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<mods:title id="6769BC646B61EBF78A16E59009AB1DC9">A Unitary Association-based conodont biozonation of the Smithian-Spathian boundary (Early Triassic) and associated biotic crisis from South China</mods:title>
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<treatment id="038B1D1D6458FF80FF1BEDFBD4E5FE47" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:27360D53-284A-41BC-8018-2792067D9D84" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038B1D1D6458FF80FF1BEDFBD4E5FE47" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<subSubSection id="C338FF806458FF80FF1BEDFBD1E3FEE7" box="[151,466,235,260]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B9DAC0B6458FF80FF1BEDFBD1E3FEE7" blockId="49.[151,466,235,260]" box="[151,466,235,260]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<heading id="D0D51B676458FF80FF1BEDFBD1E3FEE7" box="[151,466,235,260]" fontSize="36" level="2" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" reason="3">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="4C22D7886458FF80FF68EDFBD15AFEE7" authority="Leu &amp; Bucher &amp; Vennemann &amp; Bagherpour &amp; Ji &amp; Brosse &amp; Goudemand, 2022" authorityName="Leu &amp; Bucher &amp; Vennemann &amp; Bagherpour &amp; Ji &amp; Brosse &amp; Goudemand" authorityYear="2022" box="[228,363,235,259]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Urdyella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ozarkodinida" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">URDYELLA</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A265CD626458FF80FEFDEDFCD1E3FEE7" box="[369,466,236,260]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C338FF806458FF80FF1BEC3CD4E5FE47" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B9DAC0B6458FF80FF1BEC3CD21CFEA7" blockId="49.[151,775,299,419]" box="[151,557,299,323]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<emphasis id="B95670196458FF80FF1BEC3CD1DFFEA7" box="[151,494,299,323]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<typeStatus id="549912A96458FF80FF1BEC3CD0FAFEA7" box="[151,203,300,323]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Type</typeStatus>
species.
<taxonomicName id="4C22D7886458FF80FEABEC3BD1DFFEA7" authority="Leu &amp; Bucher &amp; Vennemann &amp; Bagherpour &amp; Ji &amp; Brosse &amp; Goudemand, 2022" authorityName="Leu &amp; Bucher &amp; Vennemann &amp; Bagherpour &amp; Ji &amp; Brosse &amp; Goudemand" authorityYear="2022" box="[295,494,299,323]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Urdyella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="unicorna" status="sp. nov.">Urdyella unicorna</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A265CD626458FF80FE7FEC3CD21CFEA7" box="[499,557,300,323]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9DAC0B6458FF80FF1BEC5CD1EEFE67" blockId="49.[151,775,299,419]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<materialsCitation id="3B4AA6566458FF80FF1BEC5CD1EAFE67" country="China" location="Luolou Formation" municipality="Laren" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Guangxi" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="B95670196458FF80FF1BEC5CD184FE87" box="[151,437,331,355]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<typeStatus id="549912A96458FF80FF1BEC5CD0FAFE87" box="[151,203,332,355]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Type</typeStatus>
stratum and locality.
</emphasis>
<location id="8EFDFAD06458FF80FE37EC5BD2B5FE87" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038B1D1D6458FF80FF1BEDFBD4E5FE47:8EFDFAD06458FF80FE37EC5BD2B5FE87" box="[443,644,331,355]" country="China" municipality="Laren" name="Luolou Formation" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" stateProvince="Guangxi">Luolou Formation</location>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="6BF936716458FF80FD03EC5CD2FFFE87" box="[655,718,332,355]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Laren</collectingMunicipality>
road cut,
<collectingRegion id="49E662E96458FF80FF4BEC7BD1BDFE67" box="[199,396,363,387]" country="China" name="Guangxi" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Guangxi Province</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F335EC9B6458FF80FE1AEC7BD1EAFE67" box="[406,475,363,387]" name="China" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">China</collectingCountry>
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.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9DAC0B6458FF80FF1BEC9BD272FE47" blockId="49.[151,775,299,419]" box="[151,579,395,419]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<emphasis id="B95670196458FF80FF1BEC9BD139FE47" box="[151,264,395,419]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Etymology</emphasis>
: Named after Severine Urdy.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9DAC0B6458FF80FF1BECDCD1D2FDA7" blockId="49.[151,775,459,1923]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<emphasis id="B95670196458FF80FF1BECDCD130FE07" box="[151,257,460,483]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. Short coniform-to-segminiscaphate P
<subScript id="17A6AE4E6458FF80FD4AECC7D2FEFE0C" attach="left" box="[710,719,471,488]" fontSize="7" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">1</subScript>
element with a long cusp, usually at least twice the length of the adjacent denticle, a very short anterior process, and a broadly excavated basal cavity.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B95670196458FF80FF21EF5BD13CFD87" box="[173,269,587,611]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Remarks</emphasis>
. Te relationship of this genus to
<taxonomicName id="4C22D7886458FF80FD01EF5BD336FD87" authorityName="Hirschmann" authorityYear="1959" box="[653,775,587,611]" genus="Cornudina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95670196458FF80FD01EF5BD336FD87" box="[653,775,587,611]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Cornudina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is uncertain (
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, 2007). P
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elements similar to the P
<subScript id="17A6AE4E6458FF80FF7FEF87D0CDFD4C" attach="left" box="[243,252,663,680]" fontSize="7" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">1</subScript>
element of
<taxonomicName id="4C22D7886458FF80FE0AEF9BD1D6FD47" authority="Leu &amp; Bucher &amp; Vennemann &amp; Bagherpour &amp; Ji &amp; Brosse &amp; Goudemand, 2022" authorityName="Leu &amp; Bucher &amp; Vennemann &amp; Bagherpour &amp; Ji &amp; Brosse &amp; Goudemand" authorityYear="2022" box="[390,487,651,675]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Urdyella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B95670196458FF80FE0AEF9BD1D6FD47" box="[390,487,651,675]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Urdyella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A265CD626458FF80FE7CEF9CD20CFD40" box="[496,573,652,676]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
are often considered as belonging to
<emphasis id="B95670196458FF80FE1EEFBBD222FD27" box="[402,531,683,707]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<taxonomicName id="4C22D7886458FF80FE1EEFBBD23EFD27" authorityName="Hirschmann" authorityYear="1959" box="[402,527,683,707]" genus="Cornudina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cornudina</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Yet, as explained by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB3D1FA6458FF80FF1BEFDBD178FD07" author="Orchard" box="[151,329,715,739]" firstAuthor="Orchard" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="73 - 101" refId="ref45568" refString="Orchard, M. J. (2005). Multielement conodont apparatuses of Triassic Gondolelloidea. Special Papers in Palaeontology, 73 (73), 73 - 101." type="journal article" year="2005">Orchard (2005)</bibRefCitation>
, the
<typeStatus id="549912A96458FF80FE0BEFDBD1DBFD07" box="[391,490,715,739]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C22D7886458FF80FD98EFDBD2BFFD07" authorityName="Hirschmann" authorityYear="1959" box="[532,654,715,739]" genus="Cornudina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95670196458FF80FD98EFDBD2BFFD07" box="[532,654,715,739]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Cornudina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C22D7886458FF80FD2DEFDCD0C5FCE7" class="Cephalopoda" family="Melagathiceratidae" genus="Owenites" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="breviramulus">
<emphasis id="B95670196458FF80FD2DEFDCD0C5FCE7" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">O. breviramulus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) appears to be a P
<subScript id="17A6AE4E6458FF80FE5EEFE7D1EAFCEC" attach="left" box="[466,475,759,776]" fontSize="7" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">2</subScript>
element. Both
<bibRefCitation id="EFB3D1FA6458FF80FD03EFFCD109FCC7" author="Kozur and Mostler" firstAuthor="Kozur" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref43462" refString="Kozur, H., &amp; Mostler, H. (1971). Probleme der Conodonten-forschung in der Trias. Geologische-Palaontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck, 1 (4), 1 - 19." type="journal article" year="1971">Kozur and Mostler (1971</bibRefCitation>
, p. 11) and Sweet (in
<bibRefCitation id="EFB3D1FA6458FF80FDB7EE1BD330FCC7" author="Clark" box="[571,769,779,803]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Clark" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" refId="ref39882" refString="Clark, D. L., Sweet, W. C., Bergstrom, S. M., et al. (1981). Conodonta. Part W, Miscellanea, Supplement 2. In R. A. Robison (Ed.), Treatise on invertebrate paleontology. Boulder: University of Kansas Geological Society of America." type="book" year="1981">Clark et al., 1981</bibRefCitation>
, p. W155) placed
<taxonomicName id="4C22D7886458FF80FEDBEE3BD1E0FCA7" authorityName="Hirschmann" authorityYear="1959" box="[343,465,811,835]" genus="Cornudina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95670196458FF80FEDBEE3BD1E0FCA7" box="[343,465,811,835]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Cornudina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with
<taxonomicName id="4C22D7886458FF80FD9DEE3BD2B9FCA7" authorityName="Hirschmann" authorityYear="1959" box="[529,648,811,835]" genus="Chirodella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95670196458FF80FD9DEE3BD2B9FCA7" box="[529,648,811,835]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Chirodella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a multi-element
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<emphasis id="B95670196458FF80FF75EE5BD141FC87" box="[249,368,843,867]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Chirodella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Te
<typeStatus id="549912A96458FF80FE3DEE5BD225FC87" box="[433,532,843,867]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C22D7886458FF80FDB7EE5BD283FC87" authorityName="Hirschmann" authorityYear="1959" box="[571,690,843,867]" genus="Chirodella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95670196458FF80FDB7EE5BD283FC87" box="[571,690,843,867]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Chirodella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B95670196458FF80FD4FEE5CD1B3FC67" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Metalonchodina triquetra</emphasis>
) is an S
<subScript id="17A6AE4E6458FF80FE6AEE67D1DEFC6C" attach="left" box="[486,495,887,904]" fontSize="7" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">2</subScript>
element. Te
<typeStatus id="549912A96458FF80FD16EE7BD336FC67" box="[666,775,875,899]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="holotype">holotypes</typeStatus>
of both
<taxonomicName id="4C22D7886458FF80FF7AEE9BD141FC47" authorityName="Hirschmann" authorityYear="1959" box="[246,368,907,931]" genus="Cornudina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95670196458FF80FF7AEE9BD141FC47" box="[246,368,907,931]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Cornudina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C22D7886458FF80FE22EE9BD214FC47" authorityName="Hirschmann" authorityYear="1959" box="[430,549,907,931]" genus="Chirodella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95670196458FF80FE22EE9BD214FC47" box="[430,549,907,931]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Chirodella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are from Muschelkalk (Middle Triassic) collections made by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB3D1FA6458FF80FDF9EEBCD333FC27" author="Tatge" box="[629,770,939,964]" firstAuthor="Tatge" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="129 - 147" refId="ref47382" refString="Tatge, U. (1956). Conodonten aus dem germanischen Muschelkalk. Palaontologische Zeitschrift, 30 (3 - 4), 129 - 147. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 03041777" type="journal article" year="1956">Tatge (1956)</bibRefCitation>
, who described no elements like those described by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB3D1FA6458FF80FF1BEEFBD17AFBE7" author="Orchard" box="[151,331,1003,1027]" firstAuthor="Orchard" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="73 - 101" refId="ref45568" refString="Orchard, M. J. (2005). Multielement conodont apparatuses of Triassic Gondolelloidea. Special Papers in Palaeontology, 73 (73), 73 - 101." type="journal article" year="2005">Orchard (2005)</bibRefCitation>
as P
<subScript id="17A6AE4E6458FF80FE07EEE7D1A5FBEC" attach="left" box="[395,404,1015,1032]" fontSize="7" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">1</subScript>
.
<emphasis id="B95670196458FF80FE21EEFBD219FBE7" box="[429,552,1003,1027]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Chirodella</emphasis>
sensu formo does not occur in Orchards nor in Koikes Spathian collections of
<taxonomicName id="4C22D7886458FF80FF75E93BD142FBA7" authorityName="Hirschmann" authorityYear="1959" box="[249,371,1067,1091]" genus="Cornudina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95670196458FF80FF75E93BD142FBA7" box="[249,371,1067,1091]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Cornudina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. For this reason,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB3D1FA6458FF80FDCDE93BD2E5FBA7" author="Koike" box="[577,724,1067,1091]" firstAuthor="Koike" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="113 - 120" refId="ref42835" refString="Koike, T. (1996). Skeletal apparatuses of Triassic conodonts of Cornudia. Prof. Hisayoshi Igo Commemorative Volume on Geology and Paleontology of Japan and Southeast Asia, 113 - 120." type="book chapter" year="1996">Koike (1996)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFB3D1FA6458FF80FF1BE95BD179FB87" author="Orchard" box="[151,328,1099,1123]" firstAuthor="Orchard" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="73 - 101" refId="ref45568" refString="Orchard, M. J. (2005). Multielement conodont apparatuses of Triassic Gondolelloidea. Special Papers in Palaeontology, 73 (73), 73 - 101." type="journal article" year="2005">Orchard (2005)</bibRefCitation>
regarded the two genera as unrelated: Koike reconstructed
<taxonomicName id="4C22D7886458FF80FE00E97BD237FB67" authorityName="Hirschmann" authorityYear="1959" box="[396,518,1131,1155]" genus="Cornudina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95670196458FF80FE00E97BD237FB67" box="[396,518,1131,1155]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Cornudina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as an apparatus consisting of P
<subScript id="17A6AE4E6458FF80FE9AE987D12EFB4C" attach="left" box="[278,287,1175,1192]" fontSize="7" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">1</subScript>
and P
<subScript id="17A6AE4E6458FF80FEE6E987D142FB4C" attach="left" box="[362,371,1175,1192]" fontSize="7" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">2</subScript>
elements only (
<taxonomicName id="4C22D7886458FF80FDA7E99BD0E4FB27" genus="Cornudina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="breviramulis">
<emphasis id="B95670196458FF80FDA7E99BD0E4FB27" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Cornudina breviramulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) or of P
<subScript id="17A6AE4E6458FF80FEBDE9A7D10BFB2C" attach="left" box="[305,314,1207,1224]" fontSize="7" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">1</subScript>
elements only (
<taxonomicName id="4C22D7886458FF80FE61E9BBD2A4FB27" box="[493,661,1195,1219]" genus="Cornudina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="igoi">
<emphasis id="B95670196458FF80FE61E9BBD2A4FB27" box="[493,661,1195,1219]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Cornudina igoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), whereas Orchard reconstructed
<taxonomicName id="4C22D7886458FF80FE29E9DBD22EFB07" authorityName="Hirschmann" authorityYear="1959" box="[421,543,1227,1251]" genus="Cornudina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95670196458FF80FE29E9DBD22EFB07" box="[421,543,1227,1251]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Cornudina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
? as having an octomembrate apparatus whose P
<subScript id="17A6AE4E6458FF80FE64E9E7D1C0FAEC" attach="left" box="[488,497,1271,1288]" fontSize="7" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">2</subScript>
element vaguely resembles the
<typeStatus id="549912A96458FF80FF75E81BD16DFAC7" box="[249,348,1291,1315]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C22D7886458FF80FE0FE81BD1CCFAC7" authorityName="Hirschmann" authorityYear="1959" box="[387,509,1291,1315]" genus="Cornudina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95670196458FF80FE0FE81BD1CCFAC7" box="[387,509,1291,1315]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Cornudina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but he questioned the very validity of that name for Spathian forms that might be unrelated to the true Middle Triassic
<taxonomicName id="4C22D7886458FF80FDEBE85BD2D0FA87" authorityName="Hirschmann" authorityYear="1959" box="[615,737,1355,1379]" genus="Cornudina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95670196458FF80FDEBE85BD2D0FA87" box="[615,737,1355,1379]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Cornudina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9DAC0B6458FF80FF1BE87BD1A6F9C7" blockId="49.[151,775,459,1923]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<emphasis id="B95670196458FF80FF11E87BD129FA67" box="[157,280,1387,1411]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Chirodella</emphasis>
sensu formo does not occur in our Smithian collections of
<taxonomicName id="4C22D7886458FF80FEFDE89BD1E3FA47" authority="Leu &amp; Bucher &amp; Vennemann &amp; Bagherpour &amp; Ji &amp; Brosse &amp; Goudemand, 2022" authorityName="Leu &amp; Bucher &amp; Vennemann &amp; Bagherpour &amp; Ji &amp; Brosse &amp; Goudemand" authorityYear="2022" box="[369,466,1419,1443]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Urdyella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B95670196458FF80FEFDE89BD1E3FA47" box="[369,466,1419,1443]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Urdyella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A265CD626458FF80FE6CE89CD200FA40" box="[480,561,1420,1444]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
and neither does
<emphasis id="B95670196458FF80FF11E8BBD12AFA27" box="[157,283,1451,1475]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Cornudina</emphasis>
sensu formo. Hence we suggest that
<taxonomicName id="4C22D7886458FF80FD3AE8BCD0FBFA07" authorityName="Hirschmann" authorityYear="1959" genus="Cornudina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95670196458FF80FD3AE8BCD0FBFA07" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Cornudina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-likeP
<subScript id="17A6AE4E6458FF80FE9EE8C7D12AFA0C" attach="left" box="[274,283,1495,1512]" fontSize="7" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">1</subScript>
elements found in the Smithian, and possibly those found in the Spathian, belong to
<taxonomicName id="4C22D7886458FF80FD0BE8FBD2D9F9E7" authority="Leu &amp; Bucher &amp; Vennemann &amp; Bagherpour &amp; Ji &amp; Brosse &amp; Goudemand, 2022" authorityName="Leu &amp; Bucher &amp; Vennemann &amp; Bagherpour &amp; Ji &amp; Brosse &amp; Goudemand" authorityYear="2022" box="[647,744,1515,1539]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Urdyella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B95670196458FF80FD0BE8FBD2D9F9E7" box="[647,744,1515,1539]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Urdyella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A265CD626458FF80FD7EE8FCD0F7F9C0" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
not to
<emphasis id="B95670196458FF80FE9AEB1BD1A6F9C7" box="[278,407,1547,1571]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<taxonomicName id="4C22D7886458FF80FE9AEB1BD1A2F9C7" authorityName="Hirschmann" authorityYear="1959" box="[278,403,1547,1571]" genus="Cornudina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cornudina</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9DAC0B6458FF80FF21EB3BD4E5FE47" blockId="49.[151,775,459,1923]" lastBlockId="49.[813,1436,235,419]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
Based on multi-element considerations, Orchard grouped both
<emphasis id="B95670196458FF80FEDDEB5BD1FEF987" box="[337,463,1611,1635]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Cornudina</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C22D7886458FF80FD96EB5BD29CF987" authorityName="Leu &amp; Bucher &amp; Vennemann &amp; Bagherpour &amp; Ji &amp; Brosse &amp; Goudemand" authorityYear="2022" box="[538,685,1611,1635]" genus="Spathicuspus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95670196458FF80FD96EB5BD29CF987" box="[538,685,1611,1635]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Spathicuspus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
within the same subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C22D7886458FF80FEF3EB7BD22CF967" authorityName="Orchard" authorityYear="2005" box="[383,541,1643,1667]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cornudininae">Cornudininae</taxonomicName>
. Because
<taxonomicName id="4C22D7886458FF80FD1DEB7BD08FF947" authorityName="Leu &amp; Bucher &amp; Vennemann &amp; Bagherpour &amp; Ji &amp; Brosse &amp; Goudemand" authorityYear="2022" genus="Spathicuspus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95670196458FF80FD1DEB7BD08FF947" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Spathicuspus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
seemed to occur first, he hypothesized that
<emphasis id="B95670196458FF80FD58EB9CD0DAF927" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Cornudina</emphasis>
evolved from
<taxonomicName id="4C22D7886458FF80FE2FEBBBD207F927" authorityName="Leu &amp; Bucher &amp; Vennemann &amp; Bagherpour &amp; Ji &amp; Brosse &amp; Goudemand" authorityYear="2022" box="[419,566,1707,1731]" genus="Spathicuspus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95670196458FF80FE2FEBBBD207F927" box="[419,566,1707,1731]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Spathicuspus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
near the Lower/ Middle Triassic boundary through overall shortening of the P
<subScript id="17A6AE4E6458FF80FEA4EBE7D100F8EC" attach="left" box="[296,305,1783,1800]" fontSize="7" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">1</subScript>
element. Since
<taxonomicName id="4C22D7886458FF80FE7EEBFBD262F8E7" authorityName="Leu &amp; Bucher &amp; Vennemann &amp; Bagherpour &amp; Ji &amp; Brosse &amp; Goudemand" authorityYear="2022" box="[498,595,1771,1795]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Urdyella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95670196458FF80FE7EEBFBD262F8E7" box="[498,595,1771,1795]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Urdyella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs already in the Smithian, we suggest that
<taxonomicName id="4C22D7886458FF80FDBAEA1BD2F8F8C7" authorityName="Leu &amp; Bucher &amp; Vennemann &amp; Bagherpour &amp; Ji &amp; Brosse &amp; Goudemand" authorityYear="2022" box="[566,713,1803,1827]" genus="Spathicuspus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95670196458FF80FDBAEA1BD2F8F8C7" box="[566,713,1803,1827]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Spathicuspus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may have evolved from
<taxonomicName id="4C22D7886458FF80FEFEEA3BD1E2F8A7" authorityName="Leu &amp; Bucher &amp; Vennemann &amp; Bagherpour &amp; Ji &amp; Brosse &amp; Goudemand" authorityYear="2022" box="[370,467,1835,1859]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Urdyella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95670196458FF80FEFEEA3BD1E2F8A7" box="[370,467,1835,1859]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Urdyella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the Spathian forms of
<emphasis id="B95670196458FF80FF11EA5BD12AF887" box="[157,283,1867,1891]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Cornudina</emphasis>
either belong to
<emphasis id="B95670196458FF80FE6FEA5BD27AF887" box="[483,587,1867,1891]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<taxonomicName id="4C22D7886458FF80FE6FEA5BD276F887" authorityName="Leu &amp; Bucher &amp; Vennemann &amp; Bagherpour &amp; Ji &amp; Brosse &amp; Goudemand" authorityYear="2022" box="[483,583,1867,1891]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Urdyella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Urdyella</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
derived directly from
<emphasis id="B95670196458FF80FF59EA7BD10DF867" box="[213,316,1899,1923]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<taxonomicName id="4C22D7886458FF80FF59EA7BD108F867" authorityName="Leu &amp; Bucher &amp; Vennemann &amp; Bagherpour &amp; Ji &amp; Brosse &amp; Goudemand" authorityYear="2022" box="[213,313,1899,1923]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Urdyella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Urdyella</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
or as assumed by Orchard, evolved from
<taxonomicName id="4C22D7886458FF80FCA1EDFBD3F1FEE7" authorityName="Leu &amp; Bucher &amp; Vennemann &amp; Bagherpour &amp; Ji &amp; Brosse &amp; Goudemand" authorityYear="2022" box="[813,960,235,259]" genus="Spathicuspus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95670196458FF80FCA1EDFBD3F1FEE7" box="[813,960,235,259]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Spathicuspus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, although the latter hypothesis seems less likely.
<taxonomicName id="4C22D7886458FF80FCF8EC1BD3E4FEC7" authorityName="Leu &amp; Bucher &amp; Vennemann &amp; Bagherpour &amp; Ji &amp; Brosse &amp; Goudemand" authorityYear="2022" box="[884,981,267,291]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Urdyella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95670196458FF80FCF8EC1BD3E4FEC7" box="[884,981,267,291]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Urdyella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
itself may have evolved from
<taxonomicName id="4C22D7886458FF80FAA8EC1BD5ADFEC7" authorityName="Orchard" authorityYear="2005" box="[1316,1436,267,291]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Discretella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95670196458FF80FAA8EC1BD5ADFEC7" box="[1316,1436,267,291]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Discretella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
via forms like
<taxonomicName id="4C22D7886458FF80FC57EC3BD462FEA7" authorityName="Orchard" authorityYear="2005" box="[987,1107,299,323]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Discretella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95670196458FF80FC57EC3BD462FEA7" box="[987,1107,299,323]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Discretella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
? n. sp. B.
<taxonomicName id="4C22D7886458FF80FB56EC3BD563FEA7" authorityName="Orchard" authorityYear="2005" box="[1242,1362,299,323]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Discretella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95670196458FF80FB56EC3BD563FEA7" box="[1242,1362,299,323]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Discretella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a much shorter cusp and a larger anterior process. Furthermore, the basal cavity in
<taxonomicName id="4C22D7886458FF80FBFBEC7BD4E9FE67" authorityName="Leu &amp; Bucher &amp; Vennemann &amp; Bagherpour &amp; Ji &amp; Brosse &amp; Goudemand" authorityYear="2022" box="[1143,1240,363,387]" family="Gondolellidae" genus="Urdyella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95670196458FF80FBFBEC7BD4E9FE67" box="[1143,1240,363,387]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Urdyella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is flatter and not as broadly excavated as in
<taxonomicName id="4C22D7886458FF80FBD8EC9BD4FFFE47" authorityName="Hirschmann" authorityYear="1959" box="[1108,1230,395,419]" genus="Cornudina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95670196458FF80FBD8EC9BD4FFFE47" box="[1108,1230,395,419]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Cornudina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>