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381 lines
40 KiB
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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-198-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="486F1F1B4F5854D2831AAA341B9A322C" ModsDocID="1314-2003-198-1" checkinTime="1654168732655" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Aubriot, Xavier & Knapp, Sandra" docDate="2022" docId="055E4DE2FF4FAC9BE75FB5437DC167D1" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 198: 1-270" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 198" docPubDate="2022-06-01" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514" docTitle="Solanum cyanocarphium Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 13: 700. 1826." docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="486F1F1B4F5854D2831AAA341B9A322C" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="486F1F1B4F5854D2831AAA341B9A322C" masterDocTitle="A revision of the " spiny solanums " of Tropical Asia (Solanum, the Leptostemonum Clade, Solanaceae)" masterLastPageNumber="270" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1654168732655" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A revision of the " spiny solanums " of Tropical Asia (Solanum, the Leptostemonum Clade, Solanaceae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Aubriot, Xavier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Universite Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systematique et Evolution, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France & The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, UK</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Knapp, Sandra</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7698-3945</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, UK</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">s.knapp@nhm.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2022-06-01</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>198</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>270</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-198-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">486F1F1B4F5854D2831AAA341B9A322C</mods:identifier>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:055E4DE2FF4FAC9BE75FB5437DC167D1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/055E4DE2FF4FAC9BE75FB5437DC167D1" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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10.
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<taxonomicName authority="Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 13: 700. 1826." authorityName="Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 13: 700. 1826." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum cyanocarphium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cyanocarphium">Solanum cyanocarphium Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 13: 700. 1826.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Diversity of habits and habitats for Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum in tropical Asia A Solanum giganteum, a small tree of the tropical forest understory in India and Sri Lanka (field photograph, unvouchered, India) B S. trilobatum, a scandent species in its typical habitat, along the road in mangrove area (Meeboonya et al. RM 245, Thailand) C S. lasiocarpum, an erect shrub found in disturbed and human inhabited areas where it is often cultivated (Meeboonya et al. RM 272, Thailand) D S. cyanocarphium, a creeper with decumbent stems in forest understory (field photograph, unvouchered, Vietnam) E S. camranhense, a scandent shrub endemic to the coastal dunes of South Vietnam (field photograph, unvouchered, Vietnam) F S. insanum, the wild progenitor of the brinjal eggplant usually found in degraded areas (Meeboonya et al. RM 305, Thailand). Photograph credits: A S. More B, C, F X. Aubriot; D M. Nuraliev E S. Hul." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689694" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figs 1D</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Diversity of fruits and seeds in tropical Asian spiny solanums A large oval fruit of Solanum insanum (Sampath Kumar et al. 126918, India) B condensed infructescence and small rounded fruits of Solanum hovei (field photograph, unvouchered, India) C large rounded hairy fruit of S. involucratum with strongly accrescent and spiny calyx (field photograph, unvouchered, Vietnam) D small rounded fruit of Solanum pubescens with elongated calyx lobes (Sampath Kumar et al. 126956, India) E rounded fruit of Solanum cyanocarphium with strongly accrescent and spiny calyx (field photograph, unvouchered, Vietnam) F small rounded fruit of S. trilobatum in transverse cut (Meeboonya et al. RM 242, Thailand) G rounded fruit and accrescent calyx of S. praetermissum in transverse cut (field photograph, unvouchered, Vietnam) H oval fruit of Solanum virginianum in transverse cut (field photograph, unvouchered, India). Photograph credits: A, B, D, F, H X. Aubriot C, E, G M. Nuraliev." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689697" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 4E</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Solanum cyanocarphium Blume A herbarium specimen collected in Vietnam in 1929 (Lichy 18, P 00055844) B detail of the leaves and prickles (field photograph, unvouchered, Vietnam) C detail view of a flower (field photograph, unvouchered, Vietnam) D detail view of a fruit (field photograph, unvouchered, Vietnam). Photograph credits: A CC-BY, Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris B-D M. Nuraliev." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689709" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 16</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum sarmentosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sarmentosum">Solanum sarmentosum</taxonomicName>
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Nees, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 17(1): 58. 1834, nom. illeg., non
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum sarmentosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sarmentosum">Solanum sarmentosum</taxonomicName>
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Lam., 1794. Type. Malaysia. Penang: Sin. loc., 1822,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">N. Wallich s.n.</emphasis>
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[Wallich Catal. 2628f] (lectotype, designated here: GZU [GZU000255826]; isolectotype: BM [BM000886340], K-W [K001116668]).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Dunal" authorityYear="1852" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum bullatorugosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bullatorugosum">Solanum bullatorugosum</taxonomicName>
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Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 236. 1852. Type. Indonesia. Java: Sin. loc.,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H. Zollinger 1018</emphasis>
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(lectotype, designated here: G-DC [G00145849]; isolectotypes: G [G00301680], P [P00369075, P00369076]).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum maingayi" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maingayi">Solanum maingayi</taxonomicName>
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Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 454. 1891. Type. Malaysia. Malacca: Sin. loc.,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A.C. Maingay 1158</emphasis>
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(lectotype designated by
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<bibRefCitation author="Turner, IM" journalOrPublisher="Gardens' Bulletin (Singapore)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="39 - 41" refId="B248" refString="Turner, IM, 1998. Nomenclatural changes for four Malayan species in Phrynium (Marantaceae), Solanum (Solanaceae), Stachyphrynium (Marantaceae) and Boesenbergia (Zingiberaceae). Gardens' Bulletin (Singapore) 50: 39 - 41" title="Nomenclatural changes for four Malayan species in Phrynium (Marantaceae), Solanum (Solanaceae), Stachyphrynium (Marantaceae) and Boesenbergia (Zingiberaceae)." volume="50" year="1998">Turner 1998</bibRefCitation>
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, p. 40, as
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“holotype”">"holotype"</normalizedToken>
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: K [K001080494]; isolectotype: LAE [acc. # 229591]).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum sparsiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sparsiflorum">Solanum sparsiflorum</taxonomicName>
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Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 5: 1838. 1913, nom. illeg., non
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum sparsiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sparsiflorum">Solanum sparsiflorum</taxonomicName>
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Dammer, 1912. Type. Philippines. MIMAROPA: "Puerto Princesa (Mount Pulgar), Province of Palawan, Island of Palawan", May 1911,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A.D.E. Elmer 13157</emphasis>
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(lectotype, designated here: GH [00077851]; isolectotypes: BISH [BISH1005088], BM [BM000778206], CAL [acc. # 316497], E [E00273861], F [acc. # 384070, v0073463F], G [G00343321], HBG [HBG511492], K [K000195917], L [L0003665], LAE [acc. # 229593], LE, MO [acc. # 706769, MO-2289036], NY [00172293], P [P00379711], W [acc. # 1913-0005906], U [U0113978], US [00027804, acc. # 873055]).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum thorelii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="thorelii">Solanum thorelii</taxonomicName>
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Bonati, Bull. Soc. Bot.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Genève">Geneve</normalizedToken>
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, 1913,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="sér">ser</normalizedToken>
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. 2, 5: 310. 1914. Type. Vietnam.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Tây">Tay</normalizedToken>
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Ninh:
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“Caï">"Cai</normalizedToken>
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Cong, environs de village", 1862,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. Thorel 1419</emphasis>
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(lectotype, designated here: P [P00054148]; isolectotypes: P [P00054149, P00054150]).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum sakhanii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sakhanii">Solanum sakhanii</taxonomicName>
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Hul, Fl. Photogr. Cambodge 522. 2013. Type. Cambodia. Sihanoukville:
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“Sihanoukville”">"Sihanoukville"</normalizedToken>
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, 3 May 2008,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">K.C. Cheng et al. CL929</emphasis>
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(holotype: P [P00836398]; isotypes: P [P00836399, P00836400]).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<typeStatus>Type</typeStatus>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<materialsCitation collectingDate="2022-01-01" collectingDateMax="2022-12-31" collectingDateMin="2022-01-01" collectorName="C. L. Blume" country="Indonesia" location="Java" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Java" typeStatus="lectotype">
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<collectingCountry name="Indonesia">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
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.
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<collectingRegion country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur">Java</collectingRegion>
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:
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<collectingRegion country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Barat">West Java</collectingRegion>
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["in oryzetis siccis montium Seribu" Curug Seribu near Bogor; from protologue],
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<collectorName>C.L. Blume</collectorName>
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s.n.
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</emphasis>
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(
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<typeStatus>lectotype</typeStatus>
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, designated here: L [L0003630])
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Herbs to small shrubs, creeping over the ground, to 1 m tall, armed. Stems decumbent, terete, black to dark brownish, prickly and sparsely stellate-pubescent; prickles to 5 mm long, to 2.5 mm in diameter at the base, straight or curved at the tip, awl-shaped to deltate, flattened, pale yellow in dry material, tan or purplish black in live plants, glabrescent; trichomes porrect-stellate, sessile to stalked, the stalks to 0.1 mm long, the rays 4-7, 0.1-0.4 mm long, the midpoints absent or to 0.4 mm long, sometimes purplish black in live plants; new growth moderately to densely stellate-pubescent, light green in dry material; bark of older stems brownish grey, sparsely stellate-pubescent. Sympodial units plurifoliate, the leaves usually not geminate. Leaves simple, more or less deeply lobed, the blades 4.5-9 cm long, 2-5 cm wide, ca. 2 times longer than wide, elliptic to ovate, chartaceous, slightly discolorous, moderately prickly with 3-7 prickles per leaf side, the prickles to 1 cm long, to 1 mm wide at the base, straight at the tip, awl-shaped, conical, pale yellow in dried material sometimes purplish black in live plants, glabrous; adaxial surface mid-green, moderately stellate-pubescent, the stellate trichomes porrect, sessile to stalked, the stalks to 0.1 mm long, the rays 3-5, 0.1-0.4 mm long, the midpoints to 1 mm long, 2-3 times longer than the rays; abaxial surface light green, moderately stellate-pubescent with trichomes like those of the adaxial surface; major veins 4-5 pairs, drying dark; base cuneate to truncate; margins shallowly to deeply lobed, the lobes 1-4 on each side, 0.5-1 cm long, deltate to oblong, apically rounded, the sinuses extending up to halfway to the midrib; apex rounded to acute; petiole 0.7-2.2 cm long, 1/8-1/5 of the leaf blade length, moderately stellate-pubescent, armed with 1-4 prickles like those of the blades. Inflorescences 1.5-3.5 cm long, apparently lateral, unbranched, with ca. 1-4 flowers, 1-2 flowers open at any one time, sparsely to moderately stellate-pubescent with trichomes like those of the stems but with longer midpoints, unarmed; peduncle 0-8 mm long, unarmed; pedicels 0.5-2 cm long, ca. 0.5 mm in diameter at the base, ca. 1 mm in diameter at the apex, spreading to erect to somewhat nodding at anthesis, unarmed or with 1-11(-16) prickles, moderately stellate-pubescent with trichomes like those of the inflorescence axes, articulated at the base; pedicel scars spaced 0.5-6(-18) mm apart. Buds globose to oval, strongly included in the calyx lobes. Flowers 5-merous, apparently all perfect. Calyx with the tube 2-4 mm long, campanulate, the lobes 2-5 mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide, narrowly deltate, apically acute, densely prickly and stellate-pubescent abaxially with numerous prickles and trichomes like those of the pedicels but with shorter midpoints. Corolla 1-1.5 cm in diameter, white or purple, stellate, lobed ca. 1/2 of the way to the base, the lobes 3-6 mm long, 2-3 mm wide, deltate, spreading or somewhat campanulate and erect (not spreading and perpendicular to the pedicel) at anthesis, glabrous adaxially, moderately to densely stellate pubescent abaxially, the trichomes often purple-tinged. Stamens equal; anthers 3-5 mm long, ca. 0.5 mm wide, connivent, tapering, orange, glabrous, poricidal at the tips, the pores directed distally, not elongating to slits with drying; filament tube minute, glabrous; free portion of the filaments ca. 1 mm long, glabrous. Ovary conical, minutely glandular-puberulent; style ca. 5 mm long, slender, curved at the apex, glabrous; stigma capitate, the surface minutely papillate. Fruit a globose berry, 1-4 per infructescence, 1-1.6 cm in diameter, red when mature, the pericarp thin and smooth, glabrous; fruiting pedicels 2.5-4 cm long, 0.5-1 mm in diameter at the base, 1-1.5 mm in diameter at the apex, woody, deflexed and nodding, unarmed or with 1-10 prickles; fruiting calyx lobes elongating to 1.3 cm long, 1/2-3/4 the length of the mature fruit, the tips slightly reflexed, usually completely enclosing at least the lower half of the berry, with 6-17(-24) prickles, these often purplish black. Seeds 85-170 per berry, 1.75-2 mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide, flattened reniform, dull yellow, the surface minutely pitted, the testal cells sinuate in shape. Chromosome number: not known.</paragraph>
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<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689709" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 16" startId="F16">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 16.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum cyanocarphium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cyanocarphium">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum cyanocarphium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Blume
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
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herbarium specimen collected in Vietnam in 1929 (
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Lichy 18</emphasis>
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, P00055844)
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
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detail of the leaves and prickles (field photograph, unvouchered, Vietnam)
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
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detail view of a flower (field photograph, unvouchered, Vietnam)
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
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detail view of a fruit (field photograph, unvouchered, Vietnam). Photograph credits:
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
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CC-BY,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Muséum">Museum</normalizedToken>
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national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B-D</emphasis>
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M. Nuraliev.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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(Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 17. Distribution of S. cyanocarphium." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689710" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">17</figureCitation>
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).
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum cyanocarphium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cyanocarphium">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum cyanocarphium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is widely distributed from southeastern Indochina to western Malay Archipelago (Borneo, Java, Sumatra and south Philippines).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="ecology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ecology and habitat.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum cyanocarphium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cyanocarphium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum cyanocarphium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been found growing on limestone, in riparian and secondary tropical forests as well as in open degraded vegetation; from 10 to 1,000 m elevation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="common names and uses">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Common names and uses.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Cambodia. plone lane [Khmer] (
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chassagne 138</emphasis>
|
||
),
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="trâp">trap</normalizedToken>
|
||
krab [Khmer] (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hul, S" editor="Aubreville, A" journalOrPublisher="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle & Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Paris & Edinburgh" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 93" refId="B101" refString="Hul, S, Dy Phon, P, 2014. Solanaceae. In: Aubreville, A, Leroy, J, Morat, P, Eds., Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Vietnam. Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle & Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Paris & Edinburgh: 1 - 93" title="Solanaceae." volumeTitle="Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Vietnam." year="2014">Hul and Dy Phon 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); Indonesia. North Sumatra: tioeng (
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Toroes 1639</emphasis>
|
||
), teroeng oetan (
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Toroes 2926</emphasis>
|
||
); Malaysia/Singapore.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="tĕrong">tĕrong</normalizedToken>
|
||
puyoh,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="tĕrong">tĕrong</normalizedToken>
|
||
tikus,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="tĕrong">tĕrong</normalizedToken>
|
||
pipit (all meaning "little brinjal",
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Burkill, IH" journalOrPublisher="Wasmann Journal of Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B34" refString="Burkill, IH, 1935. A dictionary of the economic products of the Malay Peninsula. Vol. 2: I-Z. Crown Agents for the Colonies, London." title="A dictionary of the economic products of the Malay Peninsula. Vol. 2: I-Z. Crown Agents for the Colonies, London." year="1935">Burkill 1935</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); Vietnam.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Dông">Dong</normalizedToken>
|
||
Nai: blou xit [Mnong] (
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pierre s.n.</emphasis>
|
||
),
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="cà">ca</normalizedToken>
|
||
co [Vietnamese] (
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pierre s.n.</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum cyanocarphium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cyanocarphium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum cyanocarphium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is said to have edible berries (
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cuadra A1010</emphasis>
|
||
) and the juice is drunk for fever (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Burkill, IH" journalOrPublisher="Wasmann Journal of Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B34" refString="Burkill, IH, 1935. A dictionary of the economic products of the Malay Peninsula. Vol. 2: I-Z. Crown Agents for the Colonies, London." title="A dictionary of the economic products of the Malay Peninsula. Vol. 2: I-Z. Crown Agents for the Colonies, London." year="1935">Burkill 1935</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Burkill, IH" journalOrPublisher="Wasmann Journal of Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B34" refString="Burkill, IH, 1935. A dictionary of the economic products of the Malay Peninsula. Vol. 2: I-Z. Crown Agents for the Colonies, London." title="A dictionary of the economic products of the Malay Peninsula. Vol. 2: I-Z. Crown Agents for the Colonies, London." year="1935">Burkill (1935)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also records its use to improve the appetite of elephants.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="preliminary conservation status">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Preliminary conservation status</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hutchings, A" journalOrPublisher="AGRIVITA Journal of Agricultural Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" refId="B105" refString="2019. . http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" url="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" year="2019">IUCN 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Least Concern (LC); EOO 3,563,723 km2 (LC), AOO 92 km2 (EN). Historical collections of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum cyanocarphium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cyanocarphium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum cyanocarphium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
suggest that this species is widely distributed but absence of recent collections from large areas of the historical range suggests it may merit conservation concern because of the increasing anthropogenic alteration of natural habitat throughout lowland and coastal tropical Asia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wikramanayake, E" journalOrPublisher="Island Press, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B271" refString="Wikramanayake, E, Dinerstein, E, Loucks, CJ, Olson, DM, Morrison, J, Lamoreux, J, McKnight, M, Hedao, P, 2002. Terrestrial ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a conservation assessment. Island Press, London" title="Terrestrial ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a conservation assessment." year="2002">Wikramanayake et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Discussion.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum cyanocarphium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cyanocarphium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum cyanocarphium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a weakly climbing shrub to vine that scrambles over vegetation with hooked prickles; most specimens are quite thin-stemmed and somewhat scrappy. It is superficially similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. procumbens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="procumbens">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. procumbens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but differs from it in the strongly accrescent and spiny fruiting calyx (not accrescent in
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. procumbens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="procumbens">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. procumbens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), larger prickles on stems and leaf blades, deeply lobed leaves (leaves usually entire in
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. procumbens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="procumbens">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. procumbens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and larger and many seeded berries. The accrescent calyx in fruit is similar to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. involucratum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="involucratum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. involucratum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but that species is more robust and has pubescent, rather than glabrous berries.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hul, S" editor="Aubreville, A" journalOrPublisher="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle & Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Paris & Edinburgh" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 93" refId="B101" refString="Hul, S, Dy Phon, P, 2014. Solanaceae. In: Aubreville, A, Leroy, J, Morat, P, Eds., Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Vietnam. Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle & Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Paris & Edinburgh: 1 - 93" title="Solanaceae." volumeTitle="Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Vietnam." year="2014">Hul and Dy Phon (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested that
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. cyanocarphium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="cyanocarphium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. cyanocarphium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was introduced to Indochina but described what we recognise as a synonym (
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. sakhanii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="sakhanii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. sakhanii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) as new; we consider
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. cyanocarphium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="cyanocarphium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. cyanocarphium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be native across tropical Asia where it occurs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689710" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 17" startId="F17">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 17.</emphasis>
|
||
Distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. cyanocarphium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="cyanocarphium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. cyanocarphium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12412" author="Aubriot, X" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="199 - 223" refId="B8" refString="Aubriot, X, Singh, P, Knapp, S, 2016a. Tropical Asian species show the Old World clade of "spiny solanums" (subgenus Leptostemonum pro parte: Solanaceae) is not monophyletic. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181 (2): 199 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12412" title="Tropical Asian species show the Old World clade of " spiny solanums " (subgenus Leptostemonum pro parte: Solanaceae) is not monophyletic." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12412" volume="181" year="2016 a">Aubriot et al. (2016a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
included
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. cyanocarphium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="cyanocarphium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. cyanocarphium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in a clade called '
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. cyanocarphium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="cyanocarphium">S. cyanocarphium</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. sakhanii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="sakhanii">S. sakhanii</taxonomicName>
|
||
'; subsequent examination shows that the two taxa are synonyms (see above), not surprising given the very short branch lengths (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12412" author="Aubriot, X" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="199 - 223" refId="B8" refString="Aubriot, X, Singh, P, Knapp, S, 2016a. Tropical Asian species show the Old World clade of "spiny solanums" (subgenus Leptostemonum pro parte: Solanaceae) is not monophyletic. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181 (2): 199 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12412" title="Tropical Asian species show the Old World clade of " spiny solanums " (subgenus Leptostemonum pro parte: Solanaceae) is not monophyletic." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12412" volume="181" year="2016 a">Aubriot et al. 2016a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
The Blume specimen in L (L0003630) we have selected as the lectotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. cyanocarphium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="cyanocarphium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. cyanocarphium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the only one we have found that corresponds to the protologue and is likely to have been the original material that Blume used.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1834.tb00017.x" author="Nees van Esenbeck, CG" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Linnean Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="37 - 82" refId="B187" refString="Nees van Esenbeck, CG, 1834. Monograph of East Indian Solanaeae. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 17 (1): 37 - 82, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1834.tb00017.x" title="Monograph of East Indian Solanaeae." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1834.tb00017.x" volume="17" year="1834">Nees van Esenbeck (1834)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
only cited a Wallich catalogue number in the protologue of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. sarmentosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="sarmentosum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. sarmentosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but no herbarium. The
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="family">Solanaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
from his own herbarium are now held at the herbarium (GZU) of the University of Graz (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Stafleu, FA" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Review" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="https://www.sil.si.edu/DigitalCollections/tl-2/browse.cfm?vol=3page/721" refId="B231" refString="Stafleu, FA, Cowan, RS, 1981. Taxonomic Literature II. Vol 3: Authors Lh-O, ed. 2. Bonn, Scheltema & Holkema, Utrecht. https://www.sil.si.edu/DigitalCollections/tl-2/browse.cfm?vol=3page/721" title="Taxonomic Literature II. Vol 3: Authors Lh-O, ed. 2. Bonn, Scheltema & Holkema, Utrecht." url="https://www.sil.si.edu/DigitalCollections/tl-2/browse.cfm?vol=3page/721" year="1981">Stafleu and Cowan 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and we have selected the specimen there (GZU000255826) as the lectotype, it has flower and fruit and an annotation "
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. sarmentosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="sarmentosum">S. sarmentosum</taxonomicName>
|
||
" in Nees van
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Esenbeck’s">Esenbeck's</normalizedToken>
|
||
hand.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
The protologue of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. bullatorugosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="bullatorugosum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. bullatorugosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dunal, M-F" journalOrPublisher=") Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 690" refId="B73" refString="Dunal, M-F, 1852. Solanaceae. In: Candolle AP de (Ed.) Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis 13 (1): 1 - 690" title="Solanaceae. In: Candolle AP de (Ed." volume="13" year="1852">Dunal 1852</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) cites two specimens at G; we have selected the more complete sheet at G-DC (G00145849) with both flowers and fruits as the lectotype.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
The collection cited in the protologue of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. sparsiflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="sparsiflorum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. sparsiflorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Elmer, ADE" journalOrPublisher="Leaflets of Philippine Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1791 - 1854" refId="B78" refString="Elmer, ADE, 1913. Four score of new plants. Leaflets of Philippine Botany 5: 1791 - 1854" title="Four score of new plants." volume="5" year="1913">Elmer 1913</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) without specification of any herbarium (
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Elmer 13157</emphasis>
|
||
) is represented in many collections; we have chosen that at GH (0007785) as the lectotype because it is the duplicate best matching the protologue and has both flower and mature fruit.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hul, S" editor="Aubreville, A" journalOrPublisher="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle & Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Paris & Edinburgh" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 93" refId="B101" refString="Hul, S, Dy Phon, P, 2014. Solanaceae. In: Aubreville, A, Leroy, J, Morat, P, Eds., Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Vietnam. Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle & Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Paris & Edinburgh: 1 - 93" title="Solanaceae." volumeTitle="Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Vietnam." year="2014">Hul and Dy Phon (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
cited a sheet in PNH as "holo-, PNH" but this does not constitute effective lectotypification.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hul, S" editor="Aubreville, A" journalOrPublisher="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle & Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Paris & Edinburgh" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 93" refId="B101" refString="Hul, S, Dy Phon, P, 2014. Solanaceae. In: Aubreville, A, Leroy, J, Morat, P, Eds., Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Vietnam. Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle & Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Paris & Edinburgh: 1 - 93" title="Solanaceae." volumeTitle="Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Vietnam." year="2014">Hul and Dy Phon (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
cited a holotype at P for
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. thorelii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="thorelii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. thorelii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but no herbarium was cited in the original protologue (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bonati, G" journalOrPublisher="D'Arcy: the legacy of a taxonomist, Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden, Vol. 104. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B25" refString="Bonati, G, 1914. Primulacees, Solanacees et Scrofulariacees nouvelles de la Chine, de l'Indochine et du Turkestan. Bulletin de la Societe Botanique de Geneve, ser., 2 5: 297-316." title="Primulacees, Solanacees et Scrofulariacees nouvelles de la Chine, de l'Indochine et du Turkestan. Bulletin de la Societe Botanique de Geneve, ser., 2 5: 297 - 316." year="1914">Bonati 1914</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We select here the best preserved of the three duplicates of
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Thorel 1419</emphasis>
|
||
held at P (P00054148) as the lectotype.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">See Suppl. materials 1-3.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |