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<document id="D9593133B323B1664D817AAC6FFFFD2F" ID-CLB-Dataset="30246" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4410.2.3" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c099b7cc-9634-4455-b59e-d5a597998ee7" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1221580" ID-ZooBank="7A46BD51-20A9-4FDA-81FB-D771BA9011FC" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1524196250478" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Monniot, Françoise" docDate="2018" docId="038A4612FF9CFFD2BEDEFA9F50B1F98B" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4410.2.3.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4410 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Styela canopus" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="314" masterDocId="FFB33E6AFF88FFC5BE49FFA3527EFFA4" masterDocTitle="Ascidians collected during the Madibenthos expedition in Martinique: 2. Stolidobranchia, Styelidae" masterLastPageNumber="318" masterPageNumber="291" pageNumber="311" updateTime="1698538334165" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="648DB0E87AB5B86B9ED5703285B1E5CA">Ascidians collected during the Madibenthos expedition in Martinique: 2. Stolidobranchia, Styelidae</mods:title>
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<treatment id="038A4612FF9CFFD2BEDEFA9F50B1F98B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6485096" ID-GBIF-Taxon="143618737" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6485096" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038A4612FF9CFFD2BEDEFA9F50B1F98B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A4612FF9CFFD2BEDEFA9F50B1F98B" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="314" pageId="20" pageNumber="311">
<subSubSection id="C339A48FFF9CFFD1BEDEFA9F534BFAD3" pageId="20" pageNumber="311" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B9CF704FF9CFFD1BEDEFA9F506FFAF2" blockId="20.[151,529,1340,1399]" box="[151,529,1340,1366]" pageId="20" pageNumber="311">
<heading id="D0D44068FF9CFFD1BEDEFA9F506FFAF2" bold="true" box="[151,529,1340,1366]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="311" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C238C87FF9CFFD1BEDEFA9F506FFAF2" ID-CoL="53873" authority="(Savigny, 1816)" baseAuthorityName="Savigny" baseAuthorityYear="1816" box="[151,529,1340,1366]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Styela" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="20" pageNumber="311" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canopus">
<emphasis id="B9572B16FF9CFFD1BEDEFA9F506FFAF2" bold="true" box="[151,529,1340,1366]" pageId="20" pageNumber="311">
<emphasis id="B9572B16FF9CFFD1BEDEFA9F5335FAF2" bold="true" box="[151,331,1340,1366]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="311">Styela canopus</emphasis>
(Savigny, 1816)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9CF704FF9CFFD1BEDEFAFD534BFAD3" blockId="20.[151,529,1340,1399]" box="[151,309,1374,1399]" pageId="20" pageNumber="311">
<figureCitation id="1318EB81FF9CFFD1BEDEFAFD534BFAD3" box="[151,309,1374,1399]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 19" captionStart-1="FIGURE 20" captionStart-2="FIGURE 21" captionStartId-0="21.[151,250,1928,1950]" captionStartId-1="22.[151,250,1928,1950]" captionStartId-2="23.[151,250,952,974]" captionTargetBox-0="[205,1388,193,1906]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,193,1898]" captionTargetId-0="figure@21.[151,1436,193,1906]" captionTargetId-1="figure@22.[151,1436,193,1906]" captionTargetPageId-0="21" captionTargetPageId-1="22" captionText-0="FIGURE 19. Styela canopus station B 197. A, body ventrally opened scale bar = 1cm; B, branchial sac stained, scale bar = 5mm." captionText-1="FIGURE 20. Styela canopus station AM 20. A, body ventrally opened, scale bar = 1cm; B, branchial sac stained, scale bar = 5mm." captionText-2="FIGURE 21. Styela canopus, scale bar = 1cm." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/1221618/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/1221620/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="311">Figs 19-20-21</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C339A48FFF9CFFD2BEDEFA0557E3FAF3" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="314" pageId="20" pageNumber="311" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9CF704FF9CFFD1BEDEFA0553A7FA18" blockId="20.[151,920,1446,1499]" box="[151,473,1446,1469]" pageId="20" pageNumber="311">
<taxonomicName id="4C238C87FF9CFFD1BEDEFA0553A7FA18" authority="Savigny, 1816" authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1816" box="[151,473,1446,1469]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Cynthia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="20" pageNumber="311" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canopus">
<emphasis id="B9572B16FF9CFFD1BEDEFA05533FFA19" box="[151,321,1446,1469]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="311">Cynthia canopus</emphasis>
Savigny, 1816
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9CF704FF9CFFD1BEDEFA6651E6FA7F" blockId="20.[151,920,1446,1499]" box="[151,920,1477,1499]" pageId="20" pageNumber="311">Stations: AB 195; AB 197; AM 20; AM 34; AR 101. (MNHN S1 STY 324)</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9CF704FF9CFFD1BEDEF9A45296F82C" blockId="20.[151,1437,1543,2036]" pageId="20" pageNumber="311">
The specimens from
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to
<quantity id="4CDB5AE1FF9CFFD1BF97F9A4505DF984" box="[478,547,1543,1568]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="20" pageNumber="311" unit="cm" value="3.5">3.5cm</quantity>
have different aspects. The smaller ones have a clear tunic with red pigment on the siphons but the larger ones are totally bright red. White bands alternate with brown ridges on the rims of the siphons. The tunic is leathery and corrugated without true scales and especially lumpy at the siphons with chalky pigment (
<figureCitation id="1318EB81FF9CFFD1BF4AF9D75326F928" box="[259,344,1652,1677]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="23.[151,250,952,974]" captionText="FIGURE 21. Styela canopus, scale bar = 1cm." pageId="20" pageNumber="311">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
). The body is ovoid and fixed by a large part of the ventral side. The body wall is pale with red pigment on the siphons (
<figureCitation id="1318EB81FF9CFFD1BFF1F934505BF914" box="[440,549,1687,1712]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1928,1950]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1898]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1436,193,1906]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 20. Styela canopus station AM 20. A, body ventrally opened, scale bar = 1cm; B, branchial sac stained, scale bar = 5mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1221620/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="311">Fig. 20A</figureCitation>
). The musculature is dense but not thick with a continuous sheet of crossed fibres. A velum is present in the short oral siphon. The number of oral tentacles varies from
<quantity id="4CDB5AE1FF9CFFD1BAEEF91F575FF971" box="[1191,1313,1724,1749]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.89" metricValueMax="12.7" metricValueMin="5.08" pageId="20" pageNumber="311" unit="in" value="35.0" valueMax="50.0" valueMin="20.0">20 to 50 in</quantity>
the largest specimens. The prepharyngeal area is narrow with a deep dorsal V. The dorsal tubercle opens anteriorly with horns slightly curved in the largest specimens. The dorsal lamina is straight and long increasing in height posteriorly (
<figureCitation id="1318EB81FF9CFFD1BED6F8845370F8E4" box="[159,270,1831,1856]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1928,1950]" captionTargetBox="[205,1388,193,1906]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[151,1436,193,1906]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 19. Styela canopus station B 197. A, body ventrally opened scale bar = 1cm; B, branchial sac stained, scale bar = 5mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1221618/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="311">Figs 19B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1318EB81FF9CFFD1BF69F88B532CF8E4" box="[288,338,1832,1856]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1928,1950]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1898]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1436,193,1906]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 20. Styela canopus station AM 20. A, body ventrally opened, scale bar = 1cm; B, branchial sac stained, scale bar = 5mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1221620/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="311">20B</figureCitation>
). There are 4 branchial folds well separated on each side (
<figureCitation id="1318EB81FF9CFFD1BA54F88456F2F8E4" box="[1053,1164,1831,1856]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1928,1950]" captionTargetBox="[205,1388,193,1906]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[151,1436,193,1906]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 19. Styela canopus station B 197. A, body ventrally opened scale bar = 1cm; B, branchial sac stained, scale bar = 5mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1221618/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="311">Figs 19B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1318EB81FF9CFFD1BAD7F88B56AEF8E4" box="[1182,1232,1832,1856]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1928,1950]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1898]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1436,193,1906]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 20. Styela canopus station AM 20. A, body ventrally opened, scale bar = 1cm; B, branchial sac stained, scale bar = 5mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1221620/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="311">20B</figureCitation>
). The number of longitudinal vessels on the folds and between the folds depends on the body size. The formula for a specimen of
<quantity id="4CDB5AE1FF9CFFD1BEDEF8D352B9F82C" box="[151,199,1904,1928]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="311" unit="cm" value="2.0">2cm</quantity>
is:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9CF704FF9CFFD1BE8EF8365195F808" blockId="20.[151,1437,1543,2036]" box="[199,1003,1940,1965]" pageId="20" pageNumber="311">R E- 4 (12) 4 (14) 4 (14) 4 (15) 4–DL–3 (15) 4 (14) 4 (17) 5(14) 4 –E L</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9CF704FF9CFFD1BEDEF81A500FF875" blockId="20.[151,1437,1543,2036]" box="[151,625,1976,2001]" pageId="20" pageNumber="311">
For a specimen of
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on the right side:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9CF704FF9CFFD1BE8EF87E50C5F850" blockId="20.[151,1437,1543,2036]" box="[199,699,2012,2036]" pageId="20" pageNumber="311">R E-10 (34) 14 (38) 14 (30) 14 (32) 10 –D L</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5CA78CFF9DFFD0BEDEF82B52ACF818" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1221618/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="312" startId="21.[151,250,1928,1950]" targetBox="[205,1388,193,1906]" targetPageId="21">
<paragraph id="8B9CF704FF9DFFD0BEDEF82B52ACF818" blockId="21.[151,1435,1928,1980]" pageId="21" pageNumber="312">
<emphasis id="B9572B16FF9DFFD0BEDEF82B535FF839" bold="true" box="[151,289,1928,1950]" pageId="21" pageNumber="312">FIGURE 19.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C238C87FF9DFFD0BF60F82B53BCF83A" baseAuthorityName="Savigny" baseAuthorityYear="1816" box="[297,450,1928,1950]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Styela" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="21" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canopus">
<emphasis id="B9572B16FF9DFFD0BF60F82B53BCF83A" box="[297,450,1928,1950]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="312">Styela canopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
station B 197. A, body ventrally opened scale bar = 1cm; B, branchial sac stained, scale bar = 5mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF5CA78CFF9EFFD3BEDEF82B52ACF818" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1221620/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="313" startId="22.[151,250,1928,1950]" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1898]" targetPageId="22">
<paragraph id="8B9CF704FF9EFFD3BEDEF82B52ACF818" blockId="22.[151,1435,1928,1980]" pageId="22" pageNumber="313">
<emphasis id="B9572B16FF9EFFD3BEDEF82B535EF839" bold="true" box="[151,288,1928,1950]" pageId="22" pageNumber="313">FIGURE 20.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C238C87FF9EFFD3BF67F82B53B8F83A" baseAuthorityName="Savigny" baseAuthorityYear="1816" box="[302,454,1928,1950]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Styela" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="22" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canopus">
<emphasis id="B9572B16FF9EFFD3BF67F82B53B8F83A" box="[302,454,1928,1950]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="313">Styela canopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
station AM 20. A, body ventrally opened, scale bar = 1cm; B, branchial sac stained, scale bar = 5mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF5CA78CFF9FFFD2BEDEFC1B5009FC6A" box="[151,631,952,974]" pageId="23" pageNumber="314">
<paragraph id="8B9CF704FF9FFFD2BEDEFC1B5009FC6A" blockId="23.[151,631,952,974]" box="[151,631,952,974]" pageId="23" pageNumber="314">
<emphasis id="B9572B16FF9FFFD2BEDEFC1B5361FC69" bold="true" box="[151,287,952,974]" pageId="23" pageNumber="314">FIGURE 21.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C238C87FF9FFFD2BF65FC1B53B9FC6A" baseAuthorityName="Savigny" baseAuthorityYear="1816" box="[300,455,952,974]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Styela" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="23" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canopus">Styela canopus</taxonomicName>
, scale bar = 1cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9CF704FF9FFFD2BE8EFC5851D8FB92" blockId="23.[151,1437,1018,1583]" pageId="23" pageNumber="314">It is difficult to determine if the longitudinal vessels next to the folds belong to a fold or to the interspaces. There are 2 to 4 stigmata in a mesh. Parastigmatic vessels are present.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9CF704FF9FFFD2BE8EFBE157E3FAF3" blockId="23.[151,1437,1018,1583]" pageId="23" pageNumber="314">
The digestive loop occupies about half of the left body side (
<figureCitation id="1318EB81FF9FFFD2BDD7FBE15670FBFF" box="[926,1038,1090,1115]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1928,1950]" captionTargetBox="[205,1388,193,1906]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[151,1436,193,1906]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 19. Styela canopus station B 197. A, body ventrally opened scale bar = 1cm; B, branchial sac stained, scale bar = 5mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1221618/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="314">Figs 19A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1318EB81FF9FFFD2BA57FBE0562CFBFF" box="[1054,1106,1091,1115]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1928,1950]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1898]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1436,193,1906]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 20. Styela canopus station AM 20. A, body ventrally opened, scale bar = 1cm; B, branchial sac stained, scale bar = 5mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1221620/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="314">20A</figureCitation>
). The oesophagus is narrow followed by a long stomach with numerous folds. There is a small button-like caecum. The intestine forms a first long loop and curves in a second more opened loop ending in lobed anus near the atrial opening. In several specimens the rectum is inflated (
<figureCitation id="1318EB81FF9FFFD2BC5BFB0D5005FB63" box="[530,635,1198,1223]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1928,1950]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1898]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1436,193,1906]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 20. Styela canopus station AM 20. A, body ventrally opened, scale bar = 1cm; B, branchial sac stained, scale bar = 5mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1221620/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="314">Fig. 20A</figureCitation>
). The gut is loosely attached to the body wall by thin trabeculae. There are 2 elongated gonads on each side (
<figureCitation id="1318EB81FF9FFFD2BC7DFB7150E1FB4F" box="[564,671,1234,1259]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1928,1950]" captionTargetBox="[205,1388,193,1906]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[151,1436,193,1906]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 19. Styela canopus station B 197. A, body ventrally opened scale bar = 1cm; B, branchial sac stained, scale bar = 5mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1221618/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="314">Figs 19A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1318EB81FF9FFFD2BCE3FB7050A0FB4F" box="[682,734,1235,1259]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1928,1950]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1898]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1436,193,1906]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 20. Styela canopus station AM 20. A, body ventrally opened, scale bar = 1cm; B, branchial sac stained, scale bar = 5mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1221620/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="314">20A</figureCitation>
); the ovary is tubular and bordered by testis lobes on each side. The testis lobes have a round shape in small specimens (
<figureCitation id="1318EB81FF9FFFD2BD60FB5551EFFAAB" box="[809,913,1270,1295]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1928,1950]" captionTargetBox="[205,1388,193,1906]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[151,1436,193,1906]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 19. Styela canopus station B 197. A, body ventrally opened scale bar = 1cm; B, branchial sac stained, scale bar = 5mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1221618/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="314">Fig. 19A</figureCitation>
) but they are lobed in larger specimens (
<figureCitation id="1318EB81FF9FFFD2BB26FB5552B5FA97" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1928,1950]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1898]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1436,193,1906]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 20. Styela canopus station AM 20. A, body ventrally opened, scale bar = 1cm; B, branchial sac stained, scale bar = 5mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1221620/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="314">Fig. 20A</figureCitation>
). The internal side of the body wall is covered by numerous endocarps (
<figureCitation id="1318EB81FF9FFFD2BA4EFAB9560AFA97" box="[1031,1140,1306,1331]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1928,1950]" captionTargetBox="[205,1388,193,1906]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[151,1436,193,1906]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 19. Styela canopus station B 197. A, body ventrally opened scale bar = 1cm; B, branchial sac stained, scale bar = 5mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1221618/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="314">Figs 19A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1318EB81FF9FFFD2BAC8FAB856CBFA97" box="[1153,1205,1307,1331]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1928,1950]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1898]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1436,193,1906]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 20. Styela canopus station AM 20. A, body ventrally opened, scale bar = 1cm; B, branchial sac stained, scale bar = 5mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1221620/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="314">20A</figureCitation>
). The atrial aperture and the dorsal side of the body wall have a dense band of thread like filaments extending also over the atrial velum.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C339A48FFF9FFFD2BE9BFAC050B1F98B" pageId="23" pageNumber="314" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B9CF704FF9FFFD2BE9BFAC050B1F98B" blockId="23.[151,1437,1018,1583]" pageId="23" pageNumber="314">
<taxonomicName id="4C238C87FF9FFFD2BE9BFAC05300FADE" ID-CoL="53873" baseAuthorityName="Savigny" baseAuthorityYear="1816" box="[210,382,1379,1403]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Styela" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="23" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canopus">
<emphasis id="B9572B16FF9FFFD2BE9BFAC05300FADE" box="[210,382,1379,1403]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="314">Styela canopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a common and widely distributed species (Rocha,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB28AF5FF9FFFD2BDB0FAC0577AFADF" box="[1017,1284,1378,1403]" pageId="23" pageNumber="314" refId="ref9242" refString="Rocha, R. M., Faria, S. B. &amp; Moreno, T. R. (2005) Ascidians from Bocas del Toro Panama I. Biodiversity Caribbean Journal Science, 41, 600 - 612." type="journal article">Moreno &amp; Metri 2005</bibRefCitation>
). It has been described under several species names with variable characters. In the Caribbean area this common
<taxonomicName id="4C238C87FF9FFFD2BAA4FA25574FFA3A" ID-CoL="7Q36T" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1822" box="[1261,1329,1414,1438]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Styela" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="23" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9572B16FF9FFFD2BAA4FA25574FFA3A" box="[1261,1329,1414,1438]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="314">Styela</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has often been named
<taxonomicName id="4C238C87FF9FFFD2BF61FA085029FA67" ID-CoL="6ZZYP" authority="(Stimpson 1852)" baseAuthorityName="Stimpson" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[296,599,1450,1475]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Styela" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="23" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="partita">
<emphasis id="B9572B16FF9FFFD2BF61FA0853EFFA66" box="[296,401,1451,1474]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="314">S. partita</emphasis>
(Stimpson 1852)
</taxonomicName>
a species considered by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB28AF5FF9FFFD2BD3FFA0856D5FA67" box="[886,1195,1450,1475]" pageId="23" pageNumber="314" refId="ref8269" refString="Kott, P. &amp; Goodbody, I. (1982) The ascidians of Hong Kong. In: Morton, B. S. &amp; Tseng, C. K. (Ed.), Proceedings of the first International Marine biological Workshop: The marine Flora and fauna of Hong Kong and southern China, Hong Kong, 1980. University press, Hong Kong, pp. 503 - 554." type="journal article">Kott and Goodbody (1982)</bibRefCitation>
a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C238C87FF9FFFD2BB11FA08528AFA42" ID-CoL="53873" baseAuthorityName="Savigny" baseAuthorityYear="1816" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Styela" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="23" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canopus">
<emphasis id="B9572B16FF9FFFD2BB11FA08528AFA42" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="314">Styela canopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a status difficult to accept for so variable and worldwide specimens. Allthough no sufficient discriminating characters could be found between the different samples, they may represent more than one species but only a genetic study would solve this question.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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