357 lines
44 KiB
XML
357 lines
44 KiB
XML
<document id="B187C3AEAFFAC60D4E0640029B0BE7BB" ID-DOI="10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00875.x" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5292273" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630053719600" checkinUser="marcus" docAuthor="Reid, David G., Aravind, Neelavara Ananthram & Madhyastha, Neelavara Ananthram" docDate="2013" docId="038A87FB1930017C9BFEFE4DE204FD01" docLanguage="en" docName="zoj875.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 167 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00875.x" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FBF0BF18BB2B256F1F8008F27D80BF37.3:ZoolJLinnSoc.2010-2016.journal_article" docStyleId="FBF0BF18BB2B256F1F8008F27D80BF37" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2010-2016.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Cremnoconchus hanumani Reid & Aravind & Madhyastha 2013, SP. NOV." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="121" masterDocId="FFB3FF83192901609877FFA5E32EFFC6" masterDocTitle="A unique radiation of marine littorinid snails in the freshwater streams of the Western Ghats of India: the genus Cremnoconchus W. T. Blanford, 1869 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae)" masterLastPageNumber="135" masterPageNumber="93" pageNumber="118" updateTime="1699140868359" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="2238421540C528170B3E09870B9B75A9">A unique radiation of marine littorinid snails in the freshwater streams of the Western Ghats of India: the genus Cremnoconchus W. T. Blanford, 1869 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3F322211FF514863FB89E63058991128">Reid, David G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A0F0D28928C2F8A69BB429EB885329D5">Aravind, Neelavara Ananthram</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="38103B2ED29390E28166E1D4CB62299D">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="A61906B1C0946DED5823792F7B76BFB3">Madhyastha, Neelavara Ananthram</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="7DF65E452098BF85F2ED59AEBE6C08A1">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="3E64B1E59D43E4E4214CC384507EE0CE">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="65BBFA0E0051E4500BC64CF86C56B0CF">2013-01-18</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="699EB4BFC1D334621C9A9A1DEAF7DAE5">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00875.x</mods:url>
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<subSubSection id="C3396566193001799BFEFE4DE67CFE38" box="[905,1362,488,510]" pageId="25" pageNumber="118" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9C36ED193001799BFEFE4DE67CFE38" blockId="25.[867,1401,488,543]" box="[905,1362,488,510]" pageId="25" pageNumber="118">
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<heading id="D0D48181193001799BFEFE4DE67CFE38" box="[905,1362,488,510]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="25" pageNumber="118" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C234D6E193001799BFEFE4DE7C8FE3B" ID-CoL="ZC28" authority="Reid & Aravind & Madhyastha, 2013" authorityName="Reid & Aravind & Madhyastha" authorityYear="2013" box="[905,1254,488,509]" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Cremnoconchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="25" pageNumber="120" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="hanumani" status="sp. nov.">CREMNOCONCHUS HANUMANI</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="B957EAFF193001799C87FE49E67CFE38" bold="true" box="[1264,1362,489,510]" pageId="25" pageNumber="118">
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2645784193001799C87FE49E67CFE38" box="[1264,1362,489,510]" pageId="25" pageNumber="118" rank="species">SP. NOV.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33965661930017C9B14FDACE204FD01" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="121" pageId="25" pageNumber="118" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B9C36ED193001799B14FDACE657FDD9" blockId="25.[867,1401,488,543]" box="[867,1401,520,543]" pageId="25" pageNumber="118">
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(
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<figureCitation id="13182A68193001799B1CFDACE0DFFDD8" box="[875,1009,521,542]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="12.[144,223,1558,1577]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,195,1528]" captionTargetId="figure-0@12.[144,1425,195,1528]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 4. Microsculpture of Cremnoconchus species (viewed by SEM). A, C. dwarakii, Hulikal Ghat, Udupi Dist., Karnataka. B, C. syhadrensis, Matheran, Raigad Dist., Maharashtra. C, C. syhadrensis, Khandala, Pune Dist., Maharashtra. D, C. conicus, 44 km west of Bhor, Pune Dist., Maharashtra. E, C. conicus, 6 km west of Mahabaleshwar, Satara Dist., Maharashtra. F, C. globulus, Lesser Kadambi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka. G, C. cingulatus, Hulikal Ghat, Udupi Dist., Karnataka. H, C. agumbensis, Agumbe, Udupi Dist., Karnataka. I, C. canaliculatus, 10 km west of Mahabaleshwar, Raigad Dist., Maharashtra. J, C. canaliculatus, Dongarwadi, Tamhini, Pune Dist., Maharashtra. K, C. canaliculatus, 5 km south of Mahabaleshwar, Satara Dist., Maharashtra. L, C. castanea, Belkal Thirtha Falls, Udupi Dist., Karnataka. M, C. castanea, Arasinagundi Falls, Udupi Dist., Karnataka. N, C. hanumani, Greater Kadambi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka. O, C. hanumani, Hanuman Gundi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5292283" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5292283/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="118">FIGS 4N, O</figureCitation>
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, 5I, J, 7G, H, 8, 11A–G, 12A–G)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9C36ED193001799B4DFD95E7C2FD67" blockId="25.[826,1441,559,673]" pageId="25" pageNumber="118">
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<emphasis id="B957EAFF193001799B4DFD95E0AEFD83" box="[826,896,560,581]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="118">Types:</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="3B4B3CB0193001799BF0FD8AE7C2FD67" collectionCode="ZSI, WGRS" country="India" latitude="13.27008" location="Hanuman Gundi Falls" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="75.15511" municipality="Chikmagalur Dist." pageId="25" pageNumber="118" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Karnataka" typeStatus="holotype">
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<typeStatus id="5498884F193001799BF0FD8AE0C3FD83" box="[903,1005,559,581]" pageId="25" pageNumber="118" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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<collectionCode id="ED32AE28193001799B84FD8AE735FD82" box="[1011,1051,559,580]" pageId="25" pageNumber="118">ZSI</collectionCode>
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/
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<collectionCode id="ED32AE28193001799C53FD8AE75CFD82" box="[1060,1138,559,580]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/z6tk-8dmw" name="Western Ghat Regional Station of the Zoological Survey of India at Calicut" pageId="25" pageNumber="118">WGRS</collectionCode>
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/IR.INV-2303 (Fig. 11A, B);
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<specimenCount id="9D25FD64193001799B4DFDEBE0FCFDA5" box="[826,978,590,611]" pageId="25" pageNumber="118" type="generic" typeStatus="paratype">1 paratype</specimenCount>
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<collectionCode id="ED32AE28193001799B82FDEBE733FDA5" box="[1013,1053,590,611]" pageId="25" pageNumber="118">ZSI</collectionCode>
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/
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<collectionCode id="ED32AE28193001799C52FDEBE75DFDA5" box="[1061,1139,590,611]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/z6tk-8dmw" name="Western Ghat Regional Station of the Zoological Survey of India at Calicut" pageId="25" pageNumber="118">WGRS</collectionCode>
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/IR.INV-2304 (Fig. 11C);
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<location id="8EFC6036193001799B4DFDC8E762FD44" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038A87FB1930017C9BFEFE4DE204FD01:8EFC6036193001799B4DFDC8E762FD44" box="[826,1100,620,642]" country="India" latitude="13.27008" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="75.15511" municipality="Chikmagalur Dist." name="Hanuman Gundi Falls" pageId="25" pageNumber="118" stateProvince="Karnataka">Hanuman Gundi Falls</location>
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,
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<collectingMunicipality id="6BF8AC97193001799C28FDC9E610FD44" box="[1119,1342,620,642]" pageId="25" pageNumber="118">Chikmagalur Dist.</collectingMunicipality>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="49E7F80F193001799D27FDC8E05EFD67" country="India" name="Karnataka" pageId="25" pageNumber="118">Karnataka</collectingRegion>
|
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F334767D193001799B09FD2EE095FD67" box="[894,955,651,673]" name="India" pageId="25" pageNumber="118">India</collectingCountry>
|
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(
|
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<geoCoordinate id="EE17502A193001799BBBFD2EE77FFD66" box="[972,1105,651,672]" degrees="13.27008" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="25" pageNumber="118" precision="1" value="13.27008">13.27008°N</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate id="EE17502A193001799C2CFD2EE7CEFD67" box="[1115,1248,651,673]" degrees="75.15511" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="25" pageNumber="118" precision="1" value="75.15511">75.15511°E</geoCoordinate>
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).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9C36ED193001799B4DFD6FE0E3FD39" blockId="25.[826,1441,714,767]" pageId="25" pageNumber="118">
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<emphasis id="B957EAFF193001799B4DFD6FE096FD19" box="[826,952,714,735]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="118">Etymology:</emphasis>
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After the Hindu deity Hanuman, from the
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<typeStatus id="5498884F193001799B4DFD4CE045FD38" box="[826,875,745,766]" pageId="25" pageNumber="118">type</typeStatus>
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locality.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9C36ED193001799B4DFC8DE662FC71" blockId="25.[826,1441,808,952]" pageId="25" pageNumber="118">
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<emphasis id="B957EAFF193001799B4DFC8DE09FFCFB" box="[826,945,808,829]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="118">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
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Shell turbinate to globular, without ribs; pseudumbilicus broad but not perforated; surface with satin sheen, faint microstriae. Operculum weakly calcified, no internal ridge. Penis with slight distal swelling, stout filament. Western
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<collectingRegion id="49E7F80F193001799CF3FC07E666FC71" box="[1156,1352,930,952]" country="India" name="Karnataka" pageId="25" pageNumber="118">Karnataka State</collectingRegion>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9C36ED193001799B4DFC44E68FFA43" blockId="25.[826,1441,993,1413]" pageId="25" pageNumber="118">
|
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<emphasis id="B957EAFF193001799B4DFC44E74BFC31" box="[826,1125,993,1015]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="118">
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Shell (
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<figureCitation id="13182A68193001799BF3FC47E72EFC31" box="[900,1024,994,1015]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="12.[144,223,1558,1577]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,195,1528]" captionTargetId="figure-0@12.[144,1425,195,1528]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 4. Microsculpture of Cremnoconchus species (viewed by SEM). A, C. dwarakii, Hulikal Ghat, Udupi Dist., Karnataka. B, C. syhadrensis, Matheran, Raigad Dist., Maharashtra. C, C. syhadrensis, Khandala, Pune Dist., Maharashtra. D, C. conicus, 44 km west of Bhor, Pune Dist., Maharashtra. E, C. conicus, 6 km west of Mahabaleshwar, Satara Dist., Maharashtra. F, C. globulus, Lesser Kadambi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka. G, C. cingulatus, Hulikal Ghat, Udupi Dist., Karnataka. H, C. agumbensis, Agumbe, Udupi Dist., Karnataka. I, C. canaliculatus, 10 km west of Mahabaleshwar, Raigad Dist., Maharashtra. J, C. canaliculatus, Dongarwadi, Tamhini, Pune Dist., Maharashtra. K, C. canaliculatus, 5 km south of Mahabaleshwar, Satara Dist., Maharashtra. L, C. castanea, Belkal Thirtha Falls, Udupi Dist., Karnataka. M, C. castanea, Arasinagundi Falls, Udupi Dist., Karnataka. N, C. hanumani, Greater Kadambi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka. O, C. hanumani, Hanuman Gundi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5292283" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5292283/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="118">Figs 4N, O</figureCitation>
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, 11A–G):
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</emphasis>
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Shell H 3.3–5.0 mm. Shape (
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<tableCitation id="C6A10356193001799B36FBA5E0BAFBD0" box="[833,916,1024,1046]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="6.[144,208,198,217]" captionText="Table 1. Indices of shell shape of populations of Cremnoconchus species; see Supporting Table S1 for full locality details" pageId="25" pageNumber="118">Table 1</tableCitation>
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) globular to turbinate; whorls rounded, not or only slightly angled at periphery; suture impressed, with slightly flattened ramp and weakly angled shoulder; apex eroded; base slightly swollen. Delicate texture. Columella narrow. Pseudumbilicus broad (to 1.0 mm; rarely
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB9B08193001799B99FB3CE75BFB68" box="[1006,1141,1177,1199]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="25" pageNumber="118" unit="mm" value="0.4" valueMax="0.5" valueMin="0.3">0.3–0.5 mm</quantity>
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), hollowed but not deeply perforated, outlined by sharply angled margin continuous with apertural margin (Fig. 11B). Surface without ribs; with satin sheen; very fine or faint spiral striae (
|
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<figureCitation id="13182A68193001799BAAFAB6E777FAEF" box="[989,1113,1299,1321]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="12.[144,223,1558,1577]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,195,1528]" captionTargetId="figure-0@12.[144,1425,195,1528]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 4. Microsculpture of Cremnoconchus species (viewed by SEM). A, C. dwarakii, Hulikal Ghat, Udupi Dist., Karnataka. B, C. syhadrensis, Matheran, Raigad Dist., Maharashtra. C, C. syhadrensis, Khandala, Pune Dist., Maharashtra. D, C. conicus, 44 km west of Bhor, Pune Dist., Maharashtra. E, C. conicus, 6 km west of Mahabaleshwar, Satara Dist., Maharashtra. F, C. globulus, Lesser Kadambi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka. G, C. cingulatus, Hulikal Ghat, Udupi Dist., Karnataka. H, C. agumbensis, Agumbe, Udupi Dist., Karnataka. I, C. canaliculatus, 10 km west of Mahabaleshwar, Raigad Dist., Maharashtra. J, C. canaliculatus, Dongarwadi, Tamhini, Pune Dist., Maharashtra. K, C. canaliculatus, 5 km south of Mahabaleshwar, Satara Dist., Maharashtra. L, C. castanea, Belkal Thirtha Falls, Udupi Dist., Karnataka. M, C. castanea, Arasinagundi Falls, Udupi Dist., Karnataka. N, C. hanumani, Greater Kadambi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka. O, C. hanumani, Hanuman Gundi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5292283" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5292283/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="118">Fig. 4N, O</figureCitation>
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), becoming obsolete on last whorl of largest shells. Protoconch 1.4 whorls; diameter 0.62 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF193001799BBFFAF4E0F2FAA0" box="[968,988,1361,1382]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="118">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 1); diameter of first whorl
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB9B08193001799D14FAF5E0B3FA43" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.9" metricValueMax="5.3" metricValueMin="4.5" pageId="25" pageNumber="118" unit="mm" value="0.49" valueMax="0.53" valueMin="0.45">0.45– 0.53 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF193001799BD8FAD5E0EDFA43" box="[943,963,1392,1413]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="118">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 2). Colour: dark brown or olive-brown,
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C36ED193001799DF9FA63E0E6F8A8" blockId="25.[164,1441,1478,1902]" pageId="25" pageNumber="118">
|
||
›
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF1930017998D3FA7BE236FA37" bold="true" box="[164,280,1502,1521]" pageId="25" pageNumber="118">Figure 11.</emphasis>
|
||
Shells of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6E1930017999F0FA7BE1B2FA37" box="[391,668,1502,1521]" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Cremnoconchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="25" pageNumber="118" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="undefined-a">
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<emphasis id="B957EAFF1930017999F0FA7BE102FA37" box="[391,556,1502,1521]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="118">Cremnoconchus</emphasis>
|
||
species. A
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
–G,
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<taxonomicName id="4C234D6E193001799AB0FA7BE07FFA37" authorityName="Reid & Aravind & Madhyastha" authorityYear="2013" box="[711,849,1502,1521]" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Cremnoconchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="25" pageNumber="118" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="hanumani">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF193001799AB0FA7BE07FFA37" box="[711,849,1502,1521]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="118">C. hanumani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. H–L,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6E193001799BEAFA7BE73DFA37" box="[925,1043,1502,1521]" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Cremnoconchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="25" pageNumber="118" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="globulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF193001799BEAFA7BE73DFA37" box="[925,1043,1502,1521]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="118">C. globulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. M–P,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6E193001799C29FA7BE7D8FA37" box="[1118,1270,1502,1521]" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Cremnoconchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="25" pageNumber="118" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="agumbensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF193001799C29FA7BE7D8FA37" box="[1118,1270,1502,1521]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="118">C. agumbensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Q–U,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6E193001799D34FA7BE3F6F9C8" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Cremnoconchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="25" pageNumber="118" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="cingulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF193001799D34FA7BE3F6F9C8" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="118">C. cingulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. V–AA,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6E193001799958FA59E288F9C8" box="[303,422,1532,1551]" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Cremnoconchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="25" pageNumber="118" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="castanea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF193001799958FA59E288F9C8" box="[303,422,1532,1551]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="118">C. castanea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. BB–EE,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6E193001799A7AFA59E1A7F9C8" box="[525,649,1531,1551]" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Cremnoconchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="25" pageNumber="118" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="dwarakii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF193001799A7AFA59E1A7F9C8" box="[525,649,1531,1551]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="118">C. dwarakii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A–C,
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF193001799AB9FA5EE0ECF9C8" bold="true" box="[718,962,1531,1550]" pageId="25" pageNumber="118">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6E193001799AB9FA5EE048F9C8" authority="Reid & Aravind & Madhyastha, 2013" authorityName="Reid & Aravind & Madhyastha" authorityYear="2013" box="[718,870,1531,1550]" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Cremnoconchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="25" pageNumber="118" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="hanumani" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF193001799AB9FA5EE048F9C8" bold="true" box="[718,870,1531,1550]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="118">C. hanumani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2645784193001799B1BFA5EE0ECF9C8" box="[876,962,1531,1550]" pageId="25" pageNumber="118" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<typeStatus id="5498884F193001799BB9FA5EE709F9C8" box="[974,1063,1531,1550]" pageId="25" pageNumber="118" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(A, B; ZSI/WGRS/IR.INV-2303) and
|
||
<typeStatus id="5498884F1930017998D3F9BCE22FF9EA" box="[164,257,1561,1580]" pageId="25" pageNumber="118" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
(C; ZSI/WGRS/IR.INV-2304), Hanuman Gundi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist.,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E7F80F193001799C53F9BCE7B7F9EA" box="[1060,1177,1561,1580]" country="India" name="Karnataka" pageId="25" pageNumber="118">Karnataka</collectingRegion>
|
||
. D–G, Greater Kadambi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist.,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E7F80F1930017999B5F993E11AF98F" box="[450,564,1590,1609]" country="India" name="Karnataka" pageId="25" pageNumber="118">Karnataka</collectingRegion>
|
||
(D, E two views of same specimen; ZSI/WGRS/IR.INV-2305, 2306, 2307). H, L, Greater Kadambi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist.,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E7F80F193001799AE5F9F6E02AF9A0" box="[658,772,1619,1638]" country="India" name="Karnataka" pageId="25" pageNumber="118">Karnataka</collectingRegion>
|
||
(ZSI/WGRS/IR.INV-2308, 2309). I–K,
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF193001799CC7F9F6E6B5F9A0" bold="true" box="[1200,1435,1619,1638]" pageId="25" pageNumber="118">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6E193001799CC7F9F6E61CF9A0" authority="Reid & Aravind & Madhyastha, 2013" authorityName="Reid & Aravind & Madhyastha" authorityYear="2013" box="[1200,1330,1619,1638]" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Cremnoconchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="25" pageNumber="118" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="globulus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF193001799CC7F9F6E61CF9A0" bold="true" box="[1200,1330,1619,1638]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="118">C. globulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2645784193001799D48F9F6E6B5F9A0" box="[1343,1435,1619,1638]" pageId="25" pageNumber="118" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<typeStatus id="5498884F1930017998D3F9D5E3D3F945" box="[164,253,1648,1667]" pageId="25" pageNumber="118" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(I, J; ZSI/WGRS/IR.INV-2310) and
|
||
<typeStatus id="5498884F193001799A0AF9D4E1F4F942" box="[637,730,1649,1668]" pageId="25" pageNumber="118" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
(K; ZSI/WGRS/IR.INV-2311), Lesser Kadambi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist.,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E7F80F19300179989CF92BE24EF967" box="[235,352,1678,1697]" country="India" name="Karnataka" pageId="25" pageNumber="118">Karnataka</collectingRegion>
|
||
. M–P,
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF1930017999C2F92BE1E7F967" bold="true" box="[437,713,1677,1697]" pageId="25" pageNumber="118">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6E1930017999C2F92BE172F966" authority="Reid & Aravind & Madhyastha, 2013" authorityName="Reid & Aravind & Madhyastha" authorityYear="2013" box="[437,604,1677,1697]" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Cremnoconchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="25" pageNumber="118" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="agumbensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF1930017999C2F92BE172F966" bold="true" box="[437,604,1677,1697]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="118">C. agumbensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2645784193001799A1CF92BE1E7F967" box="[619,713,1678,1697]" pageId="25" pageNumber="118" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<typeStatus id="5498884F193001799AAAF92BE018F967" box="[733,822,1678,1697]" pageId="25" pageNumber="118" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(M, N; ZSI/WGRS/IR.INV-2313) and
|
||
<typeStatus id="5498884F193001799C90F92BE661F967" box="[1255,1359,1678,1697]" pageId="25" pageNumber="118" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
(O, P; ZSI/WGRS/IR.INV-2314, 2315), Someshwara to Agumbe road, Udupi Dist.,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E7F80F193001799BAFF90EE763F978" box="[984,1101,1707,1726]" country="India" name="Karnataka" pageId="25" pageNumber="118">Karnataka</collectingRegion>
|
||
. Q–U,
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF193001799CEBF90EE6B5F978" bold="true" box="[1180,1435,1707,1726]" pageId="25" pageNumber="118">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6E193001799CEBF90EE619F978" authority="Reid & Aravind & Madhyastha, 2013" authorityName="Reid & Aravind & Madhyastha" authorityYear="2013" box="[1180,1335,1707,1726]" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Cremnoconchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="25" pageNumber="118" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="cingulatus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF193001799CEBF90EE619F978" bold="true" box="[1180,1335,1707,1726]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="118">C. cingulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2645784193001799D36F90EE6B5F978" box="[1345,1435,1707,1726]" pageId="25" pageNumber="118" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<typeStatus id="5498884F1930017998D3F96DE3D3F91D" box="[164,253,1736,1755]" pageId="25" pageNumber="118" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(R, S; ZSI/WGRS/IR.INV-2316) and
|
||
<typeStatus id="5498884F193001799AE6F96CE1D7F91A" box="[657,761,1737,1756]" pageId="25" pageNumber="118" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
(Q, T, U; ZSI/WGRS/IR.INV-2317, 2318, 2319), Hulikal Ghat, Udupi Dist.,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E7F80F193001799943F940E287F93E" box="[308,425,1765,1784]" country="India" name="Karnataka" pageId="25" pageNumber="118">Karnataka</collectingRegion>
|
||
. V–X,
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF193001799982F940E1CFF93F" bold="true" box="[501,737,1765,1785]" pageId="25" pageNumber="118">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6E193001799982F940E152F93F" authority="Reid & Aravind & Madhyastha, 2013" authorityName="Reid & Aravind & Madhyastha" authorityYear="2013" box="[501,636,1765,1785]" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Cremnoconchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="25" pageNumber="118" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="castanea" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF193001799982F940E152F93F" bold="true" box="[501,636,1765,1785]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="118">C. castanea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2645784193001799AF1F943E1CFF93F" box="[646,737,1766,1785]" pageId="25" pageNumber="118" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<typeStatus id="5498884F193001799A85F940E065F93E" box="[754,843,1765,1784]" pageId="25" pageNumber="118" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(W, X; ZSI/WGRS/IR.INV-2321) and
|
||
<typeStatus id="5498884F193001799C91F943E66DF93F" box="[1254,1347,1766,1785]" pageId="25" pageNumber="118" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
(V; ZSI/ WGRS/IR.INV-2320), Belkal Thirtha Falls, Udupi Dist.,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E7F80F193001799B6FF8A6E0A3F8D0" box="[792,909,1795,1814]" country="India" name="Karnataka" pageId="25" pageNumber="118">Karnataka</collectingRegion>
|
||
. Y, Arasinagundi Falls, Udupi Dist.,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E7F80F193001799D58F8A6E68FF8D0" box="[1327,1441,1795,1814]" country="India" name="Karnataka" pageId="25" pageNumber="118">Karnataka</collectingRegion>
|
||
(BMNH 20120032). Z, AA, no locality (two views of same specimen; ZSI/WGRS/IR.INV-2322). BB–DD,
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF193001799C99F885E3FDF896" bold="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="118">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6E193001799C99F885E656F8F5" authority="Reid & Aravind & Madhyastha, 2013" authorityName="Reid & Aravind & Madhyastha" authorityYear="2013" box="[1262,1400,1824,1843]" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Cremnoconchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="25" pageNumber="118" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="dwarakii" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF193001799C99F885E656F8F5" bold="true" box="[1262,1400,1824,1843]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="118">C. dwarakii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2645784193001799DF7F885E3FDF896" pageId="25" pageNumber="118" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<typeStatus id="5498884F193001799897F898E217F896" box="[224,313,1853,1872]" pageId="25" pageNumber="118" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(BB, CC; ZSI/WGRS/IR.INV-2323) and
|
||
<typeStatus id="5498884F193001799AACF89BE016F897" box="[731,824,1854,1873]" pageId="25" pageNumber="118" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
(DD; ZSI/WGRS/IR.INV-2324), Hulikal Ghat, Udupi Dist.,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E7F80F1930017998D3F8FEE237F8A8" box="[164,281,1883,1902]" country="India" name="Karnataka" pageId="25" pageNumber="118">Karnataka</collectingRegion>
|
||
. EE, Hulikal Ghat, Udupi Dist.,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E7F80F193001799A09F8FEE1DEF8A8" box="[638,752,1883,1902]" country="India" name="Karnataka" pageId="25" pageNumber="118">Karnataka</collectingRegion>
|
||
(BMNH 20120036).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF5C66651932017B98D3FBD2E7E4FADA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5292297" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5292297" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5292297/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="120" startId="27.[164,243,1143,1162]" targetBox="[164,1444,197,1099]" targetPageId="27">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C36ED1932017B98D3FBD2E7E4FADA" blockId="27.[164,1441,1143,1309]" pageId="27" pageNumber="120">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF1932017B98D3FBD2E237FB4C" bold="true" box="[164,281,1143,1162]" pageId="27" pageNumber="120">Figure 12.</emphasis>
|
||
Anatomy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6E1932017B99DFFBD2E1ECFB4C" authorityName="Reid & Aravind & Madhyastha" authorityYear="2013" box="[424,706,1143,1162]" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Cremnoconchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="27" pageNumber="120" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="hanumani">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF1932017B99DFFBD2E1ECFB4C" box="[424,706,1143,1162]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="120">Cremnoconchus hanumani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(A–G) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6E1932017B9B35FBD2E096FB4C" authorityName="Reid & Aravind & Madhyastha" authorityYear="2013" box="[834,952,1143,1162]" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Cremnoconchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="27" pageNumber="120" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="globulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF1932017B9B35FBD2E096FB4C" box="[834,952,1143,1162]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="120">C. globulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(H–L), all to same magnification. A–L, penes (all fixed in ethanol); F, G are intact and sectioned views of same penis. A–C, Hanuman Gundi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka (ZSI/WGRS; shell H: A = 4.9 mm; B = 3.5 mm; C = 3.3 mm). D–G, Greater Kadambi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka (ZSI/WGRS; shell H: D = 3.9 mm; E = 4.0 mm; F, G = 5.0 mm). H–K, Lesser Kadambi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka (ZSI/WGRS; shell H: H = 7.0 mm; I = 6.0 mm; J = 7.0 mm; K = 6.3 mm). L, Greater Kadambi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka (ZSI/WGRS; shell H = 7.9 mm). Shading conventions as in Figure 6.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C36ED1932017B98D3FADEE1DFFA08" blockId="27.[164,779,1403,1486]" pageId="27" pageNumber="120">sometimes a narrow purple-brown band at suture; columella whitish or slightly tinged purple-brown; aperture pale with sutural band showing through.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C36ED1932017B98D3F9ADE101F8A9" blockId="27.[164,779,1544,1903]" pageId="27" pageNumber="120">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF1932017B98D3F9ADE3D1F9DB" box="[164,255,1544,1565]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="120">Animal:</emphasis>
|
||
Head, tentacles, and sides of foot dark grey to black. Gills: 24–30 leaflets; grey or unpigmented. Operculum (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6A103561932017B9946F9E0E2ABF99D" box="[305,389,1605,1627]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="6.[144,208,198,217]" captionText="Table 1. Indices of shell shape of populations of Cremnoconchus species; see Supporting Table S1 for full locality details" pageId="27" pageNumber="120">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
; Fig. 5I, J): opercular ratio
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE17502A1932017B9AC8F9E3E1D2F99D" box="[703,764,1606,1627]" degrees="0.318" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="27" pageNumber="120" precision="55" value="0.318">0.318</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE17502A1932017B9A8AF9E3E3CAF9BF" degrees="0.400" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="27" pageNumber="120" precision="55" value="-0.4">– 0.400</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; weakly calcified, translucent mid-brown, no internal ridge. Penis (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13182A681932017B99C6F926E118F95F" box="[433,566,1667,1689]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="27.[164,243,1143,1162]" captionTargetBox="[164,1444,197,1099]" captionTargetId="figure-211@27.[164,1444,197,1113]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 12. Anatomy of Cremnoconchus hanumani (A–G) and C. globulus (H–L), all to same magnification. A–L, penes (all fixed in ethanol); F, G are intact and sectioned views of same penis. A–C, Hanuman Gundi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka (ZSI/WGRS; shell H: A = 4.9 mm; B = 3.5 mm; C = 3.3 mm). D–G, Greater Kadambi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka (ZSI/WGRS; shell H: D = 3.9 mm; E = 4.0 mm; F, G = 5.0 mm). H–K, Lesser Kadambi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka (ZSI/WGRS; shell H: H = 7.0 mm; I = 6.0 mm; J = 7.0 mm; K = 6.3 mm). L, Greater Kadambi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka (ZSI/WGRS; shell H = 7.9 mm). Shading conventions as in Figure 6." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5292297" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5292297/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="120">Fig. 12A–G</figureCitation>
|
||
): unpigmented or slightly pigmented; base wrinkled, slightly swollen (possibly glandular) distally; invagination 70–90% of length of base in ethanol-fixed specimens; filament relatively stout, usually protruding in ethanol-fixed specimens. Pallial oviduct: as for genus. One pallial oviduct contained single egg with firm covering
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB9B081932017B98D3F8FCE229F8A8" box="[164,263,1881,1902]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.699999999999999" pageId="27" pageNumber="120" unit="mm" value="0.47">0.47 mm</quantity>
|
||
diameter (ethanol fixed).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C36ED1932017B9B4DFADEE79BF98E" blockId="27.[826,1441,1403,1608]" pageId="27" pageNumber="120">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF1932017B9B4DFADEE71AFA56" box="[826,1076,1403,1424]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="120">
|
||
Radula (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13182A681932017B9BD0FADEE709FA56" box="[935,1063,1403,1424]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="16.[144,223,1768,1787]" captionTargetBox="[208,1360,195,1737]" captionTargetId="figure-0@16.[208,1360,195,1738]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 7. Radulae of Cremnoconchus species (two views of each radula, flat and at 45°). A, B, C. syhadrensis, Matheran, Raigad Dist., Maharashtra (ZSI/WGRS; shell H = 7.0 mm). C, D, C. conicus, 6 km west of Mahabaleshwar, Satara Dist., Maharashtra (ZSI/WGRS; shell H = 4.9 mm). E, F, C. canaliculatus, 10 km west of Mahabaleshwar, Raigad Dist., Maharashtra (ZSI/WGRS; shell H = 9.3 mm). G, H, C. hanumani, Greater Kadambi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka (ZSI/WGRS; shell H = 5.0 mm). Scale bars = 50 Mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5292291" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5292291/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="120">Fig. 7G, H</figureCitation>
|
||
):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Relative radula length 2.50– 3.06. Rachidian: length/width 1.09–1.21; 5 cusps (+ 1 outer denticle on either side). Lateral: 5 cusps (+ 1–2 inner denticles). Inner marginal: 6 cusps. Outer marginal: 6–7 cusps (+ 1 inner or outer denticle). Major cusp of each of 5 central teeth leaf-shaped with pointed tip; other cusps pointed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C36ED1932017B9B4DF9DFE61FF8CC" blockId="27.[826,1441,1657,1802]" pageId="27" pageNumber="120">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF1932017B9B4DF9DFE0CEF948" box="[826,992,1657,1679]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="120">
|
||
Range (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13182A681932017B9BE6F9DCE0FCF948" box="[913,978,1657,1678]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="17.[164,243,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[196,1411,195,1788]" captionTargetId="figure-0@17.[194,1412,193,1791]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Distribution of Cremnoconchus species (solid circles). Two or more species names (e.g. syhadrensis + canaliculatus) indicate sympatric occurrence. See Supporting Table S1 for locality details. The shaded area is the Western Ghats region as defined by Irfan-Ullah & Davande (2008). Cities indicated by asterisks." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5292293" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5292293/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="120">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Western
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E7F80F1932017B9C3CF9DCE622F948" box="[1099,1292,1657,1679]" country="India" name="Karnataka" pageId="27" pageNumber="120">Karnataka State</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Kudremukh (
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB9B081932017B9B35F932E0A7F968" box="[834,905,1687,1710]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="27" pageNumber="120" unit="km" value="55.0">55 km</quantity>
|
||
north-east of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F334767D1932017B9C5FF93DE788F968" box="[1064,1190,1688,1710]" name="India" pageId="27" pageNumber="120">Mangalore</collectingCountry>
|
||
). Records (Supporting
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6A103561932017B9B4DF913E08CF90A" box="[826,930,1718,1740]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="6.[144,208,198,217]" captionText="Table 1. Indices of shell shape of populations of Cremnoconchus species; see Supporting Table S1 for full locality details" pageId="27" pageNumber="120">Table S1</tableCitation>
|
||
):
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E7F80F1932017B9BCAF913E7A8F90D" box="[957,1158,1718,1740]" country="India" name="Karnataka" pageId="27" pageNumber="120">Karnataka State</collectingRegion>
|
||
: Hanuman Gundi Falls (ZSI/WGRS/IR.INV-2303, 2304); Greater Kadambi Falls (ZSI/WGRS/IR.INV-2305, 2306, 2307).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C36ED1932017B9B4DF89FE68FF8A9" blockId="27.[826,1441,1850,1903]" pageId="27" pageNumber="120">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF1932017B9B4DF89FE71CF889" box="[826,1074,1850,1871]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="120">Habitat and ecology:</emphasis>
|
||
On rocks and cliff wetted by spray from strong waterfall; in crevices; in partial
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C36ED1935017C98E7FF63E2E7FF3C" blockId="28.[144,759,198,250]" pageId="28" pageNumber="121">
|
||
shade of riparian vegetation in wet evergreen forest. Altitude
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB9B081935017C9880FF40E213FF3C" box="[247,317,229,250]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.3" pageId="28" pageNumber="121" unit="m" value="830.0">830 m</quantity>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D25FD641935017C990BFF40E2E7FF3C" box="[380,457,229,250]" pageId="28" pageNumber="121" type="generic">
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB9B081935017C990BFF40E2EAFF3C" box="[380,452,229,250]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.41" pageId="28" pageNumber="121" unit="m" value="941.0">941 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C36ED1935017C98E7FE86E243FDAD" blockId="28.[144,759,291,711]" pageId="28" pageNumber="121">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF1935017C98E7FE86E3D5FEFE" box="[144,251,291,312]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="121">Remarks:</emphasis>
|
||
The small, globose shell with delicate texture and wide (but not perforated) pseudumbilicus are distinctive of this species.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6E1935017C9981FEC5E396FE52" authorityName="Reid & Aravind & Madhyastha" authorityYear="2013" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Cremnoconchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="28" pageNumber="121" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="castanea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF1935017C9981FEC5E396FE52" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="121">Cremnoconchus castanea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a taller, thicker shell and well-calcified operculum (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6A103561935017C9886FE38E269FE75" box="[241,327,413,435]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="29.[144,208,643,664]" captionText="Table 4. Diagnostic features of Cremnoconchus dwarakii, C. agumbensis, C. castanea, C. cingulatus, C. globulus, and C. hanumani in western Karnataka" pageId="28" pageNumber="121">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6E1935017C9910FE38E1A0FE74" authorityName="Reid & Aravind & Madhyastha" authorityYear="2013" box="[359,654,413,434]" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Cremnoconchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="28" pageNumber="121" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="globulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF1935017C9910FE38E1A0FE74" box="[359,654,413,434]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="121">Cremnoconchus globulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be found together with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6E1935017C99F3FE19E134FE17" authorityName="Reid & Aravind & Madhyastha" authorityYear="2013" box="[388,538,444,465]" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Cremnoconchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="28" pageNumber="121" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="hanumani">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF1935017C99F3FE19E134FE17" box="[388,538,444,465]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="121">C. hanumani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Supporting
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6A103561935017C9ACFFE19E382FE37" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="6.[144,208,198,217]" captionText="Table 1. Indices of shell shape of populations of Cremnoconchus species; see Supporting Table S1 for full locality details" pageId="28" pageNumber="121">Table S1</tableCitation>
|
||
); the former is larger, more solid, with a moderate umbilicus; the operculum is weakly calcified in both, but dark red-brown in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6E1935017C99DAFDBDE100FDEB" authorityName="Reid & Aravind & Madhyastha" authorityYear="2013" box="[429,558,536,557]" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Cremnoconchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="28" pageNumber="121" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="globulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF1935017C99DAFDBDE100FDEB" box="[429,558,536,557]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="121">C. globulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and translucent mid-brown in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6E1935017C9948FD92E2FAFD8D" authorityName="Reid & Aravind & Madhyastha" authorityYear="2013" box="[319,468,566,588]" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Cremnoconchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="28" pageNumber="121" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="hanumani">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF1935017C9948FD92E2FAFD8D" box="[319,468,566,588]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="121">C. hanumani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The penis of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6E1935017C9AE4FD92E3E5FDAD" authorityName="Reid & Aravind & Madhyastha" authorityYear="2013" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Cremnoconchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="28" pageNumber="121" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="hanumani">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF1935017C9AE4FD92E3E5FDAD" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="121">C. hanumani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is diagnostic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C36ED1935017C98DFFDD6E204FD01" blockId="28.[144,759,291,711]" pageId="28" pageNumber="121">
|
||
Where this species occurs in the same stream as the larger
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6E1935017C9895FD37E24CFD61" authorityName="Reid & Aravind & Madhyastha" authorityYear="2013" box="[226,354,658,679]" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Cremnoconchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="28" pageNumber="121" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="globulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF1935017C9895FD37E24CFD61" box="[226,354,658,679]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="121">C. globulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
there is no obvious difference in microhabitat.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |