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<document id="43D29E4E0300AC49C540A4A425E8A57C" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.196207" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d1f8852c-40c8-4e56-b993-9ff8838e51cf" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="196207" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460240780001" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Carvalho-Filho, Alfredo, Santos, Simoni &amp; Sampaio, Iracilda" docDate="2010" docId="039687D1FF4D7463FF66FEA2C767FEB0" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02519p058.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2519" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Macrodon atricauda Gunther 1880" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="56" masterDocId="FFAFFFA9FF49746BFFF1FF8FC441FFDC" masterDocTitle="Macrodon atricauda (Günther, 1880) (Perciformes: Sciaenidae), a valid species from the southwestern Atlantic, with comments on its conservation" masterLastPageNumber="58" masterPageNumber="48" pageNumber="52" updateTime="1698240718703" updateUser="plazi">
<mods:mods id="381E2676598AB9B81E6CFC000A12F62A" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:title id="01D5617F8A25DDE9736039AE12318A21">Macrodon atricauda (Günther, 1880) (Perciformes: Sciaenidae), a valid species from the southwestern Atlantic, with comments on its conservation</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="86D4DA139F6882A02C670CD85FF25C5A" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="4CB2C1CDB5D4E67C001C74F7FEF40676">Carvalho-Filho, Alfredo</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="6B6650C7278F95E9105CBCE4B145A6A4" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="84077507D507080C47FE48303C0389D4">Santos, Simoni</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="4CE8AB960FDF6FA3F631EE91FF8F20CF" type="personal">
<mods:role id="D55A777A00659D1D85C3586B76095BD2">
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<mods:namePart id="6BDE0A2871394C92A792933B8AD1F578">Sampaio, Iracilda</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="2583EDA0386971B86E2354350628E852">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="18DD5E6F6B0EBD3EE05476039C17D4F8" type="host">
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<mods:title id="1E90E5843ABE2A177B568AC689AC67DD">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="8D8009452CCA49206E9971276AA05667">
<mods:date id="15EFEBC6DFAC7A5B96B69853F11FAA2F">2010</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="1473E5A3EAA2C078F166E2F358432DF0" type="volume">
<mods:number id="37E4F6D9BA73E411A2717D7C96071238">2519</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="952BE05E206145C6E6711A399BC2F702">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="F289BA2FABC4A1D9A63B6CF9CCA85594" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.196207</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="E710121EE75ECFF393598A7B0AD6D28E" type="GBIF-Dataset">d1f8852c-40c8-4e56-b993-9ff8838e51cf</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="066372637C5F6E05E6638E1745845802" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="2A530EDBAF6C35B3C7FFB73951761170" type="Zenodo-Dep">196207</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="039687D1FF4D7463FF66FEA2C767FEB0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5686550" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119389674" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5686550" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039687D1FF4D7463FF66FEA2C767FEB0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039687D1FF4D7463FF66FEA2C767FEB0" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="56" pageId="4" pageNumber="52">
<subSubSection id="C325654CFF4D746FFF66FEA2C50CFE53" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B8036C7FF4D746FFF66FEA2C622FE9B" blockId="4.[151,1017,301,399]" box="[151,611,301,327]" pageId="4" pageNumber="52">
<heading id="D0C881ABFF4D746FFF66FEA2C622FE9B" bold="true" box="[151,611,301,327]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4D746FFF66FEA2C622FE9B" bold="true" box="[151,611,301,327]" pageId="4" pageNumber="52">
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF4D746FFF66FEA2C61CFE9B" ID-CoL="3X4WL" authority="Gunther, 1880" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1880" box="[151,605,301,327]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Macrodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atricauda">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4D746FFF66FEA2C5CEFE9B" bold="true" box="[151,399,301,327]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="52">Macrodon atricauda</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B36FF4D746FFE6FFEA2C614FE9B" author="Gunther" box="[414,597,301,327]" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" refString="Gunther, A. (1880) Report on the shore fishes procured during the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger in the years 1873 - 1876. Zoology, 1, part 6, 1 - 82." type="journal article" year="1880">Günther, 1880</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8036C7FF4D746FFF66FEDFC50CFE53" blockId="4.[151,1017,301,399]" pageId="4" pageNumber="52">
Pescada-Foguete (Pt); Pescadilla Real (Sp); Southern King Weakfish (En) (
<figureCitation id="13042A42FF4D746FFF6EFEFAC54EFE53" box="[159,271,373,399]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1093,1117]" captionTargetBox="[400,1187,621,1071]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[400,1187,621,1072]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Macrodon atricauda, Holotype, BMNH 1879.5. 14.258 (1: 94.2 mm SL), Rio de La Plata, Argentina." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/196208/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="52">Figures 1</figureCitation>
to 4)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C325654CFF4D746FFF66FE4FC14AFDEB" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B8036C7FF4D746FFF66FE4FC65FFE0B" blockId="4.[151,1357,448,567]" box="[151,542,448,471]" pageId="4" pageNumber="52">
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF4D746FFF66FE4FC548FE0B" ID-CoL="3X4WJ" box="[151,265,448,471]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Macrodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ancylodon">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4D746FFF66FE4FC548FE0B" box="[151,265,448,471]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="52">Ancylodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF4D746FFEFEFE4FC65BFE0B" ID-CoL="3X4WL" authority="Gunther, 1880" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1880" box="[271,538,448,471]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Macrodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atricauda">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4D746FFEFEFE4FC536FE0B" box="[271,375,448,471]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="52">atricauda</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B36FF4D746FFE8FFE4FC65BFE0B" author="Gunther" box="[382,538,448,471]" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" refString="Gunther, A. (1880) Report on the shore fishes procured during the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger in the years 1873 - 1876. Zoology, 1, part 6, 1 - 82." type="journal article" year="1880">Günther, 1880</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8036C7FF4D746FFF66FE6FC14AFDEB" blockId="4.[151,1357,448,567]" pageId="4" pageNumber="52">
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF4D746FFF66FE6FC659FE2B" authority="Berg, 1895" authorityName="Berg" authorityYear="1895" box="[151,536,480,503]" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Sagenichthys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ancylodon">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4D746FFF66FE6FC5D8FE2B" box="[151,409,480,503]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="52">Sagenichthys ancylodon</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B36FF4D746FFE51FE6FC659FE2B" author="Berg" box="[416,536,480,503]" pageId="4" pageNumber="56" refString="Berg, C. (1895) Enumeracion sistematica y sinonimica de los peces de las costas argentinas y uruguaias. Anales del Museo Nacional, Buenos Aires, serie II, 4, 1, 1 - 120." type="journal article" year="1895">Berg, 1895</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B36FF4D746FFDD5FE6FC6F7FE2B" author="Ihering" box="[548,694,480,503]" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" refString="Ihering, R. Von (1897) Os peixes da costa do mar no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Revista do Museu Paulista, Sao Paulo, 2, 25 - 63." type="journal article" year="1897">Ihering, 1897</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B36FF4D746FFD30FE6FC79CFE2B" author="Jordan" box="[705,989,480,503]" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" refString="Jordan, D. S. &amp; Evermann, B. W. (1898) The Fishes of North and Middle America: a descriptive catalogue of the species of fish-like vertebrates found in the waters of North America, North of the Isthmus of Panama. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 47, Part II, 1416." type="journal article" year="1898">
<collectingCountry id="F3287657FF4D746FFD30FE6FC749FE2B" box="[705,776,480,503]" name="Jordan" pageId="4" pageNumber="52">Jordan</collectingCountry>
&amp; Evermann, 1898
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B36FF4D746FFC18FE6FC03FFE2B" author="Ribeiro" box="[1001,1150,480,503]" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" refString="Ribeiro, A. M. (1915) Fauna Brasiliense V (Eleutherobranchios Aspirophoros). Physoclisti, 45 - 46." type="book chapter" year="1915">Ribeiro, 1915</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B36FF4D746FFB78FE6FC109FE2B" author="Devincenzi" box="[1161,1352,480,503]" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" refString="Devincenzi, G. (1924 / 1926) Peces del Uruguay. Anales del Museo Nacional, Montevideo, Serie 2, Vol 1, 5, 97 - 293." type="journal article" year="1924">Devincenzi, 1924</bibRefCitation>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF4D746FFF66FD8FC597FDCB" authority="Larranaga, 1923" authorityName="Larranaga" authorityYear="1923" box="[151,470,512,535]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Percidae" genus="Perca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mollis">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4D746FFF66FD8FC55CFDCB" box="[151,285,512,535]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="52">Perca mollis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B36FF4D746FFED5FD8FC597FDCB" author="Larranaga" box="[292,470,512,535]" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" refString="Larranaga, D. A. (1923) Escritos. Instituto Historico y Geografico del Uruguay, Montevideo, 2, 5 - 512." type="journal article" year="1923">Larrañaga, 1923</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; in Divicenzi, 1925 (synonymized with
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF4D746FFC70FD8FC0C2FDCB" box="[897,1155,512,535]" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Sagenichthys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ancylodon">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4D746FFC70FD8FC0C2FDCB" box="[897,1155,512,535]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="52">Sagenichthys ancylodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF4D746FFF66FDAFC60CFDEB" authority="Larranaga, 1923" authorityName="Larranaga" authorityYear="1923" box="[151,589,544,567]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Percidae" genus="Perca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vigintoctoradiata">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4D746FFF66FDAFC5D4FDEB" box="[151,405,544,567]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="52">Perca vigintoctoradiata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B36FF4D746FFE6DFDAFC60CFDEB" author="Larranaga" box="[412,589,544,567]" pageId="4" pageNumber="57" refString="Larranaga, D. A. (1923) Escritos. Instituto Historico y Geografico del Uruguay, Montevideo, 2, 5 - 512." type="journal article" year="1923">Larrañaga, 1923</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; in Divicenzi, 1925 (synonymized with
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF4D746FFC08FDAFC0BAFDEB" box="[1017,1275,544,567]" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Sagenichthys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ancylodon">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4D746FFC08FDAFC0BAFDEB" box="[1017,1275,544,567]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="52">Sagenichthys ancylodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF40664FFF4D746FFF66FBCAC112FB80" box="[151,1363,1093,1117]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/196208/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" targetBox="[400,1187,621,1071]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="8B8036C7FF4D746FFF66FBCAC112FB80" blockId="4.[151,1363,1093,1117]" box="[151,1363,1093,1117]" pageId="4" pageNumber="52">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4D746FFF66FBCAC558FB81" bold="true" box="[151,281,1093,1117]" pageId="4" pageNumber="52">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4D746FFED1FBC9C642FB81" box="[288,515,1094,1117]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="52">
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF4D746FFED1FBC9C5BFFB81" box="[288,510,1094,1117]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Macrodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atricauda">Macrodon atricauda</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
Holotype, BMNH 1879.5.14.258 (1: 94.2 mm SL), Rio de La Plata, Argentina.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF40664FFF4D746FFF66FA7CC059F9D6" box="[151,1048,1523,1547]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/196209/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" targetBox="[300,1286,1168,1501]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="8B8036C7FF4D746FFF66FA7CC059F9D6" blockId="4.[151,1048,1523,1547]" box="[151,1048,1523,1547]" pageId="4" pageNumber="52">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4D746FFF66FA7CC558F9D7" bold="true" box="[151,281,1523,1547]" pageId="4" pageNumber="52">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF4D746FFED1FA7CC5EAF9D6" box="[288,427,1523,1546]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Macrodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atricauda">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4D746FFED1FA7CC5EAF9D6" box="[288,427,1523,1546]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="52">M. atricauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 309 mm SL, recently collected from Guarujá, São Paulo.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF40664FFF4D746FFF66F84CC794F807" box="[151,981,1987,2011]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/196210/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" targetBox="[488,1097,1607,1953]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="8B8036C7FF4D746FFF66F84CC794F807" blockId="4.[151,981,1987,2011]" box="[151,981,1987,2011]" pageId="4" pageNumber="52">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4D746FFF66F84CC558F807" bold="true" box="[151,281,1987,2011]" pageId="4" pageNumber="52">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
Same-size specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF4D746FFDD7F84BC6F3F807" box="[550,690,1988,2011]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Macrodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atricauda">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4D746FFDD7F84BC6F3F807" box="[550,690,1988,2011]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="52">M. atricauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(A) and
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF4D746FFCE0F84BC7E5F807" box="[785,932,1988,2011]" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Sagenichthys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ancylodon">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4D746FFCE0F84BC7E5F807" box="[785,932,1988,2011]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="52">M. ancylodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(B).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF40664FFF4C746EFF66FB39C0B6FB11" box="[151,1271,1206,1230]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/196211/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" targetBox="[420,1165,183,1178]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="8B8036C7FF4C746EFF66FB39C0B6FB11" blockId="5.[151,1271,1206,1230]" box="[151,1271,1206,1230]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4C746EFF66FB39C558FB12" bold="true" box="[151,281,1206,1230]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
Same-size specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF4C746EFDD7FB39C6F3FB11" box="[550,690,1206,1229]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Macrodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atricauda">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4C746EFDD7FB39C6F3FB11" box="[550,690,1206,1229]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">M. atricauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(A)
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4C746EFD15FB39C7E4FB11" box="[740,933,1206,1229]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">
and
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF4C746EFCE3FB39C7E4FB11" box="[786,933,1206,1229]" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Sagenichthys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ancylodon">M. ancylodon</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
(B), showing the front canines.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C325654CFF4C746EFF66FB74C7E0FABC" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B8036C7FF4C746EFF66FB74C7E0FABC" blockId="5.[151,1436,1275,2011]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4C746EFF66FB74C552FAC9" bold="true" box="[151,275,1275,1301]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">
<typeStatus id="54848865FF4C746EFF66FB74C54FFAC9" box="[151,270,1275,1301]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
:
</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="ED2EAE02FF4C746EFEEAFB74C532FAC9" box="[283,371,1275,1301]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">BMNH</collectionCode>
1879.5.14.258 (1,
<quantity id="4CC79B22FF4C746EFDA4FB74C6FEFAC9" box="[597,703,1275,1301]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.42" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="94.2">94.2 mm</quantity>
SL), Mouth of the Rio de la Plata,
<collectingCountry id="F3287657FF4C746EFB92FB74C09AFAC9" box="[1123,1243,1275,1301]" name="Argentina" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Argentina</collectingCountry>
, Station 321, 13 fathoms (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B36FF4C746EFEF5FAAEC5F2FAE7" author="Gunther" box="[260,435,1313,1339]" pageId="5" pageNumber="57" refString="Gunther, A. (1880) Report on the shore fishes procured during the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger in the years 1873 - 1876. Zoology, 1, part 6, 1 - 82." type="journal article" year="1880">Günther, 1880</bibRefCitation>
).
<collectingCountry id="F3287657FF4C746EFE36FAAEC5A8FAE7" box="[455,489,1313,1339]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Jar</collectingCountry>
with two labels: label 1:
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4C746EFCE3FAAEC049FAE6" box="[786,1032,1313,1338]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF4C746EFCE3FAAEC7CEFAE6" box="[786,911,1313,1338]" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Sagenichthys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ancylodon">Ancylodon</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF4C746EFC67FAAEC049FAE6" box="[918,1032,1313,1338]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Macrodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atricauda">atricauda</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
no. 406, Stat.321, Rio de La Plata – Challenger, y9.5.111.258; label 2: 32.495,
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF4C746EFD6EFAC8C7D8FABC" box="[671,921,1351,1376]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Macrodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ancylodon">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4C746EFD6EFAC8C7D8FABC" box="[671,921,1351,1376]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Macrodon ancylodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C325654CFF4C746EFF37FAE4C0E1F9C7" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B8036C7FF4C746EFF37FAE4C0E1F9C7" blockId="5.[151,1436,1275,2011]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4C746EFF37FAE4C509FA59" bold="true" box="[198,328,1387,1413]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
a species of
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF4C746EFE03FAE3C62AFA59" box="[498,619,1388,1413]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Macrodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4C746EFE03FAE3C62AFA59" box="[498,619,1388,1413]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Macrodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as defined by
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B36FF4C746EFCD6FAE4C781FA59" author="Chao" box="[807,960,1387,1413]" pageId="5" pageNumber="57" refString="Chao, L. N. (1978) A Basis for Classifying Western Atlantic Sciaenidae (Teleostei: Perciformes). NOAA Techical Report Circular 415, 64 p." type="book" year="1978">Chao (1978)</bibRefCitation>
and Sasaki (1989), with the following character set: lateral line pored scales 49 to 63 (compared to
<quantity id="4CC79B22FF4C746EFC9DFA1EC794FA77" box="[876,981,1425,1451]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8288" metricValueMax="1.9812" metricValueMin="1.6764" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" unit="in" value="72.0" valueMax="78.0" valueMin="66.0">66–78 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF4C746EFC2CFA1EC0C0FA76" box="[989,1153,1425,1450]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Macrodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ancylodon">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4C746EFC2CFA1EC0C0FA76" box="[989,1153,1425,1450]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">M. ancylodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); anal fin soft rays 9 or 10, rarely 8 (usually 8, occasionally
<quantity id="4CC79B22FF4C746EFDB3FA39C62EFA0C" box="[578,623,1462,1488]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.286" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" unit="in" value="9.0">9 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF4C746EFD86FA38C759FA0C" box="[631,792,1463,1488]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Macrodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ancylodon">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4C746EFD86FA38C759FA0C" box="[631,792,1463,1488]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">M. ancylodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); dorsal fin soft rays 27 or 28, rarely 29 (28–29, rarely
<quantity id="4CC79B22FF4C746EFF66FA54C493FA29" box="[151,210,1499,1525]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.858" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" unit="in" value="27.0">27 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF4C746EFF29FA53C538FA29" box="[216,377,1500,1525]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Macrodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ancylodon">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4C746EFF29FA53C538FA29" box="[216,377,1500,1525]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">M. ancylodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); pectoral fin rays 16 or 17 (
<quantity id="4CC79B22FF4C746EFD37FA54C76FFA29" box="[710,814,1499,1525]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.937" metricValueMax="4.064" metricValueMin="3.81" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" unit="in" value="15.5" valueMax="16.0" valueMin="15.0">15–16 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF4C746EFCC4FA53C797FA29" box="[821,982,1500,1525]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Macrodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ancylodon">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4C746EFCC4FA53C797FA29" box="[821,982,1500,1525]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">M. ancylodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); largest front canines
<quantity id="4CC79B22FF4C746EFB10FA54C12CFA29" box="[1249,1389,1499,1525]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.239" metricValueMax="8.128" metricValueMin="6.35" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" unit="in" value="2.85" valueMax="3.2" valueMin="2.5">2.5 to 3.2 in</quantity>
eye length, proportionally smaller and thinner when compared to
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF4C746EFC96F98EC049F9C6" box="[871,1032,1537,1562]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Macrodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ancylodon">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4C746EFC96F98EC049F9C6" box="[871,1032,1537,1562]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">M. ancylodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(1.8 to 2.2).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C325654CFF4C746DFF37F9A9C0DAF8D0" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B8036C7FF4C746EFF37F9A9C1C8F957" blockId="5.[151,1436,1275,2011]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4C746EFF37F9A9C516F99C" bold="true" box="[198,343,1574,1600]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Description</emphasis>
(based on the
<typeStatus id="54848865FF4C746EFDE3F9A9C63DF99C" box="[530,636,1574,1600]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, 39 other museum specimens and the present sample of 70 fresh individuals): Dorsal fin XI, 27–29 (rarely 29); anal fin II, 8–10 (rarely 8); pectoral fins 16 or 17; pelvic fin I,5; lateral line pored scales 49–63; 9–12 gill rakers on upper limb of first arch (2 or 3) and on lower limb (7–9).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8036C7FF4C746DFF37F919C5ECFF0B" blockId="5.[151,1436,1275,2011]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1436,152,738]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">
Body elongate, moderately compressed. Mouth large, strongly oblique, the lower jaw projecting; maxilla extending beyond eye; teeth very sharp, arrow-headed, set in narrow ridges in both jaws; upper jaw with a pair of large, elongated, fang-like, narrow, canines at tip, and an outer row of sharp teeth; lower jaws overlaying upper jaw with several canines at the tip, larger than the other mandibular teeth, but much smaller than the upper canines, and also with a widely spaced inner row of sharp teeth, the middle ones usually largest. Largest upper canine contained 2.5 to 3.2 (modally 2.7–2.9) times in eye horizontal diameter (
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4C746EFB78F8DEC0E8F8B6" box="[1161,1193,1873,1898]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">vs.</emphasis>
1.8 to 2.2 – modally 1.8–2.0 in
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF4C746EFEE7F8F8C5F9F84C" box="[278,440,1911,1936]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Macrodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ancylodon">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4C746EFEE7F8F8C5F9F84C" box="[278,440,1911,1936]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">M. ancylodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), see
<figureCitation id="13042A42FF4C746EFE0EF8F9C625F84C" box="[511,612,1910,1936]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,255,1187,1211]" captionTargetBox="[279,1298,429,1155]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[270,1317,405,1167]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Number of times the largest front canine is contained in eye horizontal diameter." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/196213/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="53">Figure 6</figureCitation>
; this proportion does not vary with growth for specimens between 70 and
<quantity id="4CC79B22FF4C746EFF3AF814C571F869" box="[203,304,1947,1973]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="250.0">250 mm</quantity>
SL. Scales small, cycloid, often overlapping; soft dorsal fin and anal fin covered with small scales; lateral line in a smooth arch from upper operculum to below soft dorsal fin and straight from there almost to the end of the caudal fin. Caudal fin with the central rays longer, more pointed in young, and rhombic in large adults.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8036C7FF4F746DFF37FF6DC0E0FEB0" blockId="6.[151,1436,152,738]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">Color silvery-gray to golden yellow, darker on back, paler ventrally, with an iridescent greenish cast on the sides of the body in very fresh specimens; pectoral fin with a dusky elongate blotch on its upper distal border, more evident in the young, and a dusky spot on its upper base; caudal fin yellowish to grayish, dusky to blackish distally; dorsal fin dusky-yellowish, anal and pelvic fin pale yellow to white.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8036C7FF4F746DFF37FEF7C72AFE4E" blockId="6.[151,1436,152,738]" box="[198,875,376,402]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">
Largest specimen analyzed: 343.0 mm SL,
<quantity id="4CC79B22FF4F746DFD33FEF7C779FE4E" box="[706,824,376,402]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.203" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" unit="mm" value="420.3">420.3 mm</quantity>
TL.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8036C7FF4F746DFF37FE12C02AFE6B" blockId="6.[151,1436,152,738]" box="[198,1131,413,439]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">
Largest specimen reported in literature:
<quantity id="4CC79B22FF4F746DFD6AFE12C6BDFE6B" box="[667,764,413,439]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.6" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" unit="mm" value="460.0">460 mm</quantity>
TL (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B36FF4F746DFCC7FE12C01EFE6B" author="Carneiro" box="[822,1119,413,439]" pageId="6" pageNumber="56" refString="Carneiro, M. H. &amp; Castro P. M. G. (2005) Macrodon ancylodon (Bloch &amp; Schneider, 1801). In Cergole, M. C., Avila-da- Silva, A. O. &amp; Rossi-Wongtschowski, C. L. D. B. (Eds.) Analise das Principais Pescarias Comerciais da Regiao Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: Dinamica Populacional das Especies em Explotacao: 81 - 87. Serie Documentos REVIZEE - Score Sul. Instituto Oceanografico, Universidade de Sao Paulo: 176 pp." type="book chapter" year="2005">Carneiro &amp; Castro, 2005</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8036C7FF4F746DFF37FE4DC125FDFB" blockId="6.[151,1436,152,738]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4F746DFF37FE4DC537FE00" bold="true" box="[198,374,450,476]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">Comparisons:</emphasis>
The most obvious difference between
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF4F746DFCBEFE4DC7B2FE07" box="[847,1011,450,475]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Macrodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ancylodon">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4F746DFCBEFE4DC7B2FE07" box="[847,1011,450,475]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">M. ancylodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF4F746DFBC3FE4DC08FFE07" box="[1074,1230,450,475]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Macrodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atricauda">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4F746DFBC3FE4DC08FFE07" box="[1074,1230,450,475]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">M. atricauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the upper jaw canine size, which is larger in
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF4F746DFE06FE67C6D6FDDD" box="[503,663,488,513]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Macrodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ancylodon">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4F746DFE06FE67C6D6FDDD" box="[503,663,488,513]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">M. ancylodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13042A42FF4F746DFD57FE67C6B2FDDE" box="[678,755,488,514]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,255,1187,1211]" captionTargetBox="[279,1298,429,1155]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[270,1317,405,1167]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Number of times the largest front canine is contained in eye horizontal diameter." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/196213/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">FIG. 6</figureCitation>
). This concurs with Günther’s (1880) original description, that “the canine teeth are comparatively smaller than in
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4F746DFCD7FD82C062FDFA" box="[806,1059,525,550]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF4F746DFCD7FD82C7E5FDFA" box="[806,932,525,550]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Macrodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ancylodon">Ancylodon</taxonomicName>
jaculidens
</emphasis>
[=
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF4F746DFBBDFD82C107FDFA" box="[1100,1350,525,550]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Macrodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ancylodon">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4F746DFBBDFD82C107FDFA" box="[1100,1350,525,550]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">Macrodon ancylodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
]”.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8036C7FF4F746DFF37FDBDC7FBFD3E" blockId="6.[151,1436,152,738]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">
While there is some overlap between
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF4F746DFD8EFDBDC761FD97" box="[639,800,562,587]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Macrodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ancylodon">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4F746DFD8EFDBDC761FD97" box="[639,800,562,587]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">M. ancylodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF4F746DFCA8FDBDC7B3FD97" box="[857,1010,562,587]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Macrodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atricauda">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4F746DFCA8FDBDC7B3FD97" box="[857,1010,562,587]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">M. atricauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the number of soft rays, there are also strong regional divergences, and scale counts and canine length are quite distinct. Individuals from the northern population have more soft rays in the dorsal fin, and fewer in the anal and pectoral fins. In addition, whereas in the northern population all individuals had at least 66 pored lateral line scales, none of the specimens from the southern population had more than 63 (Table 3).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8036C7FF4F746DFF66FCB8C01CF958" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">
<table id="F93FC467FF4F8B94FF66FCB8C0ACF958" box="[151,1261,823,1668]" gridcols="3" gridrows="20" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">
<tr id="350F3485FF4F8B94FF66FCB8C0ACFC8E" box="[151,1261,823,850]" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="76DE5DF9FF4F8B94FF66FCB8C656FC8E" box="[151,535,823,850]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4F746DFF66FCB8C554FC8D" bold="true" box="[151,277,823,849]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">TABLE 3.</emphasis>
Counts &amp; Frequency.
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="350F3485FF4F8B94FF66FCE2C0ACFC58" box="[151,1261,877,900]" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-2="1">
<td id="76DE5DF9FF4F8B94FDCFFCE2C7C6FC58" box="[574,903,877,900]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">Frequency by Location</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350F3485FF4F8B94FF66FC17C0ACFC73" box="[151,1261,920,943]" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">
<th id="76DE5DF9FF4F8B94FF66FC17C656FC73" box="[151,535,920,943]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">Number of dorsal fin rays</th>
<td id="76DE5DF9FF4F8B94FDCFFC17C7C6FC73" box="[574,903,920,943]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">Pará São Paulo</td>
<td id="76DE5DF9FF4F8B94FBA1FC17C0ACFC73" box="[1104,1261,920,943]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">Santa Catarina</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350F3485FF4F8B94FF66FC4DC0ACFC05" box="[151,1261,962,985]" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">
<th id="76DE5DF9FF4F8B94FF66FC4DC656FC05" box="[151,535,962,985]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">27</th>
<td id="76DE5DF9FF4F8B94FDCFFC4DC7C6FC05" box="[574,903,962,985]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">3 6</td>
<td id="76DE5DF9FF4F8B94FBA1FC4DC0ACFC05" box="[1104,1261,962,985]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350F3485FF4F8B94FF66FC62C0ACFBD8" box="[151,1261,1005,1028]" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">
<th id="76DE5DF9FF4F8B94FF66FC62C656FBD8" box="[151,535,1005,1028]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">28</th>
<td id="76DE5DF9FF4F8B94FDCFFC62C7C6FBD8" box="[574,903,1005,1028]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">15 23</td>
<td id="76DE5DF9FF4F8B94FBA1FC62C0ACFBD8" box="[1104,1261,1005,1028]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">24</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350F3485FF4F8B94FF66FB97C0ACFBF3" box="[151,1261,1048,1071]" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">
<th id="76DE5DF9FF4F8B94FF66FB97C656FBF3" box="[151,535,1048,1071]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">29</th>
<td id="76DE5DF9FF4F8B94FDCFFB97C7C6FBF3" box="[574,903,1048,1071]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">12 1</td>
<td id="76DE5DF9FF4F8B94FBA1FB97C0ACFBF3" box="[1104,1261,1048,1071]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350F3485FF4F8B94FF66FBCDC0ACFB85" box="[151,1261,1090,1113]" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">
<th id="76DE5DF9FF4F8B94FF66FBCDC656FB85" box="[151,535,1090,1113]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">Number of anal fin rays</th>
<td id="76DE5DF9FF4F8B94FDCFFBCDC7C6FB85" box="[574,903,1090,1113]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">Pará São Paulo</td>
<td id="76DE5DF9FF4F8B94FBA1FBCDC0ACFB85" box="[1104,1261,1090,1113]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">Santa Catarina</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350F3485FF4F8B94FF66FBE2C0ACFB58" box="[151,1261,1133,1156]" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">
<th id="76DE5DF9FF4F8B94FF66FBE2C656FB58" box="[151,535,1133,1156]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">8</th>
<td id="76DE5DF9FF4F8B94FDCFFBE2C7C6FB58" box="[574,903,1133,1156]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">27 1</td>
<td id="76DE5DF9FF4F8B94FBA1FBE2C0ACFB58" box="[1104,1261,1133,1156]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350F3485FF4F8B94FF66FB17C0ACFB73" box="[151,1261,1176,1199]" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">
<th id="76DE5DF9FF4F8B94FF66FB17C656FB73" box="[151,535,1176,1199]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">9</th>
<td id="76DE5DF9FF4F8B94FDCFFB17C7C6FB73" box="[574,903,1176,1199]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">3 8</td>
<td id="76DE5DF9FF4F8B94FBA1FB17C0ACFB73" box="[1104,1261,1176,1199]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">20</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350F3485FF4F8B94FF66FB4DC0ACFB05" box="[151,1261,1218,1241]" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">
<th id="76DE5DF9FF4F8B94FF66FB4DC656FB05" box="[151,535,1218,1241]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">10</th>
<td id="76DE5DF9FF4F8B94FDCFFB4DC7C6FB05" box="[574,903,1218,1241]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">0 21</td>
<td id="76DE5DF9FF4F8B94FBA1FB4DC0ACFB05" box="[1104,1261,1218,1241]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">9</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350F3485FF4F8B94FF66FB62C0ACFAD8" box="[151,1261,1261,1284]" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">
<th id="76DE5DF9FF4F8B94FF66FB62C656FAD8" box="[151,535,1261,1284]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">Number of pectoral fin rays</th>
<td id="76DE5DF9FF4F8B94FDCFFB62C7C6FAD8" box="[574,903,1261,1284]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">Pará São Paulo</td>
<td id="76DE5DF9FF4F8B94FBA1FB62C0ACFAD8" box="[1104,1261,1261,1284]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">Santa Catarina</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350F3485FF4F8B94FF66FA97C0ACFAF3" box="[151,1261,1304,1327]" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">
<th id="76DE5DF9FF4F8B94FF66FA97C656FAF3" box="[151,535,1304,1327]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">15</th>
<td id="76DE5DF9FF4F8B94FDCFFA97C7C6FAF3" box="[574,903,1304,1327]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">16 0</td>
<td id="76DE5DF9FF4F8B94FBA1FA97C0ACFAF3" box="[1104,1261,1304,1327]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350F3485FF4F8B94FF66FACDC0ACFA85" box="[151,1261,1346,1369]" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">
<th id="76DE5DF9FF4F8B94FF66FACDC656FA85" box="[151,535,1346,1369]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">16</th>
<td id="76DE5DF9FF4F8B94FDCFFACDC7C6FA85" box="[574,903,1346,1369]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">14 8</td>
<td id="76DE5DF9FF4F8B94FBA1FACDC0ACFA85" box="[1104,1261,1346,1369]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">6</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350F3485FF4F8B94FF66FAE2C0ACFA58" box="[151,1261,1389,1412]" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">
<th id="76DE5DF9FF4F8B94FF66FAE2C656FA58" box="[151,535,1389,1412]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">17</th>
<td id="76DE5DF9FF4F8B94FDCFFAE2C7C6FA58" box="[574,903,1389,1412]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">0 22</td>
<td id="76DE5DF9FF4F8B94FBA1FAE2C0ACFA58" box="[1104,1261,1389,1412]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">24</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350F3485FF4F8B94FF66FA17C0ACFA73" box="[151,1261,1432,1455]" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">
<th id="76DE5DF9FF4F8B94FF66FA17C656FA73" box="[151,535,1432,1455]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">Number of pored L.L. scales</th>
<td id="76DE5DF9FF4F8B94FDCFFA17C7C6FA73" box="[574,903,1432,1455]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">Pará São Paulo</td>
<td id="76DE5DF9FF4F8B94FBA1FA17C0ACFA73" box="[1104,1261,1432,1455]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">Santa Catarina</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350F3485FF4F8B94FF66FA4DC0ACFA05" box="[151,1261,1474,1497]" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">
<th id="76DE5DF9FF4F8B94FF66FA4DC656FA05" box="[151,535,1474,1497]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">49–55</th>
<td id="76DE5DF9FF4F8B94FDCFFA4DC7C6FA05" box="[574,903,1474,1497]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">0 16</td>
<td id="76DE5DF9FF4F8B94FBA1FA4DC0ACFA05" box="[1104,1261,1474,1497]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">14</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350F3485FF4F8B94FF66FA62C0ACF9D8" box="[151,1261,1517,1540]" gridrow="16" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">
<th id="76DE5DF9FF4F8B94FF66FA62C656F9D8" box="[151,535,1517,1540]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">56–63</th>
<td id="76DE5DF9FF4F8B94FDCFFA62C7C6F9D8" box="[574,903,1517,1540]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">0 14</td>
<td id="76DE5DF9FF4F8B94FBA1FA62C0ACF9D8" box="[1104,1261,1517,1540]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">16</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350F3485FF4F8B94FF66F997C0ACF9F3" box="[151,1261,1560,1583]" gridrow="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">
<th id="76DE5DF9FF4F8B94FF66F997C656F9F3" box="[151,535,1560,1583]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">64–65</th>
<td id="76DE5DF9FF4F8B94FDCFF997C7C6F9F3" box="[574,903,1560,1583]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">0 0</td>
<td id="76DE5DF9FF4F8B94FBA1F997C0ACF9F3" box="[1104,1261,1560,1583]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350F3485FF4F8B94FF66F9CDC0ACF985" box="[151,1261,1602,1625]" gridrow="18" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">
<th id="76DE5DF9FF4F8B94FF66F9CDC656F985" box="[151,535,1602,1625]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">66–71</th>
<td id="76DE5DF9FF4F8B94FDCFF9CDC7C6F985" box="[574,903,1602,1625]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">17 0</td>
<td id="76DE5DF9FF4F8B94FBA1F9CDC0ACF985" box="[1104,1261,1602,1625]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350F3485FF4F8B94FF66F9E2C0ACF958" box="[151,1261,1645,1668]" gridrow="19" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">
<th id="76DE5DF9FF4F8B94FF66F9E2C656F958" box="[151,535,1645,1668]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">72–78</th>
<td id="76DE5DF9FF4F8B94FDCFF9E2C7C6F958" box="[574,903,1645,1668]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">13 0</td>
<td id="76DE5DF9FF4F8B94FBA1F9E2C0ACF958" box="[1104,1261,1645,1668]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">0</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8036C7FF4F746DFF37F942C0DAF8D0" blockId="6.[151,1436,1741,2028]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">Overall, then, these differences in the morphological features of the two populations clearly support their classification as distinct, albeit closely-related species, as suggested by the genetic data.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C325654CFF4F7463FF37F898C767FEB0" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="56" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B8036C7FF4F746DFF37F898C17FF88B" blockId="6.[151,1436,1741,2028]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4F746DFF37F898C528F8ED" bold="true" box="[198,361,1815,1841]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">Distribution:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF4F746DFE80F897C64DF8ED" box="[369,524,1816,1841]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Macrodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atricauda">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4F746DFE80F897C64DF8ED" box="[369,524,1816,1841]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">M. atricauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs between the Brazilian state of Espírito Santo and northern
<collectingCountry id="F3287657FF4F746DFAD1F897C1D8F8EE" box="[1312,1433,1816,1842]" name="Argentina" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">Argentina</collectingCountry>
. The closely related
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF4F746DFE8CF8B2C65FF88A" box="[381,542,1853,1878]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Macrodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ancylodon">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4F746DFE8CF8B2C65FF88A" box="[381,542,1853,1878]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">M. ancylodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs between
<collectingCountry id="F3287657FF4F746DFD13F8B2C71BF88B" box="[738,858,1853,1879]" name="Venezuela" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
and the Brazilian state of Bahia (
<figureCitation id="13042A42FF4F746DFB13F8B2C16EF88B" box="[1250,1327,1853,1879]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,255,1383,1407]" captionTargetBox="[240,1345,250,1372]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[240,1346,250,1373]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Occurrence areas: Yellow, M. ancylodon; Green, M. atricauda." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/196212/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">FIG. 5</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8036C7FF4F746CFF37F8EDC68EFF0B" blockId="6.[151,1436,1741,2028]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1436,152,215]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="55" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4F746DFF37F8EDC539F8A0" bold="true" box="[198,376,1890,1916]" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">Conservation:</emphasis>
At first glance, the fish fauna of the western Atlantic is relatively homogeneous, although a growing number of recent studies indicate that the southwestern Atlantic is home to a substantial number of endemic species. Over the past years several new species were described or revalidated, while at least another 40 species have been identified as unknown and are being described (e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B36FF4F746DFBD1F85DC17BF830" author="Figueiredo" box="[1056,1338,2002,2028]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" refString="Figueiredo, J. L., Santos, A. P., Yamaguti, N., Bernardes, R. A. &amp; Rossi-Wongtschowski, C. L. D. B. (2002) Peixes da Zona Economica Exclusiva da Regiao Sudeste-Sul do Brasil. Levantamento com redes de meia agua. EDUSP, Sao Paulo. 248 p." type="book" year="2002">
Figueiredo
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4F746DFB5DF85CC0ABF830" box="[1196,1258,2003,2028]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="54">et al.</emphasis>
, 2002
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B36FF4F746CFAB9F85DC497FF6E" author="Rocha" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="55" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" refString="Rocha, L. A. (2004) Mitochondrial DNA and Color Pattern Variation in Three Western Atlantic Halichoeres (Labridae), with the Revalidation of Two Species. Copeia, 4, 770 - 782." type="journal article" year="2004">Rocha, 2004</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B36FF4E746CFF13FF17C5ADFF6E" author="Bernardes" box="[226,492,152,178]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" refString="Bernardes, R. A., Figueiredo J. L., Rodrigues A. R., Fischer L. G., Vooren C. M., Haimovici M. &amp; Rossi- Wongtschowski C. L. D. B. (2005) Peixes da Zona Economica Exclusiva da Regiao Sudeste-Sul doBrasil. Levantamento com armadilhas, pargueiras e rede de arrasto de fundo. EDUSP, Sao Paulo, 295 p." type="book" year="2005">
Bernardes
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4E746CFE93FF17C5DFFF6D" box="[354,414,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="55">et al.</emphasis>
, 2005
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B36FF4E746CFE08FF17C6C4FF6E" author="Melo" box="[505,645,152,178]" pageId="7" pageNumber="57" refString="Melo, M. R. S. (2007) A New Synaphobranchid Eel (Anguilliformes: Synaphobranchidae) from Brazil, with comments on the Species from the Western South Atlantic. Copeia, 2, 315 - 323." type="journal article" year="2007">Melo, 2007</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B36FF4E746CFD63FF17C738FF6E" author="Floeter" box="[658,889,152,178]" pageId="7" pageNumber="57" refString="Floeter, S. R., Rocha, L. A., Robertson, D. R., Joyeux, J. C., Smith-Vaniz, W. F., Wirtz, P., Edwards, A. J. Barreiros, J. P., Ferreira, C. E. L., Gasparini, J. L., Brito, A., Falcon, J. M., Bowen, B. W. &amp; Bernardi, G. (2008). Atlantic reef fish biogeography and evolution. Journal of Biogeography, 35, 22 - 47." type="journal article" year="2008">
Floeter
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4E746CFD1FFF17C76BFF6D" box="[750,810,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="55">et al.</emphasis>
, 2008
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B36FF4E746CFC74FF17C0ACFF6E" author="Mincarone" box="[901,1261,152,178]" pageId="7" pageNumber="57" refString="Mincarone, M. M. &amp; Anderson, M. E. (2008) A new genus and species of eelpout (Teleostei: Zoarcidae) from Brazil. Zooatxa 1852, 65 - 68." type="journal article" year="2008">Mincarone &amp; Anderson, 2008</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B36FF4E746CFB08FF17C494FF0B" author="Sazima" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" refString="Sazima, I., Carvalho-Filho, A. &amp; Sazima, C (2008) A new cleaner species of Elacatinus (Actinopterygii: Gobiidae) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa 1932, 27 - 32." type="journal article" year="2008">
Sazima
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4E746CFAA8FF17C1DDFF6D" box="[1369,1436,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="55">et al.,</emphasis>
2008
</bibRefCitation>
; Carvalho-Filho &amp; Floeter, in preparation).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF40664FFF4E746CFF66FAE8C7FEFAA3" box="[151,959,1383,1407]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/196212/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="55" targetBox="[240,1345,250,1372]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8B8036C7FF4E746CFF66FAE8C7FEFAA3" blockId="7.[151,959,1383,1407]" box="[151,959,1383,1407]" pageId="7" pageNumber="55">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4E746CFF66FAE8C55BFAA3" bold="true" box="[151,282,1383,1407]" pageId="7" pageNumber="55">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
Occurrence areas: Yellow,
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF4E746CFDCCFAE7C691FAA3" box="[573,720,1384,1407]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Macrodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ancylodon">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4E746CFDCCFAE7C691FAA3" box="[573,720,1384,1407]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="55">M. ancylodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; Green,
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF4E746CFCDDFAE7C7FAFAA3" box="[812,955,1384,1407]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Macrodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atricauda">M. atricauda</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8036C7FF4E746CFF37FA27C0A5F97E" blockId="7.[151,1437,1448,2034]" pageId="7" pageNumber="55">
The revalidation of
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF4E746CFE5EFA27C608FA1D" box="[431,585,1448,1473]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Macrodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atricauda">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4E746CFE5EFA27C608FA1D" box="[431,585,1448,1473]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="55">M. atricauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
represents one more study where genetics aids taxonomy. Both Atlantic species are important fishery resources. The main practical difference between them is the fact that the distribution of
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF4E746CFEB4FA7DC59FF9D7" box="[325,478,1522,1547]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Macrodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atricauda">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4E746CFEB4FA7DC59FF9D7" box="[325,478,1522,1547]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="55">M. atricauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
coincides with the most densely-populated stretch of coastline in South
<collectingCountry id="F3287657FF4E746CFADEFA7DC1D6F9D0" box="[1327,1431,1522,1548]" name="United States of America" pageId="7" pageNumber="55">America</collectingCountry>
, whereas
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF4E746CFEF1F997C5E4F9ED" box="[256,421,1560,1585]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Macrodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ancylodon">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4E746CFEF1F997C5E4F9ED" box="[256,421,1560,1585]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="55">M. ancylodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ranges over a much wider and sparsely populated area, especially in northern
<collectingCountry id="F3287657FF4E746CFAA2F997C1DDF9EE" box="[1363,1436,1560,1586]" name="Brazil" pageId="7" pageNumber="55">Brazil</collectingCountry>
and the Guyanas. In addition, while
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF4E746CFDB9F9B2C6A2F98A" box="[584,739,1597,1622]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Macrodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atricauda">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4E746CFDB9F9B2C6A2F98A" box="[584,739,1597,1622]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="55">M. atricauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is heavily exploited throughout its range,
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF4E746CFB2CF9B2C1C1F98A" box="[1245,1408,1597,1622]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Macrodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ancylodon">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4E746CFB2CF9B2C1C1F98A" box="[1245,1408,1597,1622]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="55">M. ancylodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is commercially important mainly in
<collectingCountry id="F3287657FF4E746CFDC3F9EDC6EBF9A0" box="[562,682,1634,1660]" name="Venezuela" pageId="7" pageNumber="55">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
(Cervigón, 1993) and the Brazilian states of Amapá, Maranhão and Pará (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B36FF4E746CFEFDF907C58EF97E" author="Fernandes" box="[268,463,1672,1698]" pageId="7" pageNumber="57" refString="Fernandes, G. L. (1981 / 82) Estudo da alimentacao da &quot; corvina boca-mole &quot;, Macrodon ancylodon (Bloch &amp; Schneider, 1801) - Teleostei, Sciaenidae, na Ilha de Sao Luis - Maranhao. Boletim do Laboratorio de Hidrobiologia, 4, 1, 51 - 64." type="journal article" year="1981">Fernandes, 1981</bibRefCitation>
/82;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B36FF4E746CFDF5F907C74CF97E" author="Haimovici" box="[516,781,1672,1698]" pageId="7" pageNumber="57" refString="Haimovici, M., Martins A. S. &amp; Vieira, P. C. (1996) Distribuicao e abundancia de peixes teleosteos demersais sobre a plataforma continental do sul do Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 56, 1,27 - 50." type="journal volume" year="1996">Haimovici et al., 1996</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B36FF4E746CFCE8F907C7A0F97E" author="Haimovici" box="[793,993,1672,1698]" pageId="7" pageNumber="57" refString="Haimovici, M. (1998) Present state and perspectives for the southern Brazil shelf demersal fisheries. Fisheries Management and Ecology, 5, 277 - 289." type="journal article" year="1998">Haimovici, 1998</bibRefCitation>
; Piorsky
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4E746CFBBFF907C0C8F97D" box="[1102,1161,1672,1697]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="55">et al.</emphasis>
, 2004).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8036C7FF4E746CFF37F922C78DF82E" blockId="7.[151,1437,1448,2034]" pageId="7" pageNumber="55">
While there are few available data on the Brazilian population of
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF4E746CFC10F922C0C4F91A" box="[993,1157,1709,1734]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Macrodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ancylodon">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4E746CFC10F922C0C4F91A" box="[993,1157,1709,1734]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="55">M. ancylodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF4E746CFB67F922C173F91A" box="[1174,1330,1709,1734]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Macrodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atricauda">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4E746CFB67F922C173F91A" box="[1174,1330,1709,1734]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="55">M. atricauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is under intense pressure. Whereas
<quantity id="4CC79B22FF4E746CFE24F95DC610F930" box="[469,593,1746,1772]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="8.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="55" unit="t" value="8000.0">8,000 tons</quantity>
of this species were landed in 1986 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B36FF4E746CFBFEF95DC552F8CD" author="Carneiro" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" refString="Carneiro, M. H. &amp; Castro P. M. G. (2005) Macrodon ancylodon (Bloch &amp; Schneider, 1801). In Cergole, M. C., Avila-da- Silva, A. O. &amp; Rossi-Wongtschowski, C. L. D. B. (Eds.) Analise das Principais Pescarias Comerciais da Regiao Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: Dinamica Populacional das Especies em Explotacao: 81 - 87. Serie Documentos REVIZEE - Score Sul. Instituto Oceanografico, Universidade de Sao Paulo: 176 pp." type="book chapter" year="2005">
Carneiro and Castro, 2005, as
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF4E746CFA8DF95DC552F8CD" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Macrodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ancylodon">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4E746CFA8DF95DC552F8CD" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="55">M. ancylodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</bibRefCitation>
), the catch decreased to
<quantity id="4CC79B22FF4E746CFDCCF977C6FBF8CE" box="[573,698,1784,1810]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="4.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="55" unit="t" value="4000.0">4,000 tons</quantity>
in 2002, indicating a decline in commercial stocks of at least 50% over this 16-year period. Demersal resource stocks evaluation in southern
<collectingCountry id="F3287657FF4E746CFBB5F892C0CDF8EB" box="[1092,1164,1821,1847]" name="Brazil" pageId="7" pageNumber="55">Brazil</collectingCountry>
obtained from
<date id="FF811007FF4E746CFAB3F892C494F880" pageId="7" pageNumber="55" value="1975" valueMax="1994">1975 to 1994</date>
show a decreasing total biomass of
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF4E746CFD6FF8CDC700F887" box="[670,833,1858,1883]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Macrodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atricauda">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4E746CFD6FF8CDC700F887" box="[670,833,1858,1883]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="55">M. atricauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
since the beginning of exploitation and that the resource is heavily exploited in that region (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B36FF4E746CFD50F8E7C07DF85D" author="Haimovici" box="[673,1084,1896,1922]" pageId="7" pageNumber="57" refString="Haimovici, M. (1998) Present state and perspectives for the southern Brazil shelf demersal fisheries. Fisheries Management and Ecology, 5, 277 - 289." type="journal article" year="1998">
Haimovici, 1998, as
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF4E746CFC68F8E7C07DF85D" box="[921,1084,1896,1921]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Macrodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ancylodon">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4E746CFC68F8E7C07DF85D" box="[921,1084,1896,1921]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="55">M. ancylodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</bibRefCitation>
). Similarly, stock evaluations of
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF4E746CFF49F802C51AF87A" box="[184,347,1933,1958]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Macrodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ancylodon">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4E746CFF49F802C51AF87A" box="[184,347,1933,1958]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="55">M. ancylodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based in recruitment yield model-based and Thompson and Bell’s predictive models in the period from
<date id="FF811007FF4E746CFEC2F83DC59BF810" box="[307,474,1970,1996]" pageId="7" pageNumber="55" value="1997" valueMax="2000">1997 to 2000</date>
, in Pará and Maranhão, Brazil’s north coast, indicate that the species is overexploited or in the maximum limit of exploitation (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B36FF4E746CFD1DF857C7FEF82E" author="Ikeda" box="[748,959,2008,2034]" pageId="7" pageNumber="57" refString="Ikeda, R. G. P., Souza, R. F. C., Souza, L. A., Fonseca, A. F., Brito, C. S., Junior, I. F., Pimentel, R. O., Torres, M. F., Castro, A. C. L., Fonseca, F. A. L. e Fredou, F. L. (2003) Dinamica populacional da pescada-go Macrodon ancylodon da costa Norte do Brasil. Relatorio de Atividades: Programa Revizee. 87 pp." type="book" year="2003">
Ikeda
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF4E746CFCC7F857C739F82D" box="[822,888,2008,2033]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="55">et al.,</emphasis>
2003
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8036C7FF417463FF37FF17C767FEB0" blockId="8.[151,1437,152,364]" pageId="8" pageNumber="56">
Ultimately, an important question to be considered is whether and to what extent the presence of two different species of
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D44FF417463FE76FF32C642FF0A" box="[391,515,189,214]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Sciaenidae" genus="Macrodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94BEAD5FF417463FE76FF32C642FF0A" box="[391,515,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="56">Macrodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the southwestern Atlantic should redefine conservation and management strategies for these populations, especially considering that one species is clearly under much greater pressure than the other. Despite the relative morphological similarity between them, those species might have accumulated differences in physiological and behavioral features due to adaptations to local environmental characteristics, and should be managed as distinct units.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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