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<document id="D3E5A2AF4590B5DDD5FABEC690773419" ID-DOI="10.1016/j.sajb.2017.06.011" ID-ISSN="1727-9321" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10496466" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1705062396179" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Elliott, T. L. &amp; Muasya, A. M." docDate="2017" docId="0396E93B3415051AFFEC14A7FA94D12A" docLanguage="en" docName="SAfrJBot.112.354-360.pdf" docOrigin="South African Journal of Botany 112" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2017.06.011" docStyle="DocumentStyle:AD72C92759D651943977BAEA6E2218B4.1:SAfrJBot.2014-.journal_article" docStyleId="AD72C92759D651943977BAEA6E2218B4" docStyleName="SAfrJBot.2014-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Tetraria cuspidata C. B. Clarke" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="358" masterDocId="FFAF91433411051EFFB6113AFFC5D72F" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic realignment in the southern African Tetraria (Cyperaceae, tribe Schoeneae; Schoenus clade) *" masterLastPageNumber="360" masterPageNumber="354" pageNumber="358" updateTime="1705514124583" updateUser="felipe">
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<mods:title id="A86339D8404C9162939A95094A4E94FD">Taxonomic realignment in the southern African Tetraria (Cyperaceae, tribe Schoeneae; Schoenus clade) *</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A1964AE3D1C7EE1D8F6CAFBE2CE64487">Elliott, T. L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0A4E5EEE51292FDE355AC6A07A8C8D56">Muasya, A. M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:identifier id="F08C6A81CB7B17B006276AFB30C91229" type="DOI">10.1016/j.sajb.2017.06.011</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="B44D28A42B2A06483E48A4A8B926BF50" type="ISSN">1727-9321</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="0396E93B3415051AFFEC14A7FA94D12A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0396E93B3415051AFFEC14A7FA94D12A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0396E93B3415051AFFEC14A7FA94D12A" lastPageNumber="358" pageId="4" pageNumber="358">
<subSubSection id="C3250BA63415051AFFEC14A7FDEED29E" box="[90,555,1437,1457]" pageId="4" pageNumber="358" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B80582D3415051AFFEC14A7FDEED29E" blockId="4.[90,555,1437,1457]" box="[90,555,1437,1457]" pageId="4" pageNumber="358">
<heading id="D0C8EF413415051AFFEC14A7FDEED29E" box="[90,555,1437,1457]" fontSize="36" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="358" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B94B843F3415051AFFEC14A7FDEED29E" box="[90,555,1437,1457]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="358">
6.4.
<taxonomicName id="4C3F23AE3415051AFFC914A7FE15D29E" ID-CoL="55S38" authority="(Rottb.) C. B. Clarke" authorityName="C. B. Clarke" baseAuthorityName="Rottb." box="[127,464,1437,1457]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Tetraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="358" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cuspidata">Tetraria cuspidata (Rottb.) C.B.Clarke</taxonomicName>
and allies
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3250BA63415051AFFCC14ECFA94D12A" pageId="4" pageNumber="358" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B80582D3415051AFFCC14ECFF1BD033" blockId="4.[90,760,1493,1988]" pageId="4" pageNumber="358">
Originally described by C.F. RottbØll in 1773 as
<taxonomicName id="4C3F23AE3415051AFD8E14EFFD36D2C6" box="[568,755,1493,1513]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Schoenus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="358" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cuspidatus">
<emphasis id="B94B843F3415051AFD8E14EFFD36D2C6" box="[568,755,1493,1513]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="358">Schoenus cuspidatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, this species (
<figureCitation id="130444A83415051AFF6314C8FEE2D12A" box="[213,295,1522,1542]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[113,138,760,774]" captionTargetBox="[239,1372,144,723]" captionTargetId="figure-180@3.[237,1374,142,724]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. Examples of plants from each of the four clades of Schoenus found in southern Africa, showing the corresponding spikelets beneath each plant: A and F—S. nigricans, B and G—T.compar, C and H—Epischoenus sp. and D and I—T.cuspidata.A ‘reticulate-sheathed’ Tetraria of the Tricostularia clade is shown in E, with its spikelet shown in J.The black scale bar beneath the spikelets in F–J represents 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10496470" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10496470/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="358">Fig. 2D, I</figureCitation>
) has the most number of accessions and greatest extent of the southern African
<taxonomicName id="4C3F23AE3415051AFECE1737FE05D10E" baseAuthorityName="Levyns" baseAuthorityYear="1959" box="[376,448,1549,1569]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Tetraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="358" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94B843F3415051AFECE1737FE05D10E" box="[376,448,1549,1569]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="358">Tetraria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the
<taxonomicName id="4C3F23AE3415051AFDAD1737FDAAD10E" box="[539,623,1549,1569]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Schoenus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="358" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94B843F3415051AFDAD1737FDAAD10E" box="[539,623,1549,1569]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="358">Schoenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
clade (
<figureCitation id="130444A83415051AFD051734FD36D10E" box="[691,755,1550,1569]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[113,138,1926,1940]" captionTargetBox="[315,1297,1164,1891]" captionTargetId="figure-265@3.[312,1299,1162,1891]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3. Documented locations of Schoenus nigricans and accepted southern African Tetraria and Epischoenus species in the Schoenus clade of Cyperaceae, based on data downloaded from GBIF (Copenhagen: Global Biodiversity Information Facility, 2014). The following groups of species are included in each map: A, S.nigricans; B, T. compar and allies; C,Epischoenus and allies; and D,T.cuspidata and allies. Schoenus nigricans has a cosmopolitan distribution (A), whereas the distribution of the other three groups is limited to southern Africa (B, C, and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10496472" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10496472/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="358">Fig. 3d</figureCitation>
; Copenhagen: Global Biodiversity Information Facility, 2014). RottbØll summarized the species as having terete, partially nude culms with thin, linear panicles and spirally arranged, oblique glumes terminated by long awns (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE25DC3415051AFF5A1747FEB3D1BE" author="RottbOll, C. F." box="[236,374,1661,1681]" pageId="4" pageNumber="358" refId="ref8606" refString="RottbOll, C. F., 1773. Schoenus cuspidatus. Descriptionum et Iconum Rariores et pro Maxima Parte Novas Plantas Illustrantium Liber Primus. sumptibus Societatis typographicae. Hafnia, Danemark." type="book" year="1773">RottbØll, 1773</bibRefCitation>
). He also included a series of drawings in addition to circumscribing the species, however, no location or reference specimens were given (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE25DC3415051AFE17178EFDEFD1E6" author="RottbOll, C. F." box="[417,554,1716,1737]" pageId="4" pageNumber="358" refId="ref8606" refString="RottbOll, C. F., 1773. Schoenus cuspidatus. Descriptionum et Iconum Rariores et pro Maxima Parte Novas Plantas Illustrantium Liber Primus. sumptibus Societatis typographicae. Hafnia, Danemark." type="book" year="1773">RottbØll, 1773</bibRefCitation>
). Similarly, the
<typeStatus id="5484E68F3415051AFD72178FFF40D1CA" pageId="4" pageNumber="358" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C3F23AE3415051AFF1317EAFEDAD1CB" box="[165,287,1744,1764]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Schoenus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="358" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cuspidatus">
<emphasis id="B94B843F3415051AFF1317EAFEDAD1CB" box="[165,287,1744,1764]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="358">S. cuspidatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is without locality, collector name or collection data (#C10010615—Museum Botanicum Hauniense, University of Copenhagen).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80582D3415051AFFCC161FFC08D6E9" blockId="4.[90,760,1493,1988]" lastBlockId="4.[805,1475,155,1541]" pageId="4" pageNumber="358">
Clarke provided a more detailed description of the species, after transferring it into the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C3F23AE3415051AFE26167AFE1ED07B" baseAuthorityName="Levyns" baseAuthorityYear="1959" box="[400,475,1856,1876]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Tetraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="358" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94B843F3415051AFE26167AFE1ED07B" box="[400,475,1856,1876]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="358">Tetraria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE25DC3415051AFE58167BFD31D07B" author="Durand, T. &amp; Schinz, H." box="[494,756,1857,1876]" pageId="4" pageNumber="358" refId="ref7575" refString="Durand, T., Schinz, H., 1894. Conspectus florae Africae ou enumeration des plantes d'Afrique. R. Friedlander, Brussels, Belgium." type="book" year="1894">Durand and Schinz, 1894</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE25DC3415051AFFEC1667FF19D05F" author="Clarke, C. B." box="[90,220,1885,1904]" pageId="4" pageNumber="358" pagination="275 - 290" refId="ref7409" refString="Clarke, C. B., 1900 a. Tetraria. In: Thiselton-Dyer, W. T. (Ed.), Flora Capensis: Being a Systematic Description of the Plants of the Cape Colony, Caffraria, &amp; Port Natal. Lovell Reeve &amp; Co., Ltd., London, United Kingdom, pp. 275 - 290." type="book chapter" year="1900">Clarke, 1900a</bibRefCitation>
). Clarke's circumscription of the species included specimens ranging from the western coast of
<collectingCountry id="F32818BD3415051AFE561643FD93D0A3" box="[480,598,1913,1932]" name="South Africa" pageId="4" pageNumber="358">South Africa</collectingCountry>
to the east coast near East London (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE25DC3415051AFEBF16AFFE42D087" author="Clarke, C. B." box="[265,391,1941,1960]" pageId="4" pageNumber="358" pagination="275 - 290" refId="ref7409" refString="Clarke, C. B., 1900 a. Tetraria. In: Thiselton-Dyer, W. T. (Ed.), Flora Capensis: Being a Systematic Description of the Plants of the Cape Colony, Caffraria, &amp; Port Natal. Lovell Reeve &amp; Co., Ltd., London, United Kingdom, pp. 275 - 290." type="book chapter" year="1900">Clarke, 1900a</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE25DC3415051AFE2F16AFFDE4D087" author="Levyns, M. R." box="[409,545,1941,1960]" pageId="4" pageNumber="358" pagination="73 - 93" refId="ref8121" refString="Levyns, M. R., 1947. Tetraria and related genera, with special reference to the flora of the Cape Peninsula. South African Journal of Botany 13, 73 - 93." type="journal article" year="1947">Levyns (1947)</bibRefCitation>
followed by emending the circumscription of
<taxonomicName id="4C3F23AE3415051AFE9A168AFE53D0EB" box="[300,406,1968,1988]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Tetraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="358" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cuspidata">
<emphasis id="B94B843F3415051AFE9A168AFE53D0EB" box="[300,406,1968,1988]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="358">T. cuspidata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and describing several similar species found on the
<collectingRegion id="49FB96CF3415051AFC2911A1FC08D781" box="[927,973,155,174]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="4" pageNumber="358">Cape</collectingRegion>
Peninsula of
<collectingCountry id="F32818BD3415051AFBF111A1FB7ED781" box="[1095,1211,155,174]" name="South Africa" pageId="4" pageNumber="358">South Africa</collectingCountry>
, while noting the difficulties in discriminating among taxa in this group. Our preliminary examination of
<taxonomicName id="4C3F23AE3415051AFCDD11E8FC1ED7C9" box="[875,987,210,230]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Tetraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="358" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cuspidata">
<emphasis id="B94B843F3415051AFCDD11E8FC1ED7C9" box="[875,987,210,230]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="358">T. cuspidata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens from six herbaria (BOL, BR, GRA, NBG, NU, PRE and WAG; see Thiers, (2017) show that many different morphotypes have been grouped together under this species name, especially for those specimens collected from outside of the region where Levyns focussed her work. It appears that
<taxonomicName id="4C3F23AE3415051AFB5F1078FA7AD679" authority="Levyns" authorityName="Levyns" box="[1257,1471,322,342]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Tetraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="358" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="autumnalis">
<emphasis id="B94B843F3415051AFB5F1078FAABD679" box="[1257,1390,322,342]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="358">T. autumnalis</emphasis>
Levyns
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C3F23AE3415051AFC931064FC21D65D" authority="Levyns" authorityName="Levyns" box="[805,996,350,370]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Tetraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="358" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="compacta">
<emphasis id="B94B843F3415051AFC931064FC52D65D" box="[805,919,350,370]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="358">T. compacta</emphasis>
Levyns
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C3F23AE3415051AFC591064FAE8D65D" authority="Levyns" authorityName="Levyns" box="[1007,1325,350,370]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Tetraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="358" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subForm" species="crassa" subForm="exilis">
<emphasis id="B94B843F3415051AFC591064FB85D65D" box="[1007,1088,350,370]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="358">T. crassa</emphasis>
Levyns,
<emphasis id="B94B843F3415051AFB2F1064FB25D65D" box="[1177,1248,350,370]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="358">T. exilis</emphasis>
Levyns
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C3F23AE3415051AFA8E1064FCADD6A1" authority="Levyns" authorityName="Levyns" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Tetraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="358" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="graminifolia">
<emphasis id="B94B843F3415051AFA8E1064FA07D65E" box="[1336,1474,349,370]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="358">T. graminifolia</emphasis>
Levyns
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C3F23AE3415051AFCD81043FBE1D6A1" authority="Levyns" authorityName="Levyns" box="[878,1060,377,398]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Tetraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="358" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paludosa">
<emphasis id="B94B843F3415051AFCD81043FC1DD6A2" box="[878,984,377,397]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="358">T. paludosa</emphasis>
Levyns
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C3F23AE3415051AFBEE1043FA88D6A2" authority="C. B. Clarke" authorityName="C. B. Clarke" box="[1112,1357,377,397]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Tetraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="358" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bolusii">
<emphasis id="B94B843F3415051AFBEE1043FB23D6A2" box="[1112,1254,377,397]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="358">Tetraria bolusii</emphasis>
C.B.Clarke
</taxonomicName>
are distinct taxa closely resembling
<taxonomicName id="4C3F23AE3415051AFBA610AFFB45D686" box="[1040,1152,405,425]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Tetraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="358" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cuspidata">
<emphasis id="B94B843F3415051AFBA610AFFB45D686" box="[1040,1152,405,425]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="358">T. cuspidata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, albeit with relatively small geographical extents.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80582D3415051AFCF210F5FAB0D5F3" blockId="4.[805,1475,155,1541]" pageId="4" pageNumber="358">
We note that specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C3F23AE3415051AFBFE10F7FB5CD6CE" box="[1096,1177,461,481]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Tetraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="358" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bolusii">
<emphasis id="B94B843F3415051AFBFE10F7FB5CD6CE" box="[1096,1177,461,481]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="358">T. bolusii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have often been confused with
<taxonomicName id="4C3F23AE3415051AFC9310D3FC57D6D2" box="[805,914,489,509]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Tetraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="358" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cuspidata">
<emphasis id="B94B843F3415051AFC9310D3FC57D6D2" box="[805,914,489,509]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="358">T. cuspidata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, even though the
<typeStatus id="5484E68F3415051AFB8910D0FBAFD6D2" box="[1087,1130,490,509]" pageId="4" pageNumber="358">type</typeStatus>
specimen of
<taxonomicName id="4C3F23AE3415051AFB5E10D3FAFCD6D2" box="[1256,1337,489,509]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Tetraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="358" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bolusii">
<emphasis id="B94B843F3415051AFB5E10D3FAFCD6D2" box="[1256,1337,489,509]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="358">T. bolusii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a number of unique characters for this group, including long papery leaf sheaths and relatively short and wide spikelets. Specimens labelled
<taxonomicName id="4C3F23AE3415051AFC931307FC56D57E" box="[805,915,573,593]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Tetraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="358" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cuspidata">
<emphasis id="B94B843F3415051AFC931307FC56D57E" box="[805,915,573,593]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="358">T. cuspidata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that have been collected from the
<collectingRegion id="49FB96CF3415051AFB551304FAA5D57E" box="[1251,1376,574,593]" country="South Africa" name="Eastern Cape" pageId="4" pageNumber="358">Eastern Cape</collectingRegion>
and Natal provinces appear to be unique species, as well as specimens collected from the Cederberg region of the
<collectingRegion id="49FB96CF3415051AFBCA134CFAA3D5A7" box="[1148,1382,629,649]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="4" pageNumber="358">Western Cape province</collectingRegion>
of
<collectingCountry id="F32818BD3415051AFA3F134FFCA5D58B" name="South Africa" pageId="4" pageNumber="358">South Africa</collectingCountry>
. We also predict that there are several other species similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C3F23AE3415051AFC931396FC55D5EF" box="[805,912,684,704]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Tetraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="358" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cuspidata">
<emphasis id="B94B843F3415051AFC931396FC55D5EF" box="[805,912,684,704]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="358">T. cuspidata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that are yet to be described from smaller regions, especially in edaphically heterogeneous areas such as the Agulhas plains.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80582D3415051AFCF213DFFAE1D3B4" blockId="4.[805,1475,155,1541]" pageId="4" pageNumber="358">
Also often confused with
<taxonomicName id="4C3F23AE3415051AFB8F13DEFB63D5D7" box="[1081,1190,740,760]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Tetraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="358" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cuspidata">
<emphasis id="B94B843F3415051AFB8F13DEFB63D5D7" box="[1081,1190,740,760]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="358">T. cuspidata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C3F23AE3415051AFB0713DEFA07D5D7" authority="(Nees) C. B. Clarke" authorityName="C. B. Clarke" baseAuthorityName="Nees" box="[1201,1474,740,760]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Tetraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="358" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sylvatica">
<emphasis id="B94B843F3415051AFB0713DEFAD2D5D7" box="[1201,1303,740,760]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="358">T. sylvatica</emphasis>
(Nees) C.B.Clarke
</taxonomicName>
was first described as
<taxonomicName id="4C3F23AE3415051AFC4F123AFB31D43B" authority="Nees" authorityName="Nees" box="[1017,1268,768,788]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Elynanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="358" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sylvaticus">
<emphasis id="B94B843F3415051AFC4F123AFB05D43B" box="[1017,1216,768,788]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="358">Elynanthus sylvaticus</emphasis>
Nees
</taxonomicName>
based on a specimen collected by C.L.P. Zeyher from Uitenhage in the
<collectingRegion id="49FB96CF3415051AFB591227FA07D41F" box="[1263,1474,797,816]" country="South Africa" name="Eastern Cape" pageId="4" pageNumber="358">Eastern Cape province</collectingRegion>
of
<collectingCountry id="F32818BD3415051AFC8B1203FC77D463" box="[829,946,825,844]" name="South Africa" pageId="4" pageNumber="358">South Africa</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE25DC3415051AFC761203FB75D463" author="Nees von Esenbeck, C. G. D." box="[960,1200,825,844]" pageId="4" pageNumber="358" pagination="188" refId="ref8551" refString="Nees von Esenbeck, C. G. D., 1835. Elynanthus sylvaticus. Linnaea 10, 188." type="journal article" year="1835">Nees von Esenbeck, 1835</bibRefCitation>
), with the
<typeStatus id="5484E68F3415051AFAAD1203FA83D463" box="[1307,1350,825,844]" pageId="4" pageNumber="358">type</typeStatus>
currently located at the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris (specimen P00461926). The original circumscription noted terete and striate culms, leaf sheaths with membranaceous edges and short semicylindrical, filiform culm leaves that are channelled above and have scabrous margins (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE25DC3415051AFC3512FFFBBCD4F8" author="Nees von Esenbeck, C. G. D." box="[899,1145,964,984]" pageId="4" pageNumber="358" pagination="188" refId="ref8551" refString="Nees von Esenbeck, C. G. D., 1835. Elynanthus sylvaticus. Linnaea 10, 188." type="journal article" year="1835">Nees von Esenbeck, 1835</bibRefCitation>
). In addition, the circumscription mentioned that the inflorescences are composed of two or three short and approximate bundles of spikelets, oblong-lanceolate spikelets and have acute, pale margined glumes (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE25DC3415051AFB321522FAB9D304" author="Nees von Esenbeck, C. G. D." box="[1156,1404,1048,1067]" pageId="4" pageNumber="358" pagination="188" refId="ref8551" refString="Nees von Esenbeck, C. G. D., 1835. Elynanthus sylvaticus. Linnaea 10, 188." type="journal article" year="1835">Nees von Esenbeck, 1835</bibRefCitation>
). After transferring the species into
<taxonomicName id="4C3F23AE3415051AFB881509FB31D368" authority=", C. B. Clarke" authorityName="C. B. Clarke" box="[1086,1268,1075,1095]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Tetraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="358" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94B843F3415051AFB881509FB4DD368" box="[1086,1160,1075,1095]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="358">Tetraria</emphasis>
, C.B.Clarke
</taxonomicName>
provided a more detailed circumscription and importantly cited specimens from the
<collectingRegion id="49FB96CF3415051AFA3E156AFCBDD350" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="4" pageNumber="358">Western Cape</collectingRegion>
and not the
<collectingRegion id="49FB96CF3415051AFC471556FBAED350" box="[1009,1131,1132,1151]" country="South Africa" name="Eastern Cape" pageId="4" pageNumber="358">Eastern Cape</collectingRegion>
as in the original circumscription of the species (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE25DC3415051AFC2A15B2FB48D3B5" author="Nees von Esenbeck, C. G. D." box="[924,1165,1159,1179]" pageId="4" pageNumber="358" pagination="188" refId="ref8551" refString="Nees von Esenbeck, C. G. D., 1835. Elynanthus sylvaticus. Linnaea 10, 188." type="journal article" year="1835">Nees von Esenbeck, 1835</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE25DC3415051AFB2015BDFAD3D3B4" author="Clarke, C. B." box="[1174,1302,1159,1179]" pageId="4" pageNumber="358" pagination="275 - 290" refId="ref7409" refString="Clarke, C. B., 1900 a. Tetraria. In: Thiselton-Dyer, W. T. (Ed.), Flora Capensis: Being a Systematic Description of the Plants of the Cape Colony, Caffraria, &amp; Port Natal. Lovell Reeve &amp; Co., Ltd., London, United Kingdom, pp. 275 - 290." type="book chapter" year="1900">Clarke, 1900a</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80582D3415051AFCF31598FA94D12A" blockId="4.[805,1475,155,1541]" pageId="4" pageNumber="358">
<taxonomicName id="4C3F23AE3415051AFCF31598FC25D399" ID-CoL="55S4V" box="[837,992,1186,1206]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Tetraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="358" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sylvatica">
<emphasis id="B94B843F3415051AFCF31598FC25D399" box="[837,992,1186,1206]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="358">Tetraria sylvatica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a species with a relatively wide geographical extent – similar to
<emphasis id="B94B843F3415051AFC0A1584FBF2D3FD" box="[956,1079,1214,1234]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="358">
<taxonomicName id="4C3F23AE3415051AFC0A1584FBE2D3FD" ID-CoL="55S38" box="[956,1063,1214,1234]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Tetraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="358" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cuspidata">T. cuspidata</taxonomicName>
–
</emphasis>
but it often prefers lower elevations in the fynbos compared to many other species of
<taxonomicName id="4C3F23AE3415051AFB0015E0FB38D3C1" ID-CoL="8W44F" box="[1206,1277,1242,1262]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Tetraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="358" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94B843F3415051AFB0015E0FB38D3C1" box="[1206,1277,1242,1262]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="358">Tetraria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Our preliminary examinations of herbarium specimens and recently collected plants from the field suggest that there are several other species closely allied to this group within
<quantity id="4CC7F5C83415051AFC5F1415FBF4D26D" box="[1001,1073,1327,1346]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="358" unit="km" value="150.0">150 km</quantity>
of
<collectingRegion id="49FB96CF3415051AFBF91415FBBBD26D" box="[1103,1150,1327,1346]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="4" pageNumber="358">Cape</collectingRegion>
Town. Several specimens also appear to show characters intermediate between
<taxonomicName id="4C3F23AE3415051AFAB51470FAA8D271" ID-CoL="55S4V" box="[1283,1389,1354,1374]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Tetraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="358" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sylvatica">
<emphasis id="B94B843F3415051AFAB51470FAA8D271" box="[1283,1389,1354,1374]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="358">T. sylvatica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the
<taxonomicName id="4C3F23AE3415051AFC93145CFC51D255" ID-CoL="55S38" box="[805,916,1382,1402]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Tetraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="358" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cuspidata">
<emphasis id="B94B843F3415051AFC93145CFC51D255" box="[805,916,1382,1402]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="358">T. cuspidata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group—a pattern that was previously reported by Levyns (see
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE25DC3415051AFCE414B9FB8DD2BA" author="Adamson, R. S. &amp; Salter, T. M." box="[850,1096,1410,1430]" pageId="4" pageNumber="358" refId="ref7273" refString="Adamson, R. S., Salter, T. M. (Eds.), 1950. Flora of the Cape Peninsula. Juta, Cape Town, South Africa." type="book" year="1950">Adamson and Salter, 1950</bibRefCitation>
). We note that the
<taxonomicName id="4C3F23AE3415051AFB4914B8FAA6D2B9" ID-CoL="55S4V" box="[1279,1379,1410,1430]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Tetraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="358" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sylvatica">
<emphasis id="B94B843F3415051AFB4914B8FAA6D2B9" box="[1279,1379,1410,1430]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="358">T. sylvatica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimen (Verboom 515) included in the phylogenetic reconstruction of
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE25DC3415051AFAC814A5FC59D2E2" author="Viljoen, J. - A. &amp; Muasya, A. M. &amp; Barrett, R. L. &amp; Bruhl, J. J. &amp; Gibbs, A. K. &amp; Slingsby, J. A. &amp; Wilson, K. L. &amp; Verboom, G. A." pageId="4" pageNumber="358" pagination="2494 - 2508" refId="ref8887" refString="Viljoen, J. - A., Muasya, A. M., Barrett, R. L., Bruhl, J. J., Gibbs, A. K., Slingsby, J. A., Wilson, K. L., Verboom, G. A., 2013. Radiation and repeated transoceanic dispersal of Schoeneae (Cyperaceae) through the southern hemisphere. American Journal of Botany 100, 2494 - 2508." type="journal article" year="2013">Viljoen et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
morphologically groups with
<taxonomicName id="4C3F23AE3415051AFB081483FA07D2E2" ID-CoL="8XG6G" box="[1214,1474,1465,1486]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Tetraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="358" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="sylvatica" variety="pseudolorea">
<emphasis id="B94B843F3415051AFB081483FAE1D2E2" box="[1214,1316,1465,1485]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="358">T. sylvatica</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="B94B843F3415051AFAE51483FA07D2E2" box="[1363,1474,1465,1485]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="358">pseudolorea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and does not seem similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C3F23AE3415051AFBF714EFFB6AD2C6" ID-CoL="55S38" box="[1089,1199,1493,1513]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Tetraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="358" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cuspidata">
<emphasis id="B94B843F3415051AFBF714EFFB6AD2C6" box="[1089,1199,1493,1513]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="358">T. cuspidata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, explaining why this species appears to be part of the
<emphasis id="B94B843F3415051AFBA414CBFB7CD12A" box="[1042,1209,1521,1541]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="358">
<taxonomicName id="4C3F23AE3415051AFBA414CBFBA9D12A" ID-CoL="4VF44" baseAuthorityName="Boeckeler" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[1042,1132,1521,1541]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Schoenus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="358" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="compar">T. compar</taxonomicName>
–
<taxonomicName id="4C3F23AE3415051AFBC114CBFB7CD12A" ID-CoL="55S4D" box="[1143,1209,1521,1541]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Tetraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="358" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="picta">T. picta</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
clade in
<figureCitation id="130444A83415051AFABB14C8FA88D12A" box="[1293,1357,1522,1541]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[113,138,950,964]" captionTargetBox="[322,1289,144,914]" captionTargetId="figure-714@1.[320,1291,142,914]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 1. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic reconstruction of the Schoeneae clade of sedges based on ETS,ITS,rbcL,rps16 and trnL-trnF (adapted from Viljoen et al., 2013). The seven major clades of Schoeneae and their approximate divergence times in millions of years are shown in A,with the southern African species highlighted in light grey. Phylogenetic relationships within the Schoenus clade are shown in B, which illustrates the four clades found in southern Africa: S. nigricans, T.compar–T. picta, Epischoenus and T.cuspidata and allies." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10496468" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10496468/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="358">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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