treatments-xml/data/22/F4/D1/22F4D1112519DE01C458AAC85475305A.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.806.27404" ID-GBIF-Dataset="751c73b3-e7da-4ed1-a8d5-1b21e9f569b5" ID-PMC="PMC6302074" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-806-47" ID-PubMed="30588156" ID-ZBK="6877DA0E7A924EE28F337D05B337AE73" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2018" ModsDocID="1313-2970-806-47" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 806" ModsDocTitle="Four new troglophilic species of Loxosceles Heinecken &amp; Lowe, 1832: contributions to the knowledge of recluse spiders from Brazilian caves (Araneae, Sicariidae)" checkinTime="1545315507189" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Bertani, Rogerio, Schimonsky, Diego M. von, Gallao, Jonas E. &amp; Bichuette, Maria E." docDate="2018" docId="22F4D1112519DE01C458AAC85475305A" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 806: 47-72" docOrigin="ZooKeys 806" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.806.27404" docTitle="Loxosceles carinhanha Bertani, von Schimonsky &amp; Gallao, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="F90FD902-CBA1-40A1-9B59-506D75D722D3" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="47" masterDocId="383EFFD6FC06FFB6FF9247303B41323A" masterDocTitle="Four new troglophilic species of Loxosceles Heinecken &amp; Lowe, 1832: contributions to the knowledge of recluse spiders from Brazilian caves (Araneae, Sicariidae)" masterLastPageNumber="72" masterPageNumber="47" pageNumber="47" updateTime="1668166588044" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>Four new troglophilic species of Loxosceles Heinecken &amp; Lowe, 1832: contributions to the knowledge of recluse spiders from Brazilian caves (Araneae, Sicariidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Bertani, Rogerio</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Schimonsky, Diego M. von</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Gallao, Jonas E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Bichuette, Maria E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2018</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>806</mods:number>
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<mods:start>47</mods:start>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.806.27404</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.806.27404</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="154125452" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F90FD902-CBA1-40A1-9B59-506D75D722D3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/22F4D1112519DE01C458AAC85475305A" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="47" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/F90FD902-CBA1-40A1-9B59-506D75D722D3" authority="Bertani, von Schimonsky &amp; Gallao" class="Arachnida" family="Sicariidae" genus="Loxosceles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Loxosceles carinhanha" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinhanha">
Loxosceles carinhanha Bertani, von Schimonsky &amp; 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Gallão">Gallao</normalizedToken>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="47">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Figs 1, 28-33, 34-36, 37-41
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="47" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
Male holotype (MZUSP 74436) and female paratype (MZUSP 74437), 1 female paratype (MZUSP 74438), 1 female paratype (LES 14709), BRAZIL: Bahia, Carinhanha, Gruna 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Água">Agua</normalizedToken>
Fina cave (
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-13.683333">13°41'S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-43.8">43°48'W</geoCoordinate>
) 484 m a.s.l., M.E. Bichuette, N. Hattori and J.E. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Gallão">Gallao</normalizedToken>
leg., 29.v.2012.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="47" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Other material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
BRAZIL, Bahia: Carinhanha, Gruna 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Água">Agua</normalizedToken>
Fina Cave (
<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-13.683333">13°41'S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-43.8">43°48'W</geoCoordinate>
) 484 m a.s.l., 1 female and 2 immatures, M.E. Bichuette, N. Hattori and J.E. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Gallão">Gallao</normalizedToken>
leg., 29.v.2012 (MZUSP 74439).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="47" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
Males of 
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Sicariidae" genus="Loxosceles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Loxosceles carinhanha" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinhanha">Loxosceles carinhanha</taxonomicName>
sp. n. can be distinguished from those of all other 
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Sicariidae" genus="Loxosceles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Loxosceles" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Loxosceles</taxonomicName>
species by the thick embolus (Figs 29-31), a strong curvature on basal metatarsus I, and a constriction on distal tibia I (Figs 34, 35). Females of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. carinhanha" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="carinhanha">L. carinhanha</taxonomicName>
sp. n. resemble females of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. cardosoi" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="cardosoi">L. cardosoi</taxonomicName>
sp. n. by having spermathecae as a large, weakly sclerotized pouch with two large receptacles on its distal portion. Females of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. carinhanha" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="carinhanha">L. carinhanha</taxonomicName>
sp. n. can be distinguished from those of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. cardosoi" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="cardosoi">L. cardosoi</taxonomicName>
sp. n. by the spermathecae lacking a sclerotized transverse plate and dorsal parts of bursa copulatrix having only a small sclerotized triangular area (Figs 39-41).
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
Figures 28-33. 
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Sicariidae" genus="Loxosceles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Loxosceles carinhanha" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinhanha">Loxosceles carinhanha</taxonomicName>
sp. n., holotype male (MZUSP 74436) 28 carapace and palp 29−31 left palpal bulb 29 dorsal 30 prolateral 31 retrolateral 32, 33 left palp 32 prolateral 33 retrolateral Scale bar: 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="47" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Male holotype: Total length 7.32. Carapace 3.63 long, 3.39 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: ALE 0.22, PME 0.22, PLE 0.21, PME-PLE 0.05, PME-ALE 0.27; clypeus 0.38. Leg formula II, IV, III, I. Leg lengths: leg I: femur 7.18, patella 1.44, tibia 6.68, metatarsus 9.29, tarsus 2.18, total 26.77; II femur 9.69, patella 1.51, tibia 10.87, metatarsus 13.34, tarsus 2.23, total 37.64; III: 7.56, 1.33, 7.88, 9.97, 1.70, 28.44; IV: 8.37, 1.41, 8.54, 11.92, 2.16, 32.40. Palp: femur 1.92 long, 0.34 wide; patella 0.54 long, 0.41 wide; tibia 1.12 long, 0.57 wide; cymbium 0.61 long, 0.45 wide. Labium 0.89 long, 0.49 wide. Sternum 1.87 long, 1.74 wide. Femur I 1.9 times as long, tibia I 1.8 times as long and leg I 7.4 as long as carapace. Palpal femur 5.6 times longer than wide; tibia 2.0 times longer than wide; cymbium oval (Figs 32, 33). Bulb suboval and slightly larger than cymbium. Embolus thick and straight, with a curvature on apex, approximately 1.3 times longer than bulb length in retrolateral view, without carina (Figs 29-31). Femur I prolateral median area with a series of enlarged setae (Figs 34, 36). Metatarsus I strongly curved on its basal portion. Distal tibia I abruptly narrow, with a series of strong macrosetae before the constriction (Figs 34, 35). Cephalic region of carapace, fovea, and thoracic striae with long, greyish setae (Fig. 28). Carapace and chelicerae uniformly reddish (Fig. 28). Abdomen, legs, and palp light brown, covered by short, greyish setae. Coxae and sternum light brown; labium and endites slightly darker.</paragraph>
<caption pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
Figures 34-36. 
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Sicariidae" genus="Loxosceles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Loxosceles carinhanha" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinhanha">Loxosceles carinhanha</taxonomicName>
sp. n., holotype male (MZUSP 74436), left leg I 34 prolateral 35 detail of tibia and metatarsus joint, showing metatarsus curvature and macrosetae on distal tibia 36 detail of macrosetae on median portion of femur. Scale bar: 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Female paratype: Total length 9.30. Carapace 3.99 long, 3.25 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: ALE 0.20, PME 0.20, PLE 0.22, PME-PLE 0.05, PME-ALE 0.34; clypeus 0.41. Leg formula II, I, IV, III. Leg lengths: leg I: femur 6.79, patella 1.30, tibia 7.12, metatarsus 7.47, tarsus 1.82, total 24.50; II: 7.97, 1.40, 8.69, 9.30, 1.98, 29.34; III: 6.69, 1.29, 6.42, 7.48, 1.69, 23.57; IV: 7.23, 1.35, 7.20, 9.21, 1.69, 26.68. Palp: femur 1.61 long, 0.28 wide; patella 0.54 long, 0.34 wide; tibia 1.07 long, 0.26 wide; tarsus 1.67 long, 0.23 wide. Labium 0.67 long, 0.54 wide. Sternum 1.98 long, 1.68 wide. Femur I 1.7 times as long, tibia I 1.8 times as long and leg I 6.1 as long as carapace. Palpal femur 5.7 times longer than wide, tibia 4.1 longer than wide, tarsus not incrassate (Fig. 38). Spermathecae are a large, weakly sclerotized pouch with two large receptacles on its distal portion. Dorsal parts of bursa copulatrix have a small, sclerotized triangular area (Figs 39-41). Carapace with some sparse, long, greyish setae (Fig. 37). Carapace light brown, cephalic area, fovea, and border darker (Fig. 37). Chelicerae reddish brown. Abdomen greyish, legs light brown, both covered by short greyish setae. Palp femur and patella light brown, tibia and tarsus reddish brown (Fig. 38). Coxae and sternum light brown, labium and endites brown.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="47" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">The specific name refers to the type locality of the species, Carinhanha, a municipality in the southwestern section of the state of Bahia, Brazil. The region possesses several cave systems with high diversity and a fragile subterranean fauna.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="47" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Sicariidae" genus="Loxosceles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Loxosceles carinhanha" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinhanha">Loxosceles carinhanha</taxonomicName>
sp. n. and 
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. cardosoi" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="cardosoi">L. cardosoi</taxonomicName>
sp. n. males have a uniformly reddish carapace (Figs 28, 42) instead of the brown marked carapace characteristic of the groups 
<taxonomicName lsidName="gaucho" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="gaucho">gaucho</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName lsidName="rufescens" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="rufescens">rufescens</taxonomicName>
/ 
<taxonomicName lsidName="amazonica" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="amazonica">amazonica</taxonomicName>
, and femur I has macrosetae on its prolateral median area (Figs 36, 48), which is exclusive of the two species. They occur in closer areas and are probably sister species. The inclusion of the two species in one of the groups defined by 
<bibRefCitation author="Gertsch, WJ" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" url="http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/1989" year="1967">Gertsch (1967)</bibRefCitation>
for South American 
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Sicariidae" genus="Loxosceles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Loxosceles" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Loxosceles</taxonomicName>
is not simple question. They could fit in either 
<taxonomicName lsidName="gaucho" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="gaucho">gaucho</taxonomicName>
or 
<taxonomicName lsidName="rufescens" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="rufescens">rufescens</taxonomicName>
/ 
<taxonomicName lsidName="amazonica" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="amazonica">amazonica</taxonomicName>
groups. Males of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="gaucho" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="gaucho">gaucho</taxonomicName>
group have the cymbium and tibia subequal in length (
<bibRefCitation author="Gertsch, WJ" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" url="http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/1989" year="1967">Gertsch 1967</bibRefCitation>
). However, two species described more recently has slightly longer and slender tibia (
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. chapadensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="chapadensis">L. chapadensis</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. niedeguidonae" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="niedeguidonae">L. niedeguidonae</taxonomicName>
). Even though the tibia is not incrassate in these species, the cymbium is larger than the bulb, projecting forward. Considering the variation of tibia length and width in this group, we consider the cymbium size a better character to diagnose males of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="gaucho" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="gaucho">gaucho</taxonomicName>
group. Males of the 
<taxonomicName lsidName="rufescens" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="rufescens">rufescens</taxonomicName>
/ 
<taxonomicName lsidName="amazonica" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="amazonica">amazonica</taxonomicName>
group have the cymbium considerably shorter than tibia. More important, however, is they are never much more larger than the bulb. Based in this criterion, both 
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. carinhanha" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="carinhanha">L. carinhanha</taxonomicName>
sp. n. and 
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. cardosoi" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="cardosoi">L. cardosoi</taxonomicName>
sp. n. can be included in the 
<taxonomicName lsidName="rufescens" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="rufescens">rufescens</taxonomicName>
/ 
<taxonomicName lsidName="amazonica" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="amazonica">amazonica</taxonomicName>
group (Figs 32, 33, and 46, 47). Concerning females, those of the 
<taxonomicName lsidName="gaucho" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="gaucho">gaucho</taxonomicName>
group are readily recognizable by &quot;the seminal receptacles attached to immovable, sclerotized, transverse plate&quot; (
<bibRefCitation author="Gertsch, WJ" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" url="http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/1989" year="1967">Gertsch 1967</bibRefCitation>
). We noted that in species of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="gaucho" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="gaucho">gaucho</taxonomicName>
group the receptacles are always slender and strongly sclerotized, except the apex and can be another diagnostic character. Those of the 
<taxonomicName lsidName="rufescens" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="rufescens">rufescens</taxonomicName>
/ 
<taxonomicName lsidName="amazonica" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="amazonica">amazonica</taxonomicName>
group have the &quot;seminal receptacles with a cluster of small, globular lobes at apex&quot; (
<bibRefCitation author="Gertsch, WJ" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" url="http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/1989" year="1967">Gertsch 1967</bibRefCitation>
). More recently, at least two species were known to have a single large lobe at apex, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. mahan" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="mahan">L. mahan</taxonomicName>
Planas &amp; Ribera, 2015 from Canary Islands and 
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. willianilsoni" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="willianilsoni">L. willianilsoni</taxonomicName>
, from Brazil (
<bibRefCitation author="Fukushima, CS" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" pagination="67 - 94" title="Two new Brazilian species of Loxosceles Heinecken &amp; Lowe, 1832 with remarks on amazonica and rufescens groups (Araneae, Sicariidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.667.11369" volume="667" year="2017">Fukushima et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
). We consider that the main characters shared by females of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="rufescens" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="rufescens">rufescens</taxonomicName>
/ 
<taxonomicName lsidName="amazonica" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="amazonica">amazonica</taxonomicName>
group is the spermathecae triangular shape, two free receptacles (not attached to a transverse sclerotized plate) with large basal transverse openings with or without sclerotized edges and two dark sclerotized lateral bands with distinct levels of sclerotization depending on the species (see 
<bibRefCitation author="Planas, E" journalOrPublisher="Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" url="https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12226" year="2015">Planas and Ribera 2015</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation author="Fukushima, CS" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" pagination="67 - 94" title="Two new Brazilian species of Loxosceles Heinecken &amp; Lowe, 1832 with remarks on amazonica and rufescens groups (Araneae, Sicariidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.667.11369" volume="667" year="2017">Fukushima et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
for spermathecae variation). 
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Sicariidae" genus="Loxosceles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Loxosceles cardosoi" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cardosoi">Loxosceles cardosoi</taxonomicName>
sp. n. females have a transverse sclerotized plate (compatible with those species of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="gaucho" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="gaucho">gaucho</taxonomicName>
group) and the receptacles are short (contrary to 
<taxonomicName lsidName="rufescens" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="rufescens">rufescens</taxonomicName>
/ 
<taxonomicName lsidName="amazonica" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="amazonica">amazonica</taxonomicName>
group) and broad (as in the 
<taxonomicName lsidName="rufescens" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="rufescens">rufescens</taxonomicName>
/ 
<taxonomicName lsidName="amazonica" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="amazonica">amazonica</taxonomicName>
group). A single dark sclerotized band is present (another characteristic of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="rufescens" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="rufescens">rufescens</taxonomicName>
/ 
<taxonomicName lsidName="amazonica" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="amazonica">amazonica</taxonomicName>
group). The bursa copulatrix is strongly sclerotized. The putative sister species, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. carinhanha" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="carinhanha">L. carinhanha</taxonomicName>
sp. n. has spermathecae weakly sclerotized lacking a transverse sclerotized plate and the receptacles are free. The bursa copulatrix is weakly sclerotized, except for a central triangular area. In favor of the inclusion of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. cardosoi" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="cardosoi">L. cardosoi</taxonomicName>
sp. n. and 
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. carinhanha" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="carinhanha">L. carinhanha</taxonomicName>
sp. n. in 
<taxonomicName lsidName="rufescens" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="rufescens">rufescens</taxonomicName>
/ 
<taxonomicName lsidName="amazonica" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="amazonica">amazonica</taxonomicName>
group are the short cymbium in males and the broad and no sclerotized receptacles in females. Additionaly, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. carinhanha" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="carinhanha">L. carinhanha</taxonomicName>
sp. n. spermathecae have a single dark sclerotized band. There is no supporting character for the inclusion of males in the 
<taxonomicName lsidName="gaucho" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="gaucho">gaucho</taxonomicName>
group. In females, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. cardosoi" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="cardosoi">L. cardosoi</taxonomicName>
sp. n. has the characters transverse sclerotized plate and short receptacles, which are lacking in 
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. carinhanha" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="carinhanha">L. carinhanha</taxonomicName>
sp. n. Therefore, it seems more parsimonious to include the two species in the 
<taxonomicName lsidName="rufescens" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="rufescens">rufescens</taxonomicName>
/ 
<taxonomicName lsidName="amazonica" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="amazonica">amazonica</taxonomicName>
group, elevating to five the number of species of this group in South America. These two species are very distinctive of the other species of the group both in the New and the Old World.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
It has been proposed the origin of 
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Sicariidae" genus="Loxosceles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Loxosceles rufescens" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufescens">Loxosceles rufescens</taxonomicName>
group in the Old World with a posterior introduction of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. amazonica" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="amazonica">L. amazonica</taxonomicName>
during portuguese colonization of Brazil beginning in 1500 (
<bibRefCitation author="Duncan, RP" journalOrPublisher="Biota Neotropica" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2009.11.026" year="2010">Duncan et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
). One of the evidences for the introduction hypothesis was the lack of other related species in South America (
<bibRefCitation author="Duncan, RP" journalOrPublisher="Biota Neotropica" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2009.11.026" year="2010">Duncan et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
). Recently, 
<bibRefCitation author="Fukushima, CS" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" pagination="67 - 94" title="Two new Brazilian species of Loxosceles Heinecken &amp; Lowe, 1832 with remarks on amazonica and rufescens groups (Araneae, Sicariidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.667.11369" volume="667" year="2017">Fukushima et al. (2017)</bibRefCitation>
described two species related with 
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. amazonica" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="amazonica">L. amazonica</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. rufescens" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" rank="species" species="rufescens">L. rufescens</taxonomicName>
from Brazil and argued contrary to this possibility for the short time (500 years) for speciation taking place. The discovery of two additional and very distinctive species reinforces the proposal of 
<bibRefCitation author="Fukushima, CS" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" pagination="67 - 94" title="Two new Brazilian species of Loxosceles Heinecken &amp; Lowe, 1832 with remarks on amazonica and rufescens groups (Araneae, Sicariidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.667.11369" volume="667" year="2017">Fukushima et al. (2017)</bibRefCitation>
. As the 
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Sicariidae" genus="Loxosceles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Loxosceles" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Loxosceles</taxonomicName>
diversity in South America is still largely unknown, it is necessary more efforts to collect and describe species from more remote areas of Brazil, mainly those in the northeastern and central western regions, as the areas under study here, which seems to be a hot spot for 
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Sicariidae" genus="Loxosceles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Loxosceles" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Loxosceles</taxonomicName>
diversity.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="47">
Figures 37-41. 
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Sicariidae" genus="Loxosceles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Loxosceles carinhanha" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinhanha">Loxosceles carinhanha</taxonomicName>
sp. n., paratype female (MZUSP 74437) 37 carapace and palp 38 left palp, prolateral 39−41 spermathecae 39 ventral 40 dorsal, with bursa copulatrix over receptacles 41 dorsal, bursa copulatrix unfolded below. Abbreviations: bc bursa copulatrix, r receptacle, sta sclerotized triangular area. Scale bar: 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>