186 lines
21 KiB
XML
186 lines
21 KiB
XML
<document id="CF8DCEAD636F51A6DAB8FF7E3C3A7288" ID-CLB-Dataset="37205" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4065.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="88f8f520-ea1e-4802-9251-25faeb2bf759" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="270490" ID-ZooBank="8D812E80-0507-4B41-A220-B891A46DDAD3" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459684168008" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Hausmann, Axel, Sciarretta, Andrea & Parisi, Francesco" docDate="2016" docId="5134879B1D75393AFF4EF997FD52FF52" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4065.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4065 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Prasinocyma Warren 1897" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="11" masterDocId="AD0DFFE31D7D3930FFD9FFA3FFD1FFAA" masterDocTitle="The Geometrinae of Ethiopia II: Tribus Hemistolini, genus Prasinocyma (Lepidoptera: Geometridae, Geometrinae)" masterLastPageNumber="63" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="9" updateTime="1698208672783" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="0DEB1F353B804E46B5385BBDBADBB6BA">The Geometrinae of Ethiopia II: Tribus Hemistolini, genus Prasinocyma (Lepidoptera: Geometridae, Geometrinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F3B07C1A690A28FDEA0504AD7BD7DB84">Hausmann, Axel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9EE788CC2B88ABD64861CEF101CAA0C8">Sciarretta, Andrea</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="D75FBF8F9D56BEA03B2A4339E5F2C10D">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="06E8AE9BD02E242A2F867A0454C837E4">Parisi, Francesco</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="EC78F08ADB0F81EECD11066FA42560DE">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="F45F066C92F4C30265658DF49BD67577">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="47DD286533CD181412C171F653BF8EE8">4065</mods:number>
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<treatment id="5134879B1D75393AFF4EF997FD52FF52" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6084250" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127638747" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6084250" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5134879B1D75393AFF4EF997FD52FF52" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5134879B1D75393AFF4EF997FD52FF52" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<subSubSection id="918765061D753938FF4EF997FDEFF9E4" box="[151,574,1588,1614]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="D922368D1D753938FF4EF997FDEFF9E4" blockId="8.[151,574,1588,1614]" box="[151,574,1588,1614]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<heading id="826A81E11D753938FF4EF997FDEFF9E4" bold="true" box="[151,574,1588,1614]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="EBE9EA9F1D753938FF4EF997FDEFF9E4" bold="true" box="[151,574,1588,1614]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="1E9D4D0E1D753938FF37F997FDEFF9E4" ID-CoL="92KJQ" authority="Warren, 1897" authorityName="Warren" authorityYear="1897" box="[238,574,1588,1614]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Prasinocyma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="EBE9EA9F1D753938FF37F997FE5DF9E4" bold="true" box="[238,396,1588,1614]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Prasinocyma</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="BD0C4B7C1D753938FE4AF997FDEFF9E4" author="Warren" box="[403,574,1588,1614]" pageId="8" pageNumber="40" refString="Warren, W. (1897) New Genera and Species of Drepanulidae, Thyrididae, Epiblemidae, Uraniidae, and Geometridae in the Tring Museum. Novitates zoologicae, 4, 195 - 262." type="journal article" year="1897">Warren, 1897</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="918765061D753938FF4EF9D8FEE7F804" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="D922368D1D753938FF4EF9D8FA5DF93A" blockId="8.[151,1420,1658,1680]" box="[151,1420,1658,1680]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<typeStatus id="0626882F1D753938FF4EF9D8FF18F93A" box="[151,201,1659,1680]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Type</typeStatus>
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species:
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<taxonomicName id="1E9D4D0E1D753938FEFFF9D9FD6EF93A" authority="Guenee, 1858" authorityName="Guenee" authorityYear="1858" box="[294,703,1658,1680]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Thalassodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vermicularia">
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<emphasis id="EBE9EA9F1D753938FEFFF9D9FDFDF93A" box="[294,556,1658,1680]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Thalassodes vermicularia</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="BD0C4B7C1D753938FDEBF9D9FD6EF93A" author="Guenee" box="[562,703,1658,1680]" pageId="8" pageNumber="39" refString="Guenee, A. (1858) Histoire naturelle des insectes (Lepidoptera), Species General des Lepidopteres. Uranides et Phalenites I. II. Tome IX & X. Libraire Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris, 514 pp. & 584 pp." type="book" year="1858">Guenée, 1858</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<collectingCountry id="A18A761D1D753938FD15F9D9FC85F93A" box="[716,852,1658,1680]" name="South Africa" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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: Northern Cape: Namaqualand) by original designation.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D922368D1D753938FF4EF91DFEE7F804" blockId="8.[151,1437,1725,2038]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<taxonomicName id="1E9D4D0E1D753938FF4EF91DFEFAF97F" box="[151,299,1726,1749]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Prasinocyma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="EBE9EA9F1D753938FF4EF91DFEFAF97F" box="[151,299,1726,1749]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Prasinocyma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is an enigmatic, taxonomically difficult genus, megadiverse in Africa, with 98 known species, most of them described before 1930. Eight species are described from
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<collectingCountry id="A18A761D1D753938FCA8F942FC02F950" box="[881,979,1761,1786]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
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, three from
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<collectingCountry id="A18A761D1D753938FB83F942FB21F950" box="[1114,1264,1761,1786]" name="Saudi Arabia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Saudi Arabia</collectingCountry>
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, one each from
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<collectingCountry id="A18A761D1D753938FF4EF8A6FF0CF8B4" box="[151,221,1797,1822]" name="Sudan" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Sudan</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="A18A761D1D753938FECAF8A6FEA3F8B4" box="[275,370,1797,1822]" name="Somalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Somalia</collectingCountry>
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, 11 from
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<collectingCountry id="A18A761D1D753938FE04F8A5FDF7F8B4" box="[477,550,1798,1822]" name="Kenya" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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and 15 from
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<collectingCountry id="A18A761D1D753938FD64F8A6FCC9F8B4" box="[701,792,1797,1822]" name="Uganda" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Uganda</collectingCountry>
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. However, most species of the last mentioned country are from Ruwenzori Region in the south-west, close to the
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<collectingCountry id="A18A761D1D753938FCEBF889FCACF8E8" box="[818,893,1834,1858]" name="Republic of the Congo" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Congo</collectingCountry>
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basin. The genus still lacks a comprehensive revision. The more recent descriptions are all done as single descriptions in the framework of national treatments. In many cases the description is based on just one sex and not rarely it remains unclear which males match with which female.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="918765061D75393AFF1EF819FD52FF52" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="description">
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<paragraph id="D922368D1D753939FF1EF819FB04FEEA" blockId="8.[151,1437,1725,2038]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1436,151,573]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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DNA barcoding brings together a lot of data, males can easily be matched with females and the genetic distances of populations from different regions of Africa are showing deep 'barcode gaps' and thus are reflecting quite well their interspecific relationships. So far we have gathered more than 400 barcodes for African members of the genus
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<taxonomicName id="1E9D4D0E1D743939FED2FF1EFE4EFF7E" box="[267,415,189,212]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Prasinocyma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="EBE9EA9F1D743939FED2FF1EFE4EFF7E" box="[267,415,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Prasinocyma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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belonging to 140 BINs (cf. Fig. A) with 20 additional lineages clearly referring to further
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<taxonomicName id="1E9D4D0E1D743939FF4EFF42FEFAFF52" box="[151,299,225,248]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Prasinocyma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="EBE9EA9F1D743939FF4EFF42FEFAFF52" box="[151,299,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Prasinocyma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species but without BIN assignment (fragment lengths <500 bp). The accumulation curve of African
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<taxonomicName id="1E9D4D0E1D743939FF4EFEA6FEFAFEB6" box="[151,299,261,284]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Prasinocyma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="EBE9EA9F1D743939FF4EFEA6FEFAFEB6" box="[151,299,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Prasinocyma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species (Fig. A) suggests saturation far beyond 200 species—perhaps even beyond 300. This means that species assessment in this genus is still at the very beginnings for the whole of the continent.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D922368D1D743939FF1EFEEEFE80FE07" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,573]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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For verifying the identifications we have dissected more than 150 individuals (mainly males) of Ethiopian members of this genus, studies on original descriptions,
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<typeStatus id="0626882F1D743939FCD2FED3FCEAFE22" box="[779,827,368,392]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">type</typeStatus>
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examinations in collection Herbulot (ZSM) and in the NHM (London).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D922368D1D743939FF1EFE1BFED4FD97" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,573]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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In this work we raise the number of known
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<taxonomicName id="1E9D4D0E1D743939FD73FE1AFCEFFE7A" box="[682,830,441,464]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Prasinocyma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="EBE9EA9F1D743939FD73FE1AFCEFFE7A" box="[682,830,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Prasinocyma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species for the fauna of
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<collectingCountry id="A18A761D1D743939FB95FE14FB7AFE7A" box="[1100,1195,439,464]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
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from eight to 40, two of these species show subspecific divergences within the territory of
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<collectingCountry id="A18A761D1D743939FC7AFE7FFBD7FE5F" box="[931,1030,476,501]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
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. One further, undescribed species is analysed and presented here but set back for a later formal description due to the poor conservation status of the singleton.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D922368D1D743939FF4EFB5DFD3BFA9D" blockId="9.[151,1436,1278,1335]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<emphasis id="EBE9EA9F1D743939FF4EFB5DFECBFAB9" bold="true" box="[151,282,1278,1300]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">FIGURE A.</emphasis>
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Accumulation curve for DNA barcode clusters (source: BOLD database, http://www.boldsystems.org/ accessed
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<date id="AD23104D1D743939FF4EFA82FF2FFA9D" box="[151,254,1313,1335]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="2014-03-12">3.12.2014</date>
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) of African members of the genus
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<taxonomicName id="1E9D4D0E1D743939FD86FA81FD35FA9D" box="[607,740,1314,1335]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Prasinocyma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="EBE9EA9F1D743939FD86FA81FD35FA9D" box="[607,740,1314,1335]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Prasinocyma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D922368D1D743939FF1EFAC4FD98F9F2" blockId="9.[151,1436,1383,1984]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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The genus was poorly defined by
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<bibRefCitation id="BD0C4B7C1D743939FD9AFACBFD02FA2A" author="Prout" box="[579,723,1384,1408]" pageId="9" pageNumber="40" refString="Prout, L. B. (1930) Hemitheinae. In: Seitz, A. [1930 - 1938] (Ed.), Die Groß-Schmetterlinge der Erde. Vol. 16. A. Kernen, Stuttgart, pp. 9 - 48." type="book chapter" year="1930">Prout (1930)</bibRefCitation>
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, just indicating presence of frenulum in male and its absence in female, the 'lack of specialized structures', third segment of female palpi 'more or less elongate', and hindwing termen rounded or slightly angled at M3. Presence of coremata at base of valvae and elongate shape of valva with concave ventral margin shared with genus
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<taxonomicName id="1E9D4D0E1D743939FD55FA70FCC6FA46" box="[652,791,1491,1516]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Thalassodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="EBE9EA9F1D743939FD55FA70FCC6FA46" box="[652,791,1491,1516]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Thalassodes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, but the latter with the following important differential characters (cf.
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<bibRefCitation id="BD0C4B7C1D743939FEE7FA54FE23F9BA" author="Holloway" box="[318,498,1527,1552]" pageId="9" pageNumber="40" refString="Holloway, J. D. (1996) The Moths of Borneo: Family Geometridae, Subfamilies Oenochrominae, Desmobathrinae and Geometrinae. Malayan Nature Journal, 49, 147 - 326." type="journal article" year="1996">Holloway 1996</bibRefCitation>
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): socii present, long and narrow, sternum A8 unmodified or slightly only, typically also angled hindwing termen and pale transverse lines. Most species show pale ‘strigulae’ (
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<bibRefCitation id="BD0C4B7C1D743939FB6DF9BFFAE4F99E" author="Janse" box="[1204,1333,1563,1588]" pageId="9" pageNumber="40" refString="Janse, A. J. T. (1935) [1933 - 1935] Hemitheinae. In: Janse, A. J. T. (Ed.), The Moths of South Africa. Vol. II. Geometridae. E. P. & Commercial Printing Co. Ltd., Durban, pp. 249 - 403. [448 pp.]" type="book chapter" year="1935">Janse 1935</bibRefCitation>
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) densely irrorated over the green ground colour.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D922368D1D743939FF1EF9C7FCA8F86A" blockId="9.[151,1436,1383,1984]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
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<bibRefCitation id="BD0C4B7C1D743939FF1EF9C7FE84F9D6" author="Prout" box="[199,341,1636,1660]" pageId="9" pageNumber="40" refString="Prout, L. B. (1930) Hemitheinae. In: Seitz, A. [1930 - 1938] (Ed.), Die Groß-Schmetterlinge der Erde. Vol. 16. A. Kernen, Stuttgart, pp. 9 - 48." type="book chapter" year="1930">Prout (1930)</bibRefCitation>
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based the order (sequence) of species on the presence/absence of discal dots and dots at the inner termen, but such criteria are not reliable for a solid and reliable classification. In this paper, we list the species in more natural species-groups according to relationships as they are revealed by a combined analysis of genitalia and DNA barcodes. These allow to arrange the 40 Ethiopian species in the following groups: (a) the
|
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<taxonomicName id="1E9D4D0E1D743939FAC1F96CFA4DF942" box="[1304,1436,1743,1768]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Prasinocyma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="immaculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="EBE9EA9F1D743939FAC1F96CFA4DF942" box="[1304,1436,1743,1768]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">immaculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species-group with eleven species (b) the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1E9D4D0E1D743939FDA7F956FD13F8A6" box="[638,706,1781,1804]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Prasinocyma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nereis">
|
||
<emphasis id="EBE9EA9F1D743939FDA7F956FD13F8A6" box="[638,706,1781,1804]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">nereis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species-group with eighteen species (c) the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1E9D4D0E1D743939FB1EF950FAE6F8A6" box="[1223,1335,1779,1804]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Prasinocyma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aetheraea">
|
||
<emphasis id="EBE9EA9F1D743939FB1EF950FAE6F8A6" box="[1223,1335,1779,1804]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">aetheraea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
speciesgroup with five species (d) the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1E9D4D0E1D743939FDE5F8B4FD6BF89A" box="[572,698,1815,1840]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Prasinocyma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifimbriata">
|
||
<emphasis id="EBE9EA9F1D743939FDE5F8B4FD6BF89A" box="[572,698,1815,1840]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">bifimbriata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species-group with six species. For all groups we found synapomorphies, mainly in male genitalia (see species-group descriptions). Generally the male genitalia of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1E9D4D0E1D743939FF4EF8C2FEFAF8D2" box="[151,299,1889,1912]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Prasinocyma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="EBE9EA9F1D743939FF4EF8C2FEFAF8D2" box="[151,299,1889,1912]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Prasinocyma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
bear valuable differential features at species level, common features are the lacking or vestigial, short socii, almost all species show a membranous, subterminal, ventral lobe at the valva, sacculus and/or harpe usually sclerotized, sternum A8 often bilobous or with paired projections.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D922368D1D77393AFF1EFF3BFD52FF52" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,248]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
In the descriptions of wing coloration of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1E9D4D0E1D77393AFD44FF3AFCE0FF1A" box="[669,817,153,176]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Prasinocyma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="EBE9EA9F1D77393AFD44FF3AFCE0FF1A" box="[669,817,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Prasinocyma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species we just differenciated between “bluish green” and “leaf green”, such as between “pale (bluish/leaf) green” and “deep (bluish/leaf) green”. Any further differenciation is not helpful in our opinion.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |