286 lines
32 KiB
XML
286 lines
32 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="D2BB1E2046E2EDA0DB712AA6EAE7D729">The earthworm genus Polypheretima Michaelsen, 1934 (Annelida: Clitellata: Megascolecidae) from Sulawesi, Indonesia, with descriptions of four new species</mods:title>
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(
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<emphasis id="B924EAE18C40FFC6BA4C7940FEBFCC0A" box="[113,339,843,864]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="568">Amyntas phakellotheca</emphasis>
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(sic)
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC14B028C40FFC6BB54798FFDAECCF3" author="Michaelsen W" box="[361,578,900,922]" pageId="9" pageNumber="568" pagination="1 - 575" refId="ref10150" refString="Michaelsen W (1900) Oligochaeta. Das Tierrich, 10: 1 - 575." type="journal article" year="1900">Michaelsen, 1900: 293</bibRefCitation>
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<emphasis id="B924EAE18C40FFC6BA4C79AAFF39CCDC" box="[113,213,929,950]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="568">Pheretima</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="B924EAE18C40FFC6BAD879AAFE9ECCDC" box="[229,370,929,950]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="568">Polypheretima</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="B924EAE18C40FFC6BBBF79AAFDE5CCDC" box="[386,521,929,950]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="568">phacellotheca</emphasis>
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:
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<emphasis id="B924EAE18C40FFC6BA4C79B5FE7DCCB9" box="[113,401,958,979]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="568">Metapheretima phacellotheca</emphasis>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC14B028C40FFC6BBA379B5FD73CCB9" author="Sims RW & Easton EG" box="[414,671,958,980]" pageId="9" pageNumber="568" pagination="169 - 268" refId="ref10436" refString="Sims RW & Easton EG (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4 (3): 169 - 268." type="journal article" year="1972">Sims & Easton, 1972: 233</bibRefCitation>
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<taxonomicName id="4C504D708C40FFC6BA4C79F3FDADCB67" authority=": Easton, 1979: 55" authorityName="Easton" authorityPageNumber="55" authorityYear="1979" box="[113,577,1015,1037]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Polypheretima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="9" pageNumber="568" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="phacellotheca">
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<emphasis id="B924EAE18C40FFC6BA4C79F3FE61CB67" box="[113,397,1016,1037]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="568">Polypheretima phacellotheca</emphasis>
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:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC14B028C40FFC6BBA179F3FDADCB67" author="Easton EG" box="[412,577,1015,1037]" pageId="9" pageNumber="568" pagination="1 - 126" refId="ref9946" refString="Easton EG (1979) A revision of the ' acaecate' earthworms of the Pheretima group (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta): Archipheretima, Metapheretima, Planapheretima, Pleionogaster and Polypheretima. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology, 35: 1 - 126." type="journal article" year="1979">Easton, 1979: 55</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34A65788C40FFC5BA4C7E3EFE3ACE7F" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="569" pageId="9" pageNumber="568" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEF36F38C40FFC6BA4C7E3EFDB1CB84" blockId="9.[112,754,1077,1262]" pageId="9" pageNumber="568">
|
||
<emphasis id="B924EAE18C40FFC6BA4C7E3EFEA7CB27" bold="true" box="[113,331,1077,1101]" pageId="9" pageNumber="568">Material examined.</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B383CAE8C40FFC6BB727E3DFDB5CB84" collectingDate="2016-04-25" collectionCode="MZB, UNTAD" collectorName="Fahri & Fitrallisan. & Oli." country="Indonesia" county="Parigi Mautong district" elevation="7" latitude="0.5109722" location="Ogotumubu Barat village" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="120.56714" municipality="Tomini" pageId="9" pageNumber="568" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Sulawesi Tengah">
|
||
4 clitellates (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED41AE368C40FFC6BBEC7E3DFDE0CB24" box="[465,524,1078,1102]" country="Indonesia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/b9gz-izvg" name="Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense" pageId="9" pageNumber="568" type="Museum">MZB</collectionCode>
|
||
Oli. 0060), secondary forest (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE6450348C40FFC6BA827E5FFEA5CB07" box="[191,329,1108,1133]" degrees="0" direction="north" minutes="30" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="568" precision="1" seconds="39.5" value="0.5109722">0°30′39.5″N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE6450348C40FFC6BB6A7E5FFE07CB07" box="[343,491,1108,1133]" degrees="120" direction="east" minutes="34" orientation="longitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="568" precision="1" seconds="1.7" value="120.56714">120°34′1.7″E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), elevation of
|
||
<elevation id="007DD1C08C40FFC6B8B07E5DFD0BCB04" box="[653,743,1110,1134]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="568" unit="m" value="7.0">
|
||
<quantity id="4CA89B168C40FFC6B8B07E5DFD56CB07" box="[653,698,1110,1133]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="568" unit="m" value="7.0">7 m</quantity>
|
||
asl
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
.,
|
||
<location id="8E8F60288C40FFC6BA4C7E7DFE4ECBE4" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F987E58C40FFC5BA9D78E7FD9CCDFF:8E8F60288C40FFC6BA4C7E7DFE4ECBE4" box="[113,418,1142,1166]" country="Indonesia" county="Parigi Mautong district" latitude="0.5109722" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="120.56714" municipality="Tomini" name="Ogotumubu Barat village" pageId="9" pageNumber="568" stateProvince="Sulawesi Tengah">Ogotumubu Barat village</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6B8BAC898C40FFC6BB8E7E7DFDEBCBE4" box="[435,519,1142,1166]" pageId="9" pageNumber="568">Tomini</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
sub-district,
|
||
<collectingCounty id="628E4E7F8C40FFC6B8967E7DFECBCBC4" pageId="9" pageNumber="568">Parigi Mautong district</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4994F8118C40FFC6BB0E7E9DFDBECBC4" box="[307,594,1174,1198]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Tengah" pageId="9" pageNumber="568">Central Sulawesi province</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34776638C40FFC6B8627E9DFD25CBC4" box="[607,713,1174,1198]" name="Indonesia" pageId="9" pageNumber="568">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFEE10338C40FFC6B8E87E9DFF06CBA4" pageId="9" pageNumber="568" value="2016-04-25">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFAAE9DB8C40FFC6B8E87E9DFF06CBA4" pageId="9" pageNumber="568" value="2016-04-25">25 April 2016</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, leg.
|
||
<collectorName id="26A553258C40FFC6BB197EBDFEB0CBA4" box="[292,348,1206,1230]" pageId="9" pageNumber="568">Fahri</collectorName>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectorName id="26A553258C40FFC6BBAD7EBDFDE8CBA4" box="[400,516,1206,1230]" pageId="9" pageNumber="568">Fitrallisan.</collectorName>
|
||
6 clitellates (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED41AE368C40FFC6B8AE7EBDFD1ECBA4" box="[659,754,1206,1230]" pageId="9" pageNumber="568">UNTAD</collectionCode>
|
||
Oli. 0006), same data as for MZB
|
||
<collectorName id="26A553258C40FFC6BBD37EDDFDF4CB84" box="[494,536,1238,1262]" pageId="9" pageNumber="568">Oli.</collectorName>
|
||
0060
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEF36F38C40FFC6BA4C7F1EFF3ACAC4" blockId="9.[112,752,1301,1454]" pageId="9" pageNumber="568">
|
||
<emphasis id="B924EAE18C40FFC6BA4C7F1EFEC5CA47" bold="true" box="[113,297,1301,1325]" pageId="9" pageNumber="568">Re-description.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B924EAE18C40FFC6BB097F1DFDFBCA44" box="[308,535,1302,1326]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="568">External characters</emphasis>
|
||
. Body cylindrical. Large size, length
|
||
<quantity id="4CA89B168C40FFC6BB0C7F3DFE2CCA27" box="[305,448,1334,1358]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.15" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="2.1" pageId="9" pageNumber="568" unit="mm" value="215.0" valueMax="220.0" valueMin="210.0">210–220 mm</quantity>
|
||
, diameter
|
||
<quantity id="4CA89B168C40FFC6B8167F3DFD68CA27" box="[555,644,1334,1358]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="568" unit="mm" value="5.5" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="4.0">4–7 mm</quantity>
|
||
, segments 210–256. Colour similar on dursum and ventrum, yellow brownish in pre-clitellum and post-clitellum and pink around clitellum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF2F667B8C40FFC6B9107F4DFB75CAA4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5357974" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5357974" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5357974/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="568" startId="9.[813,852,1350,1372]" targetBox="[812,1455,747,1334]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEF36F38C40FFC6B9107F4DFB75CAA4" blockId="9.[813,1452,1350,1487]" pageId="9" pageNumber="568">
|
||
Fig. 6.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C504D708C40FFC6B9BF7F4DFA4BCA36" authority="(Michaelsen, 1899)" baseAuthorityName="Michaelsen" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[898,1447,1350,1372]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Polypheretima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="9" pageNumber="568" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="phacellotheca">
|
||
<emphasis id="B924EAE18C40FFC6B9BF7F4DFB2FCA31" box="[898,1219,1350,1371]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="568">Polypheretima phacellotheca</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC14B028C40FFC6BEEB7F4DFA72CA36" author="Michaelsen W" box="[1238,1438,1350,1372]" pageId="9" pageNumber="568" pagination="3 - 122" refId="ref10126" refString="Michaelsen W (1899) Terricolen von verschiedened Gebieten der Erde. Mittheilungenausdem Naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg, 16: 3 - 122." type="journal article" year="1899">Michaelsen, 1899</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A, Spermathecal pores; B, Spermathecae (amp=ampulla, dv=diverticula); C, Male pore region (mp=opening of copulatory pouchs, gm=genital marking); D, Male pore region, lateral view; E, Prostate gland. Scale bar = 1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEF36F38C40FFC6BA4C7FDDFD31C904" blockId="9.[112,753,1494,1646]" pageId="9" pageNumber="568">
|
||
Prostomium prolobous. First dorsal pore in 12/13. Setae
|
||
<quantity id="4CA89B168C40FFC6BA4C7FFDFF22C964" box="[113,206,1526,1550]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4097" metricValueMax="1.7018" metricValueMin="1.1176" pageId="9" pageNumber="568" unit="in" value="55.5" valueMax="67.0" valueMin="44.0">44–67 in</quantity>
|
||
v,
|
||
<quantity id="4CA89B168C40FFC6BAD17FFDFEA5C964" box="[236,329,1526,1550]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7145" metricValueMax="1.9304" metricValueMin="1.4986" pageId="9" pageNumber="568" unit="in" value="67.5" valueMax="76.0" valueMin="59.0">59–76 in</quantity>
|
||
vii,
|
||
<quantity id="4CA89B168C40FFC6BB4B7FFDFE3FC964" box="[374,467,1526,1550]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8669" metricValueMax="2.159" metricValueMin="1.5748" pageId="9" pageNumber="568" unit="in" value="73.5" valueMax="85.0" valueMin="62.0">62–85 in</quantity>
|
||
viii,
|
||
<quantity id="4CA89B168C40FFC6B83A7FFDFD88C964" box="[519,612,1526,1550]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8288" metricValueMax="2.4892" metricValueMin="1.1684" pageId="9" pageNumber="568" unit="in" value="72.0" valueMax="98.0" valueMin="46.0">46–98 in</quantity>
|
||
xxv, and 4–8 between male porophores in xviii; setae distance aa=1–3ab, zz=1–3zy. Clitellum annular, xiv–xvi, smooth without setae and dorsal pores. Female pore single, mid-ventral in xiv.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEF36F38C40FFC6BA4C7C97FF51C87E" blockId="9.[113,752,1692,1812]" pageId="9" pageNumber="568">Spermathecal pores paired lateroventrally in 5/6. Ventral distance between spermathecal pores about 0.25× body circumference. No genital markings in the spermathecal region.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEF36F38C40FFC6BA4C7D37FD7BC8BE" blockId="9.[113,753,1852,2004]" pageId="9" pageNumber="568">
|
||
Male pores located inside copulatory pouches in xviii, each copulatory pouch with a large opening. Distance between the openings of copulatory pouches about 0.25× body circumference ventrally. Genital markings large, paired (rarely single) on setal rings in xix–xxii (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6D203488C40FFC6B80E7DB7FD65C8BE" box="[563,649,1980,2004]" captionStart="Table 5" captionStartId="9.[113,168,189,211]" captionText="Table 5. The number of genital markings and spermathecae of Polypheretima phacellotheca (Michaelsen, 1899)." pageId="9" pageNumber="568">Table 5</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEF36F38C40FFC6B9107C0DFA4BC914" blockId="9.[813,1454,1542,1662]" pageId="9" pageNumber="568">
|
||
<emphasis id="B924EAE18C40FFC6B9107C0DFC11C974" box="[813,1021,1542,1566]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="568">Internal characters</emphasis>
|
||
. Septa 3/4/5/6/7/8 thick, 8/9/10 absent, 10/11/12/13 thin. Gizzard round after viii. Last hearts in xiii. Typhlosole simple. Intestine beginning from xv; caeca absent. Pharyngeal micronephridia well-developed on 6/7.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEF36F38C40FFC6B9107CADFB36C834" blockId="9.[811,1453,1702,1886]" pageId="9" pageNumber="568">
|
||
Spermathecae small to large,
|
||
<quantity id="4CA89B168C40FFC6BE4A7CADFB20C9D4" box="[1143,1228,1702,1726]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" metricValueMax="2.794" metricValueMin="2.286" pageId="9" pageNumber="568" unit="in" value="10.0" valueMax="11.0" valueMin="9.0">9–11 in</quantity>
|
||
left and right in vi, respectively. Number of spermathecae variable in specimens (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6D203488C40FFC6B90F7CEDFC66C994" box="[818,906,1766,1790]" captionStart="Table 5" captionStartId="9.[113,168,189,211]" captionText="Table 5. The number of genital markings and spermathecae of Polypheretima phacellotheca (Michaelsen, 1899)." pageId="9" pageNumber="568">Table 5</tableCitation>
|
||
). Ampulla waterdrop-shaped; duct about 1/3–1/5 as long as ampulla. Diverticulum thin, slightly shorter than ampulla, attached to duct at base; distal part expanded to seminal chamber. No accessory glands.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEF36F38C40FFC6B9107D8DFC07C774" blockId="9.[813,1452,1926,2078]" pageId="9" pageNumber="568">Holandric. Testes sacs paired in x–xi, small, separated, ventral, yellowish. Seminal vesicles in xi–xii. Ovaries paired in xiii and ovisacs developing in xiii. Prostate glands racemose, paired in xvi–xviii. Prostatic ducts C-shaped. No accessory glands.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEF36F38C43FFC5BAB57AB6FE3ACE7F" blockId="10.[135,774,189,277]" pageId="10" pageNumber="569">
|
||
<emphasis id="B924EAE18C43FFC5BAB57AB6FE9DCFBF" bold="true" box="[136,369,189,213]" pageId="10" pageNumber="569">Habitat and ecology.</emphasis>
|
||
Specimens were found around banana trees in house yards. They were collected from the ground muddy at a depth of
|
||
<quantity id="4CA89B168C43FFC5BB4D7AF6FE3ECE7F" box="[368,466,253,277]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="569" unit="cm" value="10.0" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="0.0">0–20 cm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34A65788C43FFC5BAB57B36FD9CCDFF" pageId="10" pageNumber="569" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEF36F38C43FFC5BAB57B36FEAFCD7F" blockId="10.[136,776,317,533]" pageId="10" pageNumber="569">
|
||
<emphasis id="B924EAE18C43FFC5BAB57B36FF12CE3F" bold="true" box="[136,254,317,341]" pageId="10" pageNumber="569">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
The species was previously reported from Mt. Masarang, above Tomohon (Northeast
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4994F8118C43FFC5B8A97B56FD11CE1F" box="[660,765,349,373]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="10" pageNumber="569">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC14B028C43FFC5BAB27B76FEBBCEFF" author="Michaelsen W" box="[143,343,381,405]" pageId="10" pageNumber="569" pagination="3 - 122" refId="ref10126" refString="Michaelsen W (1899) Terricolen von verschiedened Gebieten der Erde. Mittheilungenausdem Naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg, 16: 3 - 122." type="journal article" year="1899">Michaelsen, 1899</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC14B028C43FFC5BB5B7B75FE16CEFF" author="Easton EG" box="[358,506,381,405]" pageId="10" pageNumber="569" pagination="31 - 53" refId="ref9905" refString="Easton EG (1976) Taxonomy and distribution of the Metapheretima elongata spesies - complex of Indo-Australasian earthworms (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology, 30: 31 - 53." type="journal article" year="1976">Easton, 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We found this species near a beach at elevation of only
|
||
<quantity id="4CA89B168C43FFC5BBD37B95FDFBCEDF" box="[494,535,414,437]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="569" unit="m" value="7.0">7 m</quantity>
|
||
asl in the Ogotumubu village, central part of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4994F8118C43FFC5BB477BB6FE32CEBF" box="[378,478,445,469]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="10" pageNumber="569">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
|
||
. With new fresh specimens, the distributional area of the species has been expanded to
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4994F8118C43FFC5BAB77BF6FED3CD7F" box="[138,319,509,533]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Tengah" pageId="10" pageNumber="569">central Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEF36F38C43FFC5BAB57835FD9CCDFF" blockId="10.[136,777,573,661]" pageId="10" pageNumber="569">
|
||
In addition,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC14B028C43FFC5BB307836FE34CD3F" author="Michaelsen W" box="[269,472,573,597]" pageId="10" pageNumber="569" pagination="3 - 122" refId="ref10126" refString="Michaelsen W (1899) Terricolen von verschiedened Gebieten der Erde. Mittheilungenausdem Naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg, 16: 3 - 122." type="journal article" year="1899">Michaelsen (1899)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described this species from northeast
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4994F8118C43FFC5BAC87856FEB9CD1F" box="[245,341,605,629]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="10" pageNumber="569">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
|
||
without illustrations. New illustrations, thus, are provided to support his description.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |