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<mods:title id="885FB542C6771696BFDC92CEA1E50E47">Taxonomy, distribution, natural history and conservation of the Russet-mantled Foliage-gleaner Syndactyla dimidiata (Pelzeln, 1859) (Aves: Furnariidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="4CFE845AE101957CB80F8AF14B212AD6">Lopes, Leonardo Esteves</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0B3EB38F8963A6573CD228E3FD776547">Gonzaga, Luiz Pedreira</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="485287B150067553FF3FE4331E5FF914" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5671237" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119411840" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5671237" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:485287B150067553FF3FE4331E5FF914" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/485287B150067553FF3FE4331E5FF914" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="444" pageId="7" pageNumber="442">
<subSubSection id="88E1652C5006755DFF3FE4331D29F8AE" box="[151,593,1856,1882]" pageId="7" pageNumber="442" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="C04436A75006755DFF3FE4331D29F8AE" blockId="7.[151,593,1856,1882]" box="[151,593,1856,1882]" pageId="7" pageNumber="442">
<heading id="9B0C81CB5006755DFF3FE4331D29F8AE" bold="true" box="[151,593,1856,1882]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="442" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="07FB4D245006755DFF3FE4331D29F8AE" ID-CoL="7B8RP" authority="Pelzeln, 1859" authorityName="Pelzeln" authorityYear="1859" box="[151,593,1856,1882]" class="Aves" family="Furnariidae" genus="Syndactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="442" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dimidiata">
<emphasis id="F28FEAB55006755DFF3FE4331D29F8AE" bold="true" box="[151,593,1856,1882]" pageId="7" pageNumber="442">
<emphasis id="F28FEAB55006755DFF3FE4331EECF8AE" bold="true" box="[151,404,1856,1882]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="442">Syndactyla dimidiata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="A46A4B565006755DFE0BE4331D31F8AE" author="Pelzeln" box="[419,585,1856,1882]" pageId="7" pageNumber="442" refString="Pelzeln, A., von. (1859) Uber neue Arten der Gattungen Synallaxis, Anabates und Xenops in der kaiserlichen ornithologischen Sammlung, nebst Auszugen aus Johann Natterer's nachgelassenen Notizen uber die von ihm in Brasilien gesammelten Arten der Subfamilien: Furnarinae und Synallaxinae. Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 34, 99 - 134." type="journal article" year="1859">Pelzeln, 1859</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="07FB4D245006755DFF3FE4F51E8FF868" authority="Pelzeln, 1859" authorityName="Pelzeln" authorityYear="1859" box="[151,503,1926,1948]" class="Aves" family="Furnariidae" genus="Anabates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="442" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dimidiatus">
<emphasis id="F28FEAB55006755DFF3FE4F51E1EF868" box="[151,358,1926,1948]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="442">Anabates dimidiatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="A46A4B565006755DFEC4E4F51E8FF868" author="Pelzeln" box="[364,503,1926,1948]" pageId="7" pageNumber="442" refString="Pelzeln, A., von. (1859) Uber neue Arten der Gattungen Synallaxis, Anabates und Xenops in der kaiserlichen ornithologischen Sammlung, nebst Auszugen aus Johann Natterer's nachgelassenen Notizen uber die von ihm in Brasilien gesammelten Arten der Subfamilien: Furnarinae und Synallaxinae. Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 34, 99 - 134." type="journal article" year="1859">Pelzeln, 1859</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C04436A75006755DFF3FE4D61DCDF82E" blockId="7.[151,811,1926,2010]" pageId="7" pageNumber="442">
<taxonomicName id="07FB4D245006755DFF3FE4D61C53F84F" ID-CoL="4GDN5" authority="(Pelzeln, 1859) Berlepsch &amp; Hellmayr, 1905" authorityName="(Pelzeln, 1859) Berlepsch &amp; Hellmayr" authorityYear="1905" box="[151,811,1957,1979]" class="Aves" family="Furnariidae" genus="Philydor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="442" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dimidiatus">
<emphasis id="F28FEAB55006755DFF3FE4D61E19F84F" box="[151,353,1957,1979]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="442">Philydor dimidiatus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="A46A4B565006755DFEC6E4D61E82F84F" author="Pelzeln" box="[366,506,1957,1979]" pageId="7" pageNumber="442" refString="Pelzeln, A., von. (1859) Uber neue Arten der Gattungen Synallaxis, Anabates und Xenops in der kaiserlichen ornithologischen Sammlung, nebst Auszugen aus Johann Natterer's nachgelassenen Notizen uber die von ihm in Brasilien gesammelten Arten der Subfamilien: Furnarinae und Synallaxinae. Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 34, 99 - 134." type="journal article" year="1859">Pelzeln, 1859</bibRefCitation>
)
<bibRefCitation id="A46A4B565006755DFDA0E4D61C53F84F" author="Berlepsch" box="[520,811,1957,1979]" pageId="7" pageNumber="442" refString="Berlepsch, H. G., von &amp; Hellmayr, C. E. (1905) Studien uber wenig bekannte Typen neotropischer Vogel. Journal fur Ornithologie, 53, 1 - 33. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 02089385" type="journal article" year="1905">Berlepsch &amp; Hellmayr, 1905</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="07FB4D245006755DFF3FE4B71DCDF82E" authority="(Pelzeln, 1859) Pinto, 1932" authorityName="(Pelzeln, 1859) Pinto" authorityYear="1932" box="[151,693,1988,2010]" class="Aves" family="Furnariidae" genus="Pseudoxenops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="442" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dimidiatus">
<emphasis id="F28FEAB55006755DFF3FE4B71EE1F82E" box="[151,409,1988,2010]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="442">Pseudoxenops dimidiatus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="A46A4B565006755DFE0EE4B71D4AF82E" author="Pelzeln" box="[422,562,1988,2010]" pageId="7" pageNumber="442" refString="Pelzeln, A., von. (1859) Uber neue Arten der Gattungen Synallaxis, Anabates und Xenops in der kaiserlichen ornithologischen Sammlung, nebst Auszugen aus Johann Natterer's nachgelassenen Notizen uber die von ihm in Brasilien gesammelten Arten der Subfamilien: Furnarinae und Synallaxinae. Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 34, 99 - 134." type="journal article" year="1859">Pelzeln, 1859</bibRefCitation>
)
<bibRefCitation id="A46A4B565006755DFDE8E4B71DCDF82E" author="Pinto" box="[576,693,1988,2010]" pageId="7" pageNumber="442" refString="Pinto, O. M. O. (1932) Resultados ornitologicos de uma excursao pelo oeste de Sao Paulo e sul de Mato Grosso. Revista do Museu Paulista, 17, 689 - 826." type="journal article" year="1932">Pinto, 1932</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C04436A750097552FF3FE3EA1D63FF5A" blockId="8.[151,872,152,296]" box="[151,539,152,174]" pageId="8" pageNumber="443">
<emphasis id="F28FEAB550097552FF3FE3EA1E72FF5A" box="[151,266,153,174]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="443">Xenoctistes</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="07FB4D2450097552FEB8E3EB1D63FF5A" authority="Snethlage, 1928" authorityName="Snethlage" authorityYear="1928" box="[272,539,152,174]" class="Aves" family="Furnariidae" genus="Syndactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="443" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mirandae">
<emphasis id="F28FEAB550097552FEB8E3EB1E09FF5A" box="[272,369,152,174]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="443">mirandae</emphasis>
Snethlage, 1928
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C04436A750097552FF3FE3C51EB7FF1F" blockId="8.[151,872,152,296]" pageId="8" pageNumber="443">
<taxonomicName id="07FB4D2450097552FF3FE3C51DC1FF38" authority="(Snethlage, 1928) Novaes, 1953" authorityName="(Snethlage, 1928) Novaes" authorityYear="1953" box="[151,697,182,204]" class="Aves" family="Furnariidae" genus="Syndactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="443" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mirandae">
<emphasis id="F28FEAB550097552FF3FE3C51E15FF38" box="[151,365,182,204]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="443">Syndactyla mirandae</emphasis>
(Snethlage, 1928)
<bibRefCitation id="A46A4B5650097552FD86E3C41DC1FF38" author="Novaes" box="[558,697,182,204]" pageId="8" pageNumber="443" refString="Novaes, F. C. (1953) Sobre a validade de Syndactyla mirandae (Snethlage, 1928) (Furnariidae, Aves). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 14, 75 - 76." type="journal article" year="1953">Novaes, 1953</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="07FB4D2450097552FF3FE3A61EB7FF1F" authority="Hellmayr, 1911" authorityName="Hellmayr" authorityYear="1911" box="[151,463,213,235]" class="Aves" family="Furnariidae" genus="Philydor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="443" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="baeri">
<emphasis id="F28FEAB550097552FF3FE3A61E53FF1F" box="[151,299,213,235]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="443">Philydor baeri</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="A46A4B5650097552FE9AE3A61EB7FF1F" author="Hellmayr" box="[306,463,213,235]" pageId="8" pageNumber="443" refString="Hellmayr, C. E. (1911) Description de trois nouvelles especes d'oiseaux des familles de Dendrocolaptides et Formicariides. L'Oiseau et la Revue Francaise d'Ornithologie, 24, 49 - 51." type="journal article" year="1911">Hellmayr, 1911</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C04436A750097552FF3FE3871C10FEDC" blockId="8.[151,872,152,296]" pageId="8" pageNumber="443">
<taxonomicName id="07FB4D2450097552FF3FE3871DEBFEFE" authority="(Hellmayr, 1911) Pinto, 1938" authorityName="(Hellmayr, 1911) Pinto" authorityYear="1938" box="[151,659,244,266]" class="Aves" family="Furnariidae" genus="Pseudoxenops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="443" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="baeri">
<emphasis id="F28FEAB550097552FF3FE3871E1BFEFE" box="[151,355,244,266]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="443">Pseudoxenops baeri</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="A46A4B5650097552FED8E3871D68FEFE" author="Hellmayr" box="[368,528,244,266]" pageId="8" pageNumber="443" refString="Hellmayr, C. E. (1911) Description de trois nouvelles especes d'oiseaux des familles de Dendrocolaptides et Formicariides. L'Oiseau et la Revue Francaise d'Ornithologie, 24, 49 - 51." type="journal article" year="1911">Hellmayr, 1911</bibRefCitation>
)
<bibRefCitation id="A46A4B5650097552FDB6E3871DEBFEFE" author="Pinto" box="[542,659,244,266]" pageId="8" pageNumber="443" refString="Pinto, O. M. O. (1938) Catalogo das aves do Brasil e lista dos exemplares que as representam no Museu Paulista. 1 a parte: Aves nao Passeriformes e Passeriformes nao Oscines excluida a fam. Tyrannidae e seguintes. Revista do Museu Paulista, 22, i - xviii + 1 - 566." type="journal article" year="1938">Pinto, 1938</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="07FB4D2450097552FF3FE2611C10FEDC" ID-CoL="5LDB9" authority="(Hellmayr, 1911) Robbins &amp; Zimmer, 2005" authorityName="(Hellmayr, 1911) Robbins &amp; Zimmer" authorityYear="2005" box="[151,872,274,296]" class="Aves" family="Furnariidae" genus="Syndactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="443" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="dimidiata" subSpecies="baeri">
<emphasis id="F28FEAB550097552FF3FE2611ED0FEDC" box="[151,424,274,296]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="443">Syndactyla dimidiata baeri</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="A46A4B5650097552FE1EE2611D2EFEDC" author="Hellmayr" box="[438,598,274,296]" pageId="8" pageNumber="443" refString="Hellmayr, C. E. (1911) Description de trois nouvelles especes d'oiseaux des familles de Dendrocolaptides et Formicariides. L'Oiseau et la Revue Francaise d'Ornithologie, 24, 49 - 51." type="journal article" year="1911">Hellmayr, 1911</bibRefCitation>
)
<bibRefCitation id="A46A4B5650097552FDCBE2611C10FEDC" author="Robbins" box="[611,872,274,296]" pageId="8" pageNumber="443" refString="Robbins, M. B. &amp; Zimmer, K. J. (2005) Taxonomy, vocalizations and natural history of Philydor dimidiatum (Furnariidae), with comments on the systematics of Syndactyla and Simoxenops. Bulletin of the British Ornithologist's Club, 125, 212 - 228." type="journal article" year="2005">Robbins &amp; Zimmer, 2005</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C04436A750097552FF3FE2261BBBFE42" blockId="8.[151,1436,341,2022]" pageId="8" pageNumber="443">
<emphasis id="F28FEAB550097552FF3FE2261F92FE9A" bold="true" box="[151,234,341,366]" pageId="8" pageNumber="443">Range.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="07FB4D2450097552FF5AE2261E98FE99" ID-CoL="7B8RP" box="[242,480,341,365]" class="Aves" family="Furnariidae" genus="Syndactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="443" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dimidiata">
<emphasis id="F28FEAB550097552FF5AE2261E98FE99" box="[242,480,341,365]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="443">Syndactyla dimidiata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is widely distributed throughout the Brazilian Cerrado, with confirmed records from southern Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Goiás, southern Bahia, Minas Gerais, and western Paraná, also reaching northeastern
<collectingCountry id="B8EC763750097552FE38E2ED1E80FE42" box="[400,504,414,438]" name="Paraguay" pageId="8" pageNumber="443">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="58C02A2250097552FDAEE2EE1D10FE42" box="[518,616,413,438]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1265,1287]" captionTargetBox="[155,1433,196,1241]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1244]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Range of Syndactyla dimidiata based on personally examined specimens (white squares), digital photographs of specimens (white circles) and published sight records (black circles). See Appendix 1. Black arrows indicate the type localities of Anabates dimidiatus Pelzeln, 1859, Philydor baeri Hellmayr, 1911, and Xenoctistes mirandae Snethlage, 1928. Grey shading indicates the limits of Cerrado vegetation (see Lopes 2008). See Fig. 2 for abbreviations of Brazilian states." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226677/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="443">Figure 4</figureCitation>
), with elevations ranging from
<quantity id="07039B4250097552FC60E2EE1B77FE41" box="[968,1039,413,438]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="443" unit="m" value="150.0">150 m</quantity>
to
<quantity id="07039B4250097552FB9BE2EE1BF0FE41" box="[1075,1160,413,438]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" pageId="8" pageNumber="443" unit="m" value="1250.0">1250 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C04436A750097552FF6FE2B21EB0FBEE" blockId="8.[151,1436,341,2022]" pageId="8" pageNumber="443">
Several doubtful or erroneous records of this species exist: 1) Although it is said to occur in the Pantanal (
<bibRefCitation id="A46A4B5650097552FAF7E2B21FABFE0A" author="Dubs" pageId="8" pageNumber="443" refString="Dubs, B. (1992) Birds of southwestern Brazil: catalogue and guide to the birds of the Pantanal of Mato Grosso and its border areas. Bertrona-Verlag, Bertrona, Germany, 164 pp." type="book" year="1992">Dubs 1992</bibRefCitation>
), there is no confirmed record of
<taxonomicName id="07FB4D2450097552FDF8E2951DA1FE09" ID-CoL="7B8RP" box="[592,729,485,509]" class="Aves" family="Furnariidae" genus="Syndactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="443" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dimidiata">
<emphasis id="F28FEAB550097552FDF8E2951DA1FE09" box="[592,729,485,509]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="443">S. dimidiata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for this region (
<bibRefCitation id="A46A4B5650097552FC39E2961BE2FE0A" author="Tubelis" box="[913,1178,485,510]" pageId="8" pageNumber="443" refString="Tubelis, D. P. &amp; Tomas, W. M. (2003) Bird species of the Pantanal wetland, Brazil. Ararajuba, 11, 5 - 37." type="journal article" year="2003">Tubelis &amp; Tomas 2003</bibRefCitation>
); 2) A record from the Rio Tibagi valley, Paraná, where this species has been considered rare (
<bibRefCitation id="A46A4B5650097552FC60E17A1A71FDD5" author="Anjos" box="[968,1289,521,546]" pageId="8" pageNumber="443" refString="Anjos, L. &amp; Schuchmann, K. - L. (1997) Biogeographical affinities of the avifauna of the Tibagi river basin, Parana drainage system, southern Brazil. Ecotropica, 3, 43 - 65." type="journal article" year="1997">Anjos &amp; Schuchmann 1997</bibRefCitation>
; Anjos
<emphasis id="F28FEAB550097552FACAE1791AE4FDD5" box="[1378,1436,521,545]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="443">et al.</emphasis>
1997), cannot be accepted either. Although this region has extensive grasslands, harboring some species typical of open Cerrado, birds restricted to gallery forests of the Cerrado have not been found there, where forests are dominated by the gymnosperm
<taxonomicName id="07FB4D2450097552FDBAE1051B5DFD7A" ID-CoL="67PQJ" authority="Anjos &amp; Graf 1993" authorityName="Anjos &amp; Graf" authorityYear="1993" box="[530,1061,629,654]" class="Pinopsida" family="Araucariaceae" genus="Araucaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="8" pageNumber="443" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="angustifolia">
<emphasis id="F28FEAB550097552FDBAE1051C60FD79" box="[530,792,629,653]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="443">Araucaria angustifolia</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="A46A4B5650097552FC84E1061B65FD7A" author="Anjos" box="[812,1053,629,654]" pageId="8" pageNumber="443" refString="Anjos, L. &amp; Graf, V. (1993) Riqueza de aves da Fazenda Santa Rita, regiao dos Campos Gerais, Palmeira, Parana, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 10, 673 - 693. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0101 - 81751993000400013" type="journal article" year="1993">Anjos &amp; Graf 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. This record has also not been accepted by
<bibRefCitation id="A46A4B5650097552FE99E1EA1E99FD46" author="Straube" box="[305,481,665,690]" pageId="8" pageNumber="443" refString="Straube, F. C., Urben-Filho, A. &amp; Kajiwara, D. (2004) Aves. In: Mikich, S. B. &amp; Bernils, R. S. (Eds.), Livro vermelho da fauna ameacada no estado do Parana. Instituto Ambiental do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil, pp. 143 - 496." type="book chapter" year="2004">Straube (2004)</bibRefCitation>
, because it is from a region with “phytophysiognomy, climate and topography unsuitable with the range and ecological requirements” of this species. Furthermore, it seems that some kind of typographical error occurred, because
<bibRefCitation id="A46A4B5650097552FDECE1921CF5FD0E" author="Anjos" box="[580,909,737,762]" pageId="8" pageNumber="443" refString="Anjos, L. &amp; Schuchmann, K. - L. (1997) Biogeographical affinities of the avifauna of the Tibagi river basin, Parana drainage system, southern Brazil. Ecotropica, 3, 43 - 65." type="journal article" year="1997">Anjos &amp; Schuchmann (1997)</bibRefCitation>
cited
<bibRefCitation id="A46A4B5650097552FC79E1921BC5FD0E" author="Anjos" box="[977,1213,737,762]" pageId="8" pageNumber="443" refString="Anjos, L. &amp; Graf, V. (1993) Riqueza de aves da Fazenda Santa Rita, regiao dos Campos Gerais, Palmeira, Parana, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 10, 673 - 693. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0101 - 81751993000400013" type="journal article" year="1993">Anjos &amp; Graf (1993)</bibRefCitation>
as the source of the record of
<taxonomicName id="07FB4D2450097552FEACE0751EF4FCE9" ID-CoL="7B8RP" box="[260,396,773,797]" class="Aves" family="Furnariidae" genus="Syndactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="443" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dimidiata">
<emphasis id="F28FEAB550097552FEACE0751EF4FCE9" box="[260,396,773,797]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="443">S. dimidiata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for Paraná, which is not verified in that publication. For other inconsistencies on the natural history data presented by Anjos and co-authors, see
<bibRefCitation id="A46A4B5650097552FD5BE05A1B47FCB6" author="Vallejos" box="[755,1087,809,834]" pageId="8" pageNumber="443" refString="Vallejos, M. A. V. &amp; Morimoto, D. (2012) The importance of data verification: unchecked errors in basic natural history sampling may greatly impair conservation research. Biological Conservation, 157, 437 - 438. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. biocon. 2012.07.024" type="journal article" year="2012">Vallejos &amp; Morimoto (2012)</bibRefCitation>
; 3)
<bibRefCitation id="A46A4B5650097552FBC6E0591A7EFCB6" author="Peters" box="[1134,1286,809,834]" pageId="8" pageNumber="443" refString="Peters, J. L. (1951) Check-list of birds of the World. Vol. 7. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, USA, x + 318 pp." type="book" year="1951">Peters (1951)</bibRefCitation>
included the &quot;Fazenda Transvaal, [municipality of] Rio Verde&quot; in the range of
<taxonomicName id="07FB4D2450097552FCD7E03D1C8CFC91" ID-CoL="5LDB9" box="[895,1012,845,869]" class="Aves" family="Furnariidae" genus="Syndactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="443" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="dimidiata" subSpecies="baeri">
<emphasis id="F28FEAB550097552FCD7E03D1C8CFC91" box="[895,1012,845,869]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="443">S. d. baeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="A46A4B5650097552FB9CE03E1BBAFC92" author="Pinto" box="[1076,1218,845,870]" pageId="8" pageNumber="443" refString="Pinto, O. M. O. (1978) Novo catalogo das aves do Brasil, primeira parte - Aves nao Passeriformes e Passeriformes nao Oscines, com exclusao da familia Tyrannidae. Empresa Grafica da Revista dos Tribunais, Sao Paulo, Brazil, 446 pp." type="book" year="1978">Pinto (1978)</bibRefCitation>
also included &quot;Rio Verde&quot; in its range, probably following
<bibRefCitation id="A46A4B5650097552FDFDE0011D97FC7E" author="Peters" box="[597,751,881,906]" pageId="8" pageNumber="443" refString="Peters, J. L. (1951) Check-list of birds of the World. Vol. 7. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, USA, x + 318 pp." type="book" year="1951">Peters (1951)</bibRefCitation>
. The Fazenda Transvaal was surveyed by Walter Garbe from
<date id="B445106750097552FF3FE0E61E0FFC5A" box="[151,375,917,942]" pageId="8" pageNumber="443" value="1940-03" valueMax="1940-06-31" valueMin="1940-03-00">March to June 1940</date>
and from
<date id="B445106750097552FE45E0E61C7AFC5A" box="[493,770,917,942]" pageId="8" pageNumber="443" value="1941-04" valueMax="1941-11-31" valueMin="1941-04-00">April to November 1941</date>
(
<bibRefCitation id="A46A4B5650097552FCB9E0E61CE9FC5A" author="Pinto" box="[785,913,917,942]" pageId="8" pageNumber="443" refString="Pinto, O. M. O. (1945) Cinquenta anos de investigacao ornitologica. Arquivos de Zoologia, 4, 261 - 340." type="journal article" year="1945">Pinto 1945</bibRefCitation>
). Given that no specimen of
<taxonomicName id="07FB4D2450097552FB7EE0E51A27FC59" ID-CoL="7B8RP" box="[1238,1375,917,941]" class="Aves" family="Furnariidae" genus="Syndactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="443" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dimidiata">
<emphasis id="F28FEAB550097552FB7EE0E51A27FC59" box="[1238,1375,917,941]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="443">S. dimidiata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from this locality is housed in MZUSP or in MCZ, where the material collected by Garbe is deposited (
<bibRefCitation id="A46A4B5650097552FB4FE0CA1A1FFC26" author="Pinto" box="[1255,1383,953,978]" pageId="8" pageNumber="443" refString="Pinto, O. M. O. (1945) Cinquenta anos de investigacao ornitologica. Arquivos de Zoologia, 4, 261 - 340." type="journal article" year="1945">Pinto 1945</bibRefCitation>
), we consider the occurrence of
<taxonomicName id="07FB4D2450097552FE6CE0AD1D32FC01" ID-CoL="7B8RP" box="[452,586,989,1013]" class="Aves" family="Furnariidae" genus="Syndactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="443" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dimidiata">
<emphasis id="F28FEAB550097552FE6CE0AD1D32FC01" box="[452,586,989,1013]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="443">S. dimidiata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at this locality to be invalid; 4) The record in
<bibRefCitation id="A46A4B5650097552FBEFE0AE1B95FC02" author="Straube" box="[1095,1261,989,1014]" pageId="8" pageNumber="443" refString="Straube, F. C., Urben-Filho, A. &amp; Kajiwara, D. (2004) Aves. In: Mikich, S. B. &amp; Bernils, R. S. (Eds.), Livro vermelho da fauna ameacada no estado do Parana. Instituto Ambiental do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil, pp. 143 - 496." type="book chapter" year="2004">Straube (2004)</bibRefCitation>
for Rio Paracaí is an error (Straube
<emphasis id="F28FEAB550097552FEDCE7711EC0FBED" box="[372,440,1025,1049]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="443">in litt.</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C04436A750097552FF6FE7561D19FA1A" blockId="8.[151,1436,341,2022]" pageId="8" pageNumber="443">
<emphasis id="F28FEAB550097552FF6FE7561E52FBCA" bold="true" box="[199,298,1061,1086]" pageId="8" pageNumber="443">Habitat.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="07FB4D2450097552FE9CE7561D5CFBC9" ID-CoL="7B8RP" box="[308,548,1061,1085]" class="Aves" family="Furnariidae" genus="Syndactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="443" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dimidiata">
<emphasis id="F28FEAB550097552FE9CE7561D5CFBC9" box="[308,548,1061,1085]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="443">Syndactyla dimidiata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a locally uncommon species, being absent from many apparently suitable riparian habitats. It was not possible to identify clear habitat preferences in the three localities where this species has been recorded by the senior author, as follows: 1) In the Fazenda Água Limpa, one pair was observed in a preserved gallery forest about
<quantity id="07039B4250097552FE58E7E21D08FB5D" box="[496,624,1169,1194]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="443" unit="m" value="175.0" valueMax="200.0" valueMin="150.0">150–200 m</quantity>
wide, with a canopy about
<quantity id="07039B4250097552FC04E7E21B68FB5D" box="[940,1040,1169,1194]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="443" unit="m" value="12.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="10.0">10–15 m</quantity>
tall, immersed in a matrix of open Cerrado vegetation. This forest bordered the Córrego Capetinga, which flowed between high banks about
<quantity id="07039B4250097552FAFBE7C51AE4FB39" box="[1363,1436,1206,1230]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="443" unit="m" value="2.0" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="1.0">1–3 m</quantity>
tall that evidently protect this forest from flooding. Botanical information about this gallery forest can be found elsewhere (
<bibRefCitation id="A46A4B5650097552FEB0E78E1E89FAE2" author="Seabra" box="[280,497,1277,1302]" pageId="8" pageNumber="443" refString="Seabra, H. F., Encinas, J. I. &amp; Felfili, J. M. (1991) Analise estrutural da mata ciliar do corrego Capetinga-DF, habitat de Callithrix jacchus penicillata L. Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira, 26, 11 - 17." type="journal article" year="1991">
Seabra
<emphasis id="F28FEAB550097552FED9E78D1ED4FAE1" box="[369,428,1277,1301]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="443">et al.</emphasis>
1991
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="A46A4B5650097552FDA8E78E1C73FAE2" author="Ribeiro" box="[512,779,1277,1302]" pageId="8" pageNumber="443" refString="Ribeiro, G. H. P. M. &amp; Felfili, J. M. (2009) Regeneracao natural em diferentes ambientes da mata de galeria do Capetinga, na Fazenda Agua Limpa-DF. Cerne, 15, 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="2009">Ribeiro &amp; Felfili 2009</bibRefCitation>
); 2) In the Fazenda Monte Carmelo, two specimen were collected in a seasonally flooded gallery forest about
<quantity id="07039B4250097552FD5BE6521C2EFACD" box="[755,854,1313,1338]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="443" unit="m" value="17.5" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="15.0">15–20 m</quantity>
tall, with open understory. Although the forest was well preserved, probably pristine, all the adjacent savannas and grasslands have been replaced by eucalyptus plantations; 3) In Santa
<collectingCountry id="B8EC763750097552FE0DE6191E93FA75" box="[421,491,1386,1409]" name="Malta" pageId="8" pageNumber="443">Marta</collectingCountry>
, where the species was not collected, the gallery forest was narrow (ca.
<quantity id="07039B4250097552FAB3E61A1A2DFA75" box="[1307,1365,1385,1410]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="443" unit="m" value="50.0">50 m</quantity>
wide) and about
<quantity id="07039B4250097552FEB8E6FD1E1FFA51" box="[272,359,1422,1446]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="443" unit="m" value="9.0" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="8.0">8–10 m</quantity>
tall. The understory was dominated by vine tangles. Patches of the original vegetation on the surroundings of the gallery forest have been logged and replaced by subsistence crops, but otherwise the matrix was covered by open cerrado vegetation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C04436A750097552FF6FE68A1D52F956" blockId="8.[151,1436,341,2022]" pageId="8" pageNumber="443">
Information available in the literature or on specimen labels also did not help to understand the habitat requirements of this species. In Minas Gerais and
<bibRefCitation id="A46A4B5650097552FD76E56D1BF3F9C2" box="[734,1163,1565,1590]" pageId="8" pageNumber="443" refString="Guyra Paraguay (2005) Atlas de las aves de Paraguay. Guyra Paraguay, Asuncion, Paraguay, 212 pp." type="book">
<collectingCountry id="B8EC763750097552FD76E56D1C3FF9C2" box="[734,839,1566,1590]" name="Paraguay" pageId="8" pageNumber="443">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
, Robbins &amp; Zimmer (2005)
</bibRefCitation>
found it in dense vinetangle dominated understory of semi-humid forests. These authors also observed this species in
<collectingCountry id="B8EC763750097552FB71E5321A4BF9AE" box="[1241,1331,1601,1626]" name="Brazil" pageId="8" pageNumber="443">Brasília</collectingCountry>
, where it inhabited semi-humid gallery forests. The specimens BMNH 1984.1.6 and MNRJ 33235 were collected at the border of a “flooded gallery forest”.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C04436A750097553FF6FE5DD1E7AFF20" blockId="8.[151,1436,341,2022]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1436,151,1760]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="444" pageId="8" pageNumber="443">
We wrote to several colleagues who have had previous experience with this species in an attempt to gather further information on its habitat requirements. Marcelo Ferreira de Vasconcelos (pers. com.) reported that the specimens collected by him in the Brejinho das Ametistas (
<bibRefCitation id="A46A4B5650097552FCFFE5861B09F8FA" author="Vasconcelos" box="[855,1137,1781,1806]" pageId="8" pageNumber="443" refString="Vasconcelos, M. F., Souza, L. N., Duca, C., Pacheco, J. F., Parrini, R., Serpa, G. A., Albano, C., Abreu, C. R. M., Santos, S. S. &amp; Fonseca Neto, F. P. (2012) The avifauna of Brejinho das Ametistas, Bahia, Brazil: birds in a caatinga-cerrado transitional zone, with comments on taxonomy and biogeography. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 20, 246 - 267." type="journal article" year="2012">
Vasconcelos
<emphasis id="F28FEAB550097552FC47E5851B54F8F9" box="[1007,1068,1781,1805]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="443">et al.</emphasis>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
) were obtained in a well preserved unflooded gallery forest, about
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tall and
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wide. The adjacent matrix was covered by reasonably well preserved open cerrado. Records from the Chapada do Catuni (
<bibRefCitation id="A46A4B5650097552FB94E44E1A2BF8A2" author="Vasconcelos" box="[1084,1363,1853,1878]" pageId="8" pageNumber="443" refString="Vasconcelos, M. F., D'Angelo Neto, S., Kirwan, G. M., Bornschein, M. R., Diniz, M. G. &amp; Silva, J. F. (2006) Important ornithological records from Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Bulletin of the British Ornithologist's Club, 126, 212 - 238." type="journal article" year="2006">Vasconcelos et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
) were obtained in a gallery forest, parts of which flood seasonally (M.F. Vasconcelos, pers. com.). Gustavo Malacco (pers. com.) informed us that this species is more frequently found in well preserved seasonally flooded gallery forests in the Triângulo Mineiro region, extreme western of Minas Gerais. Wagner Nogueira observed this species in dense vine-tangle dominated understory of semi-humid forests. He noted that it is generally found in the wettest portions of the forests, generally on or near permanently flooded forests or even “veredas” (
<taxonomicName id="07FB4D2450087553FB5BE3EB1A2FFF5B" ID-CoL="7P8JY" box="[1267,1367,152,175]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cypraeidae" genus="Mauritia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="9" pageNumber="444" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<collectingCountry id="B8EC763750087553FB5BE3EB1A2FFF5B" box="[1267,1367,152,175]" name="Mauritius" pageId="9" pageNumber="444">
<emphasis id="F28FEAB550087553FB5BE3EB1A2FFF5B" box="[1267,1367,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="444">Mauritia</emphasis>
</collectingCountry>
</taxonomicName>
palm swamps).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C04436A750087553FF6FE3AC1E93FE3B" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,1760]" pageId="9" pageNumber="444">
Therefore, it seems that
<taxonomicName id="07FB4D2450087553FE70E3931D27FF0C" ID-CoL="7B8RP" box="[472,607,224,248]" class="Aves" family="Furnariidae" genus="Syndactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dimidiata">
<emphasis id="F28FEAB550087553FE70E3931D27FF0C" box="[472,607,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="444">S. dimidiata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
prefers well preserved gallery forests with dense undergrowth, especially in areas that flood at least seasonally. This species seems to tolerate some degree of disturbance of the matrix within which gallery forests occur, but it apparently is not tolerant to severe disturbances in the gallery forests where it lives. Maybe this is the reason why we failed to locate this species in the disturbed gallery forests briefly sampled by us in the municipalities of Ipameri, São João da Aliança and Planaltina, where it was known to occur in the past (Appendix 1). We still have much to learn about this species’ natural history in order to better understand its rarity and local occurrence.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C04436A750087553FF6FE2AF1A30FCA9" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,1760]" pageId="9" pageNumber="444">
<emphasis id="F28FEAB550087553FF6FE2AF1E16FE01" bold="true" box="[199,366,476,501]" pageId="9" pageNumber="444">Conservation.</emphasis>
Although
<taxonomicName id="07FB4D2450087553FE59E2AF1D07FE00" ID-CoL="7B8RP" box="[497,639,476,500]" class="Aves" family="Furnariidae" genus="Syndactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dimidiata">
<emphasis id="F28FEAB550087553FE59E2AF1D07FE00" box="[497,639,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="444">S. dimidiata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been previously considered a globally Near-threatened species (
<bibRefCitation id="A46A4B5650087553FF36E28C1E16FDEC" author="Collar" box="[158,366,511,536]" pageId="9" pageNumber="444" refString="Collar, N. J., Crosby, M. J. &amp; Stattersfield, A. J. (1994) Birds to watch 2: the World list of treatened birds. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK, 407 pp." type="book" year="1994">
Collar
<emphasis id="F28FEAB550087553FF47E1721E51FDEC" box="[239,297,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="444">et al.</emphasis>
1994
</bibRefCitation>
), it is presently a “Least Concern” species (
<bibRefCitation id="A46A4B5650087553FCCBE28C1BDCFDEC" author="BirdLife" box="[867,1188,511,536]" pageId="9" pageNumber="444" refString="BirdLife International (2013) Species factsheet: Syndactyla dimidiata. BirdLife International. Available from: http: // www. birdlife. org (2 February 2013)" type="journal article" year="2013">BirdLife International 2013</bibRefCitation>
). In
<collectingCountry id="B8EC763750087553FB70E28C1A64FDEC" box="[1240,1308,511,536]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="444">Brazil</collectingCountry>
it is also a “Least Concern” species, even though it is Endangered in Minas Gerais (
<bibRefCitation id="A46A4B5650087553FC6CE1571B10FDC8" author="COPAM" box="[964,1128,548,572]" pageId="9" pageNumber="444" refString="COPAM (2010) Deliberacao Normativa COPAM No. 147, de 30 de abril de 2010, Lista de especies ameacadas de extincao da fauna do estado de Minas Gerais. Minas Gerais, 4 May 2010." type="journal article" year="2010">COPAM 2010</bibRefCitation>
) and Critically Endangered in Paraná (
<bibRefCitation id="A46A4B5650087553FEB9E1341E95FD94" author="Straube" box="[273,493,583,608]" pageId="9" pageNumber="444" refString="Straube, F. C., Urben-Filho, A. &amp; Kajiwara, D. (2004) Aves. In: Mikich, S. B. &amp; Bernils, R. S. (Eds.), Livro vermelho da fauna ameacada no estado do Parana. Instituto Ambiental do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil, pp. 143 - 496." type="book chapter" year="2004">
Straube
<emphasis id="F28FEAB550087553FEC7E13A1ED1FD94" box="[367,425,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="444">et al.</emphasis>
2004
</bibRefCitation>
), where it had been listed as probably extinct by previous authors (
<bibRefCitation id="A46A4B5650087553FB4FE1341E48FD71" author="Scherer-Neto" pageId="9" pageNumber="444" refString="Scherer-Neto, P. &amp; Straube, F. C. (1995) Aves do Parana: historia, lista anotada e bibliografia. Edited by the authors, Curitiba, Brazil, 79 pp." type="book" year="1995">Scherer-Neto &amp; Straube 1995</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="A46A4B5650087553FE96E11F1DF9FD71" author="Straube" box="[318,641,620,645]" pageId="9" pageNumber="444" refString="Straube, F. C. &amp; Bornschein, M. R. (1995) New and noteworthy records of birds from northwestern Parana and adjacent areas (Brazil). Bulletin of the British Ornithologist's Club, 115, 219 - 225." type="journal article" year="1995">Straube &amp; Bornschein 1995</bibRefCitation>
). In
<collectingCountry id="B8EC763750087553FD1FE11E1C58FD71" box="[695,800,621,645]" name="Paraguay" pageId="9" pageNumber="444">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
, where this species is rare, it is considered Endangered (
<bibRefCitation id="A46A4B5650087553FF36E1E31EE6FD5C" author="Guyra" box="[158,414,655,680]" pageId="9" pageNumber="444" refString="Guyra Paraguay (2005) Atlas de las aves de Paraguay. Guyra Paraguay, Asuncion, Paraguay, 212 pp." type="book" year="2005">
Guyra
<collectingCountry id="B8EC763750087553FF58E1E31E20FD5C" box="[240,344,656,680]" name="Paraguay" pageId="9" pageNumber="444">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
2005
</bibRefCitation>
). It has been recorded in several Brazilian protected areas, namely Fazenda Água Limpa (
<bibRefCitation id="A46A4B5650087553FF36E1C71E0FFD38" author="Motta-Junior" box="[158,375,692,717]" pageId="9" pageNumber="444" refString="Motta-Junior, J. C. (1991) A exploracao de frutos como alimento por aves de mata ciliar numa regiao do Distrito Federal. M. Sc. Dissertation. Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, Brazil, 121 pp." type="book" year="1991">Motta-Junior 1991</bibRefCitation>
), Reserva Ecológica do IBGE (
<bibRefCitation id="A46A4B5650087553FD4AE1C71CC2FD38" author="Motta-Junior" box="[738,954,692,717]" pageId="9" pageNumber="444" refString="Motta-Junior, J. C. (1991) A exploracao de frutos como alimento por aves de mata ciliar numa regiao do Distrito Federal. M. Sc. Dissertation. Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, Brazil, 121 pp." type="book" year="1991">Motta-Junior 1991</bibRefCitation>
), Parque Nacional de
<collectingCountry id="B8EC763750087553FB12E1C71A69FD39" box="[1210,1297,692,717]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="444">Brasília</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="A46A4B5650087553FA8AE1C71E66FD04" author="Ridgely" pageId="9" pageNumber="444" refString="Ridgely, R. S. &amp; Tudor, G. (1994) The birds of South America. Vol. 2. the suboscine passerines. University of Texas Press, Austin, USA, 814 pp." type="book" year="1994">Ridgely &amp; Tudor 1994</bibRefCitation>
), Estação Ecológica de Águas Emendadas (
<bibRefCitation id="A46A4B5650087553FCA4E1AB1CE2FD04" author="Bagno" box="[780,922,728,752]" pageId="9" pageNumber="444" refString="Bagno, M. A. (1998) As aves da Estacao Ecologica de Aguas Emendadas. In: Marinho-Filho, J., Rodrigues, F. &amp; Guimaraes, M. (Eds), Vertebrados da Estacao Ecologica de Aguas Emendadas: historia natural e ecologia em um fragmento de Cerrado do Brasil central. SEMATEC, IEMA, IBAMA, Brasilia, Brazil, pp. 22 - 33." type="book chapter" year="1998">Bagno 1998</bibRefCitation>
), Parque Nacional das Emas (Pacheco 1995), and Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra (
<bibRefCitation id="A46A4B5650087553FD35E18F1C45FCE0" author="Silveira" box="[669,829,764,789]" pageId="9" pageNumber="444" refString="Silveira, L. F. (1998) The birds of Serra da Canastra National Park and adjacent areas, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Cotinga, 10, 55 - 63." type="journal article" year="1998">Silveira 1998</bibRefCitation>
). The species also occurs in two protected areas in
<collectingCountry id="B8EC763750087553FF3FE0531E7CFCCC" box="[151,260,800,824]" name="Paraguay" pageId="9" pageNumber="444">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
: Parque Nacional Cerro Corá (
<bibRefCitation id="A46A4B5650087553FDF2E0531C36FCCC" author="Hayes" box="[602,846,799,824]" pageId="9" pageNumber="444" refString="Hayes, F. E. &amp; Scharf, P. A. (1995) The Birds of Parque Nacional Cerro Cora, Paraguay. Cotinga, 4, 20 - 24." type="journal article" year="1995">Hayes &amp; Scharf 1995</bibRefCitation>
) and Parque Nacional Serranía San Luis (
<bibRefCitation id="A46A4B5650087553FA8AE06C1F8FFCA8" author="Robbins" pageId="9" pageNumber="444" refString="Robbins, M. B., Faucett, R. C. &amp; Rice, N. H. (1999) Avifauna of a Paraguayan Cerrado locality: Parque Nacional Serrania San Luis, Depto. Concepcion. The Wilson Bulletin, 11, 216 - 228." type="journal article" year="1999">
Robbins
<emphasis id="F28FEAB550087553FA2FE0521FCCFCA8" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="444">et al.</emphasis>
1999
</bibRefCitation>
). However,
<taxonomicName id="07FB4D2450087553FED5E0371D7DFCA8" ID-CoL="7B8RP" box="[381,517,836,860]" class="Aves" family="Furnariidae" genus="Syndactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dimidiata">
<emphasis id="F28FEAB550087553FED5E0371D7DFCA8" box="[381,517,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="444">S. dimidiata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
does not seem to be common in any of the above cited conservation units.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C04436A750087553FF65E0141BFDFB88" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,1760]" pageId="9" pageNumber="444">
The small number of specimens found in ornithological collections, and the scarcity of records in the literature or in sound archives (e.g. Macaulay Library, http://macaulaylibrary.org/), are strong evidence of the natural rarity of the species. This hypothesis is supported by comparing the number of records of this species published in the WikiAves (http://en.wikiaves.com) with those of
<taxonomicName id="07FB4D2450087553FD77E0A71C97FC18" ID-CoL="3NFZR" box="[735,1007,980,1004]" class="Aves" family="Furnariidae" genus="Hylocryptus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rectirostris">
<emphasis id="F28FEAB550087553FD77E0A71C97FC18" box="[735,1007,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="444">Hylocryptus rectirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, another Cerrado endemic furnariid restricted to gallery forests. There are records of
<taxonomicName id="07FB4D2450087553FD69E08B1C32FBE4" ID-CoL="7B8RP" box="[705,842,1016,1040]" class="Aves" family="Furnariidae" genus="Syndactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dimidiata">
<emphasis id="F28FEAB550087553FD69E08B1C32FBE4" box="[705,842,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="444">S. dimidiata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for 14 municipalities in three Brazilian states, while there are records of
<taxonomicName id="07FB4D2450087553FE2EE76E1D5EFBC0" ID-CoL="3NFZR" box="[390,550,1053,1076]" class="Aves" family="Furnariidae" genus="Hylocryptus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rectirostris">
<emphasis id="F28FEAB550087553FE2EE76E1D5EFBC0" box="[390,550,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="444">H. rectirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for 102 municipalities in eight states (data accessed on
<date id="B445106750087553FB15E76F1A22FBC0" box="[1213,1370,1052,1077]" pageId="9" pageNumber="444" value="2013-07-16">16 July 2013</date>
). The WikiAves portal is a free tool for online publication of photos and sounds of Brazilian birds, and has proved to be an invaluable source of records of rare and elusive species (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="A46A4B5650087553FCC2E7161B01FB88" author="Lopes" box="[874,1145,1124,1148]" pageId="9" pageNumber="444" refString="Lopes, L. E. &amp; Gonzaga, L. P. (2013) Taxonomy, natural history and conservation of Paroaria baeri (Aves: Thraupidae). Tropical Zoology, 26, 1 - 17. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 03946975.2013.803820" type="journal article" year="2013">Lopes &amp; Gonzaga 2013</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C04436A750087553FF6FE7F41ED4FAA0" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,1760]" pageId="9" pageNumber="444">
<bibRef id="195BA25150087553FF6FE7F41ED4FAA0" pageId="9" pageNumber="444" type="journal article">
<author id="1846DE4250087553FF6FE7F41E01FB6B" box="[199,377,1159,1184]" fns="I" npo="LF" pageId="9" pageNumber="444">
Furthermore,
<emphasis id="F28FEAB550087553FECCE7FB1E01FB6B" box="[356,377,1160,1183]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="444">S.</emphasis>
</author>
dimidiata is endemic to the Cerrado, one of the Brazilian biogeographic domains suffering major anthropogenic impacts (
<bibRefCitation id="A46A4B5650087553FE51E7DF1C60FB31" author="Klink" box="[505,792,1196,1221]" pageId="9" pageNumber="444" refString="Klink, C. A. &amp; Machado, R. B. (2005) Conservation of the Brazilian Cerrado. Conservation Biology, 19, 707 - 713. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1523 - 1739.2005.00702. x" type="journal article" year="2005">Klink &amp; Machado 2005</bibRefCitation>
). Although the most recent land cover mapping of the Cerrado revealed that 61% of its area was still covered by natural vegetation, non-anthropogenic areas are concentrated in its northern portion, in the states of Tocantins, Maranhão and Piauí (
<bibRefCitation id="A46A4B5650087553FBF0E7871A60FAF8" author="Sano" box="[1112,1304,1268,1292]" pageId="9" pageNumber="444" refString="Sano, E. E., Rosa, R., Brito, J. L. S. &amp; Ferreira, L. G. (2010) Land cover mapping of the tropical savanna region in Brazil Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 166, 113 - 124. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10661 - 009 - 0988 - 4" type="journal article" year="2010">
Sano
<emphasis id="F28FEAB550087553FB32E7861BACFAF8" box="[1178,1236,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="444">et al.</emphasis>
<year id="B45377F450087553FB74E7871A60FAF8" box="[1244,1304,1268,1292]" pageId="9" pageNumber="444">2010</year>
</bibRefCitation>
),
<title id="B2FFDD9150087553FA85E7871EE6FADB" jopScore="0.6896112" pageId="9" pageNumber="444" type="_" typeScore="135">where the species does not occur</title>
.
<journalOrPublisher id="1A3A3C6B50087553FE02E6641E9AFAC4" box="[426,482,1303,1328]" jopScore="0.72528154" pageId="9" pageNumber="444">Only</journalOrPublisher>
<part id="B45F9C3A50087553FE44E6641D70FAC4" box="[492,520,1303,1328]" pageId="9" pageNumber="444" type="volume">15</part>
% of the southern Cerrado, where the range of the species is centered, remains intact (
<bibRefCitation id="A46A4B5650087553FF4CE64F1ED8FAA0" author="Sano" box="[228,416,1340,1364]" pageId="9" pageNumber="444" refString="Sano, E. E., Rosa, R., Brito, J. L. S. &amp; Ferreira, L. G. (2010) Land cover mapping of the tropical savanna region in Brazil Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 166, 113 - 124. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10661 - 009 - 0988 - 4" type="journal article" year="2010">
Sano
<emphasis id="F28FEAB550087553FE8CE64E1E24FAA0" box="[292,348,1340,1364]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="444">et al.</emphasis>
<pagination id="F932C85350087553FECBE64F1ED8FAA0" box="[355,416,1340,1364]" pageId="9" pageNumber="444" type="pagination">2010</pagination>
</bibRefCitation>
).
</bibRef>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C04436A750087553FF6FE62C1E5FF914" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,1760]" pageId="9" pageNumber="444">
<bibRefCitation id="A46A4B5650087553FF6FE62C1EC2FA8C" box="[199,442,1375,1400]" pageId="9" pageNumber="444" refString="Marini, M. A., Barbet-Massin, M., Lopes, L. E. &amp; Jiguet, F. (2009 b) Predicted climate-driven bird distribution changes and forecasted conservation conflicts in a neotropical savanna. Conservation Biology, 23, 1558 - 1567. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1523 - 1739.2009.01258. x" type="journal article">Marini et al. (2009b)</bibRefCitation>
investigated future climate-driven change on the distribution of 26 broad-range birds from the Cerrado, and found that climate change will not equally affect all Cerrado birds. These authors found that
<taxonomicName id="07FB4D2450087553FF3FE6DB1E67FA34" ID-CoL="7B8RP" box="[151,287,1448,1472]" class="Aves" family="Furnariidae" genus="Syndactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dimidiata">
<emphasis id="F28FEAB550087553FF3FE6DB1E67FA34" box="[151,287,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="444">S. dimidiata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is one of the three species predicted to suffer the most from climate change, with a range loss of 69% by 2099 under a full dispersion scenario, and a range shift of about
<quantity id="07039B4250087553FC23E6BF1C98FA11" box="[907,992,1484,1509]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="444" unit="km" value="300.0">300 km</quantity>
to the southeast. The direction of range change is toward the most developed and populated region of
<collectingCountry id="B8EC763750087553FCE1E69C1CF5F9FC" box="[841,909,1519,1544]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="444">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="A46A4B5650087553FC34E69C1B00F9FC" author="Marini" box="[924,1144,1519,1544]" pageId="9" pageNumber="444" refString="Marini, M. A., Barbet-Massin, M., Lopes, L. E. &amp; Jiguet, F. (2009 b) Predicted climate-driven bird distribution changes and forecasted conservation conflicts in a neotropical savanna. Conservation Biology, 23, 1558 - 1567. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1523 - 1739.2009.01258. x" type="journal article" year="2009" yearSuffix="b">
Marini
<emphasis id="F28FEAB550087553FC58E6821B50F9FC" box="[1008,1064,1520,1544]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="444">et al.</emphasis>
2009b
</bibRefCitation>
), where patches of natural vegetation are small and highly fragmented (
<bibRefCitation id="A46A4B5650087553FD23E5671C30F9D8" author="Sano" box="[651,840,1556,1580]" pageId="9" pageNumber="444" refString="Sano, E. E., Rosa, R., Brito, J. L. S. &amp; Ferreira, L. G. (2010) Land cover mapping of the tropical savanna region in Brazil Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 166, 113 - 124. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10661 - 009 - 0988 - 4" type="journal article" year="2010">
Sano
<emphasis id="F28FEAB550087553FD64E5661C7CF9D8" box="[716,772,1556,1580]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="444">et al.</emphasis>
2010
</bibRefCitation>
). A few large reserves (e.g. Emas,
<collectingCountry id="B8EC763750087553FB64E5671A5EF9D9" box="[1228,1318,1556,1581]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="444">Brasília</collectingCountry>
, and Serra da Canastra National Parks) should protect some populations, but there are still large gaps in protected areas for this species (
<bibRefCitation id="A46A4B5650087553FE99E52F1D67F980" author="Marini" box="[305,543,1628,1653]" pageId="9" pageNumber="444" refString="Marini, M. A., Barbet-Massin, M., Lopes, L. E. &amp; Jiguet, F. (2009 a) Major current and future gaps of Brazilian reserves to protect Neotropical savanna birds. Biological Conservation, 142, 3039 - 3050. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. biocon. 2009.08.002" type="journal article" year="2009" yearSuffix="a">
Marini
<emphasis id="F28FEAB550087553FE23E52E1EB1F980" box="[395,457,1628,1652]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="444">et al.</emphasis>
2009a
</bibRefCitation>
). Given the reasons above, we suggest considering this species as globally Vulnerable under the criteria C2ai of
<bibRefCitation id="A46A4B5650087553FDFAE5F31D96F96C" author="IUCN" box="[594,750,1664,1688]" pageId="9" pageNumber="444" refString="IUCN (2001) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, version 3.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland, Switzerland, ii + 30 pp." type="book" year="2001">IUCN (2001)</bibRefCitation>
, which means “continuing decline, observed, projected, or inferred, in numbers of mature individuals” and “no subpopulation estimated to contain more than 1000 mature individuals”.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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