357 lines
35 KiB
XML
357 lines
35 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3789329" ID-GBIF-Dataset="71c7082b-e951-4c10-85c8-93d31aff3550" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163749821" ID-ISSN="1313–2970" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3789329" ID-ZooBank="3F8C1798-EC66-45A6-8E39-B2C3E3C38C95" approvalRequired="30" approvalRequired_for_textStreams="30" checkinTime="1587978054738" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Wharton, Robert, Cammack, Jonathan & Mullins, Patricia" docDate="2010" docId="4260A47EFFB7FFF7FF11F9A99143FA34" docLanguage="en" docName="ZK_article_2158.pdf" docOrigin="ZooKeys 37 (37)" docStyle="DocumentStylede.uka.ipd.idaho.easyIO.settings.Settings@60a6564c" docStyleName="zookeys.2008.journal_article" docTitle="Pergaphaga Gauld 1984" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="48" masterDocId="BE59DC06FFBCFFFAFF9DFFAA9320FF80" masterDocTitle="A revision of the westwoodiine genus Pergaphaga (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Ctenopelmatinae)" masterLastPageNumber="68" masterPageNumber="35" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" updateTime="1643559360823" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-3.0">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A revision of the westwoodiine genus Pergaphaga (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Ctenopelmatinae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Wharton, Robert</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Texas A & M University, College Station, United States of America</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Cammack, Jonathan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Texas A & M University, College Station ,,</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Mullins, Patricia</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Texas A & M University, College Station ,,</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2010</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2010-02-25</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>37</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>37</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>35</mods:start>
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<mods:end>68</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.3897/zookeys.37.313</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">71c7082b-e951-4c10-85c8-93d31aff3550</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1313–2970</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">576624</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3789329" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163749821" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3789329" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4260A47EFFB7FFF7FF11F9A99143FA34" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4260A47EFFB7FFF7FF11F9A99143FA34" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">
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<subSubSection box="[140,436,1539,1566]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="11.[140,436,1539,1566]" box="[140,436,1539,1566]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">
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<heading box="[140,436,1539,1566]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" reason="3">
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<taxonomicName authority="Gauld, 1984" authorityName="Gauld" authorityYear="1984" box="[140,436,1539,1566]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Pergaphaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,436,1539,1566]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,279,1539,1566]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Pergaphaga</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Gauld ID" box="[286,436,1539,1565]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" refId="ref14477" refString="Gauld ID (1984) An Introduction to the Ichneumonidae of Australia. British Museum (Natural History), London, 413 pp." type="book" year="1984">Gauld, 1984</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="11.[140,1107,1610,1672]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">
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<treatmentCitationGroup pageId="11" pageNumber="46">
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<treatmentCitation author="Gauld ID" box="[140,505,1610,1636]" page="231" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" year="1984">
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<taxonomicName authority="Gauld, 1984: 231" authorityName="Gauld" authorityPageNumber="231" authorityYear="1984" box="[140,505,1610,1636]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Pergaphaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[140,264,1610,1636]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Pergaphaga</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Gauld ID" box="[280,505,1610,1636]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" refId="ref14477" refString="Gauld ID (1984) An Introduction to the Ichneumonidae of Australia. British Museum (Natural History), London, 413 pp." type="book" year="1984">Gauld, 1984: 231</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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<typeStatus box="[524,579,1610,1636]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Type</typeStatus>
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species:
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<taxonomicName authority="Gauld, 1984" authorityName="Gauld. Carne" authorityYear="1969" box="[697,1064,1610,1636]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Pergaphaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigra">
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<emphasis box="[697,893,1610,1636]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">Pergaphaga nigra</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Gauld ID" box="[910,1064,1610,1636]" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" refId="ref14477" refString="Gauld ID (1984) An Introduction to the Ichneumonidae of Australia. British Museum (Natural History), London, 413 pp." type="book" year="1984">Gauld, 1984</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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by monotypy and original designation.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="12.[140,1108,166,334]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">
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<treatmentCitationGroup pageId="12" pageNumber="47">
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<treatmentCitation author="Gupta VK" box="[140,493,166,193]" page="355" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" year="1987">
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<taxonomicName authority=": Gupta 1987: 355" authorityName=": Gupta" authorityPageNumber="355" authorityYear="1987" box="[140,493,166,193]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Pergaphaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[140,264,167,193]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">Pergaphaga</emphasis>
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:
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<bibRefCitation author="Gupta VK" box="[284,493,166,193]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" pagination="1 - 597" refId="ref14563" refString="Gupta VK (1987) The Ichneumonidae of the Indo-Australian area (Hymenoptera). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 41 (1): 1 - 597." type="journal article" year="1987">Gupta 1987: 355</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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(catalog);
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<treatmentCitation author="Yu D & Horstmann K" box="[623,989,166,193]" page="455" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" year="1997">
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<bibRefCitation author="Yu D & Horstmann K" box="[623,989,166,193]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" pagination="1 - 1558" refId="ref15202" refString="Yu D, Horstmann K (1997) A catalogue of world Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 58: 1 - 1558." type="journal article" year="1997">Yu and Horstmann 1997: 455</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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(catalog);
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<treatmentCitation author="Zhaurova K & Wharton RA" box="[185,579,202,228]" page="34" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" year="2009">
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<bibRefCitation author="Zhaurova K & Wharton RA" box="[185,579,202,228]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" pagination="1 - 77" refId="ref15231" refString="Zhaurova K, Wharton RA (2009) Recognition of Scolobatini and Westwoodiini (Hymenoptera, Ctenopelmatinae) and revision of the component genera. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 35 (5): 1 - 77." type="journal article" year="2009">Zhaurova and Wharton 2009: 34</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, 39–41, 62–65, 67, 69–77 (key to genera of
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<taxonomicName box="[185,345,237,263]" pageId="12" pageNumber="35" rank="tribe" tribe="Westwoodiini">Westwoodiini</taxonomicName>
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, redescription, figures, relationships).
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="12.[140,1108,166,334]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">
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<treatmentCitationGroup pageId="12" pageNumber="47">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Szepligeti" authorityYear="1908" box="[140,251,273,298]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Megaceria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[140,251,273,298]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">Megaceria</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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auct. (misidentified, not
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<taxonomicName authority="Szepligeti, 1908" authorityName="Szepligeti" authorityYear="1908" box="[538,842,272,298]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Megaceria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[538,649,273,298]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">Megaceria</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Szepligeti G" box="[656,842,272,298]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" pagination="317 - 324" refId="ref14979" refString="Szepligeti G (1908) Hymenoptera, Braconidae und Ichneumonidae. In: Michaelson W, Hartmeyer R (Eds) Die Fauna Sudwest-Australiens, 1: 317 - 324." type="journal article" year="1908">Szépligeti, 1908</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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):
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<treatmentCitation author="Townes H" box="[860,1103,272,299]" page="57" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" year="1970">
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<bibRefCitation author="Townes H" box="[860,1103,272,299]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" pagination="1 - 307" refId="ref15034" refString="Townes H (1970) Genera of Ichneumonidae, Part 3. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 13: 1 - 307." type="journal article" year="1970">Townes 1970: 57–58</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, 224 (key, description, figure);
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<treatmentCitation author="Short JRT" box="[526,745,307,334]" page="62" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" year="1978">
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<bibRefCitation author="Short JRT" box="[526,745,307,334]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" pagination="1 - 508" refId="ref14872" refString="Short JRT (1978) The final larval instars of the Ichneumonidae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 25: 1 - 508." type="journal article" year="1978">Short 1978: 62–64</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, 259 (larva).
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph blockId="12.[140,1108,377,1672]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,266,377,403]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">
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<emphasis box="[140,262,377,403]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" reason="1">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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:
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</emphasis>
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Clypeus similar in outline in all species (Figs 17–20), with ventral margin broadly truncate or nearly so medially, sharply angled dorsally near lateral margin. First flagellomere with large tyloid containing numerous (>20) placoid sensilla (Figs 14, 15). Occipital and hypostomal carinae meeting ventrally well before base of mandible (Fig. 25). Mesoscutum densely punctate throughout; notauli deep throughout, including at anterior margin (Fig. 27), V-shaped, converging posteriorly in broad, shallow depression separated from scuto-scutellar groove by a weak elevation; mesopleural depression broad and distinct. Propodeum varying from partially and weakly to extensively and strongly rugose (Figs 33–34), but always with some carination visible. Inner hind tibial spur almost twice length of outer spur. Fore wing 2m-cu with a single bulla. Petiolar tergosternal sulcus located ventrally when viewed in profile. Glymma represented by a shallow dorsal depression anteriorly (Fig. 45). S1 extending more than half distance to spiracle, usually to or nearly to level of spiracle. Metasomal segments 1–2 and more rarely 3 with epipleura bare and membranous when visible, often collapsed and extending outwardly as fleshy protrusions in dried specimens. Female gaster laterally compressed apically from middle of T3. In lateral view, cerci attached ventrad middle of posterior aspect of gaster. All four of the known species have hyaline wings with an infumate spot at the tip of the fore wing.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="12.[140,1108,377,1672]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">
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<taxonomicName authorityName=": Gupta" authorityYear="1987" box="[185,309,1011,1037]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Pergaphaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[185,309,1011,1037]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">Pergaphaga</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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can be differentiated from other
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<taxonomicName box="[680,875,1011,1037]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ctenopelmatinae">Ctenopelmatinae</taxonomicName>
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by a combination of characters specific to
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<taxonomicName box="[385,545,1047,1073]" pageId="12" pageNumber="35" rank="tribe" tribe="Westwoodiini">Westwoodiini</taxonomicName>
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, including fore wing RS+2
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<taxonomicName box="[857,951,1047,1073]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="arising">r arising</taxonomicName>
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from or near the base of the stigma (Figs 36–40), cerci of females ventrally displaced, and first flagellomere with a large tyloid laterally. The tyloid is in the form of a bare patch of numerous (> 20), irregularly arranged placoid sensilla (Figs 14–15).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="12.[140,1108,377,1672]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">
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As noted by
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<bibRefCitation author="Zhaurova K & Wharton RA" box="[329,686,1187,1214]" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" pagination="1 - 77" refId="ref15231" refString="Zhaurova K, Wharton RA (2009) Recognition of Scolobatini and Westwoodiini (Hymenoptera, Ctenopelmatinae) and revision of the component genera. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 35 (5): 1 - 77." type="journal article" year="2009">Zhaurova and Wharton (2009)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName=": Gupta" authorityYear="1987" box="[698,822,1187,1213]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Pergaphaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[698,822,1187,1213]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">Pergaphaga</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is perhaps the least readily characterized of the known westwoodiines, and the species most closely resemble those currently placed in
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Gauld" authorityYear="1984" box="[442,583,1258,1284]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Dictyopheltes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[442,583,1258,1284]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">Dictyopheltes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. The species of
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<taxonomicName authorityName=": Gupta" authorityYear="1987" box="[778,902,1258,1284]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Pergaphaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[778,902,1258,1284]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">Pergaphaga</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Gauld" authorityYear="1984" box="[966,1107,1258,1284]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Dictyopheltes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[966,1107,1258,1284]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">Dictyopheltes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are characterized relative to other westwoodiine genera by the shallow to indistinct glymma (Fig. 45), with the petiole thus resembling that of certain
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gauld" baseAuthorityYear="1984" box="[878,1027,1328,1354]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Euryproctini">Euryproctini</taxonomicName>
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.
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<bibRefCitation author="Gauld ID" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" refId="ref14477" refString="Gauld ID (1984) An Introduction to the Ichneumonidae of Australia. British Museum (Natural History), London, 413 pp." type="book" year="1984">Gauld (1984)</bibRefCitation>
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, in fact, stated that
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<taxonomicName authorityName=": Gupta" authorityYear="1987" box="[442,566,1363,1389]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Pergaphaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[442,566,1363,1389]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">Pergaphaga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Gauld" authorityYear="1984" box="[622,763,1363,1389]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Dictyopheltes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[622,763,1363,1389]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">Dictyopheltes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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lacked a glymma, and he used this feature in his key to the Australian genera of ctenopelmatines. A glymma-like depression is present in nearly all individuals that we examined, but is much different in appearance than the deeper glymma of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Brulle" authorityYear="1846" box="[621,749,1469,1495]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Westwoodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis box="[621,749,1469,1495]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">Westwoodia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Zhaurova" authorityYear="2009" box="[765,855,1469,1495]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Gauldia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis box="[765,855,1469,1495]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">Gauldia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Cushman" authorityYear="1924" box="[920,1048,1469,1495]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Hypopheltes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[920,1048,1469,1495]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">Hypopheltes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. It is narrow, shallow, and almost slit-like in some specimens, and never as distinct as it is in these other genera.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="12.[140,1108,377,1672]" lastBlockId="13.[140,1108,167,1460]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">
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The sternite of the petiole is longer in
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<taxonomicName authorityName=": Gupta" authorityYear="1987" box="[636,763,1575,1601]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Pergaphaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[636,763,1575,1601]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">Pergaphaga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
relative to that in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gauld" authorityYear="1984" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Dictyopheltes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">Dictyopheltes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Additionally, the species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Gupta" authorityYear="1987" box="[507,634,1610,1636]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Pergaphaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[507,634,1610,1636]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">Pergaphaga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are less heavily sculptured than those of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gauld" authorityYear="1984" box="[140,285,1645,1671]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Dictyopheltes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,285,1645,1671]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="47">Dictyopheltes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and retain at least some visible carination on the propodeum (Figs 33– 34). The most distinctive feature of the propodeum is the presence of a straight to very weakly arched transverse carina or series of low, transverse ridges extending between the propodeal spiracles that is not found in other westwoodiines, and which is variously developed in the new species described below. The monophyly of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Gupta" authorityYear="1987" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Pergaphaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Pergaphaga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is thus largely supported by the patterns of propodeal carination and wing coloration.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[140,1108,167,1460]" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
|
||
Monophyly of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gauld" authorityYear="1984" box="[355,496,378,404]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Dictyopheltes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[355,496,378,404]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Dictyopheltes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is supported primarily by two character states: notauli absent at base and propodeum rugose, without distinct carinae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gauld ID" box="[880,1023,413,439]" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" refId="ref14477" refString="Gauld ID (1984) An Introduction to the Ichneumonidae of Australia. British Museum (Natural History), London, 413 pp." type="book" year="1984">Gauld 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Zhaurova K & Wharton RA" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" pagination="1 - 77" refId="ref15231" refString="Zhaurova K, Wharton RA (2009) Recognition of Scolobatini and Westwoodiini (Hymenoptera, Ctenopelmatinae) and revision of the component genera. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 35 (5): 1 - 77." type="journal article" year="2009">Zhaurova and Wharton 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="48" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[140,1108,167,1460]" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,283,483,509]" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,278,483,509]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" reason="1">Biology</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Gupta" authorityYear="1987" box="[454,578,483,509]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Pergaphaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[454,578,483,509]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Pergaphaga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been reared from pergine sawflies feeding on
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[178,293,519,545]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Eucalyptus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[178,293,519,545]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Eucalyptus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and specifically from
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Carne 1969)" baseAuthorityName="Carne" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[555,856,519,546]" class="Insecta" family="Pergidae" genus="Perga" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="affinis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[555,688,519,545]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Perga affinis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Carne PB" box="[705,846,519,546]" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" pagination="113 - 141" refId="ref14414" refString="Carne PB (1969) On the population dynamics of the eucalypt-defoliating sawfly Perga affinis affinis Kirby (Hymenoptera). Australian Journal of Zoology 17: 113 - 141." type="journal article" year="1969">Carne 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Elliot and Bashford 1995)" baseAuthorityName="Elliot and Bashford" baseAuthorityYear="1995" class="Insecta" family="Pergidae" genus="Pergagrapta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bella">
|
||
<emphasis box="[869,1056,519,545]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Pergagrapta bella</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Elliot HJ & Bashford R" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" pagination="27 - 35" refId="ref14445" refString="Elliot HJ, Bashford R (1995) Notes on the biology and behaviour of eucalypt-defoliating sawflies (Hymenoptera: Pergidae) in Tasmania. Tasforests 7: 27 - 35." type="journal article" year="1995">Elliot and Bashford 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Westwood)" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" box="[465,887,554,581]" class="Insecta" family="Pergidae" genus="Pergagrapta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gravenhorstii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[465,739,554,580]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Pergagrapta gravenhorstii</emphasis>
|
||
(Westwood)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The latter record is based solely on label data from the
|
||
<typeStatus box="[528,576,590,616]" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">type</typeStatus>
|
||
series of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Wharton" authorityYear="2010" box="[677,760,589,615]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Pergaphaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leaski">
|
||
<emphasis box="[677,760,589,615]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">P. leaski</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. There are collection or rearing records from every month except September and November, but the vast majority are from February through June.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[140,1108,167,1460]" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Gupta" authorityYear="1987" box="[185,309,695,721]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Pergaphaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,309,695,721]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Pergaphaga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known only from southeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[704,807,695,721]" name="Australia" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, ranging from
|
||
<collectingRegion country="Australia" name="South Australia" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">South Australia</collectingRegion>
|
||
, through
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[314,405,730,756]" country="Australia" name="Victoria" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Victoria</collectingRegion>
|
||
and north about midway through
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[815,1024,730,756]" country="Australia" name="New South Wales" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">New South Wales</collectingRegion>
|
||
. In addition to the specimens recorded below under the species descriptions there are published records of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Gupta" authorityYear="1987" box="[335,459,800,826]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Pergaphaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[335,459,800,826]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Pergaphaga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[530,637,800,826]" country="Australia" name="Tasmania" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Tasmania</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Elliot HJ & Bashford R" box="[653,948,800,827]" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" pagination="27 - 35" refId="ref14445" refString="Elliot HJ, Bashford R (1995) Notes on the biology and behaviour of eucalypt-defoliating sawflies (Hymenoptera: Pergidae) in Tasmania. Tasforests 7: 27 - 35." type="journal article" year="1995">Elliot and Bashford 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but we have not seen this material. The specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gauld. Carne" authorityYear="1969" box="[606,688,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Pergaphaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigra">
|
||
<emphasis box="[606,688,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">P. nigra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
labeled as
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[814,989,835,861]" country="Australia" name="South Australia" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">South Australia</collectingRegion>
|
||
(BMNH) have no additional data, and we are unable to pinpoint the locality further.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="48" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[140,1108,167,1460]" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,298,906,932]" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,293,906,932]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" reason="1">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Gupta" authorityYear="1987" box="[304,428,906,932]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Pergaphaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[304,428,906,932]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Pergaphaga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is similar in size and general appearance to species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Szepligeti" authorityYear="1908" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Megaceria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Megaceria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a more commonly encountered ctenopelmatine in the tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Gauld 1984)" baseAuthorityName="Gauld" baseAuthorityYear="1984" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Euryproctini">
|
||
Euryproctini (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gauld ID" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" refId="ref14477" refString="Gauld ID (1984) An Introduction to the Ichneumonidae of Australia. British Museum (Natural History), London, 413 pp." type="book" year="1984">Gauld 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Both are Australian endemics, and the two have been confused in the past, prior to the detailed study of the Australian fauna by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gauld ID" box="[668,826,1011,1038]" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" refId="ref14477" refString="Gauld ID (1984) An Introduction to the Ichneumonidae of Australia. British Museum (Natural History), London, 413 pp." type="book" year="1984">Gauld (1984)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Szepligeti" authorityYear="1908" box="[997,1108,1012,1037]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Megaceria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[997,1108,1012,1037]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Megaceria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lack the distinct tyloid at the base of the outer side of the first flagellomere. The first flagellomere also tends to be longer in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Szepligeti" authorityYear="1908" box="[581,692,1083,1108]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Megaceria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[581,692,1083,1108]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Megaceria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with RS generally arising more distally from the stigma and terminating closer to the wing tip. Additionally, the petiole is more completely tubular in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Szepligeti" authorityYear="1908" box="[494,605,1153,1178]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Megaceria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[494,605,1153,1178]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Megaceria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with no obvious sulcus between the fused tergum and sternum, the spiracle is more anteriorly displaced, and there is a broader, more distinct bridge separating the foramen of the petiole from the coxal cavities. The shape of the forewing areolet is distinctive in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Szepligeti" authorityYear="1908" box="[652,763,1259,1284]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Megaceria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[652,763,1259,1284]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Megaceria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, unlike the various forms seen in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Gupta" authorityYear="1987" box="[172,296,1293,1319]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Pergaphaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[172,296,1293,1319]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Pergaphaga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Szepligeti" authorityYear="1908" box="[345,456,1294,1319]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Megaceria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[345,456,1294,1319]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Megaceria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, ornamentation on the frons varies, as does the development of lateral carinae on the scutellum and there’s an unusual amount of variation in the trough and associated carinae and projections along the margin of the propodeum and metanotum. According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gauld ID" box="[489,647,1399,1425]" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" refId="ref14477" refString="Gauld ID (1984) An Introduction to the Ichneumonidae of Australia. British Museum (Natural History), London, 413 pp." type="book" year="1984">Gauld (1984)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, there are three described species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Szepligeti" authorityYear="1908" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Megaceria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="48">Megaceria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and at least 10 undescribed species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |