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<document id="DA959A4698E46C0F503278CF2E12C837" ID-CLB-Dataset="45711" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3800.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2d075ca0-1e91-4d73-aa81-142595148e58" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="251585" ID-ZooBank="E17389E8-5480-42EC-9039-D5BE822F1A75" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460423316444" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Gupta, Ankita &amp; Fernández-Triana, José L." docDate="2014" docId="0A73B675A877FFE641EFF960FBDA802F" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03800p101.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3800 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Distatrix Mason" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="8" masterDocId="F64ACE0DA870FFEE4178FFA6FFE78148" masterDocTitle="Diversity, host association, and cocoon variability of reared Indian Microgastrinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)" masterLastPageNumber="101" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="8" updateTime="1698330310120" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="076454F93266D780460BCD400109ECE9">Diversity, host association, and cocoon variability of reared Indian Microgastrinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8C3BD8961BC921FE29CFFCE39A660B5D">Gupta, Ankita</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5791A50EDFF50F3097B84E9F5BABF07D">Fernández-Triana, José L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="8EAAD716B52CD6433D53E53F32660C87">2014</mods:date>
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<paragraph id="82650763A877FFE941EFF960FD6887A8" blockId="7.[151,655,1734,1760]" box="[151,655,1734,1760]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<heading id="D92DB00FA877FFE941EFF960FD6887A8" bold="true" box="[151,655,1734,1760]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B0AEDB71A877FFE941EFF960FD6887A8" bold="true" box="[151,655,1734,1760]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="45DA7CE0A877FFE94196F960FE5387A8" authority="Mason" authorityName="Mason" box="[238,436,1734,1760]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Distatrix" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B0AEDB71A877FFE94196F960FEBF87A8" bold="true" box="[238,344,1734,1760]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Distatrix</emphasis>
Mason
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="1AE11BE6A877FFE940BBF960FDAA87A8" box="[451,589,1734,1760]" captionStart="FIGURES 55 56. 55" captionStartId="30.[151,264,1978,2000]" captionTargetBox="[209,1380,200,1953]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[200,1387,193,1957]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURES 55 56. 55. Parasitized caterpillar of Papilio demoleus L. with cocoons of Distatrix papilionis (Viereck); 56. Cocoon mass of Distatrix papilionis (Viereck)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251594/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs 5556</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1AE11BE6A877FFE94322F960FD6087A8" box="[602,647,1734,1760]" captionStart="FIGURE 137" captionStartId="69.[151,250,2014,2036]" captionTargetBox="[206,1391,224,1964]" captionTargetId="figure@69.[181,1405,193,1993]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="FIGURE 137. Distatrix papilionis (Viereck) (female) — A. Dorsal view B. Profile view C. Mesosoma D. Metasoma." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251633/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">137</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="CAC054E8A877FFE641EFF8ABFBDA802F" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="82650763A877FFE941EFF8ABFCB586DA" blockId="7.[151,1436,1805,1938]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="B0AEDB71A877FFE941EFF8ABFEA1866E" bold="true" box="[151,326,1805,1830]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Rearing
<taxonomicName id="45DA7CE0A877FFE9407CF8ABFEA1866E" ID-CoL="926P8" authority="The" authorityName="The" box="[260,326,1805,1830]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Data" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Data:</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
The genus
<taxonomicName id="45DA7CE0A877FFE940A0F8A8FDDB866D" box="[472,572,1806,1829]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Distatrix" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B0AEDB71A877FFE940A0F8A8FDDB866D" box="[472,572,1806,1829]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Distatrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is mainly reported from pantropical regions with very few records from temperate areas. The genus is equivalent to Nixons
<emphasis id="B0AEDB71A877FFE9439AF894FCAF8602" box="[738,840,1842,1866]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">formosus</emphasis>
group (
<bibRefCitation id="E64B7A92A877FFE942D8F894FBD68602" author="Mason" box="[928,1073,1842,1866]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Mason, W. R. M. (1981) The polyphyletic nature of Apanteles Forster (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): a phylogeny and reclassification of Microgastrinae. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 115, 1 - 147. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4039 / entm 113115 fv" type="journal article" year="1981">Mason 1981</bibRefCitation>
). Cocoons that are gregarious in nature mimic flower heads, while the solitary ones make single stalked cocoons (
<bibRefCitation id="E64B7A92A877FFE94533F8F3FB198626" author="Whitfield" box="[1099,1278,1877,1902]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refString="Whitfield, J. B. (1997) Subfamily Microgastrinae. In: Wharton, R. A., Marsh, P. M. &amp; Sharkey, M. J. (Eds.), Manual of the New World genera of the family Braconidae (Hymenoptera). Special Publication No. 1, International Society of Hymenopterists, Washington, D. C., pp. 333 - 364." type="book chapter" year="1997">Whitfield 1997</bibRefCitation>
). Almost
<specimenCount id="94DCCCEAA877FFE9440AF8F3FEEB86DA" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="generic">758 specimens</specimenCount>
were bred from caterpillars collected all over
<collectingCountry id="FACD47F3A877FFE94269F8DFFCA986DA" box="[785,846,1913,1938]" name="India" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">India</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="82650763A877FFE641EFF867FBDA802F" blockId="7.[151,1436,1985,2010]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1436,151,360]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="B0AEDB71A877FFE941EFF867FE238692" bold="true" box="[151,452,1985,2010]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Life History Comments:</emphasis>
Only one species,
<taxonomicName id="45DA7CE0A877FFE943D5F864FC1A8692" authority="Viereck" authorityName="Viereck" box="[685,1021,1985,2010]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Distatrix" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="papilionis">
<emphasis id="B0AEDB71A877FFE943D5F864FC6A8692" box="[685,909,1985,2010]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Distatrix papilionis</emphasis>
(Viereck)
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="1AE11BE6A877FFE9456AF867FB908692" box="[1042,1143,1985,2010]" captionStart="FIGURE 137" captionStartId="69.[151,250,2014,2036]" captionTargetBox="[206,1391,224,1964]" captionTargetId="figure@69.[181,1405,193,1993]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="FIGURE 137. Distatrix papilionis (Viereck) (female) — A. Dorsal view B. Profile view C. Mesosoma D. Metasoma." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251633/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 137</figureCitation>
) is recorded from
<collectingCountry id="FACD47F3A877FFE94423F867FA708692" box="[1371,1431,1985,2010]" name="India" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">India</collectingCountry>
, attacking
<taxonomicName id="45DA7CE0A878FFE64070FF31FD2B81F8" ID-CoL="6TLXW" authority="Linnaeus. Gregarious" authorityName="Linnaeus. Gregarious" box="[264,716,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Papilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="demoleus">
<emphasis id="B0AEDB71A878FFE64070FF31FE2981F8" box="[264,462,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Papilio demoleus</emphasis>
Linnaeus. Gregarious
</taxonomicName>
white cocoon masses ranging from 15-158 cocoons/leaf were observed (
<figureCitation id="1AE11BE6A878FFE64076FF1AFEB3819C" box="[270,340,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 1. 1 A" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1902,1924]" captionTargetBox="[151,1424,200,1873]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1436,193,1881]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 1. 1 A. Leaves with cocoons; 1 B. Test tubes with single cocoon mass for emergence." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251586/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 1</figureCitation>
A, 55, 56). Number of cocoons/caterpillar/leaf varied with the stage of larval instar. The early instars (2nd instar) of lime butterfly, having the appearance of bird droppings, yielded 15-26 cocoons/caterpillar/ leaf. Third instar parasitism yielded 49, 58, 96 cocoons/caterpillar/leaf, respectively. From late instars 112, 131, 148, and 158 cocoons/caterpillar/leaf were collected. This shows positive correlation between the number of cocoons/caterpillar/leaf and the larval stage (and possibly with the size of the host).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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