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<document id="A38ACB4CF288A41714E725849ADD7711" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5027.1.3" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5448088" ID-ZooBank="D8FE51C2-C34F-47CE-87FC-80BAB16C54BD" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630464300981" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Nazaré-Silva, Everton E. &amp; Silva, Fernando A. B." docDate="2021" docId="038A87A7FFFEFFAB71F5FB26BCEB19C2" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5027.1.3.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5027 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Pseudocanthon Bates 1887" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="65" masterDocId="FFB3FFDFFFFDFFAF7162FFFBBD5A1E57" masterDocTitle="A taxonomic revision of the South American species of Pseudocanthon Bates, 1887 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini)" masterLastPageNumber="86" masterPageNumber="61" pageNumber="64" updateTime="1699280357525" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="1405B23EB83F7FCC2871D371BF80F069">A taxonomic revision of the South American species of Pseudocanthon Bates, 1887 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="83F9EA1D51FC4AB933F3A4FB451455C4">Nazaré-Silva, Everton E.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="DF7A6EDE790E5561004AED6501D00E45">Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas. Programa de Pós-graduação em Zoologia da Universidade Federal do Pará e Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Campus Belém. Rua Augusto Corrêa, 01. Guamá. Belém PA 66075 - 110, Brazil.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="C0BB5BBA86D161BE26155262BB2BB93B">Silva, Fernando A. B.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="ED26B3C5BDBC56B33D81C15264A49F6B">Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Unidade Acadêmica de Serra Talhada-UAST. Av. Gregório Ferraz Nogueira. Mailbox 063. Serra Talhada, PE 56909 - 535, Brazil.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="54BCAF3DD2DA78DA76004B14EA6657E3">2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="F10DA6149A800E665A63C8E5F9359917">2021-08-30</mods:number>
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<heading id="D0D481DDFFFEFFAC71F5FB26BCB21AAF" bold="true" box="[151,488,1245,1272]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C234D32FFFEFFAC71F5FB26BCB21AAF" ID-CoL="642XK" authority="Bates, 1887" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1887" box="[151,488,1245,1272]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Pseudocanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAA3FFFEFFAC71F5FB26BCB21AAF" bold="true" box="[151,488,1245,1272]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis id="B957EAA3FFFEFFAC71F5FB26BC081AAF" bold="true" box="[151,338,1245,1272]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Pseudocanthon</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B40FFFEFFAC7038FB25BCB21AAF" author="Bates, H. W." box="[346,488,1246,1272]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" refId="ref18875" refString="Bates, H. W. (1887) Tribe Lamellicornia. In: Bates, H. W. (1886 - 1889) Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta. Coleoptera. Volume II. Part 2. Pectinicornia and Lamellicornia. Taylor and Francis, London, United Kingdom, pp. 25 - 64, pls. 2 - 3. [publication date following Bousquet (2016)]" type="journal volume" year="1887">Bates, 1887</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
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<subSubSection id="C339653AFFFEFFAC71F5FAE0BF4719EF" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" type="reference_group">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB33119FFFFEFFAC71F5FAE0BFD918A8" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
<treatmentCitation id="0A8210A0FFFEFFAC71F5FAE0BCBA1B64" author="Bates, H. W." box="[151,480,1307,1332]" page="35" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" year="1887">
<taxonomicName id="4C234D32FFFEFFAC71F5FAE0BCBA1B64" ID-CoL="642XK" authority="Bates, 1887: 35" authorityName="Bates" authorityPageNumber="35" authorityYear="1887" box="[151,480,1307,1332]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Pseudocanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAA3FFFEFFAC71F5FAE0BC691B64" box="[151,307,1307,1331]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Pseudocanthon</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B40FFFEFFAC705FFAE7BCBA1B64" author="Bates, H. W." box="[317,480,1307,1332]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" refId="ref18875" refString="Bates, H. W. (1887) Tribe Lamellicornia. In: Bates, H. W. (1886 - 1889) Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta. Coleoptera. Volume II. Part 2. Pectinicornia and Lamellicornia. Taylor and Francis, London, United Kingdom, pp. 25 - 64, pls. 2 - 3. [publication date following Bousquet (2016)]" type="journal volume" year="1887">Bates, 1887: 35</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
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(original description);
<treatmentCitation id="0A8210A0FFFEFFAC73B1FAE7BE271B64" author="Bates, H. W." box="[723,893,1307,1332]" page="386" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" year="1889">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B40FFFEFFAC73B1FAE7BE271B64" author="Bates, H. W." box="[723,893,1307,1332]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" refId="ref18947" refString="Bates, H. W. (1889) Supplement. In: Bates, H. W. (1886 - 1889) Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta. Coleoptera. Vol. II. Part 2. Pectinicornia and Lamellicornia. Taylor and Francis, London, United Kingdom, pp. 385 - 416, pl. 24. [publication date following Bousquet (2016)]" type="journal volume" year="1889">Bates 1889: 386</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(redescription);
<treatmentCitation id="0A8210A0FFFEFFAC754EFAE0B9901B63" author="Gillet, J. J. E." box="[1068,1226,1307,1332]" page="27" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" year="1911">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B40FFFEFFAC754EFAE0B9901B63" author="Gillet, J. J. E." box="[1068,1226,1307,1332]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" refId="ref20066" refString="Gillet, J. J. E. (1911) Coleopterorum catalogus. Pars 38: Scarabaeidae: Coprinae I. W. Junk, Berlin, 100 pp." type="book" year="1911">Gillet 1911: 27</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(as junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D32FFFEFFAC7186FAC1BC611B05" ID-CoL="62L63" authorityName="Hoffmannsegg" authorityYear="1817" box="[228,315,1338,1362]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Canthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAA3FFFEFFAC7186FAC1BC611B05" box="[228,315,1338,1362]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Canthon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
);
<treatmentCitation id="0A8210A0FFFEFFAC7030FAC0BCA71B05" author="Lucas, R." box="[338,509,1338,1362]" page="548" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" year="1920">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B40FFFEFFAC7030FAC0BCA71B05" author="Lucas, R." box="[338,509,1338,1362]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" refId="ref21146" refString="Lucas, R. (1920) Catalogus alphabeticus generum et subgenerum Coleopterorum orbis terrarum totius (fam., trib., subtr., sect. incl.). Pars 1. Nicolaischen Verlagsbuchhandlung R Stricker, Berlin, 696 pp." type="book" year="1920">Lucas 1920: 548</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(catalogue);
<treatmentCitation id="0A8210A0FFFEFFAC73E7FAC1BE781B05" author="Islas, F." box="[645,802,1338,1362]" page="333" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" year="1942">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B40FFFEFFAC73E7FAC1BE781B05" author="Islas, F." box="[645,802,1338,1362]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="539 - 545" refId="ref20718" refString="Islas, F. (1942) Las especies mexicanas de los generos Canthon Hoffsg. y Phanaeus McLeay (Col. Scarab.). Anales del Instituto de Biologia de la Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 13, 539 - 545." type="journal article" year="1942">Islas 1942: 333</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(cited as a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D32FFFEFFAC7578FAC1B92B1B05" ID-CoL="62L63" authorityName="Hoffmannsegg" authorityYear="1817" box="[1050,1137,1338,1362]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Canthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAA3FFFEFFAC7578FAC1B92B1B05" box="[1050,1137,1338,1362]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Canthon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
);
<treatmentCitation id="0A8210A0FFFEFFAC75EBFAC1B82D1B05" author="Blackwelder, R." box="[1161,1399,1338,1362]" page="198" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" year="1944">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B40FFFEFFAC75EBFAC1B82D1B05" author="Blackwelder, R." box="[1161,1399,1338,1362]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="189 - 341" refId="ref19017" refString="Blackwelder, R. (1944) Checklist of the coleopterous insects of Mexico, Central America, West Indies and South America. Part 2. United States National Museum Bulletin, 185, 189 - 341. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.185.3" type="journal article" year="1944">Blackwelder 1944: 198</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(as junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D32FFFEFFAC70F6FAA2BCB11B26" ID-CoL="62L63" authorityName="Hoffmannsegg" authorityYear="1817" box="[404,491,1369,1393]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Canthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAA3FFFEFFAC70F6FAA2BCB11B26" box="[404,491,1369,1393]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Canthon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; checklist);
<treatmentCitation id="0A8210A0FFFEFFAC7312FAA2BE2B1B26" author="Martinez, A." box="[624,881,1369,1393]" page="263" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" year="1947">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B40FFFEFFAC7312FAA2BE2B1B26" author="Martinez, A." box="[624,881,1369,1393]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="263 - 280" refId="ref21227" refString="Martinez, A. (1947) Insectos nuevos o pocos conocidos, V (Col. Scarabaeoidea). El genero Pseudocanthon Bates, y algunas especies nuevas o pocos conocidas de Scarabaeidae. Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 13, 263 - 280." type="journal article" year="1947">Martínez 1947: 263–264</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(taxonomic remarks);
<treatmentCitation id="0A8210A0FFFEFFAC7506FAA2B8C21B26" author="Pereira, F. &amp; Martinez, A." box="[1124,1432,1369,1393]" page="95" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" year="1956">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B40FFFEFFAC7506FAA2B8C21B26" author="Pereira, F. &amp; Martinez, A." box="[1124,1432,1369,1393]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="91 - 192" refId="ref21765" refString="Pereira, F. &amp; Martinez, A. (1956) Os generos de Canthonini americanos. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 6, 91 - 192." type="journal article" year="1956">Pereira &amp; Martínez 1956: 95</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, 109, 184 (catalogue, distribution, and identification key);
<treatmentCitation id="0A8210A0FFFEFFAC727FFA83B9581BD8" author="Martinez, A." box="[797,1026,1399,1424]" page="57" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" year="1959">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B40FFFEFFAC727FFA83B9581BD8" author="Martinez, A." box="[797,1026,1399,1424]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="1 - 126" refId="ref21275" refString="Martinez, A. (1959) Catalogo de los Scarabaeidae Argentinos. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales &quot; Bernardino Rivadavia &quot;, 5, 1 - 126." type="journal article" year="1959">Martínez 1959: 57–58</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(catalogue, distribution, and taxonomic remarks);
<treatmentCitation id="0A8210A0FFFEFFAC704DFA6DBF7A1BF9" author="Halffter, G." box="[303,544,1430,1454]" page="231" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" year="1961">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B40FFFEFFAC704DFA6DBF7A1BF9" author="Halffter, G." box="[303,544,1430,1454]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="225 - 320" refId="ref20097" refString="Halffter, G. (1961) Monografia de las especies norteamericanas del genero Canthon Hoffsg. (Coleopt., Scarab.). Ciencia, 20, 225 - 320." type="journal article" year="1961">Halffter 1961: 231–233</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(identification key and taxonomic remarks);
<treatmentCitation id="0A8210A0FFFEFFAC7292FA6DB8461BF9" author="Vulcano, M. &amp; Pereira, F." box="[1008,1308,1430,1454]" page="591" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" year="1964">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B40FFFEFFAC7292FA6DB8461BF9" author="Vulcano, M. &amp; Pereira, F." box="[1008,1308,1430,1454]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="570 - 685" refId="ref23154" refString="Vulcano, M. &amp; Pereira, F. (1964) Catalogue of the Canthonini (Col. Scarab.) inhabiting the Western Hemisphere. Entomologische Arbeiten aus dem Museum G. Frey, 15, 570 - 685." type="journal article" year="1964">Vulcano &amp; Pereira 1964: 591</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(catalogue);
<treatmentCitation id="0A8210A0FFFEFFAC71A5FA4EBF571B9A" author="Halffter, G. &amp; Matthews, E." box="[199,525,1461,1485]" page="261" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" year="1966">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B40FFFEFFAC71A5FA4EBF571B9A" author="Halffter, G. &amp; Matthews, E." box="[199,525,1461,1485]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="1 - 312" refId="ref20206" refString="Halffter, G. &amp; Matthews, E. (1966) The natural history of dung beetles of the subfamily Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Folia Entomologica Mexicana, 12, 1 - 312. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnz. 19690450211" type="journal article" year="1966">Halffter &amp; Matthews 1966: 261</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(checklist and distribution);
<treatmentCitation id="0A8210A0FFFEFFAC7255FA4EB97E1B9A" author="Matthews, E." box="[823,1060,1461,1485]" page="83" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" year="1966">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B40FFFEFFAC7255FA4EB97E1B9A" author="Matthews, E." box="[823,1060,1461,1485]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="1 - 134" refId="ref21362" refString="Matthews, E. (1966) A taxonomic and zoogeographic survey of the Scarabaeinae of the Antilles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Society, 21, 1 - 134." type="journal article" year="1966">Matthews 1966: 83–85</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(catalogue, description, distribution, and taxonomic remarks);
<treatmentCitation id="0A8210A0FFFEFFAC70B6FA28BE531BBC" author="Vulcano, M. &amp; Pereira, F." box="[468,777,1491,1516]" page="551" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" year="1967">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B40FFFEFFAC70B6FA28BE531BBC" author="Vulcano, M. &amp; Pereira, F." box="[468,777,1491,1516]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="533 - 603" refId="ref23196" refString="Vulcano, M. &amp; Pereira, F. (1967) Sinopse dos Passalidae e Scarabaeidae s. str. da regiao amazonica (Insecta, Coleoptera). Atas do Simposio sobre a Biota Amazonica, 5, 533 - 603." type="journal article" year="1967">Vulcano &amp; Pereira 1967: 551</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(identification key);
<treatmentCitation id="0A8210A0FFFEFFAC728BFA28B8781BBC" author="Halffter, G. &amp; Martinez, A." box="[1001,1314,1491,1516]" page="35" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" year="1977">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B40FFFEFFAC728BFA28B8781BBC" author="Halffter, G. &amp; Martinez, A." box="[1001,1314,1491,1516]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="29 - 107" refId="ref20168" refString="Halffter, G. &amp; Martinez, A. (1977) Revision monografica de los Canthonina americanos, IV parte. Clave para generos y subgeneros. Folia Entomologica Mexicana, 38, 29 - 107." type="journal article" year="1977">Halffter &amp; Martínez 1977: 35</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, 45, 60, 62 (checklist, identification key, and taxonomic remarks);
<treatmentCitation id="0A8210A0FFFEFFAC7272FA09B96D185D" author="Howden, Y. &amp; Young, O. P." box="[784,1079,1522,1547]" page="35" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" year="1981">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B40FFFEFFAC7272FA09B96D185D" author="Howden, Y. &amp; Young, O. P." box="[784,1079,1522,1547]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="1 - 204" refId="ref20657" refString="Howden, Y. &amp; Young, O. P. (1981) Panamanian Scarabaeinae taxonomie distribution and habits. Contribution American Entomological Institute, 18, 1 - 204." type="journal article" year="1981">Howden &amp; Young 1981: 35</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(diagnosis);
<treatmentCitation id="0A8210A0FFFEFFAC75A6FA09BC6A187E" author="Halffter, G. &amp; Edmonds, W." page="139" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" year="1982">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B40FFFEFFAC75A6FA09BC6A187E" author="Halffter, G. &amp; Edmonds, W." pageId="3" pageNumber="64" refId="ref20130" refString="Halffter, G. &amp; Edmonds, W. (1982) The Nesting Behaviour of Dung Beetles (Scarabaeidae): an Ecological and Evolutive Approach. Instituto de Ecologia, Mexico City, 176 pp." type="book" year="1982">Halffter &amp; Edmonds 1982: 139</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(checklist and distribution);
<treatmentCitation id="0A8210A0FFFEFFAC7300F9EABE90187E" author="Medina, C. &amp; Lopera-Toro, A." box="[610,970,1553,1577]" page="301" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" year="2000">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B40FFFEFFAC7300F9EABE90187E" author="Medina, C. &amp; Lopera-Toro, A." box="[610,970,1553,1577]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="299 - 315" refId="ref21399" refString="Medina, C. &amp; Lopera-Toro, A. (2000) Clave ilustrada para la identificacion de generos de escarabajos coprofagos (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) de Colombia. Caldasia, 22, 299 - 315." type="journal article" year="2000">Medina &amp; Lopera-Toro 2000: 301</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, 311 (checklist and identification key); Vazde-Mello 2000: 194 (checklist);
<treatmentCitation id="0A8210A0FFFEFFAC737BF9D4BF8C181F" author="Ratcliffe, B." box="[537,726,1583,1608]" page="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" year="2002">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B40FFFEFFAC737BF9D4BF8C181F" author="Ratcliffe, B." box="[537,726,1583,1608]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="1 - 48" refId="ref21821" refString="Ratcliffe, B. (2002) A checklist of the Scarabaeoidea (Coleoptera) of Panama. Zootaxa, 32 (1), 1 - 48. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 32.1.1" type="journal article" year="2002">Ratcliffe 2002: 13</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(checklist);
<treatmentCitation id="0A8210A0FFFEFFAC7238F9D4B910181F" author="Medina, C. &amp; Scholtz, C. &amp; Gill, B." box="[858,1098,1583,1608]" page="41" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" year="2003">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B40FFFEFFAC7238F9D4B910181F" author="Medina, C. &amp; Scholtz, C. &amp; Gill, B." box="[858,1098,1583,1608]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="23 - 68" refId="ref21513" refString="Medina, C., Scholtz, C. &amp; Gill, B. (2003) Morphological variation and systematics of Canthon Hoffmansegg, 1817 and related genera of New World Canthonini dung beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeinae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 50, 23 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 20030500105" type="journal article" year="2003">
Medina
<emphasis id="B957EAA3FFFEFFAC72D2F9CBBE851810" box="[944,991,1583,1607]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">et al</emphasis>
. 2003: 41
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(remarks about the diagnosis of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D32FFFEFFAC71A5F9B5BC391831" ID-CoL="642XK" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1887" box="[199,355,1614,1638]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Pseudocanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAA3FFFEFFAC71A5F9B5BC391831" box="[199,355,1614,1638]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Pseudocanthon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
);
<treatmentCitation id="0A8210A0FFFEFFAC7018F9B5BFCB1831" author="Medina, C. &amp; Pulido, L." box="[378,657,1614,1638]" page="56" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" year="2009">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B40FFFEFFAC7018F9B5BFCB1831" author="Medina, C. &amp; Pulido, L." box="[378,657,1614,1638]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="55 - 62" refId="ref21437" refString="Medina, C. &amp; Pulido, L. (2009) Escarabajos coprofagos (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae) de la Orinoquia Colombiana. Biota Colombiana, 10, 55 - 62." type="journal article" year="2009">Medina &amp; Pulido 2009: 56</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, 59 (checklist);
<treatmentCitation id="0A8210A0FFFEFFAC7254F9B5BE8E1831" author="Smith, A. B. T." box="[822,980,1614,1638]" page="40" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" year="2009">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B40FFFEFFAC7254F9B5BE8E1831" author="Smith, A. B. T." box="[822,980,1614,1638]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" refId="ref22381" refString="Smith, A. B. T. (2009) Checklist and nomenclatural authority file of the Scarabaeoidea of the Neartic Realm. Version 4. Available from: http: // unsm-ento. unl. edu / SSSA / Nearctic-Scarabs 4. pdf (accessed 6 July 2021)" type="url" year="2009">Smith 2009: 40</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(checklist);
<treatmentCitation id="0A8210A0FFFEFFAC7537F9B5B82B1831" author="Vaz-de-Mello, F. &amp; Edmonds, W. &amp; Ocampo, F. &amp; Schoolmeesters, P." box="[1109,1393,1614,1638]" page="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" year="2011">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B40FFFEFFAC7537F9B5B82B1831" author="Vaz-de-Mello, F. &amp; Edmonds, W. &amp; Ocampo, F. &amp; Schoolmeesters, P." box="[1109,1393,1614,1638]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="1 - 73" refId="ref23020" refString="Vaz-de-Mello, F., Edmonds, W., Ocampo, F. &amp; Schoolmeesters, P. (2011) A multilingual key to the genera and subgenera of the subfamily Scarabaeinae of the New World (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Zootaxa, 2854 (1), 1 - 73. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2854.1.1" type="journal article" year="2011">
Vaz-de-Mello
<emphasis id="B957EAA3FFFEFFAC758AF9B4B84F1831" box="[1256,1301,1614,1638]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">et al</emphasis>
. 2011: 6
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, 11, 18, 26, 33, 41, 45, fig. 149 (identification key);
<treatmentCitation id="0A8210A0FFFEFFAC73CBF996BEC318D2" author="Carvajal, V. &amp; Villamarin, S. &amp; Ortega, A." box="[681,921,1645,1669]" page="99" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" year="2011">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B40FFFEFFAC73CBF996BEC318D2" author="Carvajal, V. &amp; Villamarin, S. &amp; Ortega, A." box="[681,921,1645,1669]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" refId="ref19512" refString="Carvajal, V., Villamarin, S. &amp; Ortega, A. (2011) Escarabajos del Ecuador. Principales Generos. Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Escuela Politecnica Nacional, Quito, Ecuador, 350 pp." type="book" year="2011">
Carvajal
<emphasis id="B957EAA3FFFEFFAC7264F995BE6818D2" box="[774,818,1645,1669]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">et al</emphasis>
. 2011: 99
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, 119, 314 (checklist, description, and distribution);
<treatmentCitation id="0A8210A0FFFEFFAC71A5F970BC8C18F3" author="Solis, A. &amp; Kohlmann, B." box="[199,470,1675,1700]" page="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" year="2012">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B40FFFEFFAC71A5F970BC8C18F3" author="Solis, A. &amp; Kohlmann, B." box="[199,470,1675,1700]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="1 - 32" refId="ref22432" refString="Solis, A. &amp; Kohlmann, B. (2012) Checklist and distribution atlas of the Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) of Costa Rica. Zootaxa, 3482, 1 - 32." type="journal article" year="2012">Solís &amp; Kohlmann 2012: 2</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, 4 (checklist);
<treatmentCitation id="0A8210A0FFFEFFAC7308F970BEE418F3" author="Boilly, O. &amp; Vaz-de-Mello, F." box="[618,958,1675,1700]" page="107" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" year="2013">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B40FFFEFFAC7308F970BEE418F3" author="Boilly, O. &amp; Vaz-de-Mello, F." box="[618,958,1675,1700]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="103 - 112" refId="ref19343" refString="Boilly, O. &amp; Vaz-de-Mello, F. (2013) Les Scarabaeinae de Guyane: cle illustree des genres (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae). Coleopteres de Guyane, 7, 103 - 112." type="journal article" year="2013">Boilly &amp; Vaz-de-Mello 2013: 107</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(identification key);
<treatmentCitation id="0A8210A0FFFEFFAC75F0F977BDBA1895" author="Tarasov, S. &amp; Dimitrov, D." page="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" year="2016">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B40FFFEFFAC75F0F977BDBA1895" author="Tarasov, S. &amp; Dimitrov, D." pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref22526" refString="Tarasov, S. &amp; Dimitrov, D. (2016) Multigene phylogenetic analysis redefines dung beetles relationships and classification (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). BMC Evolutionary Biology, 16 (257), 1 - 19. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 12862 - 016 - 0822 - x" type="journal article" year="2016">Tarasov &amp; Dimitrov 2016: 15</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(new concept for Deltochilini);
<treatmentCitation id="0A8210A0FFFEFFAC7344F951BE401895" author="Tissiani, A. &amp; Vaz-de-Mello, F. &amp; Campelo-Junior, J." box="[550,794,1706,1730]" page="414" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" year="2017">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B40FFFEFFAC7344F951BE401895" author="Tissiani, A. &amp; Vaz-de-Mello, F. &amp; Campelo-Junior, J." box="[550,794,1706,1730]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="401 - 418" refId="ref22703" refString="Tissiani, A., Vaz-de-Mello, F. &amp; Campelo-Junior, J. (2017) Dung beetles of Brazilian pastures and key to genera identification (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira, 52, 401 - 418. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / s 0100 - 204 x 2017000600004" type="journal article" year="2017">
Tissiani
<emphasis id="B957EAA3FFFEFFAC731EF950BFF21895" box="[636,680,1706,1730]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">et al</emphasis>
. 2017: 414
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(identification key);
<treatmentCitation id="0A8210A0FFFEFFAC7292F951B8161895" author="Vaz-de-Mello, F. Z. &amp; Cupello, M." box="[1008,1356,1706,1730]" page="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" year="2018">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B40FFFEFFAC7292F951B8161895" author="Vaz-de-Mello, F. Z. &amp; Cupello, M." box="[1008,1356,1706,1730]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="33 - 76" refId="ref22956" refString="Vaz-de-Mello, F. Z. &amp; Cupello, M. (2018) The type specimens of South American dung beetles, Part I: on the species described in the genus Canthon Hoffmannsegg, 1817 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) by the German entomologist Adolf Schmidt (1856 - 1923). Spixiana, 41, 33 - 76." type="journal article" year="2018">Cupello &amp; Vaz-de-Mello 2018: 12</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, 13, 17, 18, 20, 32, 35, 36, 37, 39, 173 (taxonomic remarks);
<treatmentCitation id="0A8210A0FFFEFFAC7385F932BEB018B6" author="Chamorro, W. &amp; Marin-Armijos, D. &amp; Granda, V. &amp; Vaz-de-Mello, F." box="[743,1002,1737,1761]" page="76" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" year="2018">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B40FFFEFFAC7385F932BEB018B6" author="Chamorro, W. &amp; Marin-Armijos, D. &amp; Granda, V. &amp; Vaz-de-Mello, F." box="[743,1002,1737,1761]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="72 - 100" refId="ref19552" refString="Chamorro, W., Marin-Armijos, D., Granda, V. &amp; Vaz-de-Mello, F. (2018) Listado de especies y clave de generos y subgeneros de escarabajos estercoleros (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) presentes y presuntos para Ecuador. Revista Colombiana de Entomologia, 44, 72 - 100. https: // doi. org / 10.25100 / socolen. v 44 i 1.6545" type="journal article" year="2018">
Chamorro
<emphasis id="B957EAA3FFFEFFAC7237F931BED918B6" box="[853,899,1737,1761]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">et al</emphasis>
. 2018: 76
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(identification key);
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B40FFFEFFAC75A1F932B8C718B6" author="Schoolmeesters, P." box="[1219,1437,1737,1761]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" refId="ref22135" refString="Schoolmeesters, P. (2020) Scarabs: World Scarabaeidae Database (version 2 November 2019). Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life. 24 February 2020. Search for &quot; Pseudocanthon &quot;. Available from: http: // www. catalogueoflife. org / col (accessed 6 July 2021)" type="url" year="2020">Schoolmeesters 2020</bibRefCitation>
(catalogue);
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B40FFFEFFAC7024F91CBF511957" author="Vaz-de-Mello, F." box="[326,523,1767,1792]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" refId="ref22912" refString="Vaz-de-Mello, F. 2020. Scarabaeinae. In: Catalogo Taxonomico da Fauna do Brasil. PNUD. Available from: http: // fauna. jbrj. gov. br / fauna / faunadobrasil / 127498 (accessed 20 April 2020)" type="url" year="2020">Vaz-de-Mello 2020</bibRefCitation>
(checklist).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36B1FFFEFFAC71F5F8FDBEA41949" blockId="3.[151,1437,1307,2037]" box="[151,1022,1798,1822]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB33119FFFFEFFAC71F5F8FDBEA41949" box="[151,1022,1798,1822]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
<taxonomicName id="4C234D32FFFEFFAC71F5F8FDBCFE1949" authority="" box="[151,420,1798,1822]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Canthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Pseudocanthon">
<emphasis id="B957EAA3FFFEFFAC71F5F8FDBDB41949" box="[151,238,1798,1822]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Canthon</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B957EAA3FFFEFFAC719FF8FDBCC31949" box="[253,409,1798,1822]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Pseudocanthon</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
:
<treatmentCitation id="0A8210A0FFFEFFAC70CDF8FDBF011949" author="Krajcik, M." box="[431,603,1798,1822]" page="25" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" year="2006">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B40FFFEFFAC70CDF8FDBF011949" author="Krajcik, M." box="[431,603,1798,1822]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="1 - 189" refId="ref20917" refString="Krajcik, M. (2006) Checklist of Scarabaeoidea of the world. 1. Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Animma. X, Supplement 3, 1 - 189." type="journal article" year="2006">Krajcik 2006: 25</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(checklist);
<treatmentCitation id="0A8210A0FFFEFFAC73B8F8FDBEDF1949" author="Krajcik, M." box="[730,901,1798,1822]" page="63" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" year="2012">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B40FFFEFFAC73B8F8FDBEDF1949" author="Krajcik, M." box="[730,901,1798,1822]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="1 - 278" refId="ref20953" refString="Krajcik, M. (2012) Checklist of the world Scarabaeoidea. Animma. X, Supplement 5, 1 - 278." type="journal article" year="2012">Krajcik 2012: 63</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(checklist).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36B1FFFEFFAC71F5F8DEBF4719EF" blockId="3.[151,1437,1307,2037]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB33119FFFFEFFAC71F5F8DEBF4719EF" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
<treatmentCitation id="0A8210A0FFFEFFAC71F5F8DEBF5B196A" author="Paulian, R." box="[151,513,1829,1853]" page="30" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" year="1947">
<taxonomicName id="4C234D32FFFEFFAC71F5F8DEBF5B196A" ID-CoL="694B" authority="Paulian, 1947: 29 - 30" authorityName="Paulian" authorityPageNumber="29 - 30" authorityYear="1947" box="[151,513,1829,1853]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Opiocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAA3FFFEFFAC71F5F8DEBC41196A" box="[151,283,1829,1853]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Opiocanthon</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B40FFFEFFAC7046F8DEBF5B196A" author="Paulian, R." box="[292,513,1829,1853]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="17 - 84" refId="ref21643" refString="Paulian, R. (1947) Scarabaeoidea. In: Fleutiaux, E., Legros, C., Lepesme, P. &amp; Paulian, R. (Eds.), Faune de l'Empire francais VII. Coleopteres des Antilles. Office de la Recherche scientifique coloniale, Paris, pp. 17 - 84." type="book chapter" year="1947">Paulian, 1947: 29–30</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
(distribution, identification key, original description, and taxonomic remarks);
<treatmentCitation id="0A8210A0FFFEFFAC745AF8DEBC7D190C" author="Matthews, E." page="85" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" year="1966">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B40FFFEFFAC745AF8DEBC7D190C" author="Matthews, E." pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="1 - 134" refId="ref21362" refString="Matthews, E. (1966) A taxonomic and zoogeographic survey of the Scarabaeinae of the Antilles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Society, 21, 1 - 134." type="journal article" year="1966">Matthews 1966: 85</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(subjective synonymy of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D32FFFEFFAC732AF8B8BF96190C" ID-CoL="694B" authorityName="Paulian" authorityYear="1947" box="[584,716,1859,1883]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Opiocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAA3FFFEFFAC732AF8B8BF96190C" box="[584,716,1859,1883]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Opiocanthon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with
<taxonomicName id="4C234D32FFFEFFAC7271F8B8BEF5190C" ID-CoL="642XK" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1887" box="[787,943,1859,1883]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Pseudocanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAA3FFFEFFAC7271F8B8BEF5190C" box="[787,943,1859,1883]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Pseudocanthon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
);
<treatmentCitation id="0A8210A0FFFEFFAC72A9F8B8B9CA190B" author="Ratcliffe, B." box="[971,1168,1859,1884]" page="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" year="2002">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B40FFFEFFAC72A9F8B8B9CA190B" author="Ratcliffe, B." box="[971,1168,1859,1884]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="1 - 48" refId="ref21821" refString="Ratcliffe, B. (2002) A checklist of the Scarabaeoidea (Coleoptera) of Panama. Zootaxa, 32 (1), 1 - 48. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 32.1.1" type="journal article" year="2002">Ratcliffe 2002: 13</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(cited as a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D32FFFEFFAC71A5F899BC39192D" ID-CoL="642XK" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1887" box="[199,355,1890,1914]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Pseudocanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAA3FFFEFFAC71A5F899BC39192D" box="[199,355,1890,1914]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Pseudocanthon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
);
<treatmentCitation id="0A8210A0FFFEFFAC701BF899BF4F192D" author="Smith, A. B. T." box="[377,533,1890,1914]" page="40" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" year="2009">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B40FFFEFFAC701BF899BF4F192D" author="Smith, A. B. T." box="[377,533,1890,1914]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" refId="ref22381" refString="Smith, A. B. T. (2009) Checklist and nomenclatural authority file of the Scarabaeoidea of the Neartic Realm. Version 4. Available from: http: // unsm-ento. unl. edu / SSSA / Nearctic-Scarabs 4. pdf (accessed 6 July 2021)" type="url" year="2009">Smith 2009: 40</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(cited as a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D32FFFEFFAC726AF899BEFE192D" ID-CoL="642XK" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1887" box="[776,932,1890,1914]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Pseudocanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAA3FFFEFFAC726AF899BEFE192D" box="[776,932,1890,1914]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Pseudocanthon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
);
<treatmentCitation id="0A8210A0FFFEFFAC72D8F899B996192D" author="Solis, A. &amp; Kohlmann, B." box="[954,1228,1890,1914]" page="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" year="2012">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B40FFFEFFAC72D8F899B996192D" author="Solis, A. &amp; Kohlmann, B." box="[954,1228,1890,1914]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="1 - 32" refId="ref22432" refString="Solis, A. &amp; Kohlmann, B. (2012) Checklist and distribution atlas of the Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) of Costa Rica. Zootaxa, 3482, 1 - 32." type="journal article" year="2012">Solís &amp; Kohlmann 2012: 4</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(cited as a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D32FFFEFFAC7181F87ABC2519CE" ID-CoL="642XK" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1887" box="[227,383,1921,1945]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Pseudocanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAA3FFFEFFAC7181F87ABC2519CE" box="[227,383,1921,1945]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Pseudocanthon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
);
<treatmentCitation id="0A8210A0FFFEFFAC70F6F87ABF0419CE" author="Peck, S. &amp; Thomas, M. &amp; Turnbow, R." box="[404,606,1921,1945]" page="43" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" year="2014">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B40FFFEFFAC70F6F87ABF0419CE" author="Peck, S. &amp; Thomas, M. &amp; Turnbow, R." box="[404,606,1921,1945]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="1 - 156" refId="ref21703" refString="Peck, S., Thomas, M. &amp; Turnbow, R. (2014) The diversity and distributions of the beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera) of the Guadeloupe Archipelago (Grande-Terre, Basse-Terre, La Desirade, Marie-Galante, Les Saintes, and Petite-Terre), Lesser Antilles. Insecta Mundi, 352, 1 - 156." type="journal article" year="2014">
Peck
<emphasis id="B957EAA3FFFEFFAC70AEF879BCA219CE" box="[460,504,1921,1945]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">et al</emphasis>
. 2014: 43
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(cited as a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D32FFFEFFAC7232F87ABEB619CE" ID-CoL="642XK" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1887" box="[848,1004,1921,1945]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Pseudocanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAA3FFFEFFAC7232F87ABEB619CE" box="[848,1004,1921,1945]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Pseudocanthon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
);
<treatmentCitation id="0A8210A0FFFEFFAC7560F87AB80619CE" author="Vaz-de-Mello, F. Z. &amp; Cupello, M." box="[1026,1372,1921,1945]" page="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" year="2018">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B40FFFEFFAC7560F87AB80619CE" author="Vaz-de-Mello, F. Z. &amp; Cupello, M." box="[1026,1372,1921,1945]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="33 - 76" refId="ref22956" refString="Vaz-de-Mello, F. Z. &amp; Cupello, M. (2018) The type specimens of South American dung beetles, Part I: on the species described in the genus Canthon Hoffmannsegg, 1817 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) by the German entomologist Adolf Schmidt (1856 - 1923). Spixiana, 41, 33 - 76." type="journal article" year="2018">Cupello &amp; Vaz-de-Mello 2018: 18</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(cited as a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D32FFFEFFAC7011F864BF5519E0" ID-CoL="642XK" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1887" box="[371,527,1951,1975]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Pseudocanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAA3FFFEFFAC7011F864BF5519E0" box="[371,527,1951,1975]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Pseudocanthon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C339653AFFFEFFAC71F5F845BF6D19A2" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="8B9C36B1FFFEFFAC71F5F845BF6D19A2" blockId="3.[151,1437,1307,2037]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis id="B957EAA3FFFEFFAC71F5F845BC7C1981" box="[151,294,1982,2006]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B957EAA3FFFEFFAC71F5F845BC7A1981" bold="true" box="[151,288,1982,2006]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
<typeStatus id="54988813FFFEFFAC71F5F845BD961981" box="[151,204,1982,2006]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Type</typeStatus>
species
</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C234D32FFFEFFAC704DF845BC911981" ID-CoL="642XK" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1887" box="[303,459,1982,2006]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Pseudocanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAA3FFFEFFAC704DF845BC911981" box="[303,459,1982,2006]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Pseudocanthon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C234D32FFFEFFAC70B9F845BE1B1981" ID-CoL="QPDP" authority="LeConte, 1847" authorityName="LeConte" authorityYear="1847" box="[475,833,1982,2006]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Canthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perplexus">
<emphasis id="B957EAA3FFFEFFAC70B9F845BFC41981" box="[475,670,1982,2006]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Canthon perplexus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B40FFFEFFAC73C5F845BE1B1981" author="LeConte, J." box="[679,833,1982,2006]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="71 - 93" refId="ref20977" refString="LeConte, J. (1847) Fragmenta entomologica. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 2, 71 - 93." type="journal article" year="1847">LeConte, 1847</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
by monotypy.
<taxonomicName id="4C234D32FFFEFFAC7282F845B93E1981" ID-CoL="694B" authorityName="Paulian" authorityYear="1947" box="[992,1124,1982,2006]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Opiocanthon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAA3FFFEFFAC7282F845B93E1981" box="[992,1124,1982,2006]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Opiocanthon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C234D32FFFEFFAC7516F845BC6619A2" ID-CoL="QPFB" authority="Fleutiaux &amp; Salle, 1889" authorityName="Fleutiaux &amp; Salle" authorityYear="1889" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Canthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vitraci">
<emphasis id="B957EAA3FFFEFFAC7516F845B84D1981" box="[1140,1303,1982,2006]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Canthon vitraci</emphasis>
Fleutiaux &amp; Sallé, 1889
</taxonomicName>
, by original designation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C339653AFFF9FFAB71F5FF6DBE591CD2" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B9C36B1FFF9FFAB71F5FF6DBFFB1F32" blockId="4.[151,1437,150,1941]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
<emphasis id="B957EAA3FFF9FFAB71F5FF6DBC501EE7" bold="true" box="[151,266,150,176]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. Within Deltochilini (sensu
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B40FFF9FFAB732DFF6CBE261EE5" author="Tarasov, S. &amp; Dimitrov, D." box="[591,892,151,178]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref22526" refString="Tarasov, S. &amp; Dimitrov, D. (2016) Multigene phylogenetic analysis redefines dung beetles relationships and classification (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). BMC Evolutionary Biology, 16 (257), 1 - 19. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 12862 - 016 - 0822 - x" type="journal article" year="2016">Tarasov &amp; Dimitrov 2016</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C234D32FFF9FFAB72F0FF6CB9651EE6" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1887" box="[914,1087,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Pseudocanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAA3FFF9FFAB72F0FF6CB9651EE6" box="[914,1087,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Pseudocanthon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is diagnosed by the following combination of characters. Small body (
<quantity id="4CDB9B54FFF9FFAB7304FF40BF911E82" box="[614,715,187,213]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" unit="mm" value="4.5" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="3.0">3–6 mm</quantity>
), elongate and flat dorsoventrally. Clypeus quadridentate, with medial teeth larger than lateral teeth. Base of clypeal teeth covered by a single row of short setae extending almost to paraocular area (gena). Lateral edges of pronotum nearly straight and subparalell (
<figureCitation id="13182A34FFF9FFAB7535FEF8B9F51F4A" box="[1111,1199,259,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1038,1062]" captionTargetBox="[162,1424,190,1009]" captionTargetId="figure-21@3.[157,1429,181,1014]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Details of the external morphology in species of Deltochilini. A, Sylvicanthon candezei (Harold, 1869) pronotum (arrows indicate angle at lateral edge); B, Pseudocanthon chaquensis new species pronotum (arrows indicate angle at lateral edge); C, S. candezei (Harold, 1869) left elytron; D, P. chaquensis new species left elytron; E, P. xanthurus (Blanchard, 1847) hypomera (transversal carina pointed). Scale bar: 1 mm (1A, C); 0.5 mm (1B, D–E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5448090" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5448090/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
). Elytra surface with minute setae (
<figureCitation id="13182A34FFF9FFAB7059FEDCBCC21F16" box="[315,408,295,321]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1038,1062]" captionTargetBox="[162,1424,190,1009]" captionTargetId="figure-21@3.[157,1429,181,1014]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Details of the external morphology in species of Deltochilini. A, Sylvicanthon candezei (Harold, 1869) pronotum (arrows indicate angle at lateral edge); B, Pseudocanthon chaquensis new species pronotum (arrows indicate angle at lateral edge); C, S. candezei (Harold, 1869) left elytron; D, P. chaquensis new species left elytron; E, P. xanthurus (Blanchard, 1847) hypomera (transversal carina pointed). Scale bar: 1 mm (1A, C); 0.5 mm (1B, D–E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5448090" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5448090/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
). Anterior portion of hypomera strongly excavate, posteriorly delimited by a transversal carina (
<figureCitation id="13182A34FFF9FFAB7189FEB0BC1A1F32" box="[235,320,331,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1038,1062]" captionTargetBox="[162,1424,190,1009]" captionTargetId="figure-21@3.[157,1429,181,1014]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Details of the external morphology in species of Deltochilini. A, Sylvicanthon candezei (Harold, 1869) pronotum (arrows indicate angle at lateral edge); B, Pseudocanthon chaquensis new species pronotum (arrows indicate angle at lateral edge); C, S. candezei (Harold, 1869) left elytron; D, P. chaquensis new species left elytron; E, P. xanthurus (Blanchard, 1847) hypomera (transversal carina pointed). Scale bar: 1 mm (1A, C); 0.5 mm (1B, D–E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5448090" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5448090/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Fig. 1E</figureCitation>
). Tarsal claws angulate at base.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36B1FFF9FFAB71A5FE95BE591CD2" blockId="4.[151,1437,150,1941]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
<emphasis id="B957EAA3FFF9FFAB71A5FE95BCEC1FDE" bold="true" box="[199,438,366,393]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Taxonomic remarks</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C234D32FFF9FFAB70A6FE94BF2B1FDE" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1887" box="[452,625,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Pseudocanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAA3FFF9FFAB70A6FE94BF2B1FDE" box="[452,625,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Pseudocanthon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be easily confused with
<taxonomicName id="4C234D32FFF9FFAB72D7FE94B91C1FDE" authorityName="Halffter &amp; Martinez" authorityYear="1977" box="[949,1094,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sylvicanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAA3FFF9FFAB72D7FE94B91C1FDE" box="[949,1094,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Sylvicanthon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Deltochilini (sensu
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B40FFF9FFAB7426FE94BC381FF9" author="Tarasov, S. &amp; Dimitrov, D." pageId="4" pageNumber="65" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref22526" refString="Tarasov, S. &amp; Dimitrov, D. (2016) Multigene phylogenetic analysis redefines dung beetles relationships and classification (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). BMC Evolutionary Biology, 16 (257), 1 - 19. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 12862 - 016 - 0822 - x" type="journal article" year="2016">Tarasov &amp; Dimitrov 2016</bibRefCitation>
). These taxa share the hypomera anteriorly excavated and divided by a transversal carina (
<figureCitation id="13182A34FFF9FFAB740DFE68BDE21F86" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1038,1062]" captionTargetBox="[162,1424,190,1009]" captionTargetId="figure-21@3.[157,1429,181,1014]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Details of the external morphology in species of Deltochilini. A, Sylvicanthon candezei (Harold, 1869) pronotum (arrows indicate angle at lateral edge); B, Pseudocanthon chaquensis new species pronotum (arrows indicate angle at lateral edge); C, S. candezei (Harold, 1869) left elytron; D, P. chaquensis new species left elytron; E, P. xanthurus (Blanchard, 1847) hypomera (transversal carina pointed). Scale bar: 1 mm (1A, C); 0.5 mm (1B, D–E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5448090" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5448090/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Fig. 1E</figureCitation>
), and tarsal claws angulated basally. However,
<taxonomicName id="4C234D32FFF9FFAB73A5FE4CBE2E1F86" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1887" box="[711,884,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Pseudocanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAA3FFF9FFAB73A5FE4CBE2E1F86" box="[711,884,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Pseudocanthon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be easily distinguished from
<taxonomicName id="4C234D32FFF9FFAB758BFE4CB8201F86" authorityName="Halffter &amp; Martinez" authorityYear="1977" box="[1257,1402,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sylvicanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAA3FFF9FFAB758BFE4CB8201F86" box="[1257,1402,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Sylvicanthon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the elongate general shape of the body; clypeus with four acute teeth, covered basally by a single row of short setae almost reaching the gena; lateral edges of pronotum nearly straight and subparallel (
<figureCitation id="13182A34FFF9FFAB753DFE04B9E21C4E" box="[1119,1208,511,537]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1038,1062]" captionTargetBox="[162,1424,190,1009]" captionTargetId="figure-21@3.[157,1429,181,1014]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Details of the external morphology in species of Deltochilini. A, Sylvicanthon candezei (Harold, 1869) pronotum (arrows indicate angle at lateral edge); B, Pseudocanthon chaquensis new species pronotum (arrows indicate angle at lateral edge); C, S. candezei (Harold, 1869) left elytron; D, P. chaquensis new species left elytron; E, P. xanthurus (Blanchard, 1847) hypomera (transversal carina pointed). Scale bar: 1 mm (1A, C); 0.5 mm (1B, D–E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5448090" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5448090/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
); and elytra surface coated with minute setae (
<figureCitation id="13182A34FFF9FFAB70DDFDD8BF431C6A" box="[447,537,547,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1038,1062]" captionTargetBox="[162,1424,190,1009]" captionTargetId="figure-21@3.[157,1429,181,1014]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Details of the external morphology in species of Deltochilini. A, Sylvicanthon candezei (Harold, 1869) pronotum (arrows indicate angle at lateral edge); B, Pseudocanthon chaquensis new species pronotum (arrows indicate angle at lateral edge); C, S. candezei (Harold, 1869) left elytron; D, P. chaquensis new species left elytron; E, P. xanthurus (Blanchard, 1847) hypomera (transversal carina pointed). Scale bar: 1 mm (1A, C); 0.5 mm (1B, D–E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5448090" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5448090/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
). On the other hand, specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D32FFF9FFAB72C7FDD8B96C1C6A" authorityName="Halffter &amp; Martinez" authorityYear="1977" box="[933,1078,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Sylvicanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAA3FFF9FFAB72C7FDD8B96C1C6A" box="[933,1078,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Sylvicanthon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have an oval body; two or four clypeal teeth, with a row of setae limited to the base of the teeth; lateral edges of pronotum angulate at medial portion (
<figureCitation id="13182A34FFF9FFAB7195FD90BC0A1CD2" box="[247,336,619,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1038,1062]" captionTargetBox="[162,1424,190,1009]" captionTargetId="figure-21@3.[157,1429,181,1014]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Details of the external morphology in species of Deltochilini. A, Sylvicanthon candezei (Harold, 1869) pronotum (arrows indicate angle at lateral edge); B, Pseudocanthon chaquensis new species pronotum (arrows indicate angle at lateral edge); C, S. candezei (Harold, 1869) left elytron; D, P. chaquensis new species left elytron; E, P. xanthurus (Blanchard, 1847) hypomera (transversal carina pointed). Scale bar: 1 mm (1A, C); 0.5 mm (1B, D–E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5448090" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5448090/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
); and smooth elytral surface (
<figureCitation id="13182A34FFF9FFAB73FCFD90BFAF1CD2" box="[670,757,619,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1038,1062]" captionTargetBox="[162,1424,190,1009]" captionTargetId="figure-21@3.[157,1429,181,1014]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Details of the external morphology in species of Deltochilini. A, Sylvicanthon candezei (Harold, 1869) pronotum (arrows indicate angle at lateral edge); B, Pseudocanthon chaquensis new species pronotum (arrows indicate angle at lateral edge); C, S. candezei (Harold, 1869) left elytron; D, P. chaquensis new species left elytron; E, P. xanthurus (Blanchard, 1847) hypomera (transversal carina pointed). Scale bar: 1 mm (1A, C); 0.5 mm (1B, D–E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5448090" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5448090/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C339653AFFF9FFAB71A5FD75BCEB19C2" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9C36B1FFF9FFAB71A5FD75BCEB19C2" blockId="4.[151,1437,150,1941]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
<emphasis id="B957EAA3FFF9FFAB71A5FD75BC371CFF" bold="true" box="[199,365,654,680]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Redescription</emphasis>
. Body black or brown with metallic reflections. Orange or red spots on different parts of the body, varying between species. Orange or black legs.
<emphasis id="B957EAA3FFF9FFAB73D9FD48BE4B1C9A" bold="true" box="[699,785,691,717]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Length</emphasis>
.
<quantity id="4CDB9B54FFF9FFAB7242FD48BED81C9A" box="[800,898,691,717]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" unit="mm" value="4.5" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="3.0">3–6 mm</quantity>
.
<emphasis id="B957EAA3FFF9FFAB72ECFD48BE941C9A" bold="true" box="[910,974,691,717]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Head</emphasis>
. Surface with well-impressed and dense granulation. Foveolate punctures spaced by approximately once to twice their diameter. Clypeus with four acute teeth. Medial teeth larger than lateral teeth. Base of clypeal teeth covered by a single row of short setae extending almost to paraocular area. Edge between clypeogenal suture and clypeal teeth substraight. Edge of paraocular area curved outward, with rudimentary tooth after junction with the clypeus. Interocular width approximately five times width of eye in dorsal view.
<emphasis id="B957EAA3FFF9FFAB70F4FC9CBCB51DD6" bold="true" box="[406,495,871,897]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Thorax</emphasis>
. Surface of pronotum granulate (
<figureCitation id="13182A34FFF9FFAB7209FC9CBE9C1DD6" box="[875,966,871,897]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1807,1831]" captionTargetBox="[265,1315,191,1773]" captionTargetId="figure-21@11.[261,1326,181,1783]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 2. Details of the external morphology in species of Pseudocanthon Bates, 1887. A, P. vazdemelloi new species pronotal disc; B, P. xanthurus (Blanchard, 1847) pronotal disc; C, P. vazdemelloi new species detail of left lateral of elytron; D, P. pantanensis new species detail of left lateral of elytron (arrow indicates eighth elytral stria present); E, P. perplexus (LeConte, 1847) protibia in dorsal view (arrow indicates median emargination); F, P. xanthurus (Blanchard, 1847) protibia in dorsal view; G. P. pantanensis new species pygidium; H, P. chaquensis new species pygidium. Scale bar: 0.5 mm (2A–D); 0.2 mm (2E–H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5448092" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5448092/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
), or with inconspicuous granulation (
<figureCitation id="13182A34FFF9FFAB740DFC9CBDE11DF2" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1807,1831]" captionTargetBox="[265,1315,191,1773]" captionTargetId="figure-21@11.[261,1326,181,1783]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 2. Details of the external morphology in species of Pseudocanthon Bates, 1887. A, P. vazdemelloi new species pronotal disc; B, P. xanthurus (Blanchard, 1847) pronotal disc; C, P. vazdemelloi new species detail of left lateral of elytron; D, P. pantanensis new species detail of left lateral of elytron (arrow indicates eighth elytral stria present); E, P. perplexus (LeConte, 1847) protibia in dorsal view (arrow indicates median emargination); F, P. xanthurus (Blanchard, 1847) protibia in dorsal view; G. P. pantanensis new species pygidium; H, P. chaquensis new species pygidium. Scale bar: 0.5 mm (2A–D); 0.2 mm (2E–H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5448092" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5448092/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
). Lateral edges and anterior angle of pronotum with imbricate microsculpture. Foveolate punctures of pronotum spaced by approximately two to three times their diameter. Anterior angles acute, directed forward. Posterior edge of pronotum without margin. Hypomera divided into two parts by a transversal carina (
<figureCitation id="13182A34FFF9FFAB751AFC28B9951DBA" box="[1144,1231,979,1005]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1038,1062]" captionTargetBox="[162,1424,190,1009]" captionTargetId="figure-21@3.[157,1429,181,1014]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Details of the external morphology in species of Deltochilini. A, Sylvicanthon candezei (Harold, 1869) pronotum (arrows indicate angle at lateral edge); B, Pseudocanthon chaquensis new species pronotum (arrows indicate angle at lateral edge); C, S. candezei (Harold, 1869) left elytron; D, P. chaquensis new species left elytron; E, P. xanthurus (Blanchard, 1847) hypomera (transversal carina pointed). Scale bar: 1 mm (1A, C); 0.5 mm (1B, D–E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5448090" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5448090/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Fig. 1E</figureCitation>
). Anterior portion of hypomera excavate (
<figureCitation id="13182A34FFF9FFAB70C6FC0CBCA61A46" box="[420,508,1015,1041]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1038,1062]" captionTargetBox="[162,1424,190,1009]" captionTargetId="figure-21@3.[157,1429,181,1014]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Details of the external morphology in species of Deltochilini. A, Sylvicanthon candezei (Harold, 1869) pronotum (arrows indicate angle at lateral edge); B, Pseudocanthon chaquensis new species pronotum (arrows indicate angle at lateral edge); C, S. candezei (Harold, 1869) left elytron; D, P. chaquensis new species left elytron; E, P. xanthurus (Blanchard, 1847) hypomera (transversal carina pointed). Scale bar: 1 mm (1A, C); 0.5 mm (1B, D–E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5448090" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5448090/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Fig. 1E</figureCitation>
), with imbricate microsculpture, and setae near to transversal carina. Integument punctation of prosternum inconspicuous, only visible at high magnification. Posterior edge with row of setae. Mesoventrite with dense and well-impressed granulation. Mesoventrite approximately five to eight times wider than long. Meso-metaventral suture straight or lightly arched. Metaventrite with granulate microsculpture conspicuous at anterior and posterior portions; visible only in some species at central portion. Imbricate microsculpture at anterior portion and lateral edges. Foveolate punctures of metaventrite spaced by approximately once or twice their diameter at anterior and posterior portions; lateral edges with eliptical foveolate punctures almost confluent. Mesepimeron and metanepisternum with imbricate microsculpture.
<emphasis id="B957EAA3FFF9FFAB7397FB08BE1B1B5A" bold="true" box="[757,833,1267,1293]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Elytra</emphasis>
. Surface with dense and well-impressed granulation. Interstriae with setigerous foveolate punctures spaced by approximately two to three times their diameter. Lateral edge arched. Striae well impressed (
<figureCitation id="13182A34FFF9FFAB7343FAC0BF221B02" box="[545,632,1339,1365]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1038,1062]" captionTargetBox="[162,1424,190,1009]" captionTargetId="figure-21@3.[157,1429,181,1014]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Details of the external morphology in species of Deltochilini. A, Sylvicanthon candezei (Harold, 1869) pronotum (arrows indicate angle at lateral edge); B, Pseudocanthon chaquensis new species pronotum (arrows indicate angle at lateral edge); C, S. candezei (Harold, 1869) left elytron; D, P. chaquensis new species left elytron; E, P. xanthurus (Blanchard, 1847) hypomera (transversal carina pointed). Scale bar: 1 mm (1A, C); 0.5 mm (1B, D–E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5448090" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5448090/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
). Fifth stria closer to sixth than to fourth stria. Seventh stria discontinuous at base. Eighth stria absent (
<figureCitation id="13182A34FFF9FFAB70B2FAA4BF7F1B2E" box="[464,549,1375,1401]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1807,1831]" captionTargetBox="[265,1315,191,1773]" captionTargetId="figure-21@11.[261,1326,181,1783]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 2. Details of the external morphology in species of Pseudocanthon Bates, 1887. A, P. vazdemelloi new species pronotal disc; B, P. xanthurus (Blanchard, 1847) pronotal disc; C, P. vazdemelloi new species detail of left lateral of elytron; D, P. pantanensis new species detail of left lateral of elytron (arrow indicates eighth elytral stria present); E, P. perplexus (LeConte, 1847) protibia in dorsal view (arrow indicates median emargination); F, P. xanthurus (Blanchard, 1847) protibia in dorsal view; G. P. pantanensis new species pygidium; H, P. chaquensis new species pygidium. Scale bar: 0.5 mm (2A–D); 0.2 mm (2E–H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5448092" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5448092/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
) or reduced to basal fourth of elytra, or extending to approximately the anterior half of elytra (
<figureCitation id="13182A34FFF9FFAB7022FA78BCC71BCA" box="[320,413,1411,1437]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1807,1831]" captionTargetBox="[265,1315,191,1773]" captionTargetId="figure-21@11.[261,1326,181,1783]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 2. Details of the external morphology in species of Pseudocanthon Bates, 1887. A, P. vazdemelloi new species pronotal disc; B, P. xanthurus (Blanchard, 1847) pronotal disc; C, P. vazdemelloi new species detail of left lateral of elytron; D, P. pantanensis new species detail of left lateral of elytron (arrow indicates eighth elytral stria present); E, P. perplexus (LeConte, 1847) protibia in dorsal view (arrow indicates median emargination); F, P. xanthurus (Blanchard, 1847) protibia in dorsal view; G. P. pantanensis new species pygidium; H, P. chaquensis new species pygidium. Scale bar: 0.5 mm (2A–D); 0.2 mm (2E–H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5448092" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5448092/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Fig. 2D</figureCitation>
). Epipleuron with imbricate microsculpture.
<emphasis id="B957EAA3FFF9FFAB72C0FA79B94D1BCB" bold="true" box="[930,1047,1410,1436]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Abdomen</emphasis>
. Pygidium rounded apically (
<figureCitation id="13182A34FFF9FFAB740DFA78BDBB1B96" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1807,1831]" captionTargetBox="[265,1315,191,1773]" captionTargetId="figure-21@11.[261,1326,181,1783]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 2. Details of the external morphology in species of Pseudocanthon Bates, 1887. A, P. vazdemelloi new species pronotal disc; B, P. xanthurus (Blanchard, 1847) pronotal disc; C, P. vazdemelloi new species detail of left lateral of elytron; D, P. pantanensis new species detail of left lateral of elytron (arrow indicates eighth elytral stria present); E, P. perplexus (LeConte, 1847) protibia in dorsal view (arrow indicates median emargination); F, P. xanthurus (Blanchard, 1847) protibia in dorsal view; G. P. pantanensis new species pygidium; H, P. chaquensis new species pygidium. Scale bar: 0.5 mm (2A–D); 0.2 mm (2E–H)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5448092" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5448092/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Fig. 2G–H</figureCitation>
). Base with small tubercle at central portion. Pygidium and propygidium not separated by carina. Surface of pygidium densely granulate and well impressed; foveolate punctures spaced by approximately five times their diameter. Surface of ventrites with dense and well-impressed granulation; foveolate punctures shallow.
<emphasis id="B957EAA3FFF9FFAB743FFA14B8CF185E" bold="true" box="[1373,1429,1519,1545]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Legs</emphasis>
. Tibiae and femora with granulate microsculpture and foveolate punctures. Protibia with three lateral teeth, and two longitudinal carinae with row of setae in dorsal and ventral views. Margin of metafemur discontinuous at anterior edge. Mesotibiae and metatibiae smoothly arched. Mesotarsomeres and metatarsomeres 1–4 subtriangular, the apical subrectangular. Tarsal claws angulate basally.
<emphasis id="B957EAA3FFF9FFAB7386F985B96318CE" bold="true" box="[740,1081,1662,1689]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Secondary sexual characters</emphasis>
. Males with protibial spur bifid at apex; females with spiniform spur. Furthermore, females have the sixth abdominal ventrite evenly wide while in males this ventrite is narrower at the middle.
<emphasis id="B957EAA3FFF9FFAB73D9F93CBE4318B6" bold="true" box="[699,793,1735,1761]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Tegmen</emphasis>
. Parameres symmetrical, curved at apex, with spiniform projection, or truncate (
<figureCitation id="13182A34FFF9FFAB70CCF910BF761952" box="[430,556,1770,1797]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1919,1943]" captionTargetBox="[175,1410,894,1887]" captionTargetId="figure-346@16.[164,1422,885,1896]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 5. Aedeagus in South American species of Pseudocanthon Bates, 1887, lateral and ventral views, respectively. A, Pseudocanthon perplexus (LeConte, 1847); B–C, P. xanthurus (Blanchard, 1847) (arrows indicate variation at apex of parameres); D. P. vazdemelloi new species; E, P. pantanensis new species; F, P. chaquensis new species. Scale bar: 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5448098" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5448098/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Fig. 5A–F</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis id="B957EAA3FFF9FFAB7326F910BF811952" bold="true" box="[580,731,1771,1797]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Endophallus</emphasis>
. Lacking lamella copulatrix (LC). Superior right peripheral (SRP) endophallite circular shaped, with expanded handle at distal part (
<figureCitation id="13182A34FFF9FFAB72A3F8F4B96D197D" box="[961,1079,1807,1834]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1414,1438]" captionTargetBox="[155,1422,192,1385]" captionTargetId="figure-21@17.[152,1436,181,1390]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 6. Endophallites in South American species of Pseudocanthon Bates, 1887. A, Pseudocanthon perplexus (LeConte, 1847); B–C, P. xanthurus (Blanchard, 1847); D, P. vazdemelloi new species; E, P. pantanensis new species; F, P. chaquensis new species. Accessory endophallite (AE). Complex of axial and subaxial (A+SA) endophallite. Frontolateral peripheral (FLP) endophallite. Superior right peripheral (SRP) endophallite. Scale bar: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5448100" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5448100/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Fig. 6E–F</figureCitation>
). Frontolateral peripheral (FLP) endophallite elongate and sinuous (
<figureCitation id="13182A34FFF9FFAB7347F8C8BFC11919" box="[549,667,1843,1870]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1414,1438]" captionTargetBox="[155,1422,192,1385]" captionTargetId="figure-21@17.[152,1436,181,1390]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 6. Endophallites in South American species of Pseudocanthon Bates, 1887. A, Pseudocanthon perplexus (LeConte, 1847); B–C, P. xanthurus (Blanchard, 1847); D, P. vazdemelloi new species; E, P. pantanensis new species; F, P. chaquensis new species. Accessory endophallite (AE). Complex of axial and subaxial (A+SA) endophallite. Frontolateral peripheral (FLP) endophallite. Superior right peripheral (SRP) endophallite. Scale bar: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5448100" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5448100/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Fig. 6E–F</figureCitation>
). Complex of axial and subaxial (A+SA) endophallites elongate and irregular (
<figureCitation id="13182A34FFF9FFAB7064F8ACBC211925" box="[262,379,1879,1906]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1414,1438]" captionTargetBox="[155,1422,192,1385]" captionTargetId="figure-21@17.[152,1436,181,1390]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 6. Endophallites in South American species of Pseudocanthon Bates, 1887. A, Pseudocanthon perplexus (LeConte, 1847); B–C, P. xanthurus (Blanchard, 1847); D, P. vazdemelloi new species; E, P. pantanensis new species; F, P. chaquensis new species. Accessory endophallite (AE). Complex of axial and subaxial (A+SA) endophallite. Frontolateral peripheral (FLP) endophallite. Superior right peripheral (SRP) endophallite. Scale bar: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5448100" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5448100/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Fig. 6E–F</figureCitation>
). Some species have a small and I-shaped accessory endophallite (AE) near the anterior portion of A+SA (
<figureCitation id="13182A34FFF9FFAB7068F880BCFE19C2" box="[266,420,1915,1941]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1414,1438]" captionTargetBox="[155,1422,192,1385]" captionTargetId="figure-21@17.[152,1436,181,1390]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 6. Endophallites in South American species of Pseudocanthon Bates, 1887. A, Pseudocanthon perplexus (LeConte, 1847); B–C, P. xanthurus (Blanchard, 1847); D, P. vazdemelloi new species; E, P. pantanensis new species; F, P. chaquensis new species. Accessory endophallite (AE). Complex of axial and subaxial (A+SA) endophallite. Frontolateral peripheral (FLP) endophallite. Superior right peripheral (SRP) endophallite. Scale bar: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5448100" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5448100/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Fig. 6A, D–F</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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