A" author="Murthy, P. B. S. & Raju, V. R. & Ramakrisana, T. & Chakravarthy, M. S. & Kumar, K. V. & Kannababu, S. & Subbaraju, G. V." box="[826,1011,1861,1880]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="907 - 911" refId="ref16299" refString="Murthy, P. B. S., Raju, V. R., Ramakrisana, T., Chakravarthy, M. S., Kumar, K. V., Kannababu, S., Subbaraju, G. V., 2006. Estimation of twelve bacopa saponins in Bacopa monnieri extracts and formulations by high-performance liquid chromatography. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 54, 907 - 911." type="journal article" year="2006">Murthy et al., 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The results revealed that bacopaside II, bacopaside I, bacopaside X and bacopasaponin C dominate the bacopasaponin E and F. Bhandari et al., 2009 reported a high performance liquid chromatographic method using silica-based monolithic column coupled with evaporative light scattering detector (HPLC-ELSD) for quantification of bacosides (bacoside A, bacopaside I, bacoside A
|
||
<subScript id="17863499FFA5FFF49FA5FAFDFD50FA41" attach="right" box="[755,764,1335,1347]" fontSize="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">3</subScript>
|
||
, bacopaside II, bacopaside X, bacopasaponin C) and apigenin in nine accessions of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C024D5FFFA5FFF49DB0FAACFEE2FA7B" box="[230,334,1382,1401]" class="Bacilli" family="Bacillaceae" genus="Bacillus" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Bacillales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Firmicutes" rank="species" species="monnieri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976EACEFFA5FFF49DB0FAACFEE2FA7B" bold="true" box="[230,334,1382,1401]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">B. monnieri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The method was developed on five different reversed phase analytical columns and found that optimum separation of analytes was achieved on chromolith column. The same authors standardized a method for quantification of bacoside A in minimum amount of plant material i.e. up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA9B39FFA5FFF49C9EFA1FFE56FAEB" box="[456,506,1493,1513]" metricMagnitude="-6" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mg" value="2.0">2 mg</quantity>
|
||
by HPLC (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF934B2DFFA5FFF49F3DFA1FFF0DF906" author="Bhandari, P. & Kumar, N. & Singh, B. & Kaul, V. K." pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="240 - 241" refId="ref11899" refString="Bhandari, P., Kumar, N., Singh, B., Kaul, V. K., 2006 a. Bacosterol glycoside, a new 13, 14 - seco-steroid glycoside from Bacopa monnieri. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 54, 240 - 241." type="journal article" year="2006">Bhandari et al., 2006a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,b). Afterwards number of HPTLC methods were developed for quantification of bacosides in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C024D5FFFA5FFF49CF2F9C7FDA3F922" box="[420,527,1549,1568]" class="Insecta" family="Bacillidae" genus="Bacillus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="monnier">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976EACEFFA5FFF49CF2F9C7FDA3F922" bold="true" box="[420,527,1549,1568]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">B. monnier</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
i (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF934B2DFFA5FFF49F7AF9C7FD50F922" author="Ahmed, A. & Ahmad, S. & Ur-Rahman, M." box="[556,764,1549,1569]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="287 - 293" refId="ref11341" refString="Ahmed, A., Ahmad, S., Ur-Rahman, M., 2015. Quantitative analysis of bacoside A from Bacopa, collected from different geographic regions of India, by high performance thin layer chromatography-densitometry. J Plan. Chrom 28 (4), 287 - 293." type="journal article" year="2015">Ahmed et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF934B2DFFA5FFF49D32F9E3FEDBF93E" author="Nuengchamnong, N. & Sookying, S. & Ingkaninan, K." box="[100,375,1577,1596]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="121 - 134" refId="ref16488" refString="Nuengchamnong, N., Sookying, S., Ingkaninan, K., 2016. LC-ESI-QTOF-MS based screening and identification of isomeric jujubogenin and pseudojujubogenin aglycones in Bacopa monnieri extract. J. Pharm. Biomed 129, 121 - 134." type="journal article" year="2016">Nuengchamnong et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF7D6654FFA5FFF49F76FB25FBBFFA02" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8294349" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8294349" box="[544,1043,1263,1280]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8294349/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" startId="2.[544,574,1263,1280]" targetBox="[290,1299,156,1237]" targetPageId="2" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBD36DCFFA5FFF49F76FB25FBBFFA02" blockId="2.[544,1043,1263,1280]" box="[544,1043,1263,1280]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976EACEFFA5FFF49F76FB25FDF5FA02" bold="true" box="[544,601,1263,1280]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Structures of isolated compounds from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C024D5FFFA5FFF49EE7FB25FBA2FA02" box="[945,1038,1263,1280]" class="Bacilli" family="Bacillaceae" genus="Bacillus" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Bacillales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Firmicutes" rank="species" species="monnieri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976EACEFFA5FFF49EE7FB25FBA2FA02" bold="true" box="[945,1038,1263,1280]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">B. monnieri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBD36DCFFA5FFF49DD0F98FFB7DF889" blockId="2.[100,770,1326,1987]" lastBlockId="2.[818,1488,1326,1931]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Furthermore, for rapid screening of specialized metabolites in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C024D5FFFA5FFF49FB9F98FFF1EF976" class="Bacilli" family="Bacillaceae" genus="Bacillus" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Bacillales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Firmicutes" rank="species" species="monnieri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976EACEFFA5FFF49FB9F98FFF1EF976" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">B. monnieri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the techniques like HPLC coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (LC-NMR) had also been used. For the qualitative analysis of dammarane triterpenoid glycosides, a descriptive reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography coupled with nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy (LC-NMR-MS) was used on LiChrosphere RP-18 HPLC column using acetonitrile-water as mobile phase with a flow rate of 0.8 ml/min (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF934B2DFFA5FFF49C57F8EEFE49F835" author="Renukappa, T. & Roos, G. & Klaiber, I. & Vogler, B. & Kraus, W." box="[257,485,1828,1847]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="109 - 116" refId="ref17669" refString="Renukappa, T., Roos, G., Klaiber, I., Vogler, B., Kraus, W., 1999. Application of high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, mass spectrometry and bioassay for the determination of active saponins from Bacopa monniera Wettst. J. Chromatogr. A 847, 109 - 116." type="journal article" year="1999">Renukappa et al., 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the analysis, four major peaks were observed, of which three peaks were identified as bacoside A
|
||
<subScript id="17863499FFA5FFF49D25F8AFFFD0F873" attach="right" box="[115,124,1893,1905]" fontSize="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">3</subScript>
|
||
, 3-
|
||
<emphasis id="B976EACEFFA5FFF49DC8F896FF05F86D" bold="true" box="[158,169,1884,1903]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">β</emphasis>
|
||
-[
|
||
<emphasis id="B976EACEFFA5FFF49DEFF896FF76F86D" bold="true" box="[185,218,1884,1903]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">O -β</emphasis>
|
||
-D-glucopyranosyl (1 → 3)-
|
||
<emphasis id="B976EACEFFA5FFF49CB3F896FE58F86D" bold="true" box="[485,500,1884,1903]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">O</emphasis>
|
||
-[
|
||
<emphasis id="B976EACEFFA5FFF49F52F896FDBCF86D" bold="true" box="[516,528,1884,1903]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">α</emphasis>
|
||
-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1 → 2)]-
|
||
<emphasis id="B976EACEFFA5FFF49DDEF8B2FF05F888" bold="true" box="[136,169,1911,1931]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">O -β</emphasis>
|
||
-D-arabinopyranosyl) oxy] jujubogenin and bacopasaponin C. In another study, different MS techniques like ESI-ion trap (IT), AP-MALDI-IT, MALDI-IT/reflectron time-of-flight (RTOF) MS, all utilizing low-energy collision-induced dissociation (CID) and high-energy CID analysis were used to understand the glycosidic linkages and distinction of aglycone (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF934B2DFFA5FFF49EFBFAACFBE6FA7B" author="Zehl, M. & Pittenauer, E. & Jirovetz, L. & Bandhari, P. & Singh, B. & Kaul, V. K. & Rizzi, A. & Allmaier, G." box="[941,1098,1382,1401]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="8214 - 8221" refId="ref20025" refString="Zehl, M., Pittenauer, E., Jirovetz, L., Bandhari, P., Singh, B., Kaul, V. K., Rizzi, A., Allmaier, G., 2007. Multistage and tandem mass spectrometry of glycosylated triterpenoid saponins isolated from Bacopa monnieri: comparison of the information content provided by different techniques. Anal. Chem. 79, 8214 - 8221." type="journal article" year="2007">Zehl et al., 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The fragmentation behaviour observed from these techniques indicated that all the applied techniques produced the sequence and branching of the glycan and the molecular mass of the aglycone. Although low-energy collision induced dissociation (CID) provides the information about the interglycosidic linkages however, this study was not able to differentiate the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B9887EFFA5FFF49867FA38FAF6F907" box="[1329,1370,1522,1541]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of aglycone (jujubogenin or pseudojujubojenin). In another study, Srivastava et al. analysed the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C024D5FFFA5FFF49EE7F9E3FBB6F93E" box="[945,1050,1577,1596]" class="Bacilli" family="Bacillaceae" genus="Bacillus" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Bacillales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Firmicutes" rank="species" species="monnieri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976EACEFFA5FFF49EE7F9E3FBB6F93E" bold="true" box="[945,1050,1577,1596]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">B. monnieri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for bacopaside-I and bacoside A content and suggested that the maximum yield of bacosides can be achieved at temperature up to 60 °C. To study the effect of geographical variations, a HPTLC method was used to study the content of bacoside A and concluded that highest content of bacoside A was observed in leaves collected from Jammu region while lowest content was examined in sample collected from Kerela region. In Addition to this, a liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometery (LC-ESI-QTOF-MS) was conducted to characterize dammarane triterpenoid glycosides in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C024D5FFFA5FFF4980CF8EEFBFBF851" authority="(Nuengchamnong et al., 2016)" baseAuthorityName="Nuengchamnong" baseAuthorityYear="2016" class="Bacilli" family="Bacillaceae" genus="Bacillus" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Bacillales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Firmicutes" rank="species" species="monnieri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976EACEFFA5FFF4980CF8EEFA63F835" bold="true" box="[1370,1487,1828,1847]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">B. monnieri</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF934B2DFFA5FFF49E6CF88AFBE1F851" author="Nuengchamnong, N. & Sookying, S. & Ingkaninan, K." box="[826,1101,1856,1875]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="121 - 134" refId="ref16488" refString="Nuengchamnong, N., Sookying, S., Ingkaninan, K., 2016. LC-ESI-QTOF-MS based screening and identification of isomeric jujubogenin and pseudojujubogenin aglycones in Bacopa monnieri extract. J. Pharm. Biomed 129, 121 - 134." type="journal article" year="2016">Nuengchamnong et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In this study authors reported that the aglycone (jujubogenin and pseudojujubogenin) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C024D5FFFA5FFF4984DF896FA29F86D" box="[1307,1413,1884,1903]" class="Bacilli" family="Bacillaceae" genus="Bacillus" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Bacillales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Firmicutes" rank="species" species="monnieri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976EACEFFA5FFF4984DF896FA29F86D" bold="true" box="[1307,1413,1884,1903]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">B. monnieri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished on the fragmentation pattren.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |