1138 lines
322 KiB
XML
1138 lines
322 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717879" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c6316cf7-316b-4958-b2be-f25d4f8021dc" ID-GBIF-Taxon="181595949" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4717879" approvedBy="poa" checkinTime="1619291578343" checkinUser="valdenar" docAuthor="Zeng, Han, Zhao, Fangchen, Niu, Kecheng, Zhu, Maoyan & Huang, Diying" docDate="2020" docId="03F987E33E16FFC6FF631270176457BC" docLanguage="en" docName="Nature.588.101-105.pdf" docOrigin="Nature 588" docTitle="Kylinxia zhangi ZENG, ZHAO AND HUANG, GEN.ETSP.NOV." docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="105" masterDocId="FFC0FF9B3E16FFC2FFDD1702163C5162" masterDocTitle="An early Cambrian euarthropod with radiodont-like raptorial appendages" masterLastPageNumber="105" masterPageNumber="101" pageId="0" pageNumber="101" updateTime="1643444320775" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>An early Cambrian euarthropod with radiodont-like raptorial appendages</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Zeng, Han</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>StateKey Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China; Center for Excellence in Life and Palaeoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China; Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, SmithsonianInstitution, Washington, DC, USA</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Zhao, Fangchen</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>StateKey Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China; Center for Excellence in Life and Palaeoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">fczhao@nigpas.ac.cn</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Niu, Kecheng</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Yingliang Stone Natural History Museum, Nan’an, China.</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Zhu, Maoyan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>StateKey Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China; Center for Excellence in Life and Palaeoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Huang, Diying</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>StateKey Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China; Center for Excellence in Life and Palaeoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">dyhuang@nigpas.ac.cn</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Nature</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2020</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2020-11-04</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>588</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>101</mods:start>
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<mods:end>105</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">https://DOi.ORg/10.1038/s41586-020-2883-7</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">c6316cf7-316b-4958-b2be-f25d4f8021dc</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">4717877</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717879" ID-GBIF-Taxon="181595949" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4717879" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F987E33E16FFC6FF631270176457BC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F987E33E16FFC6FF631270176457BC" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="105" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">
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<subSubSection box="[190,726,1394,1415]" pageId="0" pageNumber="101" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="0.[190,726,1365,1415]" box="[190,726,1394,1415]" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[190,726,1394,1415]" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">
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<taxonomicName authority="ZENG,ZHAO AND HUANG" box="[190,573,1394,1415]" genus="Kylinxia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="0" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zhangi">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[190,343,1394,1413]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">Kylinxia zhangi</emphasis>
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ZENG,ZHAO AND HUANG
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[579,726,1394,1415]" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">GEN.ETSP.NOV.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="105" pageId="0" pageNumber="101" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="0.[105,786,1451,1873]" lastBlockId="1.[105,787,1365,1988]" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="102" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">
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Etymology.
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[226,274,1452,1471]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">Kylin</emphasis>
|
||
:CHIMERICCREATUREINCHINESEMYTHOLOGY;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[670,700,1452,1471]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">xia</emphasis>
|
||
:CHINESE WORDFORSHRIMP-LIKEARTHROPOD; AND
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[478,541,1480,1499]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">zhang</emphasis>
|
||
: AFTERYEHUIZHANG, WHO CONTRIBUTED THE PARATYPE. Holotype. NANJINGINSTITUTEOFGEOLOGYANDPALAEONTOLOGY (NIGP) 171304, PARTANDCOUNTERPART (FIGS. 1A, C, D, G,
|
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<figureCitation box="[555,786,1566,1586]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[106,137,1357,1374]" captionTargetBox="[348,1255,132,1333]" captionTargetId="figure-291@2.[348,803,728,1032]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.2 |Comparative anatomy ofhead structures inKylinxia zhangi, Opabiniaregalis, radiodonts andmegacheirans. a, b, O. regaliS. a, USNM (NATIONAL MUSEUMOF NATURAL HISTORY)155600B,HEAD REGION.b, USNM205258, EYES.c, K.Zhangi, NIGP 171305B,HEAD REGION ANDEYES.d–f, RADIODONTS. d, AnOmalOCariS SP.,ELRC (EARLYLIFE RESEARCH CENTRE) 20001A,HEAD REGION. e, f, ENDITES OF RADIODONTFRONTAL APPENDAGES.e, RamSkOeldia COnSimiliS, NIGP 162527A.f, ParanOmalOCariS multiSegmentaliS, NIGP 154564B.g–i, K.Zhangi. g, YLSNHM 01124,HEAD REGION INFIG.1B.THE BOXEDREGION IS SHOWN INh. h, i, ENDITES OF THE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGES.h, YLSNHM 01124,ENDITES FROM g. i, NIGP 171305A,ENDITE FROM FIG.1C. j–m, MEGACHEIRANS.j, HaikOuCariS erCaienSiS, NIGP EC44154A,HEAD REGION.k–m,ENDITES OF MEGACHEIRANGREAT APPENDAGES.NOTE THENUMEROUS AUXILIARY SPINES ON THEENDITES.k, H. erCaienSiS, NIGP 171309.l, FOrtifOrCepSfOliOSa, NIGP 169954.m, ParapeytOia yunnanenSiS, NIGP 171310.ARROWHEADS INDICATE AUXILIARY SPINES.SCALE BARS, 5 MM (d), 2 MM(a, g, j), 1MM (b, c, e, h, m), 200 ΜM(f, i, k, l). AM,ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANE;DC,DISTAL CLAW;DF,DIFFERENTIATEDFLAPS;DS,DORSAL SCLERITE;ED,ENDITE ONDISTAL ARTICULATEDPODOMERE;F,BODYFLAP;GA,GREATAPPENDAGE;HD,HEAD; HR,MARGINAL RIMOF HEAD SHIELD;IE,INNER EYE;LE,LATERAL EYE;MO,MOUTHOPENING; MS,MAIN SPINE;OE,OUTER EYE;PB,PROBOSCIS.OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AS INFIG.1. NUMBERSREFER TOTHE TOPOLOGICAL POSITION OF THE CORRESPONDINGSTRUCTURE." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717883/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">2C, IANDEXTENDEDDATA</figureCitation>
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FIGS.1A, B, D,
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<figureCitation box="[232,283,1594,1614]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[816,847,1134,1151]" captionTargetBox="[809,1507,121,1109]" captionTargetId="graphics-791@3.[825,1229,150,779]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3|Reconstruction ofKylinxia and evolutionof thefrontalmost appendages inearly euarthropods. a, SIMPLIFIED CLADOGRAMOF PANARTHROPODS BASED ON AMATRIX OF 81 TAXAAND 283 CHARACTERS (EXTENDED DATAFIG.9 AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA 1)SHOWING KylinxiaIN RED.DOUBLE LINES INDICATE PARAPHYLETIC GROUPINGS.THEGROUPING OF GREAT-APPENDAGEBIVALVED FORMS AND ISOXYIDA IS RECONSTRUCTED AS PARAPHYLETIC AND MONOPHYLETICIN BAYESIAN AND PARSIMONY ANALYSES,RESPECTIVELY (INDICATEDBY THE DASHEDLINES AND QUESTION MARK).DIAGRAMSONTHE LEFTDEPICTTHE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGESIN REPRESENTATIVE TAXA.THE BOXES,COLOURS AND LETTERSA–E INDICATE DIFFERENT APPENDAGEFORMS. A,B,RADIODONT-LIKE FORMS.A,RADIODONT (PURPLE),RamSkOeldiaCOnSimiliS; B,Kylinxia Zhangi(RED).C,GREAT-APPENDAGE FORMS (YELLOW).C1,MEGACHEIRAN, FOrtifOrCepS fOliOSa; C2, PANCHELICERATE,LimuluS pOlyphemuS; C3, GREAT- APPENDAGE BIVALVED EUARTHROPOD,OCCaCariSOVifOrmiS. D,ANTENNA-LIKE RAPTORIAL APPENDAGES INISOXYIDA,SHOWINGINTERSPECIFIC VARIATIONS(GREEN). D1, ISOxySaCutanguluS; D2, ISOxySCurVirOStratuS; D3, ISOxyS aurituS. E,TYPICAL ANTENNAE INCAMBRIAN EUARTHROPODS,INCLUDING TYPICALSENSORIAL FORMS AND SOME PUTATIVERAPTORIAL FORMS.E1,ARTIOPODAN,Kuamaia lataAND KiiSOrtOQia SOperi; E2,FUXIANHUIID,ShankOuia ZhengheiAND OTHERS;E3,HYMENOCARINE, ClyperCariS Serrata. b, ARTISTIC RECONSTRUCTIONBY J.SUN.MORPHOLOGICAL DETAILS OF THE LATERAL TAIL FLAPSWERE INFERRED FROM MEGACHEIRANS SUCH AS FOrtifOrCepS." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717885/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">3N, O</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation box="[289,317,1594,1615]" captionStart="Extended" captionStartId="10.[106,195,1640,1656]" captionTargetBox="[248,1355,133,1616]" captionTargetId="figure-3@10.[248,1355,131,1616]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="ExtendedData Fig.4 |Drawingsof thehead regionin Kylinxia and comparison offrontalmost appendages in Kylinxia andAnomalocaris. a–g, K.Zhangi. a–e, CAMERALUCIDA DRAWINGSOF HEAD REGIONS,SEE COLOURS OF DIFFERENT ANATOMICALSTRUCTURES AT THE BOTTOM.a, YLSNHM 01124,AS IN FIG.2G. b, NIGP 171304A,AS IN EXTENDED DATAFIG.2D. c, NIGP 171307A,AS IN EXTENDED DATA FIG.2F.d, NIGP 171305A,AS IN EXTENDEDDATA FIG.2B.e, NIGP 171308,AS IN EXTENDED DATA FIG.2I. f, g, FRONTALMOST APPENDAGES OF Kylinxia. f, YLSNHM 01124.g, NIGP 171304A.h–k, FRONTAL APPENDAGESOF AnOmalOCariS CanadenSiS. h,i, FULLAPPENDAGES.h, GSC 75535.i, ROMIP 51212.j, k, SHAFT REGION.j, ROMIP 51215.k,ROMIP 59947.ABBREVIATIONS AS IN FIGS.1, 2 ANDEXTENDED DATA FIG.2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717896" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717896/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">4G</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation box="[324,337,1594,1614]" captionStart="Extended" captionStartId="11.[106,195,1640,1656]" captionTargetBox="[248,1355,131,1615]" captionTargetId="figure-7@11.[248,1355,131,1615]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="ExtendedData Fig.5 | Anatomyand geochemical analysisof cephalic soft tissuesin Kylinxia zhangi,holotypeNIGP 171304a. a, MAGNIFICATION OF THE HEAD ANDANTERIORMOST TRUNK UNDER VISIBLE LIGHT.b, INTERPRETIVE DRAWINGOF a BY INTEGRATING OBSERVATIONS UNDER VISIBLE LIGHT ANDFROM GEOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS, SEE EXTENDED DATAFIG.4 FOR ACOLOUR KEY.c, BACKSCATTER SCANNING ELECTRON IMAGE OF a UNDER ASCANNING ELECTRONIC MICROSCOPE.d–h, ELEMENTAL MAPS OF a FROM ENERGY-DISPERSIVE X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY.d, CMAP,SHOWING ALIMENTARY CANAL WITHPOSITIVESIGNAL.e, FE MAP,SHOWINGNERVOUS TISSUEWITH POSITIVE SIGNAL.f, OVERLAY IMAGE OF CAND FE MAPS WITHTHE BLENDING MODE OF FILTERING COLOUR IN ADOBE PHOTOSHOP CS6,SHOWING THECOMPOSITIONAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ALIMENTARY CANAL AND NERVOUS TISSUES.g, PMAP,SHOWINGPUTATIVE DIGESTIVE GLANDS WITH POSITIVESIGNAL.h, SI MAP,SHOWING SOFTTISSUES INNEGATIVE RELIEF.PR,PROTOCEREBRAL TISSUE.OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AS INFIGS.1, 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717898" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717898/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">5</figureCitation>
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,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[345,408,1594,1615]" captionStart="Extended" captionStartId="12.[106,195,1419,1435]" captionTargetBox="[248,1355,131,1394]" captionTargetId="figure-3@12.[248,1355,131,1394]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="ExtendedData Fig.6 |Morphological details oftrunk in Kylinxiazhangi. d, NIGP 171306.e–h, TAIL REGION.e, NIGP 171307A.f, NIGP 171308.g, NIGP a–d, SOFT TISSUEIN TRUNK.ARROWHEADS INDICATE PUTATIVEBIFURCATING NERVESINTO 171304A.h, YLSNHM 01124.i, MAGNIFICATIONOF THE TAIL FLAPS INg, SHOWINGSETAE. PAIREDTRUNK APPENDAGES.a, YLSNHM 01124.b, NIGP 171304A.c, NIGP 171305A. A,TRUNK APPENDAGE;ST,SETAE.OTHERABBREVIATIONS AS INFIGS.1, 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717902" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717902/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">6B, G, I</figureCitation>
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). Referredmaterial. PARATYPE:YINGLIANGSTONENATURALHISTORYMUSEUM (YLSNHM) 01124 (FIGS. 1B, E, F, H,
|
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<figureCitation box="[436,730,1652,1673]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[106,137,1357,1374]" captionTargetBox="[348,1255,132,1333]" captionTargetId="figure-291@2.[348,803,728,1032]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.2 |Comparative anatomy ofhead structures inKylinxia zhangi, Opabiniaregalis, radiodonts andmegacheirans. a, b, O. regaliS. a, USNM (NATIONAL MUSEUMOF NATURAL HISTORY)155600B,HEAD REGION.b, USNM205258, EYES.c, K.Zhangi, NIGP 171305B,HEAD REGION ANDEYES.d–f, RADIODONTS. d, AnOmalOCariS SP.,ELRC (EARLYLIFE RESEARCH CENTRE) 20001A,HEAD REGION. e, f, ENDITES OF RADIODONTFRONTAL APPENDAGES.e, RamSkOeldia COnSimiliS, NIGP 162527A.f, ParanOmalOCariS multiSegmentaliS, NIGP 154564B.g–i, K.Zhangi. g, YLSNHM 01124,HEAD REGION INFIG.1B.THE BOXEDREGION IS SHOWN INh. h, i, ENDITES OF THE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGES.h, YLSNHM 01124,ENDITES FROM g. i, NIGP 171305A,ENDITE FROM FIG.1C. j–m, MEGACHEIRANS.j, HaikOuCariS erCaienSiS, NIGP EC44154A,HEAD REGION.k–m,ENDITES OF MEGACHEIRANGREAT APPENDAGES.NOTE THENUMEROUS AUXILIARY SPINES ON THEENDITES.k, H. erCaienSiS, NIGP 171309.l, FOrtifOrCepSfOliOSa, NIGP 169954.m, ParapeytOia yunnanenSiS, NIGP 171310.ARROWHEADS INDICATE AUXILIARY SPINES.SCALE BARS, 5 MM (d), 2 MM(a, g, j), 1MM (b, c, e, h, m), 200 ΜM(f, i, k, l). AM,ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANE;DC,DISTAL CLAW;DF,DIFFERENTIATEDFLAPS;DS,DORSAL SCLERITE;ED,ENDITE ONDISTAL ARTICULATEDPODOMERE;F,BODYFLAP;GA,GREATAPPENDAGE;HD,HEAD; HR,MARGINAL RIMOF HEAD SHIELD;IE,INNER EYE;LE,LATERAL EYE;MO,MOUTHOPENING; MS,MAIN SPINE;OE,OUTER EYE;PB,PROBOSCIS.OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AS INFIG.1. NUMBERSREFER TOTHE TOPOLOGICAL POSITION OF THE CORRESPONDINGSTRUCTURE." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717883/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">2G, HANDEXTENDEDDATAFIGS</figureCitation>
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. 1C, E,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[106,150,1681,1701]" captionStart="Extended" captionStartId="10.[106,195,1640,1656]" captionTargetBox="[248,1355,133,1616]" captionTargetId="figure-3@10.[248,1355,131,1616]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="ExtendedData Fig.4 |Drawingsof thehead regionin Kylinxia and comparison offrontalmost appendages in Kylinxia andAnomalocaris. a–g, K.Zhangi. a–e, CAMERALUCIDA DRAWINGSOF HEAD REGIONS,SEE COLOURS OF DIFFERENT ANATOMICALSTRUCTURES AT THE BOTTOM.a, YLSNHM 01124,AS IN FIG.2G. b, NIGP 171304A,AS IN EXTENDED DATAFIG.2D. c, NIGP 171307A,AS IN EXTENDED DATA FIG.2F.d, NIGP 171305A,AS IN EXTENDEDDATA FIG.2B.e, NIGP 171308,AS IN EXTENDED DATA FIG.2I. f, g, FRONTALMOST APPENDAGES OF Kylinxia. f, YLSNHM 01124.g, NIGP 171304A.h–k, FRONTAL APPENDAGESOF AnOmalOCariS CanadenSiS. h,i, FULLAPPENDAGES.h, GSC 75535.i, ROMIP 51212.j, k, SHAFT REGION.j, ROMIP 51215.k,ROMIP 59947.ABBREVIATIONS AS IN FIGS.1, 2 ANDEXTENDED DATA FIG.2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717896" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717896/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">4A, F</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation box="[156,207,1681,1701]" captionStart="Extended" captionStartId="12.[106,195,1419,1435]" captionTargetBox="[248,1355,131,1394]" captionTargetId="figure-3@12.[248,1355,131,1394]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="ExtendedData Fig.6 |Morphological details oftrunk in Kylinxiazhangi. d, NIGP 171306.e–h, TAIL REGION.e, NIGP 171307A.f, NIGP 171308.g, NIGP a–d, SOFT TISSUEIN TRUNK.ARROWHEADS INDICATE PUTATIVEBIFURCATING NERVESINTO 171304A.h, YLSNHM 01124.i, MAGNIFICATIONOF THE TAIL FLAPS INg, SHOWINGSETAE. PAIREDTRUNK APPENDAGES.a, YLSNHM 01124.b, NIGP 171304A.c, NIGP 171305A. A,TRUNK APPENDAGE;ST,SETAE.OTHERABBREVIATIONS AS INFIGS.1, 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717902" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717902/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">6A, H</figureCitation>
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||
). OTHERSPECIMENS:NIGP 171305 (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[531,782,1680,1701]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[106,137,1357,1374]" captionTargetBox="[348,1255,132,1333]" captionTargetId="figure-291@2.[348,803,728,1032]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.2 |Comparative anatomy ofhead structures inKylinxia zhangi, Opabiniaregalis, radiodonts andmegacheirans. a, b, O. regaliS. a, USNM (NATIONAL MUSEUMOF NATURAL HISTORY)155600B,HEAD REGION.b, USNM205258, EYES.c, K.Zhangi, NIGP 171305B,HEAD REGION ANDEYES.d–f, RADIODONTS. d, AnOmalOCariS SP.,ELRC (EARLYLIFE RESEARCH CENTRE) 20001A,HEAD REGION. e, f, ENDITES OF RADIODONTFRONTAL APPENDAGES.e, RamSkOeldia COnSimiliS, NIGP 162527A.f, ParanOmalOCariS multiSegmentaliS, NIGP 154564B.g–i, K.Zhangi. g, YLSNHM 01124,HEAD REGION INFIG.1B.THE BOXEDREGION IS SHOWN INh. h, i, ENDITES OF THE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGES.h, YLSNHM 01124,ENDITES FROM g. i, NIGP 171305A,ENDITE FROM FIG.1C. j–m, MEGACHEIRANS.j, HaikOuCariS erCaienSiS, NIGP EC44154A,HEAD REGION.k–m,ENDITES OF MEGACHEIRANGREAT APPENDAGES.NOTE THENUMEROUS AUXILIARY SPINES ON THEENDITES.k, H. erCaienSiS, NIGP 171309.l, FOrtifOrCepSfOliOSa, NIGP 169954.m, ParapeytOia yunnanenSiS, NIGP 171310.ARROWHEADS INDICATE AUXILIARY SPINES.SCALE BARS, 5 MM (d), 2 MM(a, g, j), 1MM (b, c, e, h, m), 200 ΜM(f, i, k, l). AM,ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANE;DC,DISTAL CLAW;DF,DIFFERENTIATEDFLAPS;DS,DORSAL SCLERITE;ED,ENDITE ONDISTAL ARTICULATEDPODOMERE;F,BODYFLAP;GA,GREATAPPENDAGE;HD,HEAD; HR,MARGINAL RIMOF HEAD SHIELD;IE,INNER EYE;LE,LATERAL EYE;MO,MOUTHOPENING; MS,MAIN SPINE;OE,OUTER EYE;PB,PROBOSCIS.OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AS INFIG.1. NUMBERSREFER TOTHE TOPOLOGICAL POSITION OF THE CORRESPONDINGSTRUCTURE." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717883/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">EXTENDEDDATAFIGS.2A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[105,134,1709,1729]" captionStart="Extended" captionStartId="10.[106,195,1640,1656]" captionTargetBox="[248,1355,133,1616]" captionTargetId="figure-3@10.[248,1355,131,1616]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="ExtendedData Fig.4 |Drawingsof thehead regionin Kylinxia and comparison offrontalmost appendages in Kylinxia andAnomalocaris. a–g, K.Zhangi. a–e, CAMERALUCIDA DRAWINGSOF HEAD REGIONS,SEE COLOURS OF DIFFERENT ANATOMICALSTRUCTURES AT THE BOTTOM.a, YLSNHM 01124,AS IN FIG.2G. b, NIGP 171304A,AS IN EXTENDED DATAFIG.2D. c, NIGP 171307A,AS IN EXTENDED DATA FIG.2F.d, NIGP 171305A,AS IN EXTENDEDDATA FIG.2B.e, NIGP 171308,AS IN EXTENDED DATA FIG.2I. f, g, FRONTALMOST APPENDAGES OF Kylinxia. f, YLSNHM 01124.g, NIGP 171304A.h–k, FRONTAL APPENDAGESOF AnOmalOCariS CanadenSiS. h,i, FULLAPPENDAGES.h, GSC 75535.i, ROMIP 51212.j, k, SHAFT REGION.j, ROMIP 51215.k,ROMIP 59947.ABBREVIATIONS AS IN FIGS.1, 2 ANDEXTENDED DATA FIG.2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717896" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717896/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">4D</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[142,170,1709,1729]" captionStart="Extended" captionStartId="12.[106,195,1419,1435]" captionTargetBox="[248,1355,131,1394]" captionTargetId="figure-3@12.[248,1355,131,1394]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="ExtendedData Fig.6 |Morphological details oftrunk in Kylinxiazhangi. d, NIGP 171306.e–h, TAIL REGION.e, NIGP 171307A.f, NIGP 171308.g, NIGP a–d, SOFT TISSUEIN TRUNK.ARROWHEADS INDICATE PUTATIVEBIFURCATING NERVESINTO 171304A.h, YLSNHM 01124.i, MAGNIFICATIONOF THE TAIL FLAPS INg, SHOWINGSETAE. PAIREDTRUNK APPENDAGES.a, YLSNHM 01124.b, NIGP 171304A.c, NIGP 171305A. A,TRUNK APPENDAGE;ST,SETAE.OTHERABBREVIATIONS AS INFIGS.1, 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717902" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717902/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">6C</figureCitation>
|
||
), NIGP 171306 (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[319,574,1709,1730]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[106,137,1357,1374]" captionTargetBox="[348,1255,132,1333]" captionTargetId="figure-291@2.[348,803,728,1032]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.2 |Comparative anatomy ofhead structures inKylinxia zhangi, Opabiniaregalis, radiodonts andmegacheirans. a, b, O. regaliS. a, USNM (NATIONAL MUSEUMOF NATURAL HISTORY)155600B,HEAD REGION.b, USNM205258, EYES.c, K.Zhangi, NIGP 171305B,HEAD REGION ANDEYES.d–f, RADIODONTS. d, AnOmalOCariS SP.,ELRC (EARLYLIFE RESEARCH CENTRE) 20001A,HEAD REGION. e, f, ENDITES OF RADIODONTFRONTAL APPENDAGES.e, RamSkOeldia COnSimiliS, NIGP 162527A.f, ParanOmalOCariS multiSegmentaliS, NIGP 154564B.g–i, K.Zhangi. g, YLSNHM 01124,HEAD REGION INFIG.1B.THE BOXEDREGION IS SHOWN INh. h, i, ENDITES OF THE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGES.h, YLSNHM 01124,ENDITES FROM g. i, NIGP 171305A,ENDITE FROM FIG.1C. j–m, MEGACHEIRANS.j, HaikOuCariS erCaienSiS, NIGP EC44154A,HEAD REGION.k–m,ENDITES OF MEGACHEIRANGREAT APPENDAGES.NOTE THENUMEROUS AUXILIARY SPINES ON THEENDITES.k, H. erCaienSiS, NIGP 171309.l, FOrtifOrCepSfOliOSa, NIGP 169954.m, ParapeytOia yunnanenSiS, NIGP 171310.ARROWHEADS INDICATE AUXILIARY SPINES.SCALE BARS, 5 MM (d), 2 MM(a, g, j), 1MM (b, c, e, h, m), 200 ΜM(f, i, k, l). AM,ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANE;DC,DISTAL CLAW;DF,DIFFERENTIATEDFLAPS;DS,DORSAL SCLERITE;ED,ENDITE ONDISTAL ARTICULATEDPODOMERE;F,BODYFLAP;GA,GREATAPPENDAGE;HD,HEAD; HR,MARGINAL RIMOF HEAD SHIELD;IE,INNER EYE;LE,LATERAL EYE;MO,MOUTHOPENING; MS,MAIN SPINE;OE,OUTER EYE;PB,PROBOSCIS.OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AS INFIG.1. NUMBERSREFER TOTHE TOPOLOGICAL POSITION OF THE CORRESPONDINGSTRUCTURE." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717883/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">EXTENDEDDATAFIGS.2C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[581,609,1709,1729]" captionStart="Extended" captionStartId="10.[106,195,1640,1656]" captionTargetBox="[248,1355,133,1616]" captionTargetId="figure-3@10.[248,1355,131,1616]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="ExtendedData Fig.4 |Drawingsof thehead regionin Kylinxia and comparison offrontalmost appendages in Kylinxia andAnomalocaris. a–g, K.Zhangi. a–e, CAMERALUCIDA DRAWINGSOF HEAD REGIONS,SEE COLOURS OF DIFFERENT ANATOMICALSTRUCTURES AT THE BOTTOM.a, YLSNHM 01124,AS IN FIG.2G. b, NIGP 171304A,AS IN EXTENDED DATAFIG.2D. c, NIGP 171307A,AS IN EXTENDED DATA FIG.2F.d, NIGP 171305A,AS IN EXTENDEDDATA FIG.2B.e, NIGP 171308,AS IN EXTENDED DATA FIG.2I. f, g, FRONTALMOST APPENDAGES OF Kylinxia. f, YLSNHM 01124.g, NIGP 171304A.h–k, FRONTAL APPENDAGESOF AnOmalOCariS CanadenSiS. h,i, FULLAPPENDAGES.h, GSC 75535.i, ROMIP 51212.j, k, SHAFT REGION.j, ROMIP 51215.k,ROMIP 59947.ABBREVIATIONS AS IN FIGS.1, 2 ANDEXTENDED DATA FIG.2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717896" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717896/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">4B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[617,647,1709,1729]" captionStart="Extended" captionStartId="12.[106,195,1419,1435]" captionTargetBox="[248,1355,131,1394]" captionTargetId="figure-3@12.[248,1355,131,1394]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="ExtendedData Fig.6 |Morphological details oftrunk in Kylinxiazhangi. d, NIGP 171306.e–h, TAIL REGION.e, NIGP 171307A.f, NIGP 171308.g, NIGP a–d, SOFT TISSUEIN TRUNK.ARROWHEADS INDICATE PUTATIVEBIFURCATING NERVESINTO 171304A.h, YLSNHM 01124.i, MAGNIFICATIONOF THE TAIL FLAPS INg, SHOWINGSETAE. PAIREDTRUNK APPENDAGES.a, YLSNHM 01124.b, NIGP 171304A.c, NIGP 171305A. A,TRUNK APPENDAGE;ST,SETAE.OTHERABBREVIATIONS AS INFIGS.1, 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717902" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717902/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">6D</figureCitation>
|
||
), NIGP 171307 (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[111,374,1738,1759]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[106,137,1357,1374]" captionTargetBox="[348,1255,132,1333]" captionTargetId="figure-291@2.[348,803,728,1032]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.2 |Comparative anatomy ofhead structures inKylinxia zhangi, Opabiniaregalis, radiodonts andmegacheirans. a, b, O. regaliS. a, USNM (NATIONAL MUSEUMOF NATURAL HISTORY)155600B,HEAD REGION.b, USNM205258, EYES.c, K.Zhangi, NIGP 171305B,HEAD REGION ANDEYES.d–f, RADIODONTS. d, AnOmalOCariS SP.,ELRC (EARLYLIFE RESEARCH CENTRE) 20001A,HEAD REGION. e, f, ENDITES OF RADIODONTFRONTAL APPENDAGES.e, RamSkOeldia COnSimiliS, NIGP 162527A.f, ParanOmalOCariS multiSegmentaliS, NIGP 154564B.g–i, K.Zhangi. g, YLSNHM 01124,HEAD REGION INFIG.1B.THE BOXEDREGION IS SHOWN INh. h, i, ENDITES OF THE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGES.h, YLSNHM 01124,ENDITES FROM g. i, NIGP 171305A,ENDITE FROM FIG.1C. j–m, MEGACHEIRANS.j, HaikOuCariS erCaienSiS, NIGP EC44154A,HEAD REGION.k–m,ENDITES OF MEGACHEIRANGREAT APPENDAGES.NOTE THENUMEROUS AUXILIARY SPINES ON THEENDITES.k, H. erCaienSiS, NIGP 171309.l, FOrtifOrCepSfOliOSa, NIGP 169954.m, ParapeytOia yunnanenSiS, NIGP 171310.ARROWHEADS INDICATE AUXILIARY SPINES.SCALE BARS, 5 MM (d), 2 MM(a, g, j), 1MM (b, c, e, h, m), 200 ΜM(f, i, k, l). AM,ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANE;DC,DISTAL CLAW;DF,DIFFERENTIATEDFLAPS;DS,DORSAL SCLERITE;ED,ENDITE ONDISTAL ARTICULATEDPODOMERE;F,BODYFLAP;GA,GREATAPPENDAGE;HD,HEAD; HR,MARGINAL RIMOF HEAD SHIELD;IE,INNER EYE;LE,LATERAL EYE;MO,MOUTHOPENING; MS,MAIN SPINE;OE,OUTER EYE;PB,PROBOSCIS.OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AS INFIG.1. NUMBERSREFER TOTHE TOPOLOGICAL POSITION OF THE CORRESPONDINGSTRUCTURE." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717883/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">EXTENDEDDATAFIGS. 2E–G</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[381,408,1738,1758]" captionStart="Extended" captionStartId="10.[106,195,1640,1656]" captionTargetBox="[248,1355,133,1616]" captionTargetId="figure-3@10.[248,1355,131,1616]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="ExtendedData Fig.4 |Drawingsof thehead regionin Kylinxia and comparison offrontalmost appendages in Kylinxia andAnomalocaris. a–g, K.Zhangi. a–e, CAMERALUCIDA DRAWINGSOF HEAD REGIONS,SEE COLOURS OF DIFFERENT ANATOMICALSTRUCTURES AT THE BOTTOM.a, YLSNHM 01124,AS IN FIG.2G. b, NIGP 171304A,AS IN EXTENDED DATAFIG.2D. c, NIGP 171307A,AS IN EXTENDED DATA FIG.2F.d, NIGP 171305A,AS IN EXTENDEDDATA FIG.2B.e, NIGP 171308,AS IN EXTENDED DATA FIG.2I. f, g, FRONTALMOST APPENDAGES OF Kylinxia. f, YLSNHM 01124.g, NIGP 171304A.h–k, FRONTAL APPENDAGESOF AnOmalOCariS CanadenSiS. h,i, FULLAPPENDAGES.h, GSC 75535.i, ROMIP 51212.j, k, SHAFT REGION.j, ROMIP 51215.k,ROMIP 59947.ABBREVIATIONS AS IN FIGS.1, 2 ANDEXTENDED DATA FIG.2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717896" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717896/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">4C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[416,442,1738,1758]" captionStart="Extended" captionStartId="12.[106,195,1419,1435]" captionTargetBox="[248,1355,131,1394]" captionTargetId="figure-3@12.[248,1355,131,1394]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="ExtendedData Fig.6 |Morphological details oftrunk in Kylinxiazhangi. d, NIGP 171306.e–h, TAIL REGION.e, NIGP 171307A.f, NIGP 171308.g, NIGP a–d, SOFT TISSUEIN TRUNK.ARROWHEADS INDICATE PUTATIVEBIFURCATING NERVESINTO 171304A.h, YLSNHM 01124.i, MAGNIFICATIONOF THE TAIL FLAPS INg, SHOWINGSETAE. PAIREDTRUNK APPENDAGES.a, YLSNHM 01124.b, NIGP 171304A.c, NIGP 171305A. A,TRUNK APPENDAGE;ST,SETAE.OTHERABBREVIATIONS AS INFIGS.1, 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717902" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717902/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">6E</figureCitation>
|
||
) ANDNIGP 171308 (EXTENDEDDATA
|
||
<figureCitation box="[106,197,1766,1787]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[106,137,1357,1374]" captionTargetBox="[348,1255,132,1333]" captionTargetId="figure-291@2.[348,803,728,1032]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.2 |Comparative anatomy ofhead structures inKylinxia zhangi, Opabiniaregalis, radiodonts andmegacheirans. a, b, O. regaliS. a, USNM (NATIONAL MUSEUMOF NATURAL HISTORY)155600B,HEAD REGION.b, USNM205258, EYES.c, K.Zhangi, NIGP 171305B,HEAD REGION ANDEYES.d–f, RADIODONTS. d, AnOmalOCariS SP.,ELRC (EARLYLIFE RESEARCH CENTRE) 20001A,HEAD REGION. e, f, ENDITES OF RADIODONTFRONTAL APPENDAGES.e, RamSkOeldia COnSimiliS, NIGP 162527A.f, ParanOmalOCariS multiSegmentaliS, NIGP 154564B.g–i, K.Zhangi. g, YLSNHM 01124,HEAD REGION INFIG.1B.THE BOXEDREGION IS SHOWN INh. h, i, ENDITES OF THE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGES.h, YLSNHM 01124,ENDITES FROM g. i, NIGP 171305A,ENDITE FROM FIG.1C. j–m, MEGACHEIRANS.j, HaikOuCariS erCaienSiS, NIGP EC44154A,HEAD REGION.k–m,ENDITES OF MEGACHEIRANGREAT APPENDAGES.NOTE THENUMEROUS AUXILIARY SPINES ON THEENDITES.k, H. erCaienSiS, NIGP 171309.l, FOrtifOrCepSfOliOSa, NIGP 169954.m, ParapeytOia yunnanenSiS, NIGP 171310.ARROWHEADS INDICATE AUXILIARY SPINES.SCALE BARS, 5 MM (d), 2 MM(a, g, j), 1MM (b, c, e, h, m), 200 ΜM(f, i, k, l). AM,ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANE;DC,DISTAL CLAW;DF,DIFFERENTIATEDFLAPS;DS,DORSAL SCLERITE;ED,ENDITE ONDISTAL ARTICULATEDPODOMERE;F,BODYFLAP;GA,GREATAPPENDAGE;HD,HEAD; HR,MARGINAL RIMOF HEAD SHIELD;IE,INNER EYE;LE,LATERAL EYE;MO,MOUTHOPENING; MS,MAIN SPINE;OE,OUTER EYE;PB,PROBOSCIS.OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AS INFIG.1. NUMBERSREFER TOTHE TOPOLOGICAL POSITION OF THE CORRESPONDINGSTRUCTURE." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717883/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">FIGS.2H, I</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[207,234,1767,1787]" captionStart="Extended" captionStartId="10.[106,195,1640,1656]" captionTargetBox="[248,1355,133,1616]" captionTargetId="figure-3@10.[248,1355,131,1616]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="ExtendedData Fig.4 |Drawingsof thehead regionin Kylinxia and comparison offrontalmost appendages in Kylinxia andAnomalocaris. a–g, K.Zhangi. a–e, CAMERALUCIDA DRAWINGSOF HEAD REGIONS,SEE COLOURS OF DIFFERENT ANATOMICALSTRUCTURES AT THE BOTTOM.a, YLSNHM 01124,AS IN FIG.2G. b, NIGP 171304A,AS IN EXTENDED DATAFIG.2D. c, NIGP 171307A,AS IN EXTENDED DATA FIG.2F.d, NIGP 171305A,AS IN EXTENDEDDATA FIG.2B.e, NIGP 171308,AS IN EXTENDED DATA FIG.2I. f, g, FRONTALMOST APPENDAGES OF Kylinxia. f, YLSNHM 01124.g, NIGP 171304A.h–k, FRONTAL APPENDAGESOF AnOmalOCariS CanadenSiS. h,i, FULLAPPENDAGES.h, GSC 75535.i, ROMIP 51212.j, k, SHAFT REGION.j, ROMIP 51215.k,ROMIP 59947.ABBREVIATIONS AS IN FIGS.1, 2 ANDEXTENDED DATA FIG.2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717896" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717896/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">4E</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[241,267,1767,1787]" captionStart="Extended" captionStartId="12.[106,195,1419,1435]" captionTargetBox="[248,1355,131,1394]" captionTargetId="figure-3@12.[248,1355,131,1394]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="ExtendedData Fig.6 |Morphological details oftrunk in Kylinxiazhangi. d, NIGP 171306.e–h, TAIL REGION.e, NIGP 171307A.f, NIGP 171308.g, NIGP a–d, SOFT TISSUEIN TRUNK.ARROWHEADS INDICATE PUTATIVEBIFURCATING NERVESINTO 171304A.h, YLSNHM 01124.i, MAGNIFICATIONOF THE TAIL FLAPS INg, SHOWINGSETAE. PAIREDTRUNK APPENDAGES.a, YLSNHM 01124.b, NIGP 171304A.c, NIGP 171305A. A,TRUNK APPENDAGE;ST,SETAE.OTHERABBREVIATIONS AS INFIGS.1, 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717902" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717902/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">6F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Localityandhorizon. JIANSHAN,HAIKOU,KUNMING,YUNNAN,CHINA;MAO- TIANSHANSHALEMEMBER,YU’ANSHANFORMATION,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[548,786,1824,1844]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kobayashi" authorityYear="1944" box="[548,666,1825,1844]" class="Trilobita" family="Redlichiidae" genus="Wutingaspis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Redlichiida" pageId="0" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">WutingaSpiS</taxonomicName>
|
||
–
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="BIOZONE" authorityName="Chang" authorityYear="1950" box="[678,786,1824,1843]" class="Trilobita" family="Redlichiidae" genus="Eoredlichia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Redlichiida" pageId="0" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">EoredliChia</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
BIOZONE (CAMBRIANSTAGE 3). Diagnosis. AN EUARTHROPOD POSSESSINGA PAIR OF UPWARD-ORIENTATED FRONTALMOST APPENDAGES,EACHCONSISTING OF A STOUTSHAFT AND A DISTAL ARTICULATED REGION COMPOSED OF 15 PODOMERES BEARING ELONGATE TRI- ANGULARENDITESWITHTWOROWSOFUPTOSEVENSHARPAUXILIARYSPINES.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
FIVESTALKEDCOMPOUNDEYES. HEADSHIELDWITHROUNDEDGENALANGLES.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[816,1496,1508,1529]" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">ANTERIORMOSTFOURPOST-ORALAPPENDAGESDIFFERENTIATEDFROMPOSTERIOR</emphasis>
|
||
ONES.TRUNKCONSISTINGOFUPTO 25 TERGITES.PYGIDIUMMERGEDFROMAT LEASTFIVESOMITES.TAILFANCOMPRISINGTHREELOBES.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[816,1184,1644,1668]" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">Descriptionandcomparisons</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="IS KNOWN FROM SIX" authorityName="IS KNOWN FROM SIX" box="[816,899,1681,1700]" genus="Kylinxia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="0" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[816,899,1681,1700]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">Kylinxia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ISKNOWNFROMSIXSPECIMENSWITHWELL-PRESERVEDSOFTPARTS (ADETAILEDDESCRIPTIONISPROVIDEDINTHESUPPLEMENTARYDISCUSSION). ITHASFIVESTALKEDCOMPOUNDEYESONTHEHEAD, OFWHICHTHEANTERIOR
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[816,1497,1766,1787]" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">TWO ARE AT LEAST TWICE AS LARGE AS THE POSTERIOR THREE (‘AE’ AND ‘PE’ IN</emphasis>
|
||
FIGS.1C,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[898,1186,1795,1816]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[106,137,1357,1374]" captionTargetBox="[348,1255,132,1333]" captionTargetId="figure-291@2.[348,803,728,1032]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.2 |Comparative anatomy ofhead structures inKylinxia zhangi, Opabiniaregalis, radiodonts andmegacheirans. a, b, O. regaliS. a, USNM (NATIONAL MUSEUMOF NATURAL HISTORY)155600B,HEAD REGION.b, USNM205258, EYES.c, K.Zhangi, NIGP 171305B,HEAD REGION ANDEYES.d–f, RADIODONTS. d, AnOmalOCariS SP.,ELRC (EARLYLIFE RESEARCH CENTRE) 20001A,HEAD REGION. e, f, ENDITES OF RADIODONTFRONTAL APPENDAGES.e, RamSkOeldia COnSimiliS, NIGP 162527A.f, ParanOmalOCariS multiSegmentaliS, NIGP 154564B.g–i, K.Zhangi. g, YLSNHM 01124,HEAD REGION INFIG.1B.THE BOXEDREGION IS SHOWN INh. h, i, ENDITES OF THE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGES.h, YLSNHM 01124,ENDITES FROM g. i, NIGP 171305A,ENDITE FROM FIG.1C. j–m, MEGACHEIRANS.j, HaikOuCariS erCaienSiS, NIGP EC44154A,HEAD REGION.k–m,ENDITES OF MEGACHEIRANGREAT APPENDAGES.NOTE THENUMEROUS AUXILIARY SPINES ON THEENDITES.k, H. erCaienSiS, NIGP 171309.l, FOrtifOrCepSfOliOSa, NIGP 169954.m, ParapeytOia yunnanenSiS, NIGP 171310.ARROWHEADS INDICATE AUXILIARY SPINES.SCALE BARS, 5 MM (d), 2 MM(a, g, j), 1MM (b, c, e, h, m), 200 ΜM(f, i, k, l). AM,ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANE;DC,DISTAL CLAW;DF,DIFFERENTIATEDFLAPS;DS,DORSAL SCLERITE;ED,ENDITE ONDISTAL ARTICULATEDPODOMERE;F,BODYFLAP;GA,GREATAPPENDAGE;HD,HEAD; HR,MARGINAL RIMOF HEAD SHIELD;IE,INNER EYE;LE,LATERAL EYE;MO,MOUTHOPENING; MS,MAIN SPINE;OE,OUTER EYE;PB,PROBOSCIS.OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AS INFIG.1. NUMBERSREFER TOTHE TOPOLOGICAL POSITION OF THE CORRESPONDINGSTRUCTURE." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717883/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">2C, GANDEXTENDEDDATAFIGS</figureCitation>
|
||
. 1D, E,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1247,1329,1795,1815]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[106,137,1357,1374]" captionTargetBox="[348,1255,132,1333]" captionTargetId="figure-291@2.[348,803,728,1032]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.2 |Comparative anatomy ofhead structures inKylinxia zhangi, Opabiniaregalis, radiodonts andmegacheirans. a, b, O. regaliS. a, USNM (NATIONAL MUSEUMOF NATURAL HISTORY)155600B,HEAD REGION.b, USNM205258, EYES.c, K.Zhangi, NIGP 171305B,HEAD REGION ANDEYES.d–f, RADIODONTS. d, AnOmalOCariS SP.,ELRC (EARLYLIFE RESEARCH CENTRE) 20001A,HEAD REGION. e, f, ENDITES OF RADIODONTFRONTAL APPENDAGES.e, RamSkOeldia COnSimiliS, NIGP 162527A.f, ParanOmalOCariS multiSegmentaliS, NIGP 154564B.g–i, K.Zhangi. g, YLSNHM 01124,HEAD REGION INFIG.1B.THE BOXEDREGION IS SHOWN INh. h, i, ENDITES OF THE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGES.h, YLSNHM 01124,ENDITES FROM g. i, NIGP 171305A,ENDITE FROM FIG.1C. j–m, MEGACHEIRANS.j, HaikOuCariS erCaienSiS, NIGP EC44154A,HEAD REGION.k–m,ENDITES OF MEGACHEIRANGREAT APPENDAGES.NOTE THENUMEROUS AUXILIARY SPINES ON THEENDITES.k, H. erCaienSiS, NIGP 171309.l, FOrtifOrCepSfOliOSa, NIGP 169954.m, ParapeytOia yunnanenSiS, NIGP 171310.ARROWHEADS INDICATE AUXILIARY SPINES.SCALE BARS, 5 MM (d), 2 MM(a, g, j), 1MM (b, c, e, h, m), 200 ΜM(f, i, k, l). AM,ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANE;DC,DISTAL CLAW;DF,DIFFERENTIATEDFLAPS;DS,DORSAL SCLERITE;ED,ENDITE ONDISTAL ARTICULATEDPODOMERE;F,BODYFLAP;GA,GREATAPPENDAGE;HD,HEAD; HR,MARGINAL RIMOF HEAD SHIELD;IE,INNER EYE;LE,LATERAL EYE;MO,MOUTHOPENING; MS,MAIN SPINE;OE,OUTER EYE;PB,PROBOSCIS.OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AS INFIG.1. NUMBERSREFER TOTHE TOPOLOGICAL POSITION OF THE CORRESPONDINGSTRUCTURE." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717883/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">2B, D, F, I</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1340,1391,1795,1815]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[816,847,1134,1151]" captionTargetBox="[809,1507,121,1109]" captionTargetId="graphics-791@3.[825,1229,150,779]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3|Reconstruction ofKylinxia and evolutionof thefrontalmost appendages inearly euarthropods. a, SIMPLIFIED CLADOGRAMOF PANARTHROPODS BASED ON AMATRIX OF 81 TAXAAND 283 CHARACTERS (EXTENDED DATAFIG.9 AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA 1)SHOWING KylinxiaIN RED.DOUBLE LINES INDICATE PARAPHYLETIC GROUPINGS.THEGROUPING OF GREAT-APPENDAGEBIVALVED FORMS AND ISOXYIDA IS RECONSTRUCTED AS PARAPHYLETIC AND MONOPHYLETICIN BAYESIAN AND PARSIMONY ANALYSES,RESPECTIVELY (INDICATEDBY THE DASHEDLINES AND QUESTION MARK).DIAGRAMSONTHE LEFTDEPICTTHE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGESIN REPRESENTATIVE TAXA.THE BOXES,COLOURS AND LETTERSA–E INDICATE DIFFERENT APPENDAGEFORMS. A,B,RADIODONT-LIKE FORMS.A,RADIODONT (PURPLE),RamSkOeldiaCOnSimiliS; B,Kylinxia Zhangi(RED).C,GREAT-APPENDAGE FORMS (YELLOW).C1,MEGACHEIRAN, FOrtifOrCepS fOliOSa; C2, PANCHELICERATE,LimuluS pOlyphemuS; C3, GREAT- APPENDAGE BIVALVED EUARTHROPOD,OCCaCariSOVifOrmiS. D,ANTENNA-LIKE RAPTORIAL APPENDAGES INISOXYIDA,SHOWINGINTERSPECIFIC VARIATIONS(GREEN). D1, ISOxySaCutanguluS; D2, ISOxySCurVirOStratuS; D3, ISOxyS aurituS. E,TYPICAL ANTENNAE INCAMBRIAN EUARTHROPODS,INCLUDING TYPICALSENSORIAL FORMS AND SOME PUTATIVERAPTORIAL FORMS.E1,ARTIOPODAN,Kuamaia lataAND KiiSOrtOQia SOperi; E2,FUXIANHUIID,ShankOuia ZhengheiAND OTHERS;E3,HYMENOCARINE, ClyperCariS Serrata. b, ARTISTIC RECONSTRUCTIONBY J.SUN.MORPHOLOGICAL DETAILS OF THE LATERAL TAIL FLAPSWERE INFERRED FROM MEGACHEIRANS SUCH AS FOrtifOrCepS." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717885/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">3N, O</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1398,1451,1795,1816]" captionStart="Extended" captionStartId="10.[106,195,1640,1656]" captionTargetBox="[248,1355,133,1616]" captionTargetId="figure-3@10.[248,1355,131,1616]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="ExtendedData Fig.4 |Drawingsof thehead regionin Kylinxia and comparison offrontalmost appendages in Kylinxia andAnomalocaris. a–g, K.Zhangi. a–e, CAMERALUCIDA DRAWINGSOF HEAD REGIONS,SEE COLOURS OF DIFFERENT ANATOMICALSTRUCTURES AT THE BOTTOM.a, YLSNHM 01124,AS IN FIG.2G. b, NIGP 171304A,AS IN EXTENDED DATAFIG.2D. c, NIGP 171307A,AS IN EXTENDED DATA FIG.2F.d, NIGP 171305A,AS IN EXTENDEDDATA FIG.2B.e, NIGP 171308,AS IN EXTENDED DATA FIG.2I. f, g, FRONTALMOST APPENDAGES OF Kylinxia. f, YLSNHM 01124.g, NIGP 171304A.h–k, FRONTAL APPENDAGESOF AnOmalOCariS CanadenSiS. h,i, FULLAPPENDAGES.h, GSC 75535.i, ROMIP 51212.j, k, SHAFT REGION.j, ROMIP 51215.k,ROMIP 59947.ABBREVIATIONS AS IN FIGS.1, 2 ANDEXTENDED DATA FIG.2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717896" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717896/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">4A–G</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1458,1486,1795,1815]" captionStart="Extended" captionStartId="11.[106,195,1640,1656]" captionTargetBox="[248,1355,131,1615]" captionTargetId="figure-7@11.[248,1355,131,1615]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="ExtendedData Fig.5 | Anatomyand geochemical analysisof cephalic soft tissuesin Kylinxia zhangi,holotypeNIGP 171304a. a, MAGNIFICATION OF THE HEAD ANDANTERIORMOST TRUNK UNDER VISIBLE LIGHT.b, INTERPRETIVE DRAWINGOF a BY INTEGRATING OBSERVATIONS UNDER VISIBLE LIGHT ANDFROM GEOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS, SEE EXTENDED DATAFIG.4 FOR ACOLOUR KEY.c, BACKSCATTER SCANNING ELECTRON IMAGE OF a UNDER ASCANNING ELECTRONIC MICROSCOPE.d–h, ELEMENTAL MAPS OF a FROM ENERGY-DISPERSIVE X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY.d, CMAP,SHOWING ALIMENTARY CANAL WITHPOSITIVESIGNAL.e, FE MAP,SHOWINGNERVOUS TISSUEWITH POSITIVE SIGNAL.f, OVERLAY IMAGE OF CAND FE MAPS WITHTHE BLENDING MODE OF FILTERING COLOUR IN ADOBE PHOTOSHOP CS6,SHOWING THECOMPOSITIONAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ALIMENTARY CANAL AND NERVOUS TISSUES.g, PMAP,SHOWINGPUTATIVE DIGESTIVE GLANDS WITH POSITIVESIGNAL.h, SI MAP,SHOWING SOFTTISSUES INNEGATIVE RELIEF.PR,PROTOCEREBRAL TISSUE.OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AS INFIGS.1, 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717898" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717898/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">5B</figureCitation>
|
||
). THISCONFIGURATIONOFEYESISREMINISCENTOFTHEPECULIARFIVEEYESIN
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[816,990,1853,1872]" class="Dinocaridida" family="Opabiniidae" genus="Opabinia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Radiodonta" pageId="0" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[816,990,1853,1872]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">OpabiniaregaliS</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Whittington, H. B." box="[991,1006,1849,1862]" journalOrPublisher="Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B" pageId="0" pageNumber="101" pagination="1 - 43" part="271" refId="ref5168" refString="10. Whittington, H. B. The enigmatic animal Opabinia regalis, Middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale, British Columbia. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 271, 1 - 43 (1975)." title="The enigmatic animal Opabinia regalis, Middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale, British Columbia" type="journal article" year="1975">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[991,1006,1849,1862]" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">10</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. THEEYEARRANGEMENTBETWEENTHETWOTAXAIS
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">
|
||
COMPARABLE,WITH THE ANTERIORAND POSTERIOR EYES IN
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[636,720,1366,1385]" genus="Kylinxia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[636,720,1366,1385]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">Kylinxia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
CORRE- SPONDINGTOTHEOUTERANDINNEREYESIN
|
||
<taxonomicName authority=", RESPECTIVELY" authorityName="RESPECTIVELY" box="[497,591,1394,1413]" class="Dinocaridida" family="Opabiniidae" genus="Opabinia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Radiodonta" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[497,591,1394,1413]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">Opabinia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, RESPECTIVELY
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Whittington, H. B." box="[724,738,1390,1403]" journalOrPublisher="Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" pagination="1 - 43" part="271" refId="ref5168" refString="10. Whittington, H. B. The enigmatic animal Opabinia regalis, Middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale, British Columbia. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 271, 1 - 43 (1975)." title="The enigmatic animal Opabinia regalis, Middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale, British Columbia" type="journal article" year="1975">
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[724,738,1390,1403]" fontSize="5" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">10</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(‘AE’, ‘PE’, ‘OE’ AND ‘IE’, IN
|
||
<figureCitation box="[295,386,1422,1443]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[106,137,1357,1374]" captionTargetBox="[348,1255,132,1333]" captionTargetId="figure-291@2.[348,803,728,1032]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.2 |Comparative anatomy ofhead structures inKylinxia zhangi, Opabiniaregalis, radiodonts andmegacheirans. a, b, O. regaliS. a, USNM (NATIONAL MUSEUMOF NATURAL HISTORY)155600B,HEAD REGION.b, USNM205258, EYES.c, K.Zhangi, NIGP 171305B,HEAD REGION ANDEYES.d–f, RADIODONTS. d, AnOmalOCariS SP.,ELRC (EARLYLIFE RESEARCH CENTRE) 20001A,HEAD REGION. e, f, ENDITES OF RADIODONTFRONTAL APPENDAGES.e, RamSkOeldia COnSimiliS, NIGP 162527A.f, ParanOmalOCariS multiSegmentaliS, NIGP 154564B.g–i, K.Zhangi. g, YLSNHM 01124,HEAD REGION INFIG.1B.THE BOXEDREGION IS SHOWN INh. h, i, ENDITES OF THE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGES.h, YLSNHM 01124,ENDITES FROM g. i, NIGP 171305A,ENDITE FROM FIG.1C. j–m, MEGACHEIRANS.j, HaikOuCariS erCaienSiS, NIGP EC44154A,HEAD REGION.k–m,ENDITES OF MEGACHEIRANGREAT APPENDAGES.NOTE THENUMEROUS AUXILIARY SPINES ON THEENDITES.k, H. erCaienSiS, NIGP 171309.l, FOrtifOrCepSfOliOSa, NIGP 169954.m, ParapeytOia yunnanenSiS, NIGP 171310.ARROWHEADS INDICATE AUXILIARY SPINES.SCALE BARS, 5 MM (d), 2 MM(a, g, j), 1MM (b, c, e, h, m), 200 ΜM(f, i, k, l). AM,ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANE;DC,DISTAL CLAW;DF,DIFFERENTIATEDFLAPS;DS,DORSAL SCLERITE;ED,ENDITE ONDISTAL ARTICULATEDPODOMERE;F,BODYFLAP;GA,GREATAPPENDAGE;HD,HEAD; HR,MARGINAL RIMOF HEAD SHIELD;IE,INNER EYE;LE,LATERAL EYE;MO,MOUTHOPENING; MS,MAIN SPINE;OE,OUTER EYE;PB,PROBOSCIS.OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AS INFIG.1. NUMBERSREFER TOTHE TOPOLOGICAL POSITION OF THE CORRESPONDINGSTRUCTURE." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717883/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">FIG. 2A–C</figureCitation>
|
||
, EXTENDEDDATA
|
||
<figureCitation box="[553,697,1422,1443]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[816,847,1134,1151]" captionTargetBox="[809,1507,121,1109]" captionTargetId="graphics-791@3.[825,1229,150,779]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3|Reconstruction ofKylinxia and evolutionof thefrontalmost appendages inearly euarthropods. a, SIMPLIFIED CLADOGRAMOF PANARTHROPODS BASED ON AMATRIX OF 81 TAXAAND 283 CHARACTERS (EXTENDED DATAFIG.9 AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA 1)SHOWING KylinxiaIN RED.DOUBLE LINES INDICATE PARAPHYLETIC GROUPINGS.THEGROUPING OF GREAT-APPENDAGEBIVALVED FORMS AND ISOXYIDA IS RECONSTRUCTED AS PARAPHYLETIC AND MONOPHYLETICIN BAYESIAN AND PARSIMONY ANALYSES,RESPECTIVELY (INDICATEDBY THE DASHEDLINES AND QUESTION MARK).DIAGRAMSONTHE LEFTDEPICTTHE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGESIN REPRESENTATIVE TAXA.THE BOXES,COLOURS AND LETTERSA–E INDICATE DIFFERENT APPENDAGEFORMS. A,B,RADIODONT-LIKE FORMS.A,RADIODONT (PURPLE),RamSkOeldiaCOnSimiliS; B,Kylinxia Zhangi(RED).C,GREAT-APPENDAGE FORMS (YELLOW).C1,MEGACHEIRAN, FOrtifOrCepS fOliOSa; C2, PANCHELICERATE,LimuluS pOlyphemuS; C3, GREAT- APPENDAGE BIVALVED EUARTHROPOD,OCCaCariSOVifOrmiS. D,ANTENNA-LIKE RAPTORIAL APPENDAGES INISOXYIDA,SHOWINGINTERSPECIFIC VARIATIONS(GREEN). D1, ISOxySaCutanguluS; D2, ISOxySCurVirOStratuS; D3, ISOxyS aurituS. E,TYPICAL ANTENNAE INCAMBRIAN EUARTHROPODS,INCLUDING TYPICALSENSORIAL FORMS AND SOME PUTATIVERAPTORIAL FORMS.E1,ARTIOPODAN,Kuamaia lataAND KiiSOrtOQia SOperi; E2,FUXIANHUIID,ShankOuia ZhengheiAND OTHERS;E3,HYMENOCARINE, ClyperCariS Serrata. b, ARTISTIC RECONSTRUCTIONBY J.SUN.MORPHOLOGICAL DETAILS OF THE LATERAL TAIL FLAPSWERE INFERRED FROM MEGACHEIRANS SUCH AS FOrtifOrCepS." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717885/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">FIG. 3G, H, N, O</figureCitation>
|
||
). IN BOTH
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="AND" authorityName="AND" box="[106,185,1452,1471]" genus="Kylinxia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[106,185,1452,1471]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">Kylinxia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
AND
|
||
<taxonomicName authority=", THE" authorityName="THE" box="[226,317,1452,1471]" class="Dinocaridida" family="Opabiniidae" genus="Opabinia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Radiodonta" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[226,317,1452,1471]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">Opabinia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, THEEYES AREBORDEREDWITHMARGINALRIMS (‘RM’ IN
|
||
<figureCitation box="[105,178,1480,1501]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[106,137,1054,1071]" captionTargetId="figure-576@1.[634,944,562,792]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig.1 |Anatomy ofKylinxiazhangi from the earlyCambrian Chengjiang biota. a, NIGP 171304A.BOXED REGIONSARESHOWN INc, d, g. b, YLSNHM 01124. BOXED REGIONS ARESHOWN IN e, f, h. THE REGIONWITH ADASHED OUTLINEIS SHOWN IN FIG.2G.c,HEAD REGION INa. THEREGION WITHA DASHEDOUTLINE IS SHOWN INFIG.2I. d, e,TRUNK APPENDAGESFROM a, b, RESPECTIVELY.f, DIFFERENTIATED APPENDAGES FROM b. g, h, POSTERIORBODY REGION FROMa, b, RESPECTIVELY.ARROWHEADS INDICATE ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANES BETWEEN ENDOPODITEPODOMERES.SCALEBARS,10 MM" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717881/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">FIGS. 1C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[184,228,1480,1500]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[106,137,1357,1374]" captionTargetBox="[348,1255,132,1333]" captionTargetId="figure-291@2.[348,803,728,1032]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.2 |Comparative anatomy ofhead structures inKylinxia zhangi, Opabiniaregalis, radiodonts andmegacheirans. a, b, O. regaliS. a, USNM (NATIONAL MUSEUMOF NATURAL HISTORY)155600B,HEAD REGION.b, USNM205258, EYES.c, K.Zhangi, NIGP 171305B,HEAD REGION ANDEYES.d–f, RADIODONTS. d, AnOmalOCariS SP.,ELRC (EARLYLIFE RESEARCH CENTRE) 20001A,HEAD REGION. e, f, ENDITES OF RADIODONTFRONTAL APPENDAGES.e, RamSkOeldia COnSimiliS, NIGP 162527A.f, ParanOmalOCariS multiSegmentaliS, NIGP 154564B.g–i, K.Zhangi. g, YLSNHM 01124,HEAD REGION INFIG.1B.THE BOXEDREGION IS SHOWN INh. h, i, ENDITES OF THE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGES.h, YLSNHM 01124,ENDITES FROM g. i, NIGP 171305A,ENDITE FROM FIG.1C. j–m, MEGACHEIRANS.j, HaikOuCariS erCaienSiS, NIGP EC44154A,HEAD REGION.k–m,ENDITES OF MEGACHEIRANGREAT APPENDAGES.NOTE THENUMEROUS AUXILIARY SPINES ON THEENDITES.k, H. erCaienSiS, NIGP 171309.l, FOrtifOrCepSfOliOSa, NIGP 169954.m, ParapeytOia yunnanenSiS, NIGP 171310.ARROWHEADS INDICATE AUXILIARY SPINES.SCALE BARS, 5 MM (d), 2 MM(a, g, j), 1MM (b, c, e, h, m), 200 ΜM(f, i, k, l). AM,ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANE;DC,DISTAL CLAW;DF,DIFFERENTIATEDFLAPS;DS,DORSAL SCLERITE;ED,ENDITE ONDISTAL ARTICULATEDPODOMERE;F,BODYFLAP;GA,GREATAPPENDAGE;HD,HEAD; HR,MARGINAL RIMOF HEAD SHIELD;IE,INNER EYE;LE,LATERAL EYE;MO,MOUTHOPENING; MS,MAIN SPINE;OE,OUTER EYE;PB,PROBOSCIS.OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AS INFIG.1. NUMBERSREFER TOTHE TOPOLOGICAL POSITION OF THE CORRESPONDINGSTRUCTURE." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717883/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">2B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
).THETWOORTHREEMEDIANEYESINEUARTHROPODSINCLUDING CAMBRIANHELMETIIDS ANDHYMENOCARINES
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ortega-Hernandez, J." box="[522,533,1505,1518]" journalOrPublisher="Curr. Biol." pageId="1" pageNumber="102" pagination="1625 - 1631" part="25" refId="ref5211" refString="11. Ortega-Hernandez, J. Homology of head sclerites in Burgess Shale euarthropods. Curr. Biol. 25, 1625 - 1631 (2015)." title="Homology of head sclerites in Burgess Shale euarthropods" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[522,533,1505,1518]" fontSize="5" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">11</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(‘LE’ AND ‘ME’ INEXTENDED
|
||
<figureCitation box="[106,245,1537,1558]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[816,847,1134,1151]" captionTargetBox="[809,1507,121,1109]" captionTargetId="graphics-791@3.[825,1229,150,779]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3|Reconstruction ofKylinxia and evolutionof thefrontalmost appendages inearly euarthropods. a, SIMPLIFIED CLADOGRAMOF PANARTHROPODS BASED ON AMATRIX OF 81 TAXAAND 283 CHARACTERS (EXTENDED DATAFIG.9 AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA 1)SHOWING KylinxiaIN RED.DOUBLE LINES INDICATE PARAPHYLETIC GROUPINGS.THEGROUPING OF GREAT-APPENDAGEBIVALVED FORMS AND ISOXYIDA IS RECONSTRUCTED AS PARAPHYLETIC AND MONOPHYLETICIN BAYESIAN AND PARSIMONY ANALYSES,RESPECTIVELY (INDICATEDBY THE DASHEDLINES AND QUESTION MARK).DIAGRAMSONTHE LEFTDEPICTTHE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGESIN REPRESENTATIVE TAXA.THE BOXES,COLOURS AND LETTERSA–E INDICATE DIFFERENT APPENDAGEFORMS. A,B,RADIODONT-LIKE FORMS.A,RADIODONT (PURPLE),RamSkOeldiaCOnSimiliS; B,Kylinxia Zhangi(RED).C,GREAT-APPENDAGE FORMS (YELLOW).C1,MEGACHEIRAN, FOrtifOrCepS fOliOSa; C2, PANCHELICERATE,LimuluS pOlyphemuS; C3, GREAT- APPENDAGE BIVALVED EUARTHROPOD,OCCaCariSOVifOrmiS. D,ANTENNA-LIKE RAPTORIAL APPENDAGES INISOXYIDA,SHOWINGINTERSPECIFIC VARIATIONS(GREEN). D1, ISOxySaCutanguluS; D2, ISOxySCurVirOStratuS; D3, ISOxyS aurituS. E,TYPICAL ANTENNAE INCAMBRIAN EUARTHROPODS,INCLUDING TYPICALSENSORIAL FORMS AND SOME PUTATIVERAPTORIAL FORMS.E1,ARTIOPODAN,Kuamaia lataAND KiiSOrtOQia SOperi; E2,FUXIANHUIID,ShankOuia ZhengheiAND OTHERS;E3,HYMENOCARINE, ClyperCariS Serrata. b, ARTISTIC RECONSTRUCTIONBY J.SUN.MORPHOLOGICAL DETAILS OF THE LATERAL TAIL FLAPSWERE INFERRED FROM MEGACHEIRANS SUCH AS FOrtifOrCepS." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717885/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">DATAFIG.3J–M</figureCitation>
|
||
) MAYTHUSBEHOMOLOGOUSTOTHEPOSTERIORORINNERCOM- POUNDEYES IN
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="OR" authorityName="OR" box="[246,328,1566,1585]" genus="Kylinxia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[246,328,1566,1585]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">Kylinxia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
OR
|
||
<taxonomicName authority=", RESPECTIVELY, BY REFERRING TO THEIR COMPARABLE ANATOMICAL POSITIONS AND SMALLER SIZES." box="[356,450,1566,1585]" class="Dinocaridida" family="Opabiniidae" genus="Opabinia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Radiodonta" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[356,450,1566,1585]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">Opabinia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, RESPECTIVELY,BYREFERRING TOTHEIR COMPARABLEANATOMICAL POSITIONS AND SMALLERSIZES.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<footnote pageId="0" pageNumber="101">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="0.[106,1487,1897,1986]" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">
|
||
1State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy,Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Nanjing,China.2Center for Excellence in Life and Palaeoenvironment,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Nanjing,China.3Department of Paleobiology,National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution,Washington,DC,USA.4College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Universityof Chinese Academyof Sciences,Beijing, China.5
|
||
<docAuthorAffiliation box="[780,1189,1947,1962]" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">Yingliang Stone Natural History Museum,Nan’an,China.</docAuthorAffiliation>
|
||
✉e-mail:
|
||
<docAuthorEmail box="[1254,1410,1947,1962]" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">fczhao@nigpas.ac.cn</docAuthorEmail>
|
||
;
|
||
<docAuthorEmail box="[106,278,1971,1986]" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">dyhuang@nigpas.ac.cn</docAuthorEmail>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</footnote>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717881" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4717881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717881/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" startId="1.[106,137,1054,1071]" targetBox="[348,1255,132,1030]" targetPageId="1">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="1.[105,784,1054,1285]" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">
|
||
Fig.1 |Anatomyof
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="zhangi from the" authorityName="Zhangi FROM THE" box="[271,412,1054,1072]" genus="Kylinxia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="1" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[271,412,1054,1072]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">Kylinxiazhangi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from theearly Cambrian Chengjiang biota. a, NIGP 171304A.BOXEDREGIONSARESHOWNIN c, d, g. b, YLSNHM 01124. BOXEDREGIONSARESHOWNIN e, f, h. THEREGIONWITHADASHEDOUTLINEISSHOWNIN FIG.2G.c,HEADREGIONIN a. THEREGIONWITHADASHEDOUTLINEISSHOWNINFIG.2I. d, e,TRUNK APPENDAGESFROM a, b, RESPECTIVELY.f, DIFFERENTIATED APPENDAGES FROM b. g, h, POSTERIORBODYREGIONFROM a, b, RESPECTIVELY.ARROWHEADSINDICATE ARTHRODIALMEMBRANESBETWEENENDOPODITEPODOMERES.SCALEBARS,10 MM
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">(a, b), 2 MM (d, e, g,h), 1 MM (c, f). AC,ALIMENTARY CANAL;AE,ANTERIOR EYE; DA,DIFFERENTIATED APPENDAGE;DG,DIGESTIVEGLAND;EC,ELIMINATEDGUTCONTENT;</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="1.[816,1488,1054,1285]" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">EN,ENDOPODITE;ES,EYESTALK;EX,EXOPODITE;FA,FRONTALMOST APPENDAGE; FG,FOREGUT;HG,HINDGUT;HS,HEADSHIELD;NB,NERVOUSTISSUEBETWEEN OESOPHAGEALANDOCULARREGIONS;ND,NERVEINTODIFFERENTIATED APPENDAGE;NF, NERVEINTOFRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGE;NT,NERVEINTOTRUNKAPPENDAGE; OS,OESOPHAGUS;P, PODOMEREOFFRONTALMOST APPENDAGE;PE,POSTERIOREYE; PT,PROTOPODITE;PY,PYGIDIUM;RM,RIMOFEYE;SA,OBLIQUEARTHRODIALMEMBRANE OFSHAFT;SE,SHAFTENDITE;SH,SHAFTOFFRONTALMOST APPENDAGE;T,TRUNKTERGITE; TF,TAILFLAP;VN,VENTRALNERVECORD.NUMBERSREFERTOTHETOPOLOGICALPOSITIONOF THECORRESPONDINGSTRUCTURE.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="1.[105,787,1365,1988]" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">
|
||
THE FRONTALMOST APPENDAGESOF
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="ARE RADIODONT-LIKE" authorityName="ARE RADIODONT-LIKE" box="[451,534,1624,1643]" genus="Kylinxia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[451,534,1624,1643]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">Kylinxia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ARERADIODONT-LIKE (‘FA’ IN
|
||
<figureCitation box="[106,178,1652,1673]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[106,137,1054,1071]" captionTargetId="figure-576@1.[634,944,562,792]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig.1 |Anatomy ofKylinxiazhangi from the earlyCambrian Chengjiang biota. a, NIGP 171304A.BOXED REGIONSARESHOWN INc, d, g. b, YLSNHM 01124. BOXED REGIONS ARESHOWN IN e, f, h. THE REGIONWITH ADASHED OUTLINEIS SHOWN IN FIG.2G.c,HEAD REGION INa. THEREGION WITHA DASHEDOUTLINE IS SHOWN INFIG.2I. d, e,TRUNK APPENDAGESFROM a, b, RESPECTIVELY.f, DIFFERENTIATED APPENDAGES FROM b. g, h, POSTERIORBODY REGION FROMa, b, RESPECTIVELY.ARROWHEADS INDICATE ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANES BETWEEN ENDOPODITEPODOMERES.SCALEBARS,10 MM" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717881/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">FIGS.1C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[184,443,1652,1673]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[106,137,1357,1374]" captionTargetBox="[348,1255,132,1333]" captionTargetId="figure-291@2.[348,803,728,1032]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.2 |Comparative anatomy ofhead structures inKylinxia zhangi, Opabiniaregalis, radiodonts andmegacheirans. a, b, O. regaliS. a, USNM (NATIONAL MUSEUMOF NATURAL HISTORY)155600B,HEAD REGION.b, USNM205258, EYES.c, K.Zhangi, NIGP 171305B,HEAD REGION ANDEYES.d–f, RADIODONTS. d, AnOmalOCariS SP.,ELRC (EARLYLIFE RESEARCH CENTRE) 20001A,HEAD REGION. e, f, ENDITES OF RADIODONTFRONTAL APPENDAGES.e, RamSkOeldia COnSimiliS, NIGP 162527A.f, ParanOmalOCariS multiSegmentaliS, NIGP 154564B.g–i, K.Zhangi. g, YLSNHM 01124,HEAD REGION INFIG.1B.THE BOXEDREGION IS SHOWN INh. h, i, ENDITES OF THE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGES.h, YLSNHM 01124,ENDITES FROM g. i, NIGP 171305A,ENDITE FROM FIG.1C. j–m, MEGACHEIRANS.j, HaikOuCariS erCaienSiS, NIGP EC44154A,HEAD REGION.k–m,ENDITES OF MEGACHEIRANGREAT APPENDAGES.NOTE THENUMEROUS AUXILIARY SPINES ON THEENDITES.k, H. erCaienSiS, NIGP 171309.l, FOrtifOrCepSfOliOSa, NIGP 169954.m, ParapeytOia yunnanenSiS, NIGP 171310.ARROWHEADS INDICATE AUXILIARY SPINES.SCALE BARS, 5 MM (d), 2 MM(a, g, j), 1MM (b, c, e, h, m), 200 ΜM(f, i, k, l). AM,ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANE;DC,DISTAL CLAW;DF,DIFFERENTIATEDFLAPS;DS,DORSAL SCLERITE;ED,ENDITE ONDISTAL ARTICULATEDPODOMERE;F,BODYFLAP;GA,GREATAPPENDAGE;HD,HEAD; HR,MARGINAL RIMOF HEAD SHIELD;IE,INNER EYE;LE,LATERAL EYE;MO,MOUTHOPENING; MS,MAIN SPINE;OE,OUTER EYE;PB,PROBOSCIS.OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AS INFIG.1. NUMBERSREFER TOTHE TOPOLOGICAL POSITION OF THE CORRESPONDINGSTRUCTURE." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717883/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">2GANDEXTENDEDDATAFIGS</figureCitation>
|
||
.2B, D, F,I,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[537,591,1652,1673]" captionStart="Extended" captionStartId="10.[106,195,1640,1656]" captionTargetBox="[248,1355,133,1616]" captionTargetId="figure-3@10.[248,1355,131,1616]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="ExtendedData Fig.4 |Drawingsof thehead regionin Kylinxia and comparison offrontalmost appendages in Kylinxia andAnomalocaris. a–g, K.Zhangi. a–e, CAMERALUCIDA DRAWINGSOF HEAD REGIONS,SEE COLOURS OF DIFFERENT ANATOMICALSTRUCTURES AT THE BOTTOM.a, YLSNHM 01124,AS IN FIG.2G. b, NIGP 171304A,AS IN EXTENDED DATAFIG.2D. c, NIGP 171307A,AS IN EXTENDED DATA FIG.2F.d, NIGP 171305A,AS IN EXTENDEDDATA FIG.2B.e, NIGP 171308,AS IN EXTENDED DATA FIG.2I. f, g, FRONTALMOST APPENDAGES OF Kylinxia. f, YLSNHM 01124.g, NIGP 171304A.h–k, FRONTAL APPENDAGESOF AnOmalOCariS CanadenSiS. h,i, FULLAPPENDAGES.h, GSC 75535.i, ROMIP 51212.j, k, SHAFT REGION.j, ROMIP 51215.k,ROMIP 59947.ABBREVIATIONS AS IN FIGS.1, 2 ANDEXTENDED DATA FIG.2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717896" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717896/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">4A–G</figureCitation>
|
||
).THESEAPPENDAGES SHARE KEY MORPHOLOGICALFEATURESOF THE RADIODONTFAMILIES ANOMALO- CARIDIDAEAND AMPLECTOBELUIDAEREPRESENTEDBY
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[592,731,1710,1729]" class="Dinocaridida" family="Anomalocarididae" genus="Anomalocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Radiodonta" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[592,731,1710,1729]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">AnomaloCariS</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Daley, A. C. & Edgecombe, G. D." box="[731,744,1706,1719]" journalOrPublisher="J. Paleontol." pageId="1" pageNumber="102" pagination="68 - 91" part="88" refId="ref5239" refString="12. Daley, A. C. & Edgecombe, G. D. Morphology of Anomalocaris canadensis from the Burgess Shale. J. Paleontol. 88, 68 - 91 (2014)." title="Morphology of Anomalocaris canadensis from the Burgess Shale" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[731,744,1706,1719]" fontSize="5" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">12</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
AND
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="a.l.Cong" authorityYear="2018" box="[106,231,1738,1757]" class="Dinocaridida" family="Amplectobeluidae" genus="Ramskoeldia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Radiodonta" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[106,231,1738,1757]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">RamSkoeldia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cong, P. et al." box="[230,242,1734,1747]" journalOrPublisher="Pap. Palaeontol." pageId="1" pageNumber="102" pagination="605 - 621" part="4" refId="ref5276" refString="13. Cong, P. et al. New radiodonts with gnathobase-like structures from the Cambrian Chengjiang biota and implications for the systematics of Radiodonta. Pap. Palaeontol. 4, 605 - 621 (2018)." title="New radiodonts with gnathobase-like structures from the Cambrian Chengjiang biota and implications for the systematics of Radiodonta" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[230,242,1734,1747]" fontSize="5" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">13</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, RESPECTIVELY(‘FA’
|
||
<figureCitation box="[411,736,1738,1759]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[106,137,1357,1374]" captionTargetBox="[348,1255,132,1333]" captionTargetId="figure-291@2.[348,803,728,1032]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.2 |Comparative anatomy ofhead structures inKylinxia zhangi, Opabiniaregalis, radiodonts andmegacheirans. a, b, O. regaliS. a, USNM (NATIONAL MUSEUMOF NATURAL HISTORY)155600B,HEAD REGION.b, USNM205258, EYES.c, K.Zhangi, NIGP 171305B,HEAD REGION ANDEYES.d–f, RADIODONTS. d, AnOmalOCariS SP.,ELRC (EARLYLIFE RESEARCH CENTRE) 20001A,HEAD REGION. e, f, ENDITES OF RADIODONTFRONTAL APPENDAGES.e, RamSkOeldia COnSimiliS, NIGP 162527A.f, ParanOmalOCariS multiSegmentaliS, NIGP 154564B.g–i, K.Zhangi. g, YLSNHM 01124,HEAD REGION INFIG.1B.THE BOXEDREGION IS SHOWN INh. h, i, ENDITES OF THE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGES.h, YLSNHM 01124,ENDITES FROM g. i, NIGP 171305A,ENDITE FROM FIG.1C. j–m, MEGACHEIRANS.j, HaikOuCariS erCaienSiS, NIGP EC44154A,HEAD REGION.k–m,ENDITES OF MEGACHEIRANGREAT APPENDAGES.NOTE THENUMEROUS AUXILIARY SPINES ON THEENDITES.k, H. erCaienSiS, NIGP 171309.l, FOrtifOrCepSfOliOSa, NIGP 169954.m, ParapeytOia yunnanenSiS, NIGP 171310.ARROWHEADS INDICATE AUXILIARY SPINES.SCALE BARS, 5 MM (d), 2 MM(a, g, j), 1MM (b, c, e, h, m), 200 ΜM(f, i, k, l). AM,ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANE;DC,DISTAL CLAW;DF,DIFFERENTIATEDFLAPS;DS,DORSAL SCLERITE;ED,ENDITE ONDISTAL ARTICULATEDPODOMERE;F,BODYFLAP;GA,GREATAPPENDAGE;HD,HEAD; HR,MARGINAL RIMOF HEAD SHIELD;IE,INNER EYE;LE,LATERAL EYE;MO,MOUTHOPENING; MS,MAIN SPINE;OE,OUTER EYE;PB,PROBOSCIS.OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AS INFIG.1. NUMBERSREFER TOTHE TOPOLOGICAL POSITION OF THE CORRESPONDINGSTRUCTURE." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717883/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">
|
||
INFIG.2D,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[504,736,1738,1759]" captionStart="Extended" captionStartId="10.[106,195,1640,1656]" captionTargetBox="[248,1355,133,1616]" captionTargetId="figure-3@10.[248,1355,131,1616]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="ExtendedData Fig.4 |Drawingsof thehead regionin Kylinxia and comparison offrontalmost appendages in Kylinxia andAnomalocaris. a–g, K.Zhangi. a–e, CAMERALUCIDA DRAWINGSOF HEAD REGIONS,SEE COLOURS OF DIFFERENT ANATOMICALSTRUCTURES AT THE BOTTOM.a, YLSNHM 01124,AS IN FIG.2G. b, NIGP 171304A,AS IN EXTENDED DATAFIG.2D. c, NIGP 171307A,AS IN EXTENDED DATA FIG.2F.d, NIGP 171305A,AS IN EXTENDEDDATA FIG.2B.e, NIGP 171308,AS IN EXTENDED DATA FIG.2I. f, g, FRONTALMOST APPENDAGES OF Kylinxia. f, YLSNHM 01124.g, NIGP 171304A.h–k, FRONTAL APPENDAGESOF AnOmalOCariS CanadenSiS. h,i, FULLAPPENDAGES.h, GSC 75535.i, ROMIP 51212.j, k, SHAFT REGION.j, ROMIP 51215.k,ROMIP 59947.ABBREVIATIONS AS IN FIGS.1, 2 ANDEXTENDED DATA FIG.2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717896" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717896/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">GANDEXTENDEDDATAFIG</figureCitation>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
.4F–I; DETAILEDCOMPARISONS ARE PROVIDEDIN THESUPPLEMENTARYDISCUSSION). THEIRSHAREDSIMILARITIESINCLUDE12–15DISTALARTICULATEDPODOMERES(‘P1’– ‘P15’
|
||
<figureCitation box="[151,244,1824,1845]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[106,137,1054,1071]" captionTargetId="figure-576@1.[634,944,562,792]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig.1 |Anatomy ofKylinxiazhangi from the earlyCambrian Chengjiang biota. a, NIGP 171304A.BOXED REGIONSARESHOWN INc, d, g. b, YLSNHM 01124. BOXED REGIONS ARESHOWN IN e, f, h. THE REGIONWITH ADASHED OUTLINEIS SHOWN IN FIG.2G.c,HEAD REGION INa. THEREGION WITHA DASHEDOUTLINE IS SHOWN INFIG.2I. d, e,TRUNK APPENDAGESFROM a, b, RESPECTIVELY.f, DIFFERENTIATED APPENDAGES FROM b. g, h, POSTERIORBODY REGION FROMa, b, RESPECTIVELY.ARROWHEADS INDICATE ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANES BETWEEN ENDOPODITEPODOMERES.SCALEBARS,10 MM" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717881/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">INFIGS.1C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[249,504,1824,1845]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[106,137,1357,1374]" captionTargetBox="[348,1255,132,1333]" captionTargetId="figure-291@2.[348,803,728,1032]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.2 |Comparative anatomy ofhead structures inKylinxia zhangi, Opabiniaregalis, radiodonts andmegacheirans. a, b, O. regaliS. a, USNM (NATIONAL MUSEUMOF NATURAL HISTORY)155600B,HEAD REGION.b, USNM205258, EYES.c, K.Zhangi, NIGP 171305B,HEAD REGION ANDEYES.d–f, RADIODONTS. d, AnOmalOCariS SP.,ELRC (EARLYLIFE RESEARCH CENTRE) 20001A,HEAD REGION. e, f, ENDITES OF RADIODONTFRONTAL APPENDAGES.e, RamSkOeldia COnSimiliS, NIGP 162527A.f, ParanOmalOCariS multiSegmentaliS, NIGP 154564B.g–i, K.Zhangi. g, YLSNHM 01124,HEAD REGION INFIG.1B.THE BOXEDREGION IS SHOWN INh. h, i, ENDITES OF THE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGES.h, YLSNHM 01124,ENDITES FROM g. i, NIGP 171305A,ENDITE FROM FIG.1C. j–m, MEGACHEIRANS.j, HaikOuCariS erCaienSiS, NIGP EC44154A,HEAD REGION.k–m,ENDITES OF MEGACHEIRANGREAT APPENDAGES.NOTE THENUMEROUS AUXILIARY SPINES ON THEENDITES.k, H. erCaienSiS, NIGP 171309.l, FOrtifOrCepSfOliOSa, NIGP 169954.m, ParapeytOia yunnanenSiS, NIGP 171310.ARROWHEADS INDICATE AUXILIARY SPINES.SCALE BARS, 5 MM (d), 2 MM(a, g, j), 1MM (b, c, e, h, m), 200 ΜM(f, i, k, l). AM,ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANE;DC,DISTAL CLAW;DF,DIFFERENTIATEDFLAPS;DS,DORSAL SCLERITE;ED,ENDITE ONDISTAL ARTICULATEDPODOMERE;F,BODYFLAP;GA,GREATAPPENDAGE;HD,HEAD; HR,MARGINAL RIMOF HEAD SHIELD;IE,INNER EYE;LE,LATERAL EYE;MO,MOUTHOPENING; MS,MAIN SPINE;OE,OUTER EYE;PB,PROBOSCIS.OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AS INFIG.1. NUMBERSREFER TOTHE TOPOLOGICAL POSITION OF THE CORRESPONDINGSTRUCTURE." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717883/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">2GANDEXTENDEDDATAFIGS</figureCitation>
|
||
.2D,F,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[557,643,1824,1844]" captionStart="Extended" captionStartId="10.[106,195,1640,1656]" captionTargetBox="[248,1355,133,1616]" captionTargetId="figure-3@10.[248,1355,131,1616]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="ExtendedData Fig.4 |Drawingsof thehead regionin Kylinxia and comparison offrontalmost appendages in Kylinxia andAnomalocaris. a–g, K.Zhangi. a–e, CAMERALUCIDA DRAWINGSOF HEAD REGIONS,SEE COLOURS OF DIFFERENT ANATOMICALSTRUCTURES AT THE BOTTOM.a, YLSNHM 01124,AS IN FIG.2G. b, NIGP 171304A,AS IN EXTENDED DATAFIG.2D. c, NIGP 171307A,AS IN EXTENDED DATA FIG.2F.d, NIGP 171305A,AS IN EXTENDEDDATA FIG.2B.e, NIGP 171308,AS IN EXTENDED DATA FIG.2I. f, g, FRONTALMOST APPENDAGES OF Kylinxia. f, YLSNHM 01124.g, NIGP 171304A.h–k, FRONTAL APPENDAGESOF AnOmalOCariS CanadenSiS. h,i, FULLAPPENDAGES.h, GSC 75535.i, ROMIP 51212.j, k, SHAFT REGION.j, ROMIP 51215.k,ROMIP 59947.ABBREVIATIONS AS IN FIGS.1, 2 ANDEXTENDED DATA FIG.2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717896" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717896/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">4A–C,F–I</figureCitation>
|
||
),ASHAFTREGION WITHAN OBLIQUEARTHRODIAL MEMBRANEAND A SINGLEPAIROF ENDITES (‘SH’, ‘SA’ AND ‘SE’
|
||
<figureCitation box="[212,306,1881,1902]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[106,137,1054,1071]" captionTargetId="figure-576@1.[634,944,562,792]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig.1 |Anatomy ofKylinxiazhangi from the earlyCambrian Chengjiang biota. a, NIGP 171304A.BOXED REGIONSARESHOWN INc, d, g. b, YLSNHM 01124. BOXED REGIONS ARESHOWN IN e, f, h. THE REGIONWITH ADASHED OUTLINEIS SHOWN IN FIG.2G.c,HEAD REGION INa. THEREGION WITHA DASHEDOUTLINE IS SHOWN INFIG.2I. d, e,TRUNK APPENDAGESFROM a, b, RESPECTIVELY.f, DIFFERENTIATED APPENDAGES FROM b. g, h, POSTERIORBODY REGION FROMa, b, RESPECTIVELY.ARROWHEADS INDICATE ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANES BETWEEN ENDOPODITEPODOMERES.SCALEBARS,10 MM" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717881/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">INFIGS.1C</figureCitation>
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||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[312,569,1881,1902]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[106,137,1357,1374]" captionTargetBox="[348,1255,132,1333]" captionTargetId="figure-291@2.[348,803,728,1032]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.2 |Comparative anatomy ofhead structures inKylinxia zhangi, Opabiniaregalis, radiodonts andmegacheirans. a, b, O. regaliS. a, USNM (NATIONAL MUSEUMOF NATURAL HISTORY)155600B,HEAD REGION.b, USNM205258, EYES.c, K.Zhangi, NIGP 171305B,HEAD REGION ANDEYES.d–f, RADIODONTS. d, AnOmalOCariS SP.,ELRC (EARLYLIFE RESEARCH CENTRE) 20001A,HEAD REGION. e, f, ENDITES OF RADIODONTFRONTAL APPENDAGES.e, RamSkOeldia COnSimiliS, NIGP 162527A.f, ParanOmalOCariS multiSegmentaliS, NIGP 154564B.g–i, K.Zhangi. g, YLSNHM 01124,HEAD REGION INFIG.1B.THE BOXEDREGION IS SHOWN INh. h, i, ENDITES OF THE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGES.h, YLSNHM 01124,ENDITES FROM g. i, NIGP 171305A,ENDITE FROM FIG.1C. j–m, MEGACHEIRANS.j, HaikOuCariS erCaienSiS, NIGP EC44154A,HEAD REGION.k–m,ENDITES OF MEGACHEIRANGREAT APPENDAGES.NOTE THENUMEROUS AUXILIARY SPINES ON THEENDITES.k, H. erCaienSiS, NIGP 171309.l, FOrtifOrCepSfOliOSa, NIGP 169954.m, ParapeytOia yunnanenSiS, NIGP 171310.ARROWHEADS INDICATE AUXILIARY SPINES.SCALE BARS, 5 MM (d), 2 MM(a, g, j), 1MM (b, c, e, h, m), 200 ΜM(f, i, k, l). AM,ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANE;DC,DISTAL CLAW;DF,DIFFERENTIATEDFLAPS;DS,DORSAL SCLERITE;ED,ENDITE ONDISTAL ARTICULATEDPODOMERE;F,BODYFLAP;GA,GREATAPPENDAGE;HD,HEAD; HR,MARGINAL RIMOF HEAD SHIELD;IE,INNER EYE;LE,LATERAL EYE;MO,MOUTHOPENING; MS,MAIN SPINE;OE,OUTER EYE;PB,PROBOSCIS.OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AS INFIG.1. NUMBERSREFER TOTHE TOPOLOGICAL POSITION OF THE CORRESPONDINGSTRUCTURE." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717883/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">
|
||
2
|
||
<figureCitation box="[323,569,1881,1902]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[106,137,1054,1071]" captionTargetId="figure-576@1.[634,944,562,792]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig.1 |Anatomy ofKylinxiazhangi from the earlyCambrian Chengjiang biota. a, NIGP 171304A.BOXED REGIONSARESHOWN INc, d, g. b, YLSNHM 01124. BOXED REGIONS ARESHOWN IN e, f, h. THE REGIONWITH ADASHED OUTLINEIS SHOWN IN FIG.2G.c,HEAD REGION INa. THEREGION WITHA DASHEDOUTLINE IS SHOWN INFIG.2I. d, e,TRUNK APPENDAGESFROM a, b, RESPECTIVELY.f, DIFFERENTIATED APPENDAGES FROM b. g, h, POSTERIORBODY REGION FROMa, b, RESPECTIVELY.ARROWHEADS INDICATE ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANES BETWEEN ENDOPODITEPODOMERES.SCALEBARS,10 MM" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717881/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">GANDEXTENDEDDATAFIGS</figureCitation>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
.1D, E,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[627,682,1881,1901]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[106,137,1357,1374]" captionTargetBox="[348,1255,132,1333]" captionTargetId="figure-291@2.[348,803,728,1032]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.2 |Comparative anatomy ofhead structures inKylinxia zhangi, Opabiniaregalis, radiodonts andmegacheirans. a, b, O. regaliS. a, USNM (NATIONAL MUSEUMOF NATURAL HISTORY)155600B,HEAD REGION.b, USNM205258, EYES.c, K.Zhangi, NIGP 171305B,HEAD REGION ANDEYES.d–f, RADIODONTS. d, AnOmalOCariS SP.,ELRC (EARLYLIFE RESEARCH CENTRE) 20001A,HEAD REGION. e, f, ENDITES OF RADIODONTFRONTAL APPENDAGES.e, RamSkOeldia COnSimiliS, NIGP 162527A.f, ParanOmalOCariS multiSegmentaliS, NIGP 154564B.g–i, K.Zhangi. g, YLSNHM 01124,HEAD REGION INFIG.1B.THE BOXEDREGION IS SHOWN INh. h, i, ENDITES OF THE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGES.h, YLSNHM 01124,ENDITES FROM g. i, NIGP 171305A,ENDITE FROM FIG.1C. j–m, MEGACHEIRANS.j, HaikOuCariS erCaienSiS, NIGP EC44154A,HEAD REGION.k–m,ENDITES OF MEGACHEIRANGREAT APPENDAGES.NOTE THENUMEROUS AUXILIARY SPINES ON THEENDITES.k, H. erCaienSiS, NIGP 171309.l, FOrtifOrCepSfOliOSa, NIGP 169954.m, ParapeytOia yunnanenSiS, NIGP 171310.ARROWHEADS INDICATE AUXILIARY SPINES.SCALE BARS, 5 MM (d), 2 MM(a, g, j), 1MM (b, c, e, h, m), 200 ΜM(f, i, k, l). AM,ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANE;DC,DISTAL CLAW;DF,DIFFERENTIATEDFLAPS;DS,DORSAL SCLERITE;ED,ENDITE ONDISTAL ARTICULATEDPODOMERE;F,BODYFLAP;GA,GREATAPPENDAGE;HD,HEAD; HR,MARGINAL RIMOF HEAD SHIELD;IE,INNER EYE;LE,LATERAL EYE;MO,MOUTHOPENING; MS,MAIN SPINE;OE,OUTER EYE;PB,PROBOSCIS.OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AS INFIG.1. NUMBERSREFER TOTHE TOPOLOGICAL POSITION OF THE CORRESPONDINGSTRUCTURE." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717883/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">2B,F,I</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[691,742,1881,1901]" captionStart="Extended" captionStartId="10.[106,195,1640,1656]" captionTargetBox="[248,1355,133,1616]" captionTargetId="figure-3@10.[248,1355,131,1616]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="ExtendedData Fig.4 |Drawingsof thehead regionin Kylinxia and comparison offrontalmost appendages in Kylinxia andAnomalocaris. a–g, K.Zhangi. a–e, CAMERALUCIDA DRAWINGSOF HEAD REGIONS,SEE COLOURS OF DIFFERENT ANATOMICALSTRUCTURES AT THE BOTTOM.a, YLSNHM 01124,AS IN FIG.2G. b, NIGP 171304A,AS IN EXTENDED DATAFIG.2D. c, NIGP 171307A,AS IN EXTENDED DATA FIG.2F.d, NIGP 171305A,AS IN EXTENDEDDATA FIG.2B.e, NIGP 171308,AS IN EXTENDED DATA FIG.2I. f, g, FRONTALMOST APPENDAGES OF Kylinxia. f, YLSNHM 01124.g, NIGP 171304A.h–k, FRONTAL APPENDAGESOF AnOmalOCariS CanadenSiS. h,i, FULLAPPENDAGES.h, GSC 75535.i, ROMIP 51212.j, k, SHAFT REGION.j, ROMIP 51215.k,ROMIP 59947.ABBREVIATIONS AS IN FIGS.1, 2 ANDEXTENDED DATA FIG.2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717896" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717896/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">4A–K</figureCitation>
|
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,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[748,776,1881,1901]" captionStart="Extended" captionStartId="11.[106,195,1640,1656]" captionTargetBox="[248,1355,131,1615]" captionTargetId="figure-7@11.[248,1355,131,1615]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="ExtendedData Fig.5 | Anatomyand geochemical analysisof cephalic soft tissuesin Kylinxia zhangi,holotypeNIGP 171304a. a, MAGNIFICATION OF THE HEAD ANDANTERIORMOST TRUNK UNDER VISIBLE LIGHT.b, INTERPRETIVE DRAWINGOF a BY INTEGRATING OBSERVATIONS UNDER VISIBLE LIGHT ANDFROM GEOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS, SEE EXTENDED DATAFIG.4 FOR ACOLOUR KEY.c, BACKSCATTER SCANNING ELECTRON IMAGE OF a UNDER ASCANNING ELECTRONIC MICROSCOPE.d–h, ELEMENTAL MAPS OF a FROM ENERGY-DISPERSIVE X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY.d, CMAP,SHOWING ALIMENTARY CANAL WITHPOSITIVESIGNAL.e, FE MAP,SHOWINGNERVOUS TISSUEWITH POSITIVE SIGNAL.f, OVERLAY IMAGE OF CAND FE MAPS WITHTHE BLENDING MODE OF FILTERING COLOUR IN ADOBE PHOTOSHOP CS6,SHOWING THECOMPOSITIONAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ALIMENTARY CANAL AND NERVOUS TISSUES.g, PMAP,SHOWINGPUTATIVE DIGESTIVE GLANDS WITH POSITIVESIGNAL.h, SI MAP,SHOWING SOFTTISSUES INNEGATIVE RELIEF.PR,PROTOCEREBRAL TISSUE.OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AS INFIGS.1, 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717898" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717898/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">5B</figureCitation>
|
||
), ENDITESOFALTERNATINGLENGTHS (‘SE’AND‘ED’INFIGS.1C,2D–HANDEXTENDED
|
||
<figureCitation box="[105,249,1938,1959]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[106,137,1054,1071]" captionTargetId="figure-576@1.[634,944,562,792]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig.1 |Anatomy ofKylinxiazhangi from the earlyCambrian Chengjiang biota. a, NIGP 171304A.BOXED REGIONSARESHOWN INc, d, g. b, YLSNHM 01124. BOXED REGIONS ARESHOWN IN e, f, h. THE REGIONWITH ADASHED OUTLINEIS SHOWN IN FIG.2G.c,HEAD REGION INa. THEREGION WITHA DASHEDOUTLINE IS SHOWN INFIG.2I. d, e,TRUNK APPENDAGESFROM a, b, RESPECTIVELY.f, DIFFERENTIATED APPENDAGES FROM b. g, h, POSTERIORBODY REGION FROMa, b, RESPECTIVELY.ARROWHEADS INDICATE ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANES BETWEEN ENDOPODITEPODOMERES.SCALEBARS,10 MM" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717881/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">DATAFIGS.1D, E</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[256,296,1939,1959]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[106,137,1357,1374]" captionTargetBox="[348,1255,132,1333]" captionTargetId="figure-291@2.[348,803,728,1032]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.2 |Comparative anatomy ofhead structures inKylinxia zhangi, Opabiniaregalis, radiodonts andmegacheirans. a, b, O. regaliS. a, USNM (NATIONAL MUSEUMOF NATURAL HISTORY)155600B,HEAD REGION.b, USNM205258, EYES.c, K.Zhangi, NIGP 171305B,HEAD REGION ANDEYES.d–f, RADIODONTS. d, AnOmalOCariS SP.,ELRC (EARLYLIFE RESEARCH CENTRE) 20001A,HEAD REGION. e, f, ENDITES OF RADIODONTFRONTAL APPENDAGES.e, RamSkOeldia COnSimiliS, NIGP 162527A.f, ParanOmalOCariS multiSegmentaliS, NIGP 154564B.g–i, K.Zhangi. g, YLSNHM 01124,HEAD REGION INFIG.1B.THE BOXEDREGION IS SHOWN INh. h, i, ENDITES OF THE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGES.h, YLSNHM 01124,ENDITES FROM g. i, NIGP 171305A,ENDITE FROM FIG.1C. j–m, MEGACHEIRANS.j, HaikOuCariS erCaienSiS, NIGP EC44154A,HEAD REGION.k–m,ENDITES OF MEGACHEIRANGREAT APPENDAGES.NOTE THENUMEROUS AUXILIARY SPINES ON THEENDITES.k, H. erCaienSiS, NIGP 171309.l, FOrtifOrCepSfOliOSa, NIGP 169954.m, ParapeytOia yunnanenSiS, NIGP 171310.ARROWHEADS INDICATE AUXILIARY SPINES.SCALE BARS, 5 MM (d), 2 MM(a, g, j), 1MM (b, c, e, h, m), 200 ΜM(f, i, k, l). AM,ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANE;DC,DISTAL CLAW;DF,DIFFERENTIATEDFLAPS;DS,DORSAL SCLERITE;ED,ENDITE ONDISTAL ARTICULATEDPODOMERE;F,BODYFLAP;GA,GREATAPPENDAGE;HD,HEAD; HR,MARGINAL RIMOF HEAD SHIELD;IE,INNER EYE;LE,LATERAL EYE;MO,MOUTHOPENING; MS,MAIN SPINE;OE,OUTER EYE;PB,PROBOSCIS.OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AS INFIG.1. NUMBERSREFER TOTHE TOPOLOGICAL POSITION OF THE CORRESPONDINGSTRUCTURE." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717883/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">2B, I</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[306,373,1939,1959]" captionStart="Extended" captionStartId="10.[106,195,1640,1656]" captionTargetBox="[248,1355,133,1616]" captionTargetId="figure-3@10.[248,1355,131,1616]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="ExtendedData Fig.4 |Drawingsof thehead regionin Kylinxia and comparison offrontalmost appendages in Kylinxia andAnomalocaris. a–g, K.Zhangi. a–e, CAMERALUCIDA DRAWINGSOF HEAD REGIONS,SEE COLOURS OF DIFFERENT ANATOMICALSTRUCTURES AT THE BOTTOM.a, YLSNHM 01124,AS IN FIG.2G. b, NIGP 171304A,AS IN EXTENDED DATAFIG.2D. c, NIGP 171307A,AS IN EXTENDED DATA FIG.2F.d, NIGP 171305A,AS IN EXTENDEDDATA FIG.2B.e, NIGP 171308,AS IN EXTENDED DATA FIG.2I. f, g, FRONTALMOST APPENDAGES OF Kylinxia. f, YLSNHM 01124.g, NIGP 171304A.h–k, FRONTAL APPENDAGESOF AnOmalOCariS CanadenSiS. h,i, FULLAPPENDAGES.h, GSC 75535.i, ROMIP 51212.j, k, SHAFT REGION.j, ROMIP 51215.k,ROMIP 59947.ABBREVIATIONS AS IN FIGS.1, 2 ANDEXTENDED DATA FIG.2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717896" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717896/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">4A, D–I</figureCitation>
|
||
) ANDROUGHLY SYMMETRICALLY ARRANGED AUX- ILIARYSPINESONEACHENDITE (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[375,634,1967,1988]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[106,137,1357,1374]" captionTargetBox="[348,1255,132,1333]" captionTargetId="figure-291@2.[348,803,728,1032]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.2 |Comparative anatomy ofhead structures inKylinxia zhangi, Opabiniaregalis, radiodonts andmegacheirans. a, b, O. regaliS. a, USNM (NATIONAL MUSEUMOF NATURAL HISTORY)155600B,HEAD REGION.b, USNM205258, EYES.c, K.Zhangi, NIGP 171305B,HEAD REGION ANDEYES.d–f, RADIODONTS. d, AnOmalOCariS SP.,ELRC (EARLYLIFE RESEARCH CENTRE) 20001A,HEAD REGION. e, f, ENDITES OF RADIODONTFRONTAL APPENDAGES.e, RamSkOeldia COnSimiliS, NIGP 162527A.f, ParanOmalOCariS multiSegmentaliS, NIGP 154564B.g–i, K.Zhangi. g, YLSNHM 01124,HEAD REGION INFIG.1B.THE BOXEDREGION IS SHOWN INh. h, i, ENDITES OF THE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGES.h, YLSNHM 01124,ENDITES FROM g. i, NIGP 171305A,ENDITE FROM FIG.1C. j–m, MEGACHEIRANS.j, HaikOuCariS erCaienSiS, NIGP EC44154A,HEAD REGION.k–m,ENDITES OF MEGACHEIRANGREAT APPENDAGES.NOTE THENUMEROUS AUXILIARY SPINES ON THEENDITES.k, H. erCaienSiS, NIGP 171309.l, FOrtifOrCepSfOliOSa, NIGP 169954.m, ParapeytOia yunnanenSiS, NIGP 171310.ARROWHEADS INDICATE AUXILIARY SPINES.SCALE BARS, 5 MM (d), 2 MM(a, g, j), 1MM (b, c, e, h, m), 200 ΜM(f, i, k, l). AM,ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANE;DC,DISTAL CLAW;DF,DIFFERENTIATEDFLAPS;DS,DORSAL SCLERITE;ED,ENDITE ONDISTAL ARTICULATEDPODOMERE;F,BODYFLAP;GA,GREATAPPENDAGE;HD,HEAD; HR,MARGINAL RIMOF HEAD SHIELD;IE,INNER EYE;LE,LATERAL EYE;MO,MOUTHOPENING; MS,MAIN SPINE;OE,OUTER EYE;PB,PROBOSCIS.OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AS INFIG.1. NUMBERSREFER TOTHE TOPOLOGICAL POSITION OF THE CORRESPONDINGSTRUCTURE." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717883/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">ARROWHEADSINFIG.2E,F,H,I</figureCitation>
|
||
);WEALSOINFERA
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="1.[815,1498,1362,1988]" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">
|
||
SIMILARFUNCTIONALMORPHOLOGY
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[1106,1134,1362,1375]" fontSize="5" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Daley, A. C. & Edgecombe, G. D." box="[1106,1118,1362,1375]" journalOrPublisher="J. Paleontol." pageId="1" pageNumber="102" pagination="68 - 91" part="88" refId="ref5239" refString="12. Daley, A. C. & Edgecombe, G. D. Morphology of Anomalocaris canadensis from the Burgess Shale. J. Paleontol. 88, 68 - 91 (2014)." title="Morphology of Anomalocaris canadensis from the Burgess Shale" type="journal article" year="2014">12</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cong, P. et al." box="[1122,1134,1362,1375]" journalOrPublisher="Pap. Palaeontol." pageId="1" pageNumber="102" pagination="605 - 621" part="4" refId="ref5276" refString="13. Cong, P. et al. New radiodonts with gnathobase-like structures from the Cambrian Chengjiang biota and implications for the systematics of Radiodonta. Pap. Palaeontol. 4, 605 - 621 (2018)." title="New radiodonts with gnathobase-like structures from the Cambrian Chengjiang biota and implications for the systematics of Radiodonta" type="journal article" year="2018">13</bibRefCitation>
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</superScript>
|
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(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1142,1208,1365,1386]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[106,137,1357,1374]" captionTargetBox="[348,1255,132,1333]" captionTargetId="figure-291@2.[348,803,728,1032]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.2 |Comparative anatomy ofhead structures inKylinxia zhangi, Opabiniaregalis, radiodonts andmegacheirans. a, b, O. regaliS. a, USNM (NATIONAL MUSEUMOF NATURAL HISTORY)155600B,HEAD REGION.b, USNM205258, EYES.c, K.Zhangi, NIGP 171305B,HEAD REGION ANDEYES.d–f, RADIODONTS. d, AnOmalOCariS SP.,ELRC (EARLYLIFE RESEARCH CENTRE) 20001A,HEAD REGION. e, f, ENDITES OF RADIODONTFRONTAL APPENDAGES.e, RamSkOeldia COnSimiliS, NIGP 162527A.f, ParanOmalOCariS multiSegmentaliS, NIGP 154564B.g–i, K.Zhangi. g, YLSNHM 01124,HEAD REGION INFIG.1B.THE BOXEDREGION IS SHOWN INh. h, i, ENDITES OF THE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGES.h, YLSNHM 01124,ENDITES FROM g. i, NIGP 171305A,ENDITE FROM FIG.1C. j–m, MEGACHEIRANS.j, HaikOuCariS erCaienSiS, NIGP EC44154A,HEAD REGION.k–m,ENDITES OF MEGACHEIRANGREAT APPENDAGES.NOTE THENUMEROUS AUXILIARY SPINES ON THEENDITES.k, H. erCaienSiS, NIGP 171309.l, FOrtifOrCepSfOliOSa, NIGP 169954.m, ParapeytOia yunnanenSiS, NIGP 171310.ARROWHEADS INDICATE AUXILIARY SPINES.SCALE BARS, 5 MM (d), 2 MM(a, g, j), 1MM (b, c, e, h, m), 200 ΜM(f, i, k, l). AM,ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANE;DC,DISTAL CLAW;DF,DIFFERENTIATEDFLAPS;DS,DORSAL SCLERITE;ED,ENDITE ONDISTAL ARTICULATEDPODOMERE;F,BODYFLAP;GA,GREATAPPENDAGE;HD,HEAD; HR,MARGINAL RIMOF HEAD SHIELD;IE,INNER EYE;LE,LATERAL EYE;MO,MOUTHOPENING; MS,MAIN SPINE;OE,OUTER EYE;PB,PROBOSCIS.OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AS INFIG.1. NUMBERSREFER TOTHE TOPOLOGICAL POSITION OF THE CORRESPONDINGSTRUCTURE." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717883/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">FIG.2D</figureCitation>
|
||
,GANDEXTENDEDDATAFIG.4F–I). HOWEVER,IN CONTRAST TO RADIODONTS,THE UPWARD ORIENTATION ANDTHE ABSENCEOF OUTERSPINESIN THEFRONTALMOST APPENDAGES OF
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1377,1457,1423,1442]" genus="Kylinxia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1377,1457,1423,1442]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">Kylinxia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(‘FA’
|
||
<figureCitation box="[816,908,1451,1472]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[106,137,1054,1071]" captionTargetId="figure-576@1.[634,944,562,792]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig.1 |Anatomy ofKylinxiazhangi from the earlyCambrian Chengjiang biota. a, NIGP 171304A.BOXED REGIONSARESHOWN INc, d, g. b, YLSNHM 01124. BOXED REGIONS ARESHOWN IN e, f, h. THE REGIONWITH ADASHED OUTLINEIS SHOWN IN FIG.2G.c,HEAD REGION INa. THEREGION WITHA DASHEDOUTLINE IS SHOWN INFIG.2I. d, e,TRUNK APPENDAGESFROM a, b, RESPECTIVELY.f, DIFFERENTIATED APPENDAGES FROM b. g, h, POSTERIORBODY REGION FROMa, b, RESPECTIVELY.ARROWHEADS INDICATE ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANES BETWEEN ENDOPODITEPODOMERES.SCALEBARS,10 MM" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717881/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">INFIGS.1C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[913,1164,1451,1472]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[106,137,1357,1374]" captionTargetBox="[348,1255,132,1333]" captionTargetId="figure-291@2.[348,803,728,1032]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.2 |Comparative anatomy ofhead structures inKylinxia zhangi, Opabiniaregalis, radiodonts andmegacheirans. a, b, O. regaliS. a, USNM (NATIONAL MUSEUMOF NATURAL HISTORY)155600B,HEAD REGION.b, USNM205258, EYES.c, K.Zhangi, NIGP 171305B,HEAD REGION ANDEYES.d–f, RADIODONTS. d, AnOmalOCariS SP.,ELRC (EARLYLIFE RESEARCH CENTRE) 20001A,HEAD REGION. e, f, ENDITES OF RADIODONTFRONTAL APPENDAGES.e, RamSkOeldia COnSimiliS, NIGP 162527A.f, ParanOmalOCariS multiSegmentaliS, NIGP 154564B.g–i, K.Zhangi. g, YLSNHM 01124,HEAD REGION INFIG.1B.THE BOXEDREGION IS SHOWN INh. h, i, ENDITES OF THE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGES.h, YLSNHM 01124,ENDITES FROM g. i, NIGP 171305A,ENDITE FROM FIG.1C. j–m, MEGACHEIRANS.j, HaikOuCariS erCaienSiS, NIGP EC44154A,HEAD REGION.k–m,ENDITES OF MEGACHEIRANGREAT APPENDAGES.NOTE THENUMEROUS AUXILIARY SPINES ON THEENDITES.k, H. erCaienSiS, NIGP 171309.l, FOrtifOrCepSfOliOSa, NIGP 169954.m, ParapeytOia yunnanenSiS, NIGP 171310.ARROWHEADS INDICATE AUXILIARY SPINES.SCALE BARS, 5 MM (d), 2 MM(a, g, j), 1MM (b, c, e, h, m), 200 ΜM(f, i, k, l). AM,ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANE;DC,DISTAL CLAW;DF,DIFFERENTIATEDFLAPS;DS,DORSAL SCLERITE;ED,ENDITE ONDISTAL ARTICULATEDPODOMERE;F,BODYFLAP;GA,GREATAPPENDAGE;HD,HEAD; HR,MARGINAL RIMOF HEAD SHIELD;IE,INNER EYE;LE,LATERAL EYE;MO,MOUTHOPENING; MS,MAIN SPINE;OE,OUTER EYE;PB,PROBOSCIS.OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AS INFIG.1. NUMBERSREFER TOTHE TOPOLOGICAL POSITION OF THE CORRESPONDINGSTRUCTURE." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717883/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">
|
||
2
|
||
<figureCitation box="[923,1164,1451,1472]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[106,137,1054,1071]" captionTargetId="figure-576@1.[634,944,562,792]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig.1 |Anatomy ofKylinxiazhangi from the earlyCambrian Chengjiang biota. a, NIGP 171304A.BOXED REGIONSARESHOWN INc, d, g. b, YLSNHM 01124. BOXED REGIONS ARESHOWN IN e, f, h. THE REGIONWITH ADASHED OUTLINEIS SHOWN IN FIG.2G.c,HEAD REGION INa. THEREGION WITHA DASHEDOUTLINE IS SHOWN INFIG.2I. d, e,TRUNK APPENDAGESFROM a, b, RESPECTIVELY.f, DIFFERENTIATED APPENDAGES FROM b. g, h, POSTERIORBODY REGION FROMa, b, RESPECTIVELY.ARROWHEADS INDICATE ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANES BETWEEN ENDOPODITEPODOMERES.SCALEBARS,10 MM" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717881/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">GANDEXTENDEDDATAFIGS</figureCitation>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
.1D, E,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1219,1294,1451,1471]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[106,137,1357,1374]" captionTargetBox="[348,1255,132,1333]" captionTargetId="figure-291@2.[348,803,728,1032]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.2 |Comparative anatomy ofhead structures inKylinxia zhangi, Opabiniaregalis, radiodonts andmegacheirans. a, b, O. regaliS. a, USNM (NATIONAL MUSEUMOF NATURAL HISTORY)155600B,HEAD REGION.b, USNM205258, EYES.c, K.Zhangi, NIGP 171305B,HEAD REGION ANDEYES.d–f, RADIODONTS. d, AnOmalOCariS SP.,ELRC (EARLYLIFE RESEARCH CENTRE) 20001A,HEAD REGION. e, f, ENDITES OF RADIODONTFRONTAL APPENDAGES.e, RamSkOeldia COnSimiliS, NIGP 162527A.f, ParanOmalOCariS multiSegmentaliS, NIGP 154564B.g–i, K.Zhangi. g, YLSNHM 01124,HEAD REGION INFIG.1B.THE BOXEDREGION IS SHOWN INh. h, i, ENDITES OF THE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGES.h, YLSNHM 01124,ENDITES FROM g. i, NIGP 171305A,ENDITE FROM FIG.1C. j–m, MEGACHEIRANS.j, HaikOuCariS erCaienSiS, NIGP EC44154A,HEAD REGION.k–m,ENDITES OF MEGACHEIRANGREAT APPENDAGES.NOTE THENUMEROUS AUXILIARY SPINES ON THEENDITES.k, H. erCaienSiS, NIGP 171309.l, FOrtifOrCepSfOliOSa, NIGP 169954.m, ParapeytOia yunnanenSiS, NIGP 171310.ARROWHEADS INDICATE AUXILIARY SPINES.SCALE BARS, 5 MM (d), 2 MM(a, g, j), 1MM (b, c, e, h, m), 200 ΜM(f, i, k, l). AM,ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANE;DC,DISTAL CLAW;DF,DIFFERENTIATEDFLAPS;DS,DORSAL SCLERITE;ED,ENDITE ONDISTAL ARTICULATEDPODOMERE;F,BODYFLAP;GA,GREATAPPENDAGE;HD,HEAD; HR,MARGINAL RIMOF HEAD SHIELD;IE,INNER EYE;LE,LATERAL EYE;MO,MOUTHOPENING; MS,MAIN SPINE;OE,OUTER EYE;PB,PROBOSCIS.OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AS INFIG.1. NUMBERSREFER TOTHE TOPOLOGICAL POSITION OF THE CORRESPONDINGSTRUCTURE." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717883/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">2B,D,F,I</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1302,1353,1451,1472]" captionStart="Extended" captionStartId="10.[106,195,1640,1656]" captionTargetBox="[248,1355,133,1616]" captionTargetId="figure-3@10.[248,1355,131,1616]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="ExtendedData Fig.4 |Drawingsof thehead regionin Kylinxia and comparison offrontalmost appendages in Kylinxia andAnomalocaris. a–g, K.Zhangi. a–e, CAMERALUCIDA DRAWINGSOF HEAD REGIONS,SEE COLOURS OF DIFFERENT ANATOMICALSTRUCTURES AT THE BOTTOM.a, YLSNHM 01124,AS IN FIG.2G. b, NIGP 171304A,AS IN EXTENDED DATAFIG.2D. c, NIGP 171307A,AS IN EXTENDED DATA FIG.2F.d, NIGP 171305A,AS IN EXTENDEDDATA FIG.2B.e, NIGP 171308,AS IN EXTENDED DATA FIG.2I. f, g, FRONTALMOST APPENDAGES OF Kylinxia. f, YLSNHM 01124.g, NIGP 171304A.h–k, FRONTAL APPENDAGESOF AnOmalOCariS CanadenSiS. h,i, FULLAPPENDAGES.h, GSC 75535.i, ROMIP 51212.j, k, SHAFT REGION.j, ROMIP 51215.k,ROMIP 59947.ABBREVIATIONS AS IN FIGS.1, 2 ANDEXTENDED DATA FIG.2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717896" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717896/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">4A–G</figureCitation>
|
||
)AREFEATURESOF MEGACHEIRANS
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Chen, J. & Waloszek, D. & Maas, A." box="[952,965,1476,1489]" journalOrPublisher="Lethaia" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" pagination="3 - 20" part="37" refId="ref5316" refString="14. Chen, J., Waloszek, D. & Maas, A. A new ' great-appendage' arthropod from the Lower Cambrian of China and homology of chelicerate chelicerae and raptorial antero-ventral appendages. Lethaia 37, 3 - 20 (2004)." title="A new ' great-appendage' arthropod from the Lower Cambrian of China and homology of chelicerate chelicerae and raptorial antero-ventral appendages" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[952,965,1476,1489]" fontSize="5" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">14</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[973,1248,1480,1501]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[106,137,1357,1374]" captionTargetBox="[348,1255,132,1333]" captionTargetId="figure-291@2.[348,803,728,1032]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.2 |Comparative anatomy ofhead structures inKylinxia zhangi, Opabiniaregalis, radiodonts andmegacheirans. a, b, O. regaliS. a, USNM (NATIONAL MUSEUMOF NATURAL HISTORY)155600B,HEAD REGION.b, USNM205258, EYES.c, K.Zhangi, NIGP 171305B,HEAD REGION ANDEYES.d–f, RADIODONTS. d, AnOmalOCariS SP.,ELRC (EARLYLIFE RESEARCH CENTRE) 20001A,HEAD REGION. e, f, ENDITES OF RADIODONTFRONTAL APPENDAGES.e, RamSkOeldia COnSimiliS, NIGP 162527A.f, ParanOmalOCariS multiSegmentaliS, NIGP 154564B.g–i, K.Zhangi. g, YLSNHM 01124,HEAD REGION INFIG.1B.THE BOXEDREGION IS SHOWN INh. h, i, ENDITES OF THE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGES.h, YLSNHM 01124,ENDITES FROM g. i, NIGP 171305A,ENDITE FROM FIG.1C. j–m, MEGACHEIRANS.j, HaikOuCariS erCaienSiS, NIGP EC44154A,HEAD REGION.k–m,ENDITES OF MEGACHEIRANGREAT APPENDAGES.NOTE THENUMEROUS AUXILIARY SPINES ON THEENDITES.k, H. erCaienSiS, NIGP 171309.l, FOrtifOrCepSfOliOSa, NIGP 169954.m, ParapeytOia yunnanenSiS, NIGP 171310.ARROWHEADS INDICATE AUXILIARY SPINES.SCALE BARS, 5 MM (d), 2 MM(a, g, j), 1MM (b, c, e, h, m), 200 ΜM(f, i, k, l). AM,ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANE;DC,DISTAL CLAW;DF,DIFFERENTIATEDFLAPS;DS,DORSAL SCLERITE;ED,ENDITE ONDISTAL ARTICULATEDPODOMERE;F,BODYFLAP;GA,GREATAPPENDAGE;HD,HEAD; HR,MARGINAL RIMOF HEAD SHIELD;IE,INNER EYE;LE,LATERAL EYE;MO,MOUTHOPENING; MS,MAIN SPINE;OE,OUTER EYE;PB,PROBOSCIS.OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AS INFIG.1. NUMBERSREFER TOTHE TOPOLOGICAL POSITION OF THE CORRESPONDINGSTRUCTURE." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717883/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">
|
||
FIG.2
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1022,1248,1480,1501]" captionStart="Extended" captionStartId="13.[106,194,1645,1661]" captionTargetId="figure-7@13.[248,1355,131,1620]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Extended Data Fig.7 | Frontalmost appendages of Cambrian megacheirans, isoxyids and artiopodans. a–i, GREAT APPENDAGESOF MEGACHEIRANS.a, d, HaikOuCariS erCaienSiS, NIGP 171309.a, WHOLE SPECIMEN. d, GREAT APPENDAGEIN a.b, e,FOrtifOrCepS fOliOSa,NIGP 169954.b, WHOLE SPECIMEN.e, GREAT APPENDAGEIN b. c, f, g, YOhOia tenuiS, USNM179053.c, WHOLE SPECIMEN.f, GREATAPPENDAGE INc. g, ENDITES IN f, ARROWHEADS INDICATE AUXILIARY SPINES.h, i,ParapeytOia yunnanenSiS, NIGP 171310.h, GREATAPPENDAGE. i, ENDITE SHOWING AUXILIARY SPINES INh. j–q, FRONTALMOST APPENDAGESSHOWING" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717904" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717904/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">JANDEXTENDEDDATAFIG</figureCitation>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
.7A–F,H),GREAT-APPENDAGE BIVALVEDEUARTHROPODS
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hou, X." box="[1040,1052,1505,1518]" journalOrPublisher="China. J. Paleontol." pageId="1" pageNumber="102" pagination="102 - 116" part="73" refId="ref5363" refString="15. Hou, X. New rare bivalved arthropods from the Lower Cambrian Chengjiang Fauna, Yunnan, China. J. Paleontol. 73, 102 - 116 (1999)." title="New rare bivalved arthropods from the Lower Cambrian Chengjiang Fauna, Yunnan" type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
<superScript attach="none" box="[1040,1052,1505,1518]" fontSize="5" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">15</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
ANDISOXYIDS
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[1175,1204,1505,1518]" fontSize="5" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fu, D. & Zhang, X. & Shu, D." box="[1175,1188,1505,1518]" journalOrPublisher="Acta Palaeontol. Pol." pageId="1" pageNumber="102" pagination="843 - 852" part="56" refId="ref5397" refString="16. Fu, D., Zhang, X. & Shu, D. Soft anatomy of the early Cambrian arthropod Isoxys curvirostratus from the Chengjiang biota of south China with a discussion on the origination of great appendages. Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 56, 843 - 852 (2011)." title="Soft anatomy of the early Cambrian arthropod Isoxys curvirostratus from the Chengjiang biota of south China with a discussion on the origination of great appendages" type="journal article" year="2011">16</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Legg, D. A. & Vannier, J." box="[1192,1204,1505,1518]" journalOrPublisher="Lethaia" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" pagination="540 - 550" part="46" refId="ref5453" refString="17. Legg, D. A. & Vannier, J. The affinities of the cosmopolitan arthropod Isoxys and its implications for the origin of arthropods. Lethaia 46, 540 - 550 (2013)." title="The affinities of the cosmopolitan arthropod Isoxys and its implications for the origin of arthropods" type="journal article" year="2013">17</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1211,1447,1508,1529]" captionStart="Extended" captionStartId="13.[106,194,1645,1661]" captionTargetId="figure-7@13.[248,1355,131,1620]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Extended Data Fig.7 | Frontalmost appendages of Cambrian megacheirans, isoxyids and artiopodans. a–i, GREAT APPENDAGESOF MEGACHEIRANS.a, d, HaikOuCariS erCaienSiS, NIGP 171309.a, WHOLE SPECIMEN. d, GREAT APPENDAGEIN a.b, e,FOrtifOrCepS fOliOSa,NIGP 169954.b, WHOLE SPECIMEN.e, GREAT APPENDAGEIN b. c, f, g, YOhOia tenuiS, USNM179053.c, WHOLE SPECIMEN.f, GREATAPPENDAGE INc. g, ENDITES IN f, ARROWHEADS INDICATE AUXILIARY SPINES.h, i,ParapeytOia yunnanenSiS, NIGP 171310.h, GREATAPPENDAGE. i, ENDITE SHOWING AUXILIARY SPINES INh. j–q, FRONTALMOST APPENDAGESSHOWING" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717904" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717904/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">EXTENDEDDATAFIG.7J–O</figureCitation>
|
||
).THE PRESENCE OF AUXILIARY ENDITIC SPINESONTHE FRONTALMOST APPENDAGES OF RADIODONTS (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[933,1158,1566,1587]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[106,137,1357,1374]" captionTargetBox="[348,1255,132,1333]" captionTargetId="figure-291@2.[348,803,728,1032]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.2 |Comparative anatomy ofhead structures inKylinxia zhangi, Opabiniaregalis, radiodonts andmegacheirans. a, b, O. regaliS. a, USNM (NATIONAL MUSEUMOF NATURAL HISTORY)155600B,HEAD REGION.b, USNM205258, EYES.c, K.Zhangi, NIGP 171305B,HEAD REGION ANDEYES.d–f, RADIODONTS. d, AnOmalOCariS SP.,ELRC (EARLYLIFE RESEARCH CENTRE) 20001A,HEAD REGION. e, f, ENDITES OF RADIODONTFRONTAL APPENDAGES.e, RamSkOeldia COnSimiliS, NIGP 162527A.f, ParanOmalOCariS multiSegmentaliS, NIGP 154564B.g–i, K.Zhangi. g, YLSNHM 01124,HEAD REGION INFIG.1B.THE BOXEDREGION IS SHOWN INh. h, i, ENDITES OF THE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGES.h, YLSNHM 01124,ENDITES FROM g. i, NIGP 171305A,ENDITE FROM FIG.1C. j–m, MEGACHEIRANS.j, HaikOuCariS erCaienSiS, NIGP EC44154A,HEAD REGION.k–m,ENDITES OF MEGACHEIRANGREAT APPENDAGES.NOTE THENUMEROUS AUXILIARY SPINES ON THEENDITES.k, H. erCaienSiS, NIGP 171309.l, FOrtifOrCepSfOliOSa, NIGP 169954.m, ParapeytOia yunnanenSiS, NIGP 171310.ARROWHEADS INDICATE AUXILIARY SPINES.SCALE BARS, 5 MM (d), 2 MM(a, g, j), 1MM (b, c, e, h, m), 200 ΜM(f, i, k, l). AM,ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANE;DC,DISTAL CLAW;DF,DIFFERENTIATEDFLAPS;DS,DORSAL SCLERITE;ED,ENDITE ONDISTAL ARTICULATEDPODOMERE;F,BODYFLAP;GA,GREATAPPENDAGE;HD,HEAD; HR,MARGINAL RIMOF HEAD SHIELD;IE,INNER EYE;LE,LATERAL EYE;MO,MOUTHOPENING; MS,MAIN SPINE;OE,OUTER EYE;PB,PROBOSCIS.OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AS INFIG.1. NUMBERSREFER TOTHE TOPOLOGICAL POSITION OF THE CORRESPONDINGSTRUCTURE." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717883/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">ARROWHEADSINFIG.2E,F</figureCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1177,1257,1566,1585]" genus="Kylinxia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1177,1257,1566,1585]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">Kylinxia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1264,1488,1566,1587]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[106,137,1357,1374]" captionTargetBox="[348,1255,132,1333]" captionTargetId="figure-291@2.[348,803,728,1032]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.2 |Comparative anatomy ofhead structures inKylinxia zhangi, Opabiniaregalis, radiodonts andmegacheirans. a, b, O. regaliS. a, USNM (NATIONAL MUSEUMOF NATURAL HISTORY)155600B,HEAD REGION.b, USNM205258, EYES.c, K.Zhangi, NIGP 171305B,HEAD REGION ANDEYES.d–f, RADIODONTS. d, AnOmalOCariS SP.,ELRC (EARLYLIFE RESEARCH CENTRE) 20001A,HEAD REGION. e, f, ENDITES OF RADIODONTFRONTAL APPENDAGES.e, RamSkOeldia COnSimiliS, NIGP 162527A.f, ParanOmalOCariS multiSegmentaliS, NIGP 154564B.g–i, K.Zhangi. g, YLSNHM 01124,HEAD REGION INFIG.1B.THE BOXEDREGION IS SHOWN INh. h, i, ENDITES OF THE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGES.h, YLSNHM 01124,ENDITES FROM g. i, NIGP 171305A,ENDITE FROM FIG.1C. j–m, MEGACHEIRANS.j, HaikOuCariS erCaienSiS, NIGP EC44154A,HEAD REGION.k–m,ENDITES OF MEGACHEIRANGREAT APPENDAGES.NOTE THENUMEROUS AUXILIARY SPINES ON THEENDITES.k, H. erCaienSiS, NIGP 171309.l, FOrtifOrCepSfOliOSa, NIGP 169954.m, ParapeytOia yunnanenSiS, NIGP 171310.ARROWHEADS INDICATE AUXILIARY SPINES.SCALE BARS, 5 MM (d), 2 MM(a, g, j), 1MM (b, c, e, h, m), 200 ΜM(f, i, k, l). AM,ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANE;DC,DISTAL CLAW;DF,DIFFERENTIATEDFLAPS;DS,DORSAL SCLERITE;ED,ENDITE ONDISTAL ARTICULATEDPODOMERE;F,BODYFLAP;GA,GREATAPPENDAGE;HD,HEAD; HR,MARGINAL RIMOF HEAD SHIELD;IE,INNER EYE;LE,LATERAL EYE;MO,MOUTHOPENING; MS,MAIN SPINE;OE,OUTER EYE;PB,PROBOSCIS.OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AS INFIG.1. NUMBERSREFER TOTHE TOPOLOGICAL POSITION OF THE CORRESPONDINGSTRUCTURE." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717883/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">ARROWHEADSINFIG.2H,I</figureCitation>
|
||
) ANDMEGACHEIRANS(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1003,1319,1594,1615]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[106,137,1357,1374]" captionTargetBox="[348,1255,132,1333]" captionTargetId="figure-291@2.[348,803,728,1032]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.2 |Comparative anatomy ofhead structures inKylinxia zhangi, Opabiniaregalis, radiodonts andmegacheirans. a, b, O. regaliS. a, USNM (NATIONAL MUSEUMOF NATURAL HISTORY)155600B,HEAD REGION.b, USNM205258, EYES.c, K.Zhangi, NIGP 171305B,HEAD REGION ANDEYES.d–f, RADIODONTS. d, AnOmalOCariS SP.,ELRC (EARLYLIFE RESEARCH CENTRE) 20001A,HEAD REGION. e, f, ENDITES OF RADIODONTFRONTAL APPENDAGES.e, RamSkOeldia COnSimiliS, NIGP 162527A.f, ParanOmalOCariS multiSegmentaliS, NIGP 154564B.g–i, K.Zhangi. g, YLSNHM 01124,HEAD REGION INFIG.1B.THE BOXEDREGION IS SHOWN INh. h, i, ENDITES OF THE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGES.h, YLSNHM 01124,ENDITES FROM g. i, NIGP 171305A,ENDITE FROM FIG.1C. j–m, MEGACHEIRANS.j, HaikOuCariS erCaienSiS, NIGP EC44154A,HEAD REGION.k–m,ENDITES OF MEGACHEIRANGREAT APPENDAGES.NOTE THENUMEROUS AUXILIARY SPINES ON THEENDITES.k, H. erCaienSiS, NIGP 171309.l, FOrtifOrCepSfOliOSa, NIGP 169954.m, ParapeytOia yunnanenSiS, NIGP 171310.ARROWHEADS INDICATE AUXILIARY SPINES.SCALE BARS, 5 MM (d), 2 MM(a, g, j), 1MM (b, c, e, h, m), 200 ΜM(f, i, k, l). AM,ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANE;DC,DISTAL CLAW;DF,DIFFERENTIATEDFLAPS;DS,DORSAL SCLERITE;ED,ENDITE ONDISTAL ARTICULATEDPODOMERE;F,BODYFLAP;GA,GREATAPPENDAGE;HD,HEAD; HR,MARGINAL RIMOF HEAD SHIELD;IE,INNER EYE;LE,LATERAL EYE;MO,MOUTHOPENING; MS,MAIN SPINE;OE,OUTER EYE;PB,PROBOSCIS.OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AS INFIG.1. NUMBERSREFER TOTHE TOPOLOGICAL POSITION OF THE CORRESPONDINGSTRUCTURE." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717883/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">
|
||
FIG.2K–
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1082,1319,1594,1615]" captionStart="Extended" captionStartId="13.[106,194,1645,1661]" captionTargetId="figure-7@13.[248,1355,131,1620]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Extended Data Fig.7 | Frontalmost appendages of Cambrian megacheirans, isoxyids and artiopodans. a–i, GREAT APPENDAGESOF MEGACHEIRANS.a, d, HaikOuCariS erCaienSiS, NIGP 171309.a, WHOLE SPECIMEN. d, GREAT APPENDAGEIN a.b, e,FOrtifOrCepS fOliOSa,NIGP 169954.b, WHOLE SPECIMEN.e, GREAT APPENDAGEIN b. c, f, g, YOhOia tenuiS, USNM179053.c, WHOLE SPECIMEN.f, GREATAPPENDAGE INc. g, ENDITES IN f, ARROWHEADS INDICATE AUXILIARY SPINES.h, i,ParapeytOia yunnanenSiS, NIGP 171310.h, GREATAPPENDAGE. i, ENDITE SHOWING AUXILIARY SPINES INh. j–q, FRONTALMOST APPENDAGESSHOWING" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717904" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717904/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">MANDEXTENDEDDATAFIG</figureCitation>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
.7D–I)STRENGTHENS THE MORPHOLOGICAL SIMILARITIESOF THEFRONTALMOST APPENDAGES AMONG THESETAXA,BECAUSESUCHAUXILIARYENDITICSPINESAREABSENTINISOXYIDS
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[1469,1497,1648,1661]" fontSize="5" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fu, D. & Zhang, X. & Shu, D." box="[1469,1481,1648,1661]" journalOrPublisher="Acta Palaeontol. Pol." pageId="1" pageNumber="102" pagination="843 - 852" part="56" refId="ref5397" refString="16. Fu, D., Zhang, X. & Shu, D. Soft anatomy of the early Cambrian arthropod Isoxys curvirostratus from the Chengjiang biota of south China with a discussion on the origination of great appendages. Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 56, 843 - 852 (2011)." title="Soft anatomy of the early Cambrian arthropod Isoxys curvirostratus from the Chengjiang biota of south China with a discussion on the origination of great appendages" type="journal article" year="2011">16</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Legg, D. A. & Vannier, J." box="[1485,1497,1648,1661]" journalOrPublisher="Lethaia" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" pagination="540 - 550" part="46" refId="ref5453" refString="17. Legg, D. A. & Vannier, J. The affinities of the cosmopolitan arthropod Isoxys and its implications for the origin of arthropods. Lethaia 46, 540 - 550 (2013)." title="The affinities of the cosmopolitan arthropod Isoxys and its implications for the origin of arthropods" type="journal article" year="2013">17</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
ANDOTHERCAMBRIANEUARTHROPODS
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hou, X. et al." box="[1153,1166,1677,1690]" journalOrPublisher="John Wiley & Sons" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" refId="ref5492" refString="18. Hou, X. et al. The Cambrian Fossils of Chengjiang, China: The Flowering of Early Animal Life 2 nd edn (John Wiley & Sons, 2017)." title="The Cambrian Fossils of Chengjiang, China: The Flowering of Early Animal Life 2 nd edn" type="book" year="2017">
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[1153,1166,1677,1690]" fontSize="5" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">18</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1174,1411,1680,1701]" captionStart="Extended" captionStartId="13.[106,194,1645,1661]" captionTargetId="figure-7@13.[248,1355,131,1620]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Extended Data Fig.7 | Frontalmost appendages of Cambrian megacheirans, isoxyids and artiopodans. a–i, GREAT APPENDAGESOF MEGACHEIRANS.a, d, HaikOuCariS erCaienSiS, NIGP 171309.a, WHOLE SPECIMEN. d, GREAT APPENDAGEIN a.b, e,FOrtifOrCepS fOliOSa,NIGP 169954.b, WHOLE SPECIMEN.e, GREAT APPENDAGEIN b. c, f, g, YOhOia tenuiS, USNM179053.c, WHOLE SPECIMEN.f, GREATAPPENDAGE INc. g, ENDITES IN f, ARROWHEADS INDICATE AUXILIARY SPINES.h, i,ParapeytOia yunnanenSiS, NIGP 171310.h, GREATAPPENDAGE. i, ENDITE SHOWING AUXILIARY SPINES INh. j–q, FRONTALMOST APPENDAGESSHOWING" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717904" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717904/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">EXTENDEDDATAFIG.7J–O</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="1.[815,1498,1362,1988]" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">
|
||
THE BODY PLANOF
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1015,1099,1710,1729]" genus="Kylinxia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1015,1099,1710,1729]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">Kylinxia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—WHICH CONSISTS OF A FUSED HEAD SHIELD, A MULTI-SEGMENTED TRUNK, A PYGIDIUM AND ARTHRODIZED POST-ORAL BIRAMOUS APPENDAGES—IS TYPICAL OF DEUTEROPODS ANDIS PARTICULARLY MEGACHEIRAN-LIKE (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1000,1086,1795,1816]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[106,137,1054,1071]" captionTargetId="figure-576@1.[634,944,562,792]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig.1 |Anatomy ofKylinxiazhangi from the earlyCambrian Chengjiang biota. a, NIGP 171304A.BOXED REGIONSARESHOWN INc, d, g. b, YLSNHM 01124. BOXED REGIONS ARESHOWN IN e, f, h. THE REGIONWITH ADASHED OUTLINEIS SHOWN IN FIG.2G.c,HEAD REGION INa. THEREGION WITHA DASHEDOUTLINE IS SHOWN INFIG.2I. d, e,TRUNK APPENDAGESFROM a, b, RESPECTIVELY.f, DIFFERENTIATED APPENDAGES FROM b. g, h, POSTERIORBODY REGION FROMa, b, RESPECTIVELY.ARROWHEADS INDICATE ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANES BETWEEN ENDOPODITEPODOMERES.SCALEBARS,10 MM" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717881/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">FIG. 1A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
AND EXTENDED
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1232,1343,1795,1816]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[106,137,1054,1071]" captionTargetId="figure-576@1.[634,944,562,792]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig.1 |Anatomy ofKylinxiazhangi from the earlyCambrian Chengjiang biota. a, NIGP 171304A.BOXED REGIONSARESHOWN INc, d, g. b, YLSNHM 01124. BOXED REGIONS ARESHOWN IN e, f, h. THE REGIONWITH ADASHED OUTLINEIS SHOWN IN FIG.2G.c,HEAD REGION INa. THEREGION WITHA DASHEDOUTLINE IS SHOWN INFIG.2I. d, e,TRUNK APPENDAGESFROM a, b, RESPECTIVELY.f, DIFFERENTIATED APPENDAGES FROM b. g, h, POSTERIORBODY REGION FROMa, b, RESPECTIVELY.ARROWHEADS INDICATE ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANES BETWEEN ENDOPODITEPODOMERES.SCALEBARS,10 MM" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717881/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">DATAFIGS. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1352,1443,1795,1815]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[106,137,1357,1374]" captionTargetBox="[348,1255,132,1333]" captionTargetId="figure-291@2.[348,803,728,1032]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.2 |Comparative anatomy ofhead structures inKylinxia zhangi, Opabiniaregalis, radiodonts andmegacheirans. a, b, O. regaliS. a, USNM (NATIONAL MUSEUMOF NATURAL HISTORY)155600B,HEAD REGION.b, USNM205258, EYES.c, K.Zhangi, NIGP 171305B,HEAD REGION ANDEYES.d–f, RADIODONTS. d, AnOmalOCariS SP.,ELRC (EARLYLIFE RESEARCH CENTRE) 20001A,HEAD REGION. e, f, ENDITES OF RADIODONTFRONTAL APPENDAGES.e, RamSkOeldia COnSimiliS, NIGP 162527A.f, ParanOmalOCariS multiSegmentaliS, NIGP 154564B.g–i, K.Zhangi. g, YLSNHM 01124,HEAD REGION INFIG.1B.THE BOXEDREGION IS SHOWN INh. h, i, ENDITES OF THE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGES.h, YLSNHM 01124,ENDITES FROM g. i, NIGP 171305A,ENDITE FROM FIG.1C. j–m, MEGACHEIRANS.j, HaikOuCariS erCaienSiS, NIGP EC44154A,HEAD REGION.k–m,ENDITES OF MEGACHEIRANGREAT APPENDAGES.NOTE THENUMEROUS AUXILIARY SPINES ON THEENDITES.k, H. erCaienSiS, NIGP 171309.l, FOrtifOrCepSfOliOSa, NIGP 169954.m, ParapeytOia yunnanenSiS, NIGP 171310.ARROWHEADS INDICATE AUXILIARY SPINES.SCALE BARS, 5 MM (d), 2 MM(a, g, j), 1MM (b, c, e, h, m), 200 ΜM(f, i, k, l). AM,ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANE;DC,DISTAL CLAW;DF,DIFFERENTIATEDFLAPS;DS,DORSAL SCLERITE;ED,ENDITE ONDISTAL ARTICULATEDPODOMERE;F,BODYFLAP;GA,GREATAPPENDAGE;HD,HEAD; HR,MARGINAL RIMOF HEAD SHIELD;IE,INNER EYE;LE,LATERAL EYE;MO,MOUTHOPENING; MS,MAIN SPINE;OE,OUTER EYE;PB,PROBOSCIS.OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AS INFIG.1. NUMBERSREFER TOTHE TOPOLOGICAL POSITION OF THE CORRESPONDINGSTRUCTURE." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717883/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">2A, C, E, H</figureCitation>
|
||
). THE SEMI-CIRCULARHEADSHIELDOF
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="WITH ROUNDED GENAL ANGLES IS VERY SIMILAR TO THE" box="[1088,1169,1824,1843]" genus="Kylinxia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1088,1169,1824,1843]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">Kylinxia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
WITHROUNDEDGENALANGLESISVERY SIMILARTOTHEHEADOFTHEMEGACHEIRAN
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1195,1314,1853,1872]" class="Megacheira" family="Megacheira incertae sedis" genus="Haikoucaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megacheira incertae sedis" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1195,1314,1853,1872]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">HaikouCariS</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Chen, J. & Waloszek, D. & Maas, A." box="[1315,1328,1849,1862]" journalOrPublisher="Lethaia" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" pagination="3 - 20" part="37" refId="ref5316" refString="14. Chen, J., Waloszek, D. & Maas, A. A new ' great-appendage' arthropod from the Lower Cambrian of China and homology of chelicerate chelicerae and raptorial antero-ventral appendages. Lethaia 37, 3 - 20 (2004)." title="A new ' great-appendage' arthropod from the Lower Cambrian of China and homology of chelicerate chelicerae and raptorial antero-ventral appendages" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[1315,1328,1849,1862]" fontSize="5" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">14</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(‘HS’
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1375,1460,1852,1873]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[106,137,1054,1071]" captionTargetId="figure-576@1.[634,944,562,792]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig.1 |Anatomy ofKylinxiazhangi from the earlyCambrian Chengjiang biota. a, NIGP 171304A.BOXED REGIONSARESHOWN INc, d, g. b, YLSNHM 01124. BOXED REGIONS ARESHOWN IN e, f, h. THE REGIONWITH ADASHED OUTLINEIS SHOWN IN FIG.2G.c,HEAD REGION INa. THEREGION WITHA DASHEDOUTLINE IS SHOWN INFIG.2I. d, e,TRUNK APPENDAGESFROM a, b, RESPECTIVELY.f, DIFFERENTIATED APPENDAGES FROM b. g, h, POSTERIORBODY REGION FROMa, b, RESPECTIVELY.ARROWHEADS INDICATE ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANES BETWEEN ENDOPODITEPODOMERES.SCALEBARS,10 MM" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717881/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">INFIG.1C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[106,137,1357,1374]" captionTargetBox="[348,1255,132,1333]" captionTargetId="figure-291@2.[348,803,728,1032]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.2 |Comparative anatomy ofhead structures inKylinxia zhangi, Opabiniaregalis, radiodonts andmegacheirans. a, b, O. regaliS. a, USNM (NATIONAL MUSEUMOF NATURAL HISTORY)155600B,HEAD REGION.b, USNM205258, EYES.c, K.Zhangi, NIGP 171305B,HEAD REGION ANDEYES.d–f, RADIODONTS. d, AnOmalOCariS SP.,ELRC (EARLYLIFE RESEARCH CENTRE) 20001A,HEAD REGION. e, f, ENDITES OF RADIODONTFRONTAL APPENDAGES.e, RamSkOeldia COnSimiliS, NIGP 162527A.f, ParanOmalOCariS multiSegmentaliS, NIGP 154564B.g–i, K.Zhangi. g, YLSNHM 01124,HEAD REGION INFIG.1B.THE BOXEDREGION IS SHOWN INh. h, i, ENDITES OF THE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGES.h, YLSNHM 01124,ENDITES FROM g. i, NIGP 171305A,ENDITE FROM FIG.1C. j–m, MEGACHEIRANS.j, HaikOuCariS erCaienSiS, NIGP EC44154A,HEAD REGION.k–m,ENDITES OF MEGACHEIRANGREAT APPENDAGES.NOTE THENUMEROUS AUXILIARY SPINES ON THEENDITES.k, H. erCaienSiS, NIGP 171309.l, FOrtifOrCepSfOliOSa, NIGP 169954.m, ParapeytOia yunnanenSiS, NIGP 171310.ARROWHEADS INDICATE AUXILIARY SPINES.SCALE BARS, 5 MM (d), 2 MM(a, g, j), 1MM (b, c, e, h, m), 200 ΜM(f, i, k, l). AM,ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANE;DC,DISTAL CLAW;DF,DIFFERENTIATEDFLAPS;DS,DORSAL SCLERITE;ED,ENDITE ONDISTAL ARTICULATEDPODOMERE;F,BODYFLAP;GA,GREATAPPENDAGE;HD,HEAD; HR,MARGINAL RIMOF HEAD SHIELD;IE,INNER EYE;LE,LATERAL EYE;MO,MOUTHOPENING; MS,MAIN SPINE;OE,OUTER EYE;PB,PROBOSCIS.OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AS INFIG.1. NUMBERSREFER TOTHE TOPOLOGICAL POSITION OF THE CORRESPONDINGSTRUCTURE." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717883/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">2G, J</figureCitation>
|
||
AND EXTENDEDDATA
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1019,1117,1881,1902]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[106,137,1054,1071]" captionTargetId="figure-576@1.[634,944,562,792]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig.1 |Anatomy ofKylinxiazhangi from the earlyCambrian Chengjiang biota. a, NIGP 171304A.BOXED REGIONSARESHOWN INc, d, g. b, YLSNHM 01124. BOXED REGIONS ARESHOWN IN e, f, h. THE REGIONWITH ADASHED OUTLINEIS SHOWN IN FIG.2G.c,HEAD REGION INa. THEREGION WITHA DASHEDOUTLINE IS SHOWN INFIG.2I. d, e,TRUNK APPENDAGESFROM a, b, RESPECTIVELY.f, DIFFERENTIATED APPENDAGES FROM b. g, h, POSTERIORBODY REGION FROMa, b, RESPECTIVELY.ARROWHEADS INDICATE ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANES BETWEEN ENDOPODITEPODOMERES.SCALEBARS,10 MM" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717881/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">FIGS. 1D, E</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1124,1183,1881,1901]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[106,137,1357,1374]" captionTargetBox="[348,1255,132,1333]" captionTargetId="figure-291@2.[348,803,728,1032]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.2 |Comparative anatomy ofhead structures inKylinxia zhangi, Opabiniaregalis, radiodonts andmegacheirans. a, b, O. regaliS. a, USNM (NATIONAL MUSEUMOF NATURAL HISTORY)155600B,HEAD REGION.b, USNM205258, EYES.c, K.Zhangi, NIGP 171305B,HEAD REGION ANDEYES.d–f, RADIODONTS. d, AnOmalOCariS SP.,ELRC (EARLYLIFE RESEARCH CENTRE) 20001A,HEAD REGION. e, f, ENDITES OF RADIODONTFRONTAL APPENDAGES.e, RamSkOeldia COnSimiliS, NIGP 162527A.f, ParanOmalOCariS multiSegmentaliS, NIGP 154564B.g–i, K.Zhangi. g, YLSNHM 01124,HEAD REGION INFIG.1B.THE BOXEDREGION IS SHOWN INh. h, i, ENDITES OF THE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGES.h, YLSNHM 01124,ENDITES FROM g. i, NIGP 171305A,ENDITE FROM FIG.1C. j–m, MEGACHEIRANS.j, HaikOuCariS erCaienSiS, NIGP EC44154A,HEAD REGION.k–m,ENDITES OF MEGACHEIRANGREAT APPENDAGES.NOTE THENUMEROUS AUXILIARY SPINES ON THEENDITES.k, H. erCaienSiS, NIGP 171309.l, FOrtifOrCepSfOliOSa, NIGP 169954.m, ParapeytOia yunnanenSiS, NIGP 171310.ARROWHEADS INDICATE AUXILIARY SPINES.SCALE BARS, 5 MM (d), 2 MM(a, g, j), 1MM (b, c, e, h, m), 200 ΜM(f, i, k, l). AM,ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANE;DC,DISTAL CLAW;DF,DIFFERENTIATEDFLAPS;DS,DORSAL SCLERITE;ED,ENDITE ONDISTAL ARTICULATEDPODOMERE;F,BODYFLAP;GA,GREATAPPENDAGE;HD,HEAD; HR,MARGINAL RIMOF HEAD SHIELD;IE,INNER EYE;LE,LATERAL EYE;MO,MOUTHOPENING; MS,MAIN SPINE;OE,OUTER EYE;PB,PROBOSCIS.OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AS INFIG.1. NUMBERSREFER TOTHE TOPOLOGICAL POSITION OF THE CORRESPONDINGSTRUCTURE." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717883/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">2D, F, I</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1193,1245,1881,1901]" captionStart="Extended" captionStartId="10.[106,195,1640,1656]" captionTargetBox="[248,1355,133,1616]" captionTargetId="figure-3@10.[248,1355,131,1616]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="ExtendedData Fig.4 |Drawingsof thehead regionin Kylinxia and comparison offrontalmost appendages in Kylinxia andAnomalocaris. a–g, K.Zhangi. a–e, CAMERALUCIDA DRAWINGSOF HEAD REGIONS,SEE COLOURS OF DIFFERENT ANATOMICALSTRUCTURES AT THE BOTTOM.a, YLSNHM 01124,AS IN FIG.2G. b, NIGP 171304A,AS IN EXTENDED DATAFIG.2D. c, NIGP 171307A,AS IN EXTENDED DATA FIG.2F.d, NIGP 171305A,AS IN EXTENDEDDATA FIG.2B.e, NIGP 171308,AS IN EXTENDED DATA FIG.2I. f, g, FRONTALMOST APPENDAGES OF Kylinxia. f, YLSNHM 01124.g, NIGP 171304A.h–k, FRONTAL APPENDAGESOF AnOmalOCariS CanadenSiS. h,i, FULLAPPENDAGES.h, GSC 75535.i, ROMIP 51212.j, k, SHAFT REGION.j, ROMIP 51215.k,ROMIP 59947.ABBREVIATIONS AS IN FIGS.1, 2 ANDEXTENDED DATA FIG.2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717896" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717896/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">4A–E</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1252,1280,1881,1901]" captionStart="Extended" captionStartId="13.[106,194,1645,1661]" captionTargetId="figure-7@13.[248,1355,131,1620]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Extended Data Fig.7 | Frontalmost appendages of Cambrian megacheirans, isoxyids and artiopodans. a–i, GREAT APPENDAGESOF MEGACHEIRANS.a, d, HaikOuCariS erCaienSiS, NIGP 171309.a, WHOLE SPECIMEN. d, GREAT APPENDAGEIN a.b, e,FOrtifOrCepS fOliOSa,NIGP 169954.b, WHOLE SPECIMEN.e, GREAT APPENDAGEIN b. c, f, g, YOhOia tenuiS, USNM179053.c, WHOLE SPECIMEN.f, GREATAPPENDAGE INc. g, ENDITES IN f, ARROWHEADS INDICATE AUXILIARY SPINES.h, i,ParapeytOia yunnanenSiS, NIGP 171310.h, GREATAPPENDAGE. i, ENDITE SHOWING AUXILIARY SPINES INh. j–q, FRONTALMOST APPENDAGESSHOWING" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717904" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717904/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">7A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="HAS UP TO" authorityName="HAS UP TO" box="[1293,1375,1882,1901]" genus="Kylinxia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1293,1375,1882,1901]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">Kylinxia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
HASUP TO 25 TRUNK TERGITES (‘T1’–‘T25’IN
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1074,1159,1910,1931]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[106,137,1054,1071]" captionTargetId="figure-576@1.[634,944,562,792]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig.1 |Anatomy ofKylinxiazhangi from the earlyCambrian Chengjiang biota. a, NIGP 171304A.BOXED REGIONSARESHOWN INc, d, g. b, YLSNHM 01124. BOXED REGIONS ARESHOWN IN e, f, h. THE REGIONWITH ADASHED OUTLINEIS SHOWN IN FIG.2G.c,HEAD REGION INa. THEREGION WITHA DASHEDOUTLINE IS SHOWN INFIG.2I. d, e,TRUNK APPENDAGESFROM a, b, RESPECTIVELY.f, DIFFERENTIATED APPENDAGES FROM b. g, h, POSTERIORBODY REGION FROMa, b, RESPECTIVELY.ARROWHEADS INDICATE ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANES BETWEEN ENDOPODITEPODOMERES.SCALEBARS,10 MM" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717881/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">FIG. 1A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
AND EXTENDEDDATA
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1355,1416,1910,1931]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[106,137,1054,1071]" captionTargetId="figure-576@1.[634,944,562,792]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig.1 |Anatomy ofKylinxiazhangi from the earlyCambrian Chengjiang biota. a, NIGP 171304A.BOXED REGIONSARESHOWN INc, d, g. b, YLSNHM 01124. BOXED REGIONS ARESHOWN IN e, f, h. THE REGIONWITH ADASHED OUTLINEIS SHOWN IN FIG.2G.c,HEAD REGION INa. THEREGION WITHA DASHEDOUTLINE IS SHOWN INFIG.2I. d, e,TRUNK APPENDAGESFROM a, b, RESPECTIVELY.f, DIFFERENTIATED APPENDAGES FROM b. g, h, POSTERIORBODY REGION FROMa, b, RESPECTIVELY.ARROWHEADS INDICATE ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANES BETWEEN ENDOPODITEPODOMERES.SCALEBARS,10 MM" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717881/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">FIGS. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[106,137,1357,1374]" captionTargetBox="[348,1255,132,1333]" captionTargetId="figure-291@2.[348,803,728,1032]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.2 |Comparative anatomy ofhead structures inKylinxia zhangi, Opabiniaregalis, radiodonts andmegacheirans. a, b, O. regaliS. a, USNM (NATIONAL MUSEUMOF NATURAL HISTORY)155600B,HEAD REGION.b, USNM205258, EYES.c, K.Zhangi, NIGP 171305B,HEAD REGION ANDEYES.d–f, RADIODONTS. d, AnOmalOCariS SP.,ELRC (EARLYLIFE RESEARCH CENTRE) 20001A,HEAD REGION. e, f, ENDITES OF RADIODONTFRONTAL APPENDAGES.e, RamSkOeldia COnSimiliS, NIGP 162527A.f, ParanOmalOCariS multiSegmentaliS, NIGP 154564B.g–i, K.Zhangi. g, YLSNHM 01124,HEAD REGION INFIG.1B.THE BOXEDREGION IS SHOWN INh. h, i, ENDITES OF THE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGES.h, YLSNHM 01124,ENDITES FROM g. i, NIGP 171305A,ENDITE FROM FIG.1C. j–m, MEGACHEIRANS.j, HaikOuCariS erCaienSiS, NIGP EC44154A,HEAD REGION.k–m,ENDITES OF MEGACHEIRANGREAT APPENDAGES.NOTE THENUMEROUS AUXILIARY SPINES ON THEENDITES.k, H. erCaienSiS, NIGP 171309.l, FOrtifOrCepSfOliOSa, NIGP 169954.m, ParapeytOia yunnanenSiS, NIGP 171310.ARROWHEADS INDICATE AUXILIARY SPINES.SCALE BARS, 5 MM (d), 2 MM(a, g, j), 1MM (b, c, e, h, m), 200 ΜM(f, i, k, l). AM,ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANE;DC,DISTAL CLAW;DF,DIFFERENTIATEDFLAPS;DS,DORSAL SCLERITE;ED,ENDITE ONDISTAL ARTICULATEDPODOMERE;F,BODYFLAP;GA,GREATAPPENDAGE;HD,HEAD; HR,MARGINAL RIMOF HEAD SHIELD;IE,INNER EYE;LE,LATERAL EYE;MO,MOUTHOPENING; MS,MAIN SPINE;OE,OUTER EYE;PB,PROBOSCIS.OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AS INFIG.1. NUMBERSREFER TOTHE TOPOLOGICAL POSITION OF THE CORRESPONDINGSTRUCTURE." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717883/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">2A, C, E, H</figureCitation>
|
||
), WHICHFALLSWITHINTHE RANGEOF 20–33 TERGITESIN ‘MULTI-SEGMENTED’ MEGACHEIRANSINCLUDING
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1070,1197,1968,1987]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">Sklerolibyon</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="AND" authorityName="Hou" authorityYear="1987" box="[1208,1313,1968,1987]" genus="Jianfengia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1208,1313,1968,1987]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">Jianfengia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
AND
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hou & Bergstrom" authorityYear="1997" box="[1360,1483,1968,1987]" class="Megacheira" family="Fortiforcipidae" genus="Fortiforceps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Fortiforcipida" pageId="1" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1360,1483,1968,1987]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">FortiforCepS</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Aria, C. & Zhao, F. & Zeng, H. & Guo, J. & Zhu, M." box="[1483,1497,1964,1977]" journalOrPublisher="BMC Evol. Biol." pageId="1" pageNumber="102" pagination="4" part="20" refId="ref5527" refString="19. Aria, C., Zhao, F., Zeng, H., Guo, J. & Zhu, M. Fossils from South China redefine the ancestral euarthropod body plan. BMC Evol. Biol. 20, 4 (2020)." title="Fossils from South China redefine the ancestral euarthropod body plan" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[1483,1497,1964,1977]" fontSize="5" pageId="1" pageNumber="102">19</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717883" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4717883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717883/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="103" startId="2.[106,137,1357,1374]" targetBox="[348,1255,132,1333]" targetPageId="2">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[106,778,1356,1614]" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">
|
||
Fig.2 |Comparativeanatomyofheadstructuresin
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="zhangi" authorityName="Zhangi" box="[562,704,1356,1374]" genus="Kylinxia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[562,704,1356,1374]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">Kylinxiazhangi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[106,256,1383,1401]" class="Dinocaridida" family="Opabiniidae" genus="Opabinia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Radiodonta" pageId="2" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[106,256,1383,1401]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">Opabiniaregalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, radiodontsandmegacheirans. a, b,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[587,601,1384,1401]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">O</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[609,667,1384,1401]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">regaliS</emphasis>
|
||
. a, USNM (NATIONALMUSEUMOFNATURALHISTORY)155600B,HEADREGION.b, USNM205258, EYES.c,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[171,249,1437,1454]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">K.zhangi</emphasis>
|
||
, NIGP 171305B,HEADREGIONANDEYES.d–f, RADIODONTS.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">
|
||
d,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="SP., ELRC" authorityName="SP., ELRC" box="[126,328,1463,1481]" class="Dinocaridida" family="Anomalocarididae" genus="Anomalocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Radiodonta" pageId="2" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[126,246,1464,1481]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">AnomaloCariS</emphasis>
|
||
SP.,ELRC
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(EARLYLIFERESEARCHCENTRE) 20001A,HEADREGION. e, f, ENDITESOFRADIODONTFRONTALAPPENDAGES.e,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="COnSimiliS" authorityName="a.l.Cong" authorityYear="2018" box="[516,718,1490,1507]" class="Dinocaridida" family="Amplectobeluidae" genus="Ramskoeldia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Radiodonta" pageId="2" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[516,718,1490,1507]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">RamSkoeldia ConSimiliS</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, NIGP 162527A.f,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Wang, Huang & Hu" authorityYear="2013" box="[198,499,1517,1534]" class="Dinocaridida" family="Anomalocarida (awaiting allocation)" genus="Paranomalocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Radiodonta" pageId="2" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[198,499,1517,1534]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">ParanomaloCariSmultiSegmentaliS</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, NIGP 154564B.g–i,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[672,751,1517,1534]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">K. zhangi</emphasis>
|
||
. g, YLSNHM 01124,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[265,446,1543,1561]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[106,137,1054,1071]" captionTargetId="figure-576@1.[634,944,562,792]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig.1 |Anatomy ofKylinxiazhangi from the earlyCambrian Chengjiang biota. a, NIGP 171304A.BOXED REGIONSARESHOWN INc, d, g. b, YLSNHM 01124. BOXED REGIONS ARESHOWN IN e, f, h. THE REGIONWITH ADASHED OUTLINEIS SHOWN IN FIG.2G.c,HEAD REGION INa. THEREGION WITHA DASHEDOUTLINE IS SHOWN INFIG.2I. d, e,TRUNK APPENDAGESFROM a, b, RESPECTIVELY.f, DIFFERENTIATED APPENDAGES FROM b. g, h, POSTERIORBODY REGION FROMa, b, RESPECTIVELY.ARROWHEADS INDICATE ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANES BETWEEN ENDOPODITEPODOMERES.SCALEBARS,10 MM" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717881/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">HEADREGIONINFIG.1B</figureCitation>
|
||
.THEBOXEDREGIONISSHOWNIN h. h, i, ENDITESOFTHEFRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGES.h, YLSNHM 01124,ENDITESFROM g. i, NIGP 171305A,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[245,445,1596,1614]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[106,137,1054,1071]" captionTargetId="figure-576@1.[634,944,562,792]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig.1 |Anatomy ofKylinxiazhangi from the earlyCambrian Chengjiang biota. a, NIGP 171304A.BOXED REGIONSARESHOWN INc, d, g. b, YLSNHM 01124. BOXED REGIONS ARESHOWN IN e, f, h. THE REGIONWITH ADASHED OUTLINEIS SHOWN IN FIG.2G.c,HEAD REGION INa. THEREGION WITHA DASHEDOUTLINE IS SHOWN INFIG.2I. d, e,TRUNK APPENDAGESFROM a, b, RESPECTIVELY.f, DIFFERENTIATED APPENDAGES FROM b. g, h, POSTERIORBODY REGION FROMa, b, RESPECTIVELY.ARROWHEADS INDICATE ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANES BETWEEN ENDOPODITEPODOMERES.SCALEBARS,10 MM" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717881/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">ENDITEFROMFIG.1C. j–m</figureCitation>
|
||
, MEGACHEIRANS.j,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[599,703,1597,1614]" class="Megacheira" family="Megacheira incertae sedis" genus="Haikoucaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Megacheira incertae sedis" pageId="2" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[599,703,1597,1614]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">HaikouCariS</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[816,1497,1356,1614]" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[816,902,1357,1374]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">erCaienSiS</emphasis>
|
||
, NIGPEC44154A,HEAD REGION.k–m,ENDITES OFMEGACHEIRANGREAT APPENDAGES.NOTETHENUMEROUS AUXILIARYSPINESONTHEENDITES.k,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1389,1402,1384,1400]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">H</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[816,902,1411,1428]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">erCaienSiS</emphasis>
|
||
, NIGP 171309.l,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hou & Bergstrom" authorityYear="1997" box="[1041,1204,1410,1427]" class="Megacheira" family="Fortiforcipidae" genus="Fortiforceps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Fortiforcipida" pageId="2" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1041,1204,1410,1427]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">FortiforCepSfolioSa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, NIGP 169954.m,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="yunnanenSiS" class="Dinocaridida" family="Anomalocarididae" genus="Parapeytoia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Radiodonta" pageId="2" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">Parapeytoia yunnanenSiS</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, NIGP 171310.ARROWHEADSINDICATEAUXILIARY SPINES.SCALEBARS, 5 MM (d), 2 MM(a, g, j), 1MM (b, c, e, h, m), 200 ΜM(f, i, k, l). AM,ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANE;DC,DISTAL CLAW;DF,DIFFERENTIATEDFLAPS;DS,DORSAL SCLERITE;ED,ENDITE ONDISTALARTICULATEDPODOMERE;F,BODYFLAP;GA,GREATAPPENDAGE;HD,HEAD; HR,MARGINALRIMOFHEADSHIELD;IE,INNEREYE;LE,LATERAL EYE;MO,MOUTHOPENING; MS,MAIN SPINE;OE,OUTEREYE;PB,PROBOSCIS.OTHERABBREVIATIONS
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1376,1459,1569,1588]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[106,137,1054,1071]" captionTargetId="figure-576@1.[634,944,562,792]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig.1 |Anatomy ofKylinxiazhangi from the earlyCambrian Chengjiang biota. a, NIGP 171304A.BOXED REGIONSARESHOWN INc, d, g. b, YLSNHM 01124. BOXED REGIONS ARESHOWN IN e, f, h. THE REGIONWITH ADASHED OUTLINEIS SHOWN IN FIG.2G.c,HEAD REGION INa. THEREGION WITHA DASHEDOUTLINE IS SHOWN INFIG.2I. d, e,TRUNK APPENDAGESFROM a, b, RESPECTIVELY.f, DIFFERENTIATED APPENDAGES FROM b. g, h, POSTERIORBODY REGION FROMa, b, RESPECTIVELY.ARROWHEADS INDICATE ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANES BETWEEN ENDOPODITEPODOMERES.SCALEBARS,10 MM" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717881/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">ASINFIG.1</figureCitation>
|
||
. NUMBERSREFERTOTHETOPOLOGICALPOSITIONOFTHECORRESPONDINGSTRUCTURE.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[105,787,1680,1988]" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[111,342,1680,1701]" captionStart="Extended" captionStartId="13.[106,194,1645,1661]" captionTargetId="figure-7@13.[248,1355,131,1620]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Extended Data Fig.7 | Frontalmost appendages of Cambrian megacheirans, isoxyids and artiopodans. a–i, GREAT APPENDAGESOF MEGACHEIRANS.a, d, HaikOuCariS erCaienSiS, NIGP 171309.a, WHOLE SPECIMEN. d, GREAT APPENDAGEIN a.b, e,FOrtifOrCepS fOliOSa,NIGP 169954.b, WHOLE SPECIMEN.e, GREAT APPENDAGEIN b. c, f, g, YOhOia tenuiS, USNM179053.c, WHOLE SPECIMEN.f, GREATAPPENDAGE INc. g, ENDITES IN f, ARROWHEADS INDICATE AUXILIARY SPINES.h, i,ParapeytOia yunnanenSiS, NIGP 171310.h, GREATAPPENDAGE. i, ENDITE SHOWING AUXILIARY SPINES INh. j–q, FRONTALMOST APPENDAGESSHOWING" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717904" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717904/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">EXTENDEDDATAFIG. 7B</figureCitation>
|
||
). ALTHOUGHAPYGIDIUMTHATCOVERSMULTIPLE APPENDAGES IN
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="IS CHARACTERISTIC OF ARTIOPODANS" authorityName="IS CHARACTERISTIC OF ARTIOPODANS" box="[265,351,1710,1729]" genus="Kylinxia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[265,351,1710,1729]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">Kylinxia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
IS CHARACTERISTIC OF ARTIOPODANS
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hou, X. et al." box="[687,701,1706,1719]" journalOrPublisher="John Wiley & Sons" pageId="2" pageNumber="103" refId="ref5492" refString="18. Hou, X. et al. The Cambrian Fossils of Chengjiang, China: The Flowering of Early Animal Life 2 nd edn (John Wiley & Sons, 2017)." title="The Cambrian Fossils of Chengjiang, China: The Flowering of Early Animal Life 2 nd edn" type="book" year="2017">
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[687,701,1706,1719]" fontSize="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">18</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
AND THE THREE-LOBED TAIL FANCOMPRISING A MIDDLE AND A PAIR OF LATERAL FLAPS OF
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="HAS FOUND COUNTERPARTS IN MEGACHEIRANS" box="[106,191,1767,1786]" genus="Kylinxia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[106,191,1767,1786]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">Kylinxia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
HASFOUND COUNTERPARTSIN MEGACHEIRANS
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Aria, C. & Zhao, F. & Zeng, H. & Guo, J. & Zhu, M." box="[617,630,1763,1776]" journalOrPublisher="BMC Evol. Biol." pageId="2" pageNumber="103" pagination="4" part="20" refId="ref5527" refString="19. Aria, C., Zhao, F., Zeng, H., Guo, J. & Zhu, M. Fossils from South China redefine the ancestral euarthropod body plan. BMC Evol. Biol. 20, 4 (2020)." title="Fossils from South China redefine the ancestral euarthropod body plan" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[617,630,1763,1776]" fontSize="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">19</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, FUXIANHUIIDS
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hou, X. et al." box="[772,786,1763,1776]" journalOrPublisher="John Wiley & Sons" pageId="2" pageNumber="103" refId="ref5492" refString="18. Hou, X. et al. The Cambrian Fossils of Chengjiang, China: The Flowering of Early Animal Life 2 nd edn (John Wiley & Sons, 2017)." title="The Cambrian Fossils of Chengjiang, China: The Flowering of Early Animal Life 2 nd edn" type="book" year="2017">
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[772,786,1763,1776]" fontSize="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">18</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
ANDHYMENOCARINES
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Legg, D. A. & Vannier, J." box="[302,313,1792,1805]" journalOrPublisher="Lethaia" pageId="2" pageNumber="103" pagination="540 - 550" part="46" refId="ref5453" refString="17. Legg, D. A. & Vannier, J. The affinities of the cosmopolitan arthropod Isoxys and its implications for the origin of arthropods. Lethaia 46, 540 - 550 (2013)." title="The affinities of the cosmopolitan arthropod Isoxys and its implications for the origin of arthropods" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[302,313,1792,1805]" fontSize="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">17</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, THEFUSEDPYGIDIUMARTICULATEDWITHATAILFANOF
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="IS UNIQUE AMONG CAMBRIAN EUARTHROPODS" box="[105,184,1824,1843]" genus="Kylinxia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[105,184,1824,1843]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">Kylinxia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ISUNIQUEAMONGCAMBRIAN EUARTHROPODS (‘PY’ AND ‘TF’
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[106,137,1054,1071]" captionTargetId="figure-576@1.[634,944,562,792]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig.1 |Anatomy ofKylinxiazhangi from the earlyCambrian Chengjiang biota. a, NIGP 171304A.BOXED REGIONSARESHOWN INc, d, g. b, YLSNHM 01124. BOXED REGIONS ARESHOWN IN e, f, h. THE REGIONWITH ADASHED OUTLINEIS SHOWN IN FIG.2G.c,HEAD REGION INa. THEREGION WITHA DASHEDOUTLINE IS SHOWN INFIG.2I. d, e,TRUNK APPENDAGESFROM a, b, RESPECTIVELY.f, DIFFERENTIATED APPENDAGES FROM b. g, h, POSTERIORBODY REGION FROMa, b, RESPECTIVELY.ARROWHEADS INDICATE ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANES BETWEEN ENDOPODITEPODOMERES.SCALEBARS,10 MM" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717881/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">INFIG.1G, HANDEXTENDEDDATAFIGS</figureCitation>
|
||
.1D,E,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[402,454,1853,1873]" captionStart="Extended" captionStartId="12.[106,195,1419,1435]" captionTargetBox="[248,1355,131,1394]" captionTargetId="figure-3@12.[248,1355,131,1394]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="ExtendedData Fig.6 |Morphological details oftrunk in Kylinxiazhangi. d, NIGP 171306.e–h, TAIL REGION.e, NIGP 171307A.f, NIGP 171308.g, NIGP a–d, SOFT TISSUEIN TRUNK.ARROWHEADS INDICATE PUTATIVEBIFURCATING NERVESINTO 171304A.h, YLSNHM 01124.i, MAGNIFICATIONOF THE TAIL FLAPS INg, SHOWINGSETAE. PAIREDTRUNK APPENDAGES.a, YLSNHM 01124.b, NIGP 171304A.c, NIGP 171305A. A,TRUNK APPENDAGE;ST,SETAE.OTHERABBREVIATIONS AS INFIGS.1, 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717902" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717902/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">6E–H</figureCitation>
|
||
).THETRUNKAPPENDAGESOF
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="ARE BIRAMOUS, COMPRISING AN ENDOPODITE OF AT LEAST SEVEN PODOMERES" box="[708,787,1853,1872]" genus="Kylinxia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[708,787,1853,1872]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">Kylinxia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
AREBIRAMOUS,COMPRISINGANENDOPODITEOF ATLEASTSEVENPODOMERES (‘EN’ AND ARROWHEADSIN
|
||
<figureCitation box="[336,690,1910,1931]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[106,137,1054,1071]" captionTargetId="figure-576@1.[634,944,562,792]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig.1 |Anatomy ofKylinxiazhangi from the earlyCambrian Chengjiang biota. a, NIGP 171304A.BOXED REGIONSARESHOWN INc, d, g. b, YLSNHM 01124. BOXED REGIONS ARESHOWN IN e, f, h. THE REGIONWITH ADASHED OUTLINEIS SHOWN IN FIG.2G.c,HEAD REGION INa. THEREGION WITHA DASHEDOUTLINE IS SHOWN INFIG.2I. d, e,TRUNK APPENDAGESFROM a, b, RESPECTIVELY.f, DIFFERENTIATED APPENDAGES FROM b. g, h, POSTERIORBODY REGION FROMa, b, RESPECTIVELY.ARROWHEADS INDICATE ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANES BETWEEN ENDOPODITEPODOMERES.SCALEBARS,10 MM" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717881/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">FIG. 1D, EANDEXTENDEDDATA FIGS.1D</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[698,747,1910,1930]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[106,137,1357,1374]" captionTargetBox="[348,1255,132,1333]" captionTargetId="figure-291@2.[348,803,728,1032]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.2 |Comparative anatomy ofhead structures inKylinxia zhangi, Opabiniaregalis, radiodonts andmegacheirans. a, b, O. regaliS. a, USNM (NATIONAL MUSEUMOF NATURAL HISTORY)155600B,HEAD REGION.b, USNM205258, EYES.c, K.Zhangi, NIGP 171305B,HEAD REGION ANDEYES.d–f, RADIODONTS. d, AnOmalOCariS SP.,ELRC (EARLYLIFE RESEARCH CENTRE) 20001A,HEAD REGION. e, f, ENDITES OF RADIODONTFRONTAL APPENDAGES.e, RamSkOeldia COnSimiliS, NIGP 162527A.f, ParanOmalOCariS multiSegmentaliS, NIGP 154564B.g–i, K.Zhangi. g, YLSNHM 01124,HEAD REGION INFIG.1B.THE BOXEDREGION IS SHOWN INh. h, i, ENDITES OF THE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGES.h, YLSNHM 01124,ENDITES FROM g. i, NIGP 171305A,ENDITE FROM FIG.1C. j–m, MEGACHEIRANS.j, HaikOuCariS erCaienSiS, NIGP EC44154A,HEAD REGION.k–m,ENDITES OF MEGACHEIRANGREAT APPENDAGES.NOTE THENUMEROUS AUXILIARY SPINES ON THEENDITES.k, H. erCaienSiS, NIGP 171309.l, FOrtifOrCepSfOliOSa, NIGP 169954.m, ParapeytOia yunnanenSiS, NIGP 171310.ARROWHEADS INDICATE AUXILIARY SPINES.SCALE BARS, 5 MM (d), 2 MM(a, g, j), 1MM (b, c, e, h, m), 200 ΜM(f, i, k, l). AM,ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANE;DC,DISTAL CLAW;DF,DIFFERENTIATEDFLAPS;DS,DORSAL SCLERITE;ED,ENDITE ONDISTAL ARTICULATEDPODOMERE;F,BODYFLAP;GA,GREATAPPENDAGE;HD,HEAD; HR,MARGINAL RIMOF HEAD SHIELD;IE,INNER EYE;LE,LATERAL EYE;MO,MOUTHOPENING; MS,MAIN SPINE;OE,OUTER EYE;PB,PROBOSCIS.OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AS INFIG.1. NUMBERSREFER TOTHE TOPOLOGICAL POSITION OF THE CORRESPONDINGSTRUCTURE." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717883/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">2C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[754,780,1910,1930]" captionStart="Extended" captionStartId="10.[106,195,1640,1656]" captionTargetBox="[248,1355,133,1616]" captionTargetId="figure-3@10.[248,1355,131,1616]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="ExtendedData Fig.4 |Drawingsof thehead regionin Kylinxia and comparison offrontalmost appendages in Kylinxia andAnomalocaris. a–g, K.Zhangi. a–e, CAMERALUCIDA DRAWINGSOF HEAD REGIONS,SEE COLOURS OF DIFFERENT ANATOMICALSTRUCTURES AT THE BOTTOM.a, YLSNHM 01124,AS IN FIG.2G. b, NIGP 171304A,AS IN EXTENDED DATAFIG.2D. c, NIGP 171307A,AS IN EXTENDED DATA FIG.2F.d, NIGP 171305A,AS IN EXTENDEDDATA FIG.2B.e, NIGP 171308,AS IN EXTENDED DATA FIG.2I. f, g, FRONTALMOST APPENDAGES OF Kylinxia. f, YLSNHM 01124.g, NIGP 171304A.h–k, FRONTAL APPENDAGESOF AnOmalOCariS CanadenSiS. h,i, FULLAPPENDAGES.h, GSC 75535.i, ROMIP 51212.j, k, SHAFT REGION.j, ROMIP 51215.k,ROMIP 59947.ABBREVIATIONS AS IN FIGS.1, 2 ANDEXTENDED DATA FIG.2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717896" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717896/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">4A</figureCitation>
|
||
) AND ANOVALEXOPODITEFLAPFRINGEDWITHLONGLAMELLAE (‘EX’
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[106,137,1054,1071]" captionTargetId="figure-576@1.[634,944,562,792]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig.1 |Anatomy ofKylinxiazhangi from the earlyCambrian Chengjiang biota. a, NIGP 171304A.BOXED REGIONSARESHOWN INc, d, g. b, YLSNHM 01124. BOXED REGIONS ARESHOWN IN e, f, h. THE REGIONWITH ADASHED OUTLINEIS SHOWN IN FIG.2G.c,HEAD REGION INa. THEREGION WITHA DASHEDOUTLINE IS SHOWN INFIG.2I. d, e,TRUNK APPENDAGESFROM a, b, RESPECTIVELY.f, DIFFERENTIATED APPENDAGES FROM b. g, h, POSTERIORBODY REGION FROMa, b, RESPECTIVELY.ARROWHEADS INDICATE ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANES BETWEEN ENDOPODITEPODOMERES.SCALEBARS,10 MM" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717881/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">INFIG.1D, G, H</figureCitation>
|
||
AND EXTENDED DATA
|
||
<figureCitation box="[319,417,1967,1988]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[106,137,1054,1071]" captionTargetId="figure-576@1.[634,944,562,792]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig.1 |Anatomy ofKylinxiazhangi from the earlyCambrian Chengjiang biota. a, NIGP 171304A.BOXED REGIONSARESHOWN INc, d, g. b, YLSNHM 01124. BOXED REGIONS ARESHOWN IN e, f, h. THE REGIONWITH ADASHED OUTLINEIS SHOWN IN FIG.2G.c,HEAD REGION INa. THEREGION WITHA DASHEDOUTLINE IS SHOWN INFIG.2I. d, e,TRUNK APPENDAGESFROM a, b, RESPECTIVELY.f, DIFFERENTIATED APPENDAGES FROM b. g, h, POSTERIORBODY REGION FROMa, b, RESPECTIVELY.ARROWHEADS INDICATE ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANES BETWEEN ENDOPODITEPODOMERES.SCALEBARS,10 MM" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717881/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">FIGS. 1D, E</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[425,447,1967,1987]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[106,137,1357,1374]" captionTargetBox="[348,1255,132,1333]" captionTargetId="figure-291@2.[348,803,728,1032]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.2 |Comparative anatomy ofhead structures inKylinxia zhangi, Opabiniaregalis, radiodonts andmegacheirans. a, b, O. regaliS. a, USNM (NATIONAL MUSEUMOF NATURAL HISTORY)155600B,HEAD REGION.b, USNM205258, EYES.c, K.Zhangi, NIGP 171305B,HEAD REGION ANDEYES.d–f, RADIODONTS. d, AnOmalOCariS SP.,ELRC (EARLYLIFE RESEARCH CENTRE) 20001A,HEAD REGION. e, f, ENDITES OF RADIODONTFRONTAL APPENDAGES.e, RamSkOeldia COnSimiliS, NIGP 162527A.f, ParanOmalOCariS multiSegmentaliS, NIGP 154564B.g–i, K.Zhangi. g, YLSNHM 01124,HEAD REGION INFIG.1B.THE BOXEDREGION IS SHOWN INh. h, i, ENDITES OF THE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGES.h, YLSNHM 01124,ENDITES FROM g. i, NIGP 171305A,ENDITE FROM FIG.1C. j–m, MEGACHEIRANS.j, HaikOuCariS erCaienSiS, NIGP EC44154A,HEAD REGION.k–m,ENDITES OF MEGACHEIRANGREAT APPENDAGES.NOTE THENUMEROUS AUXILIARY SPINES ON THEENDITES.k, H. erCaienSiS, NIGP 171309.l, FOrtifOrCepSfOliOSa, NIGP 169954.m, ParapeytOia yunnanenSiS, NIGP 171310.ARROWHEADS INDICATE AUXILIARY SPINES.SCALE BARS, 5 MM (d), 2 MM(a, g, j), 1MM (b, c, e, h, m), 200 ΜM(f, i, k, l). AM,ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANE;DC,DISTAL CLAW;DF,DIFFERENTIATEDFLAPS;DS,DORSAL SCLERITE;ED,ENDITE ONDISTAL ARTICULATEDPODOMERE;F,BODYFLAP;GA,GREATAPPENDAGE;HD,HEAD; HR,MARGINAL RIMOF HEAD SHIELD;IE,INNER EYE;LE,LATERAL EYE;MO,MOUTHOPENING; MS,MAIN SPINE;OE,OUTER EYE;PB,PROBOSCIS.OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AS INFIG.1. NUMBERSREFER TOTHE TOPOLOGICAL POSITION OF THE CORRESPONDINGSTRUCTURE." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717883/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">2F</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[455,483,1967,1987]" captionStart="Extended" captionStartId="10.[106,195,1640,1656]" captionTargetBox="[248,1355,133,1616]" captionTargetId="figure-3@10.[248,1355,131,1616]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="ExtendedData Fig.4 |Drawingsof thehead regionin Kylinxia and comparison offrontalmost appendages in Kylinxia andAnomalocaris. a–g, K.Zhangi. a–e, CAMERALUCIDA DRAWINGSOF HEAD REGIONS,SEE COLOURS OF DIFFERENT ANATOMICALSTRUCTURES AT THE BOTTOM.a, YLSNHM 01124,AS IN FIG.2G. b, NIGP 171304A,AS IN EXTENDED DATAFIG.2D. c, NIGP 171307A,AS IN EXTENDED DATA FIG.2F.d, NIGP 171305A,AS IN EXTENDEDDATA FIG.2B.e, NIGP 171308,AS IN EXTENDED DATA FIG.2I. f, g, FRONTALMOST APPENDAGES OF Kylinxia. f, YLSNHM 01124.g, NIGP 171304A.h–k, FRONTAL APPENDAGESOF AnOmalOCariS CanadenSiS. h,i, FULLAPPENDAGES.h, GSC 75535.i, ROMIP 51212.j, k, SHAFT REGION.j, ROMIP 51215.k,ROMIP 59947.ABBREVIATIONS AS IN FIGS.1, 2 ANDEXTENDED DATA FIG.2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717896" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717896/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">4C</figureCitation>
|
||
). THE POST-ORAL APPENDAGES IN
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[815,1497,1680,1988]" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="ARE HOMONOMOUS, EXCEPT THAT THE ANTERIORMOST FOUR" box="[816,897,1681,1700]" genus="Kylinxia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[816,897,1681,1700]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">Kylinxia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
AREHOMONOMOUS,EXCEPTTHATTHEANTERIORMOSTFOURAPPEND- AGE PAIRS (TWO IN THEHEAD ANDTWOIN THE TRUNK) AREDIFFERENTIATED AND SMALLER (‘DA’
|
||
<figureCitation box="[938,1049,1738,1759]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[106,137,1054,1071]" captionTargetId="figure-576@1.[634,944,562,792]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig.1 |Anatomy ofKylinxiazhangi from the earlyCambrian Chengjiang biota. a, NIGP 171304A.BOXED REGIONSARESHOWN INc, d, g. b, YLSNHM 01124. BOXED REGIONS ARESHOWN IN e, f, h. THE REGIONWITH ADASHED OUTLINEIS SHOWN IN FIG.2G.c,HEAD REGION INa. THEREGION WITHA DASHEDOUTLINE IS SHOWN INFIG.2I. d, e,TRUNK APPENDAGESFROM a, b, RESPECTIVELY.f, DIFFERENTIATED APPENDAGES FROM b. g, h, POSTERIORBODY REGION FROMa, b, RESPECTIVELY.ARROWHEADS INDICATE ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANES BETWEEN ENDOPODITEPODOMERES.SCALEBARS,10 MM" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717881/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">INFIGS.1C,F</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1055,1315,1738,1759]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[106,137,1357,1374]" captionTargetBox="[348,1255,132,1333]" captionTargetId="figure-291@2.[348,803,728,1032]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.2 |Comparative anatomy ofhead structures inKylinxia zhangi, Opabiniaregalis, radiodonts andmegacheirans. a, b, O. regaliS. a, USNM (NATIONAL MUSEUMOF NATURAL HISTORY)155600B,HEAD REGION.b, USNM205258, EYES.c, K.Zhangi, NIGP 171305B,HEAD REGION ANDEYES.d–f, RADIODONTS. d, AnOmalOCariS SP.,ELRC (EARLYLIFE RESEARCH CENTRE) 20001A,HEAD REGION. e, f, ENDITES OF RADIODONTFRONTAL APPENDAGES.e, RamSkOeldia COnSimiliS, NIGP 162527A.f, ParanOmalOCariS multiSegmentaliS, NIGP 154564B.g–i, K.Zhangi. g, YLSNHM 01124,HEAD REGION INFIG.1B.THE BOXEDREGION IS SHOWN INh. h, i, ENDITES OF THE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGES.h, YLSNHM 01124,ENDITES FROM g. i, NIGP 171305A,ENDITE FROM FIG.1C. j–m, MEGACHEIRANS.j, HaikOuCariS erCaienSiS, NIGP EC44154A,HEAD REGION.k–m,ENDITES OF MEGACHEIRANGREAT APPENDAGES.NOTE THENUMEROUS AUXILIARY SPINES ON THEENDITES.k, H. erCaienSiS, NIGP 171309.l, FOrtifOrCepSfOliOSa, NIGP 169954.m, ParapeytOia yunnanenSiS, NIGP 171310.ARROWHEADS INDICATE AUXILIARY SPINES.SCALE BARS, 5 MM (d), 2 MM(a, g, j), 1MM (b, c, e, h, m), 200 ΜM(f, i, k, l). AM,ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANE;DC,DISTAL CLAW;DF,DIFFERENTIATEDFLAPS;DS,DORSAL SCLERITE;ED,ENDITE ONDISTAL ARTICULATEDPODOMERE;F,BODYFLAP;GA,GREATAPPENDAGE;HD,HEAD; HR,MARGINAL RIMOF HEAD SHIELD;IE,INNER EYE;LE,LATERAL EYE;MO,MOUTHOPENING; MS,MAIN SPINE;OE,OUTER EYE;PB,PROBOSCIS.OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AS INFIG.1. NUMBERSREFER TOTHE TOPOLOGICAL POSITION OF THE CORRESPONDINGSTRUCTURE." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717883/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">2GANDEXTENDEDDATAFIGS</figureCitation>
|
||
.2B,D, F,I,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1408,1435,1738,1758]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[816,847,1134,1151]" captionTargetBox="[809,1507,121,1109]" captionTargetId="graphics-791@3.[825,1229,150,779]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3|Reconstruction ofKylinxia and evolutionof thefrontalmost appendages inearly euarthropods. a, SIMPLIFIED CLADOGRAMOF PANARTHROPODS BASED ON AMATRIX OF 81 TAXAAND 283 CHARACTERS (EXTENDED DATAFIG.9 AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA 1)SHOWING KylinxiaIN RED.DOUBLE LINES INDICATE PARAPHYLETIC GROUPINGS.THEGROUPING OF GREAT-APPENDAGEBIVALVED FORMS AND ISOXYIDA IS RECONSTRUCTED AS PARAPHYLETIC AND MONOPHYLETICIN BAYESIAN AND PARSIMONY ANALYSES,RESPECTIVELY (INDICATEDBY THE DASHEDLINES AND QUESTION MARK).DIAGRAMSONTHE LEFTDEPICTTHE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGESIN REPRESENTATIVE TAXA.THE BOXES,COLOURS AND LETTERSA–E INDICATE DIFFERENT APPENDAGEFORMS. A,B,RADIODONT-LIKE FORMS.A,RADIODONT (PURPLE),RamSkOeldiaCOnSimiliS; B,Kylinxia Zhangi(RED).C,GREAT-APPENDAGE FORMS (YELLOW).C1,MEGACHEIRAN, FOrtifOrCepS fOliOSa; C2, PANCHELICERATE,LimuluS pOlyphemuS; C3, GREAT- APPENDAGE BIVALVED EUARTHROPOD,OCCaCariSOVifOrmiS. D,ANTENNA-LIKE RAPTORIAL APPENDAGES INISOXYIDA,SHOWINGINTERSPECIFIC VARIATIONS(GREEN). D1, ISOxySaCutanguluS; D2, ISOxySCurVirOStratuS; D3, ISOxyS aurituS. E,TYPICAL ANTENNAE INCAMBRIAN EUARTHROPODS,INCLUDING TYPICALSENSORIAL FORMS AND SOME PUTATIVERAPTORIAL FORMS.E1,ARTIOPODAN,Kuamaia lataAND KiiSOrtOQia SOperi; E2,FUXIANHUIID,ShankOuia ZhengheiAND OTHERS;E3,HYMENOCARINE, ClyperCariS Serrata. b, ARTISTIC RECONSTRUCTIONBY J.SUN.MORPHOLOGICAL DETAILS OF THE LATERAL TAIL FLAPSWERE INFERRED FROM MEGACHEIRANS SUCH AS FOrtifOrCepS." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717885/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">3N</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1442,1493,1738,1758]" captionStart="Extended" captionStartId="10.[106,195,1640,1656]" captionTargetBox="[248,1355,133,1616]" captionTargetId="figure-3@10.[248,1355,131,1616]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="ExtendedData Fig.4 |Drawingsof thehead regionin Kylinxia and comparison offrontalmost appendages in Kylinxia andAnomalocaris. a–g, K.Zhangi. a–e, CAMERALUCIDA DRAWINGSOF HEAD REGIONS,SEE COLOURS OF DIFFERENT ANATOMICALSTRUCTURES AT THE BOTTOM.a, YLSNHM 01124,AS IN FIG.2G. b, NIGP 171304A,AS IN EXTENDED DATAFIG.2D. c, NIGP 171307A,AS IN EXTENDED DATA FIG.2F.d, NIGP 171305A,AS IN EXTENDEDDATA FIG.2B.e, NIGP 171308,AS IN EXTENDED DATA FIG.2I. f, g, FRONTALMOST APPENDAGES OF Kylinxia. f, YLSNHM 01124.g, NIGP 171304A.h–k, FRONTAL APPENDAGESOF AnOmalOCariS CanadenSiS. h,i, FULLAPPENDAGES.h, GSC 75535.i, ROMIP 51212.j, k, SHAFT REGION.j, ROMIP 51215.k,ROMIP 59947.ABBREVIATIONS AS IN FIGS.1, 2 ANDEXTENDED DATA FIG.2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717896" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717896/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">4A–E</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[815,843,1767,1787]" captionStart="Extended" captionStartId="11.[106,195,1640,1656]" captionTargetBox="[248,1355,131,1615]" captionTargetId="figure-7@11.[248,1355,131,1615]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="ExtendedData Fig.5 | Anatomyand geochemical analysisof cephalic soft tissuesin Kylinxia zhangi,holotypeNIGP 171304a. a, MAGNIFICATION OF THE HEAD ANDANTERIORMOST TRUNK UNDER VISIBLE LIGHT.b, INTERPRETIVE DRAWINGOF a BY INTEGRATING OBSERVATIONS UNDER VISIBLE LIGHT ANDFROM GEOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS, SEE EXTENDED DATAFIG.4 FOR ACOLOUR KEY.c, BACKSCATTER SCANNING ELECTRON IMAGE OF a UNDER ASCANNING ELECTRONIC MICROSCOPE.d–h, ELEMENTAL MAPS OF a FROM ENERGY-DISPERSIVE X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY.d, CMAP,SHOWING ALIMENTARY CANAL WITHPOSITIVESIGNAL.e, FE MAP,SHOWINGNERVOUS TISSUEWITH POSITIVE SIGNAL.f, OVERLAY IMAGE OF CAND FE MAPS WITHTHE BLENDING MODE OF FILTERING COLOUR IN ADOBE PHOTOSHOP CS6,SHOWING THECOMPOSITIONAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ALIMENTARY CANAL AND NERVOUS TISSUES.g, PMAP,SHOWINGPUTATIVE DIGESTIVE GLANDS WITH POSITIVESIGNAL.h, SI MAP,SHOWING SOFTTISSUES INNEGATIVE RELIEF.PR,PROTOCEREBRAL TISSUE.OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AS INFIGS.1, 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717898" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717898/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">5B</figureCitation>
|
||
). THEARRANGEMENT ANDMORPHOLOGYOFTHE APPENDAGESOF
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="ARE MOST SIMILAR TO THOSE OF MEGACHEIRANS AMONG CAMBRIAN" box="[1414,1496,1767,1786]" genus="Kylinxia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1414,1496,1767,1786]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">Kylinxia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
AREMOSTSIMILARTO THOSEOFMEGACHEIRANS AMONGCAMBRIANEUARTHRO- PODS
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Aria, C. & Zhao, F. & Zeng, H. & Guo, J. & Zhu, M." box="[867,880,1820,1833]" journalOrPublisher="BMC Evol. Biol." pageId="2" pageNumber="103" pagination="4" part="20" refId="ref5527" refString="19. Aria, C., Zhao, F., Zeng, H., Guo, J. & Zhu, M. Fossils from South China redefine the ancestral euarthropod body plan. BMC Evol. Biol. 20, 4 (2020)." title="Fossils from South China redefine the ancestral euarthropod body plan" type="journal article" year="2020">
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<superScript attach="left" box="[867,880,1820,1833]" fontSize="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">19</superScript>
|
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</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(‘DA’, ‘EN’ AND ‘EX’ INEXTENDEDDATA
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1221,1289,1824,1845]" captionStart="Extended" captionStartId="13.[106,194,1645,1661]" captionTargetId="figure-7@13.[248,1355,131,1620]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Extended Data Fig.7 | Frontalmost appendages of Cambrian megacheirans, isoxyids and artiopodans. a–i, GREAT APPENDAGESOF MEGACHEIRANS.a, d, HaikOuCariS erCaienSiS, NIGP 171309.a, WHOLE SPECIMEN. d, GREAT APPENDAGEIN a.b, e,FOrtifOrCepS fOliOSa,NIGP 169954.b, WHOLE SPECIMEN.e, GREAT APPENDAGEIN b. c, f, g, YOhOia tenuiS, USNM179053.c, WHOLE SPECIMEN.f, GREATAPPENDAGE INc. g, ENDITES IN f, ARROWHEADS INDICATE AUXILIARY SPINES.h, i,ParapeytOia yunnanenSiS, NIGP 171310.h, GREATAPPENDAGE. i, ENDITE SHOWING AUXILIARY SPINES INh. j–q, FRONTALMOST APPENDAGESSHOWING" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717904" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717904/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">FIG. 7B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[815,1497,1680,1988]" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">
|
||
THE SPECIMENS OF
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="EXHIBIT TWO TOPOLOGICALLY CONSISTENT STRANDS OF DARK MATTER THROUGH THE BODY, ONE" box="[1028,1113,1853,1872]" genus="Kylinxia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1028,1113,1853,1872]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">Kylinxia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
EXHIBIT TWO TOPOLOGICALLY CONSISTENT STRANDS OF DARK MATTERTHROUGH THE BODY, ONE CENTRAL (‘AC’ IN
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1412,1497,1881,1902]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[106,137,1054,1071]" captionTargetId="figure-576@1.[634,944,562,792]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig.1 |Anatomy ofKylinxiazhangi from the earlyCambrian Chengjiang biota. a, NIGP 171304A.BOXED REGIONSARESHOWN INc, d, g. b, YLSNHM 01124. BOXED REGIONS ARESHOWN IN e, f, h. THE REGIONWITH ADASHED OUTLINEIS SHOWN IN FIG.2G.c,HEAD REGION INa. THEREGION WITHA DASHEDOUTLINE IS SHOWN INFIG.2I. d, e,TRUNK APPENDAGESFROM a, b, RESPECTIVELY.f, DIFFERENTIATED APPENDAGES FROM b. g, h, POSTERIORBODY REGION FROMa, b, RESPECTIVELY.ARROWHEADS INDICATE ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANES BETWEEN ENDOPODITEPODOMERES.SCALEBARS,10 MM" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717881/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">FIG.1A–C</figureCitation>
|
||
AND EXTENDEDDATA
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1015,1078,1910,1931]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[106,137,1054,1071]" captionTargetId="figure-576@1.[634,944,562,792]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig.1 |Anatomy ofKylinxiazhangi from the earlyCambrian Chengjiang biota. a, NIGP 171304A.BOXED REGIONSARESHOWN INc, d, g. b, YLSNHM 01124. BOXED REGIONS ARESHOWN IN e, f, h. THE REGIONWITH ADASHED OUTLINEIS SHOWN IN FIG.2G.c,HEAD REGION INa. THEREGION WITHA DASHEDOUTLINE IS SHOWN INFIG.2I. d, e,TRUNK APPENDAGESFROM a, b, RESPECTIVELY.f, DIFFERENTIATED APPENDAGES FROM b. g, h, POSTERIORBODY REGION FROMa, b, RESPECTIVELY.ARROWHEADS INDICATE ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANES BETWEEN ENDOPODITEPODOMERES.SCALEBARS,10 MM" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717881/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">FIGS. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1087,1136,1910,1930]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[106,137,1357,1374]" captionTargetBox="[348,1255,132,1333]" captionTargetId="figure-291@2.[348,803,728,1032]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.2 |Comparative anatomy ofhead structures inKylinxia zhangi, Opabiniaregalis, radiodonts andmegacheirans. a, b, O. regaliS. a, USNM (NATIONAL MUSEUMOF NATURAL HISTORY)155600B,HEAD REGION.b, USNM205258, EYES.c, K.Zhangi, NIGP 171305B,HEAD REGION ANDEYES.d–f, RADIODONTS. d, AnOmalOCariS SP.,ELRC (EARLYLIFE RESEARCH CENTRE) 20001A,HEAD REGION. e, f, ENDITES OF RADIODONTFRONTAL APPENDAGES.e, RamSkOeldia COnSimiliS, NIGP 162527A.f, ParanOmalOCariS multiSegmentaliS, NIGP 154564B.g–i, K.Zhangi. g, YLSNHM 01124,HEAD REGION INFIG.1B.THE BOXEDREGION IS SHOWN INh. h, i, ENDITES OF THE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGES.h, YLSNHM 01124,ENDITES FROM g. i, NIGP 171305A,ENDITE FROM FIG.1C. j–m, MEGACHEIRANS.j, HaikOuCariS erCaienSiS, NIGP EC44154A,HEAD REGION.k–m,ENDITES OF MEGACHEIRANGREAT APPENDAGES.NOTE THENUMEROUS AUXILIARY SPINES ON THEENDITES.k, H. erCaienSiS, NIGP 171309.l, FOrtifOrCepSfOliOSa, NIGP 169954.m, ParapeytOia yunnanenSiS, NIGP 171310.ARROWHEADS INDICATE AUXILIARY SPINES.SCALE BARS, 5 MM (d), 2 MM(a, g, j), 1MM (b, c, e, h, m), 200 ΜM(f, i, k, l). AM,ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANE;DC,DISTAL CLAW;DF,DIFFERENTIATEDFLAPS;DS,DORSAL SCLERITE;ED,ENDITE ONDISTAL ARTICULATEDPODOMERE;F,BODYFLAP;GA,GREATAPPENDAGE;HD,HEAD; HR,MARGINAL RIMOF HEAD SHIELD;IE,INNER EYE;LE,LATERAL EYE;MO,MOUTHOPENING; MS,MAIN SPINE;OE,OUTER EYE;PB,PROBOSCIS.OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AS INFIG.1. NUMBERSREFER TOTHE TOPOLOGICAL POSITION OF THE CORRESPONDINGSTRUCTURE." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717883/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">2A, C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1143,1198,1910,1930]" captionStart="Extended" captionStartId="12.[106,195,1419,1435]" captionTargetBox="[248,1355,131,1394]" captionTargetId="figure-3@12.[248,1355,131,1394]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="ExtendedData Fig.6 |Morphological details oftrunk in Kylinxiazhangi. d, NIGP 171306.e–h, TAIL REGION.e, NIGP 171307A.f, NIGP 171308.g, NIGP a–d, SOFT TISSUEIN TRUNK.ARROWHEADS INDICATE PUTATIVEBIFURCATING NERVESINTO 171304A.h, YLSNHM 01124.i, MAGNIFICATIONOF THE TAIL FLAPS INg, SHOWINGSETAE. PAIREDTRUNK APPENDAGES.a, YLSNHM 01124.b, NIGP 171304A.c, NIGP 171305A. A,TRUNK APPENDAGE;ST,SETAE.OTHERABBREVIATIONS AS INFIGS.1, 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717902" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717902/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">6A–D</figureCitation>
|
||
) AND THE OTHER VENTRAL (‘VN’ IN
|
||
<figureCitation box="[816,1200,1938,1959]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[106,137,1054,1071]" captionTargetId="figure-576@1.[634,944,562,792]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig.1 |Anatomy ofKylinxiazhangi from the earlyCambrian Chengjiang biota. a, NIGP 171304A.BOXED REGIONSARESHOWN INc, d, g. b, YLSNHM 01124. BOXED REGIONS ARESHOWN IN e, f, h. THE REGIONWITH ADASHED OUTLINEIS SHOWN IN FIG.2G.c,HEAD REGION INa. THEREGION WITHA DASHEDOUTLINE IS SHOWN INFIG.2I. d, e,TRUNK APPENDAGESFROM a, b, RESPECTIVELY.f, DIFFERENTIATED APPENDAGES FROM b. g, h, POSTERIORBODY REGION FROMa, b, RESPECTIVELY.ARROWHEADS INDICATE ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANES BETWEEN ENDOPODITEPODOMERES.SCALEBARS,10 MM" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717881/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">FIG. 1A ANDEXTENDEDDATAFIGS. 1A, B, D</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1207,1255,1938,1959]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[106,137,1357,1374]" captionTargetBox="[348,1255,132,1333]" captionTargetId="figure-291@2.[348,803,728,1032]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.2 |Comparative anatomy ofhead structures inKylinxia zhangi, Opabiniaregalis, radiodonts andmegacheirans. a, b, O. regaliS. a, USNM (NATIONAL MUSEUMOF NATURAL HISTORY)155600B,HEAD REGION.b, USNM205258, EYES.c, K.Zhangi, NIGP 171305B,HEAD REGION ANDEYES.d–f, RADIODONTS. d, AnOmalOCariS SP.,ELRC (EARLYLIFE RESEARCH CENTRE) 20001A,HEAD REGION. e, f, ENDITES OF RADIODONTFRONTAL APPENDAGES.e, RamSkOeldia COnSimiliS, NIGP 162527A.f, ParanOmalOCariS multiSegmentaliS, NIGP 154564B.g–i, K.Zhangi. g, YLSNHM 01124,HEAD REGION INFIG.1B.THE BOXEDREGION IS SHOWN INh. h, i, ENDITES OF THE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGES.h, YLSNHM 01124,ENDITES FROM g. i, NIGP 171305A,ENDITE FROM FIG.1C. j–m, MEGACHEIRANS.j, HaikOuCariS erCaienSiS, NIGP EC44154A,HEAD REGION.k–m,ENDITES OF MEGACHEIRANGREAT APPENDAGES.NOTE THENUMEROUS AUXILIARY SPINES ON THEENDITES.k, H. erCaienSiS, NIGP 171309.l, FOrtifOrCepSfOliOSa, NIGP 169954.m, ParapeytOia yunnanenSiS, NIGP 171310.ARROWHEADS INDICATE AUXILIARY SPINES.SCALE BARS, 5 MM (d), 2 MM(a, g, j), 1MM (b, c, e, h, m), 200 ΜM(f, i, k, l). AM,ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANE;DC,DISTAL CLAW;DF,DIFFERENTIATEDFLAPS;DS,DORSAL SCLERITE;ED,ENDITE ONDISTAL ARTICULATEDPODOMERE;F,BODYFLAP;GA,GREATAPPENDAGE;HD,HEAD; HR,MARGINAL RIMOF HEAD SHIELD;IE,INNER EYE;LE,LATERAL EYE;MO,MOUTHOPENING; MS,MAIN SPINE;OE,OUTER EYE;PB,PROBOSCIS.OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AS INFIG.1. NUMBERSREFER TOTHE TOPOLOGICAL POSITION OF THE CORRESPONDINGSTRUCTURE." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717883/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">2A, C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1263,1320,1939,1959]" captionStart="Extended" captionStartId="12.[106,195,1419,1435]" captionTargetBox="[248,1355,131,1394]" captionTargetId="figure-3@12.[248,1355,131,1394]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="ExtendedData Fig.6 |Morphological details oftrunk in Kylinxiazhangi. d, NIGP 171306.e–h, TAIL REGION.e, NIGP 171307A.f, NIGP 171308.g, NIGP a–d, SOFT TISSUEIN TRUNK.ARROWHEADS INDICATE PUTATIVEBIFURCATING NERVESINTO 171304A.h, YLSNHM 01124.i, MAGNIFICATIONOF THE TAIL FLAPS INg, SHOWINGSETAE. PAIREDTRUNK APPENDAGES.a, YLSNHM 01124.b, NIGP 171304A.c, NIGP 171305A. A,TRUNK APPENDAGE;ST,SETAE.OTHERABBREVIATIONS AS INFIGS.1, 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717902" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717902/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="103">6B–D</figureCitation>
|
||
). THE TWOSTRANDS CORRESPOND WELL IN POSITION AND MORPHOLOGY TO THE EUARTHROPOD
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[105,787,130,755]" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">
|
||
ALIMENTARYCANALANDVENTRALNERVECORD,RESPECTIVELY
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ortega-Hernandez, J. & Lerosey-Aubril, R. & Pates, S." box="[629,644,129,142]" journalOrPublisher="Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" pagination="20192370" part="286" refId="ref5576" refString="20. Ortega-Hernandez, J., Lerosey-Aubril, R. & Pates, S. Proclivity of nervous system preservation in Cambrian Burgess Shale-type deposits. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 286, 20192370 (2019)." title="Proclivity of nervous system preservation in Cambrian Burgess Shale-type deposits" type="journal article" year="2019">20</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Yang, J. & Ortega-Hernandez, J. & Butterfield, N. J. & Zhang, X." box="[648,661,129,142]" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" pagination="468 - 471" part="494" refId="ref5619" refString="21. Yang, J., Ortega-Hernandez, J., Butterfield, N. J. & Zhang, X. Specialized appendages in fuxianhuiids and the head organization of early euarthropods. Nature 494, 468 - 471 (2013)." title="Specialized appendages in fuxianhuiids and the head organization of early euarthropods" type="journal article" year="2013">21</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. THEALIMEN- TARYCANALISASSOCIATEDWITHPAIREDDIGESTIVEGLANDS (‘DG’
|
||
<figureCitation box="[660,745,161,182]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[106,137,1054,1071]" captionTargetId="figure-576@1.[634,944,562,792]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig.1 |Anatomy ofKylinxiazhangi from the earlyCambrian Chengjiang biota. a, NIGP 171304A.BOXED REGIONSARESHOWN INc, d, g. b, YLSNHM 01124. BOXED REGIONS ARESHOWN IN e, f, h. THE REGIONWITH ADASHED OUTLINEIS SHOWN IN FIG.2G.c,HEAD REGION INa. THEREGION WITHA DASHEDOUTLINE IS SHOWN INFIG.2I. d, e,TRUNK APPENDAGESFROM a, b, RESPECTIVELY.f, DIFFERENTIATED APPENDAGES FROM b. g, h, POSTERIORBODY REGION FROMa, b, RESPECTIVELY.ARROWHEADS INDICATE ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANES BETWEEN ENDOPODITEPODOMERES.SCALEBARS,10 MM" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717881/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">INFIG.1D</figureCitation>
|
||
AND
|
||
<figureCitation box="[105,349,190,211]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[106,137,1054,1071]" captionTargetId="figure-576@1.[634,944,562,792]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig.1 |Anatomy ofKylinxiazhangi from the earlyCambrian Chengjiang biota. a, NIGP 171304A.BOXED REGIONSARESHOWN INc, d, g. b, YLSNHM 01124. BOXED REGIONS ARESHOWN IN e, f, h. THE REGIONWITH ADASHED OUTLINEIS SHOWN IN FIG.2G.c,HEAD REGION INa. THEREGION WITHA DASHEDOUTLINE IS SHOWN INFIG.2I. d, e,TRUNK APPENDAGESFROM a, b, RESPECTIVELY.f, DIFFERENTIATED APPENDAGES FROM b. g, h, POSTERIORBODY REGION FROMa, b, RESPECTIVELY.ARROWHEADS INDICATE ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANES BETWEEN ENDOPODITEPODOMERES.SCALEBARS,10 MM" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717881/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">EXTENDEDDATAFIGS.1D, E</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[355,405,190,211]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[106,137,1357,1374]" captionTargetBox="[348,1255,132,1333]" captionTargetId="figure-291@2.[348,803,728,1032]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.2 |Comparative anatomy ofhead structures inKylinxia zhangi, Opabiniaregalis, radiodonts andmegacheirans. a, b, O. regaliS. a, USNM (NATIONAL MUSEUMOF NATURAL HISTORY)155600B,HEAD REGION.b, USNM205258, EYES.c, K.Zhangi, NIGP 171305B,HEAD REGION ANDEYES.d–f, RADIODONTS. d, AnOmalOCariS SP.,ELRC (EARLYLIFE RESEARCH CENTRE) 20001A,HEAD REGION. e, f, ENDITES OF RADIODONTFRONTAL APPENDAGES.e, RamSkOeldia COnSimiliS, NIGP 162527A.f, ParanOmalOCariS multiSegmentaliS, NIGP 154564B.g–i, K.Zhangi. g, YLSNHM 01124,HEAD REGION INFIG.1B.THE BOXEDREGION IS SHOWN INh. h, i, ENDITES OF THE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGES.h, YLSNHM 01124,ENDITES FROM g. i, NIGP 171305A,ENDITE FROM FIG.1C. j–m, MEGACHEIRANS.j, HaikOuCariS erCaienSiS, NIGP EC44154A,HEAD REGION.k–m,ENDITES OF MEGACHEIRANGREAT APPENDAGES.NOTE THENUMEROUS AUXILIARY SPINES ON THEENDITES.k, H. erCaienSiS, NIGP 171309.l, FOrtifOrCepSfOliOSa, NIGP 169954.m, ParapeytOia yunnanenSiS, NIGP 171310.ARROWHEADS INDICATE AUXILIARY SPINES.SCALE BARS, 5 MM (d), 2 MM(a, g, j), 1MM (b, c, e, h, m), 200 ΜM(f, i, k, l). AM,ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANE;DC,DISTAL CLAW;DF,DIFFERENTIATEDFLAPS;DS,DORSAL SCLERITE;ED,ENDITE ONDISTAL ARTICULATEDPODOMERE;F,BODYFLAP;GA,GREATAPPENDAGE;HD,HEAD; HR,MARGINAL RIMOF HEAD SHIELD;IE,INNER EYE;LE,LATERAL EYE;MO,MOUTHOPENING; MS,MAIN SPINE;OE,OUTER EYE;PB,PROBOSCIS.OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AS INFIG.1. NUMBERSREFER TOTHE TOPOLOGICAL POSITION OF THE CORRESPONDINGSTRUCTURE." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717883/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">2D, G</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[411,439,190,210]" captionStart="Extended" captionStartId="10.[106,195,1640,1656]" captionTargetBox="[248,1355,133,1616]" captionTargetId="figure-3@10.[248,1355,131,1616]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="ExtendedData Fig.4 |Drawingsof thehead regionin Kylinxia and comparison offrontalmost appendages in Kylinxia andAnomalocaris. a–g, K.Zhangi. a–e, CAMERALUCIDA DRAWINGSOF HEAD REGIONS,SEE COLOURS OF DIFFERENT ANATOMICALSTRUCTURES AT THE BOTTOM.a, YLSNHM 01124,AS IN FIG.2G. b, NIGP 171304A,AS IN EXTENDED DATAFIG.2D. c, NIGP 171307A,AS IN EXTENDED DATA FIG.2F.d, NIGP 171305A,AS IN EXTENDEDDATA FIG.2B.e, NIGP 171308,AS IN EXTENDED DATA FIG.2I. f, g, FRONTALMOST APPENDAGES OF Kylinxia. f, YLSNHM 01124.g, NIGP 171304A.h–k, FRONTAL APPENDAGESOF AnOmalOCariS CanadenSiS. h,i, FULLAPPENDAGES.h, GSC 75535.i, ROMIP 51212.j, k, SHAFT REGION.j, ROMIP 51215.k,ROMIP 59947.ABBREVIATIONS AS IN FIGS.1, 2 ANDEXTENDED DATA FIG.2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717896" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717896/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">4C</figureCitation>
|
||
).INEACHTRUNKSEGMENTOF
|
||
<taxonomicName authority=", BIFURCATING STRUCTURES INNERVATE APPENDAGES FROM THE VENTRAL NERVE CORD" box="[698,779,190,209]" genus="Kylinxia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[698,779,190,209]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">Kylinxia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, BIFURCATING STRUCTURESINNERVATE APPENDAGES FROM THE VENTRAL NERVE CORD (‘NT’
|
||
<figureCitation box="[200,287,247,268]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[106,137,1054,1071]" captionTargetId="figure-576@1.[634,944,562,792]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig.1 |Anatomy ofKylinxiazhangi from the earlyCambrian Chengjiang biota. a, NIGP 171304A.BOXED REGIONSARESHOWN INc, d, g. b, YLSNHM 01124. BOXED REGIONS ARESHOWN IN e, f, h. THE REGIONWITH ADASHED OUTLINEIS SHOWN IN FIG.2G.c,HEAD REGION INa. THEREGION WITHA DASHEDOUTLINE IS SHOWN INFIG.2I. d, e,TRUNK APPENDAGESFROM a, b, RESPECTIVELY.f, DIFFERENTIATED APPENDAGES FROM b. g, h, POSTERIORBODY REGION FROMa, b, RESPECTIVELY.ARROWHEADS INDICATE ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANES BETWEEN ENDOPODITEPODOMERES.SCALEBARS,10 MM" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717881/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">INFIG. 1D</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation box="[290,578,247,268]" captionStart="Extended" captionStartId="12.[106,195,1419,1435]" captionTargetBox="[248,1355,131,1394]" captionTargetId="figure-3@12.[248,1355,131,1394]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="ExtendedData Fig.6 |Morphological details oftrunk in Kylinxiazhangi. d, NIGP 171306.e–h, TAIL REGION.e, NIGP 171307A.f, NIGP 171308.g, NIGP a–d, SOFT TISSUEIN TRUNK.ARROWHEADS INDICATE PUTATIVEBIFURCATING NERVESINTO 171304A.h, YLSNHM 01124.i, MAGNIFICATIONOF THE TAIL FLAPS INg, SHOWINGSETAE. PAIREDTRUNK APPENDAGES.a, YLSNHM 01124.b, NIGP 171304A.c, NIGP 171305A. A,TRUNK APPENDAGE;ST,SETAE.OTHERABBREVIATIONS AS INFIGS.1, 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717902" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717902/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">ANDEXTENDEDDATAFIG. 6B–D</figureCitation>
|
||
) AND ARECOMPARABLE TOTHEPAIREDLEGNERVESINOTHERCAMBRIAN EUARTHROPODS
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[666,699,272,285]" fontSize="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">
|
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<bibRefCitation author="Ortega-Hernandez, J. & Lerosey-Aubril, R. & Pates, S." box="[666,681,272,285]" journalOrPublisher="Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" pagination="20192370" part="286" refId="ref5576" refString="20. Ortega-Hernandez, J., Lerosey-Aubril, R. & Pates, S. Proclivity of nervous system preservation in Cambrian Burgess Shale-type deposits. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 286, 20192370 (2019)." title="Proclivity of nervous system preservation in Cambrian Burgess Shale-type deposits" type="journal article" year="2019">20</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tanaka, G. & Hou, X. & Ma, X. & Edgecombe, G. D. & Strausfeld, N. J." box="[685,699,272,285]" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" pagination="364 - 367" part="502" refId="ref5664" refString="22. Tanaka, G., Hou, X., Ma, X., Edgecombe, G. D. & Strausfeld, N. J. Chelicerate neural ground pattern in a Cambrian great appendage arthropod. Nature 502, 364 - 367 (2013)." title="Chelicerate neural ground pattern in a Cambrian great appendage arthropod" type="journal article" year="2013">22</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[105,787,130,755]" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">
|
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">
|
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INALATERAL VIEW,THEALIMENTARYCANALANDTHE VENTRALNERVECORDMEET ATTHE HEAD REGION (‘AC’,‘FG’,‘ND’ AND ‘NT’ IN
|
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<figureCitation box="[515,615,333,354]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[106,137,1054,1071]" captionTargetId="figure-576@1.[634,944,562,792]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig.1 |Anatomy ofKylinxiazhangi from the earlyCambrian Chengjiang biota. a, NIGP 171304A.BOXED REGIONSARESHOWN INc, d, g. b, YLSNHM 01124. BOXED REGIONS ARESHOWN IN e, f, h. THE REGIONWITH ADASHED OUTLINEIS SHOWN IN FIG.2G.c,HEAD REGION INa. THEREGION WITHA DASHEDOUTLINE IS SHOWN INFIG.2I. d, e,TRUNK APPENDAGESFROM a, b, RESPECTIVELY.f, DIFFERENTIATED APPENDAGES FROM b. g, h, POSTERIORBODY REGION FROMa, b, RESPECTIVELY.ARROWHEADS INDICATE ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANES BETWEEN ENDOPODITEPODOMERES.SCALEBARS,10 MM" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717881/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">FIGS. 1A–C</figureCitation>
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,
|
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<figureCitation box="[622,686,333,353]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[106,137,1357,1374]" captionTargetBox="[348,1255,132,1333]" captionTargetId="figure-291@2.[348,803,728,1032]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.2 |Comparative anatomy ofhead structures inKylinxia zhangi, Opabiniaregalis, radiodonts andmegacheirans. a, b, O. regaliS. a, USNM (NATIONAL MUSEUMOF NATURAL HISTORY)155600B,HEAD REGION.b, USNM205258, EYES.c, K.Zhangi, NIGP 171305B,HEAD REGION ANDEYES.d–f, RADIODONTS. d, AnOmalOCariS SP.,ELRC (EARLYLIFE RESEARCH CENTRE) 20001A,HEAD REGION. e, f, ENDITES OF RADIODONTFRONTAL APPENDAGES.e, RamSkOeldia COnSimiliS, NIGP 162527A.f, ParanOmalOCariS multiSegmentaliS, NIGP 154564B.g–i, K.Zhangi. g, YLSNHM 01124,HEAD REGION INFIG.1B.THE BOXEDREGION IS SHOWN INh. h, i, ENDITES OF THE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGES.h, YLSNHM 01124,ENDITES FROM g. i, NIGP 171305A,ENDITE FROM FIG.1C. j–m, MEGACHEIRANS.j, HaikOuCariS erCaienSiS, NIGP EC44154A,HEAD REGION.k–m,ENDITES OF MEGACHEIRANGREAT APPENDAGES.NOTE THENUMEROUS AUXILIARY SPINES ON THEENDITES.k, H. erCaienSiS, NIGP 171309.l, FOrtifOrCepSfOliOSa, NIGP 169954.m, ParapeytOia yunnanenSiS, NIGP 171310.ARROWHEADS INDICATE AUXILIARY SPINES.SCALE BARS, 5 MM (d), 2 MM(a, g, j), 1MM (b, c, e, h, m), 200 ΜM(f, i, k, l). AM,ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANE;DC,DISTAL CLAW;DF,DIFFERENTIATEDFLAPS;DS,DORSAL SCLERITE;ED,ENDITE ONDISTAL ARTICULATEDPODOMERE;F,BODYFLAP;GA,GREATAPPENDAGE;HD,HEAD; HR,MARGINAL RIMOF HEAD SHIELD;IE,INNER EYE;LE,LATERAL EYE;MO,MOUTHOPENING; MS,MAIN SPINE;OE,OUTER EYE;PB,PROBOSCIS.OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AS INFIG.1. NUMBERSREFER TOTHE TOPOLOGICAL POSITION OF THE CORRESPONDINGSTRUCTURE." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717883/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">2CAND</figureCitation>
|
||
EXTENDED
|
||
<figureCitation box="[106,267,362,383]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[106,137,1054,1071]" captionTargetId="figure-576@1.[634,944,562,792]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig.1 |Anatomy ofKylinxiazhangi from the earlyCambrian Chengjiang biota. a, NIGP 171304A.BOXED REGIONSARESHOWN INc, d, g. b, YLSNHM 01124. BOXED REGIONS ARESHOWN IN e, f, h. THE REGIONWITH ADASHED OUTLINEIS SHOWN IN FIG.2G.c,HEAD REGION INa. THEREGION WITHA DASHEDOUTLINE IS SHOWN INFIG.2I. d, e,TRUNK APPENDAGESFROM a, b, RESPECTIVELY.f, DIFFERENTIATED APPENDAGES FROM b. g, h, POSTERIORBODY REGION FROMa, b, RESPECTIVELY.ARROWHEADS INDICATE ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANES BETWEEN ENDOPODITEPODOMERES.SCALEBARS,10 MM" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717881/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">DATAFIGS.1A,B,D</figureCitation>
|
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,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[274,322,362,382]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[106,137,1357,1374]" captionTargetBox="[348,1255,132,1333]" captionTargetId="figure-291@2.[348,803,728,1032]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.2 |Comparative anatomy ofhead structures inKylinxia zhangi, Opabiniaregalis, radiodonts andmegacheirans. a, b, O. regaliS. a, USNM (NATIONAL MUSEUMOF NATURAL HISTORY)155600B,HEAD REGION.b, USNM205258, EYES.c, K.Zhangi, NIGP 171305B,HEAD REGION ANDEYES.d–f, RADIODONTS. d, AnOmalOCariS SP.,ELRC (EARLYLIFE RESEARCH CENTRE) 20001A,HEAD REGION. e, f, ENDITES OF RADIODONTFRONTAL APPENDAGES.e, RamSkOeldia COnSimiliS, NIGP 162527A.f, ParanOmalOCariS multiSegmentaliS, NIGP 154564B.g–i, K.Zhangi. g, YLSNHM 01124,HEAD REGION INFIG.1B.THE BOXEDREGION IS SHOWN INh. h, i, ENDITES OF THE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGES.h, YLSNHM 01124,ENDITES FROM g. i, NIGP 171305A,ENDITE FROM FIG.1C. j–m, MEGACHEIRANS.j, HaikOuCariS erCaienSiS, NIGP EC44154A,HEAD REGION.k–m,ENDITES OF MEGACHEIRANGREAT APPENDAGES.NOTE THENUMEROUS AUXILIARY SPINES ON THEENDITES.k, H. erCaienSiS, NIGP 171309.l, FOrtifOrCepSfOliOSa, NIGP 169954.m, ParapeytOia yunnanenSiS, NIGP 171310.ARROWHEADS INDICATE AUXILIARY SPINES.SCALE BARS, 5 MM (d), 2 MM(a, g, j), 1MM (b, c, e, h, m), 200 ΜM(f, i, k, l). AM,ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANE;DC,DISTAL CLAW;DF,DIFFERENTIATEDFLAPS;DS,DORSAL SCLERITE;ED,ENDITE ONDISTAL ARTICULATEDPODOMERE;F,BODYFLAP;GA,GREATAPPENDAGE;HD,HEAD; HR,MARGINAL RIMOF HEAD SHIELD;IE,INNER EYE;LE,LATERAL EYE;MO,MOUTHOPENING; MS,MAIN SPINE;OE,OUTER EYE;PB,PROBOSCIS.OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AS INFIG.1. NUMBERSREFER TOTHE TOPOLOGICAL POSITION OF THE CORRESPONDINGSTRUCTURE." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717883/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">2B, D</figureCitation>
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,
|
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<figureCitation box="[328,377,362,382]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[816,847,1134,1151]" captionTargetBox="[809,1507,121,1109]" captionTargetId="graphics-791@3.[825,1229,150,779]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3|Reconstruction ofKylinxia and evolutionof thefrontalmost appendages inearly euarthropods. a, SIMPLIFIED CLADOGRAMOF PANARTHROPODS BASED ON AMATRIX OF 81 TAXAAND 283 CHARACTERS (EXTENDED DATAFIG.9 AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA 1)SHOWING KylinxiaIN RED.DOUBLE LINES INDICATE PARAPHYLETIC GROUPINGS.THEGROUPING OF GREAT-APPENDAGEBIVALVED FORMS AND ISOXYIDA IS RECONSTRUCTED AS PARAPHYLETIC AND MONOPHYLETICIN BAYESIAN AND PARSIMONY ANALYSES,RESPECTIVELY (INDICATEDBY THE DASHEDLINES AND QUESTION MARK).DIAGRAMSONTHE LEFTDEPICTTHE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGESIN REPRESENTATIVE TAXA.THE BOXES,COLOURS AND LETTERSA–E INDICATE DIFFERENT APPENDAGEFORMS. A,B,RADIODONT-LIKE FORMS.A,RADIODONT (PURPLE),RamSkOeldiaCOnSimiliS; B,Kylinxia Zhangi(RED).C,GREAT-APPENDAGE FORMS (YELLOW).C1,MEGACHEIRAN, FOrtifOrCepS fOliOSa; C2, PANCHELICERATE,LimuluS pOlyphemuS; C3, GREAT- APPENDAGE BIVALVED EUARTHROPOD,OCCaCariSOVifOrmiS. D,ANTENNA-LIKE RAPTORIAL APPENDAGES INISOXYIDA,SHOWINGINTERSPECIFIC VARIATIONS(GREEN). D1, ISOxySaCutanguluS; D2, ISOxySCurVirOStratuS; D3, ISOxyS aurituS. E,TYPICAL ANTENNAE INCAMBRIAN EUARTHROPODS,INCLUDING TYPICALSENSORIAL FORMS AND SOME PUTATIVERAPTORIAL FORMS.E1,ARTIOPODAN,Kuamaia lataAND KiiSOrtOQia SOperi; E2,FUXIANHUIID,ShankOuia ZhengheiAND OTHERS;E3,HYMENOCARINE, ClyperCariS Serrata. b, ARTISTIC RECONSTRUCTIONBY J.SUN.MORPHOLOGICAL DETAILS OF THE LATERAL TAIL FLAPSWERE INFERRED FROM MEGACHEIRANS SUCH AS FOrtifOrCepS." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717885/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">3N, O</figureCitation>
|
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,
|
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<figureCitation box="[383,451,362,382]" captionStart="Extended" captionStartId="10.[106,195,1640,1656]" captionTargetBox="[248,1355,133,1616]" captionTargetId="figure-3@10.[248,1355,131,1616]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="ExtendedData Fig.4 |Drawingsof thehead regionin Kylinxia and comparison offrontalmost appendages in Kylinxia andAnomalocaris. a–g, K.Zhangi. a–e, CAMERALUCIDA DRAWINGSOF HEAD REGIONS,SEE COLOURS OF DIFFERENT ANATOMICALSTRUCTURES AT THE BOTTOM.a, YLSNHM 01124,AS IN FIG.2G. b, NIGP 171304A,AS IN EXTENDED DATAFIG.2D. c, NIGP 171307A,AS IN EXTENDED DATA FIG.2F.d, NIGP 171305A,AS IN EXTENDEDDATA FIG.2B.e, NIGP 171308,AS IN EXTENDED DATA FIG.2I. f, g, FRONTALMOST APPENDAGES OF Kylinxia. f, YLSNHM 01124.g, NIGP 171304A.h–k, FRONTAL APPENDAGESOF AnOmalOCariS CanadenSiS. h,i, FULLAPPENDAGES.h, GSC 75535.i, ROMIP 51212.j, k, SHAFT REGION.j, ROMIP 51215.k,ROMIP 59947.ABBREVIATIONS AS IN FIGS.1, 2 ANDEXTENDED DATA FIG.2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717896" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717896/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">4A,B,D</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation box="[458,485,362,382]" captionStart="Extended" captionStartId="11.[106,195,1640,1656]" captionTargetBox="[248,1355,131,1615]" captionTargetId="figure-7@11.[248,1355,131,1615]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="ExtendedData Fig.5 | Anatomyand geochemical analysisof cephalic soft tissuesin Kylinxia zhangi,holotypeNIGP 171304a. a, MAGNIFICATION OF THE HEAD ANDANTERIORMOST TRUNK UNDER VISIBLE LIGHT.b, INTERPRETIVE DRAWINGOF a BY INTEGRATING OBSERVATIONS UNDER VISIBLE LIGHT ANDFROM GEOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS, SEE EXTENDED DATAFIG.4 FOR ACOLOUR KEY.c, BACKSCATTER SCANNING ELECTRON IMAGE OF a UNDER ASCANNING ELECTRONIC MICROSCOPE.d–h, ELEMENTAL MAPS OF a FROM ENERGY-DISPERSIVE X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY.d, CMAP,SHOWING ALIMENTARY CANAL WITHPOSITIVESIGNAL.e, FE MAP,SHOWINGNERVOUS TISSUEWITH POSITIVE SIGNAL.f, OVERLAY IMAGE OF CAND FE MAPS WITHTHE BLENDING MODE OF FILTERING COLOUR IN ADOBE PHOTOSHOP CS6,SHOWING THECOMPOSITIONAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ALIMENTARY CANAL AND NERVOUS TISSUES.g, PMAP,SHOWINGPUTATIVE DIGESTIVE GLANDS WITH POSITIVESIGNAL.h, SI MAP,SHOWING SOFTTISSUES INNEGATIVE RELIEF.PR,PROTOCEREBRAL TISSUE.OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AS INFIGS.1, 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717898" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717898/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">5B</figureCitation>
|
||
).MORPHOLOGICALINTERPRETATION AIDEDBYELEMENTALANALYSIS (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[382,585,390,411]" captionStart="Extended" captionStartId="11.[106,195,1640,1656]" captionTargetBox="[248,1355,131,1615]" captionTargetId="figure-7@11.[248,1355,131,1615]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="ExtendedData Fig.5 | Anatomyand geochemical analysisof cephalic soft tissuesin Kylinxia zhangi,holotypeNIGP 171304a. a, MAGNIFICATION OF THE HEAD ANDANTERIORMOST TRUNK UNDER VISIBLE LIGHT.b, INTERPRETIVE DRAWINGOF a BY INTEGRATING OBSERVATIONS UNDER VISIBLE LIGHT ANDFROM GEOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS, SEE EXTENDED DATAFIG.4 FOR ACOLOUR KEY.c, BACKSCATTER SCANNING ELECTRON IMAGE OF a UNDER ASCANNING ELECTRONIC MICROSCOPE.d–h, ELEMENTAL MAPS OF a FROM ENERGY-DISPERSIVE X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY.d, CMAP,SHOWING ALIMENTARY CANAL WITHPOSITIVESIGNAL.e, FE MAP,SHOWINGNERVOUS TISSUEWITH POSITIVE SIGNAL.f, OVERLAY IMAGE OF CAND FE MAPS WITHTHE BLENDING MODE OF FILTERING COLOUR IN ADOBE PHOTOSHOP CS6,SHOWING THECOMPOSITIONAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ALIMENTARY CANAL AND NERVOUS TISSUES.g, PMAP,SHOWINGPUTATIVE DIGESTIVE GLANDS WITH POSITIVESIGNAL.h, SI MAP,SHOWING SOFTTISSUES INNEGATIVE RELIEF.PR,PROTOCEREBRAL TISSUE.OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AS INFIGS.1, 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717898" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717898/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">EXTENDEDDATAFIG.5</figureCitation>
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ANDSUPPLEMENTARY DISCUSSION) OF THIS REGION SHOWSOESOPHAGUS,FOREGUT (‘OS’ AND ‘FG’, RESPECTIVELY,
|
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<figureCitation box="[236,330,448,469]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[106,137,1054,1071]" captionTargetId="figure-576@1.[634,944,562,792]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig.1 |Anatomy ofKylinxiazhangi from the earlyCambrian Chengjiang biota. a, NIGP 171304A.BOXED REGIONSARESHOWN INc, d, g. b, YLSNHM 01124. BOXED REGIONS ARESHOWN IN e, f, h. THE REGIONWITH ADASHED OUTLINEIS SHOWN IN FIG.2G.c,HEAD REGION INa. THEREGION WITHA DASHEDOUTLINE IS SHOWN INFIG.2I. d, e,TRUNK APPENDAGESFROM a, b, RESPECTIVELY.f, DIFFERENTIATED APPENDAGES FROM b. g, h, POSTERIORBODY REGION FROMa, b, RESPECTIVELY.ARROWHEADS INDICATE ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANES BETWEEN ENDOPODITEPODOMERES.SCALEBARS,10 MM" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717881/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">INFIGS.1C</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation box="[336,595,448,469]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[106,137,1357,1374]" captionTargetBox="[348,1255,132,1333]" captionTargetId="figure-291@2.[348,803,728,1032]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.2 |Comparative anatomy ofhead structures inKylinxia zhangi, Opabiniaregalis, radiodonts andmegacheirans. a, b, O. regaliS. a, USNM (NATIONAL MUSEUMOF NATURAL HISTORY)155600B,HEAD REGION.b, USNM205258, EYES.c, K.Zhangi, NIGP 171305B,HEAD REGION ANDEYES.d–f, RADIODONTS. d, AnOmalOCariS SP.,ELRC (EARLYLIFE RESEARCH CENTRE) 20001A,HEAD REGION. e, f, ENDITES OF RADIODONTFRONTAL APPENDAGES.e, RamSkOeldia COnSimiliS, NIGP 162527A.f, ParanOmalOCariS multiSegmentaliS, NIGP 154564B.g–i, K.Zhangi. g, YLSNHM 01124,HEAD REGION INFIG.1B.THE BOXEDREGION IS SHOWN INh. h, i, ENDITES OF THE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGES.h, YLSNHM 01124,ENDITES FROM g. i, NIGP 171305A,ENDITE FROM FIG.1C. j–m, MEGACHEIRANS.j, HaikOuCariS erCaienSiS, NIGP EC44154A,HEAD REGION.k–m,ENDITES OF MEGACHEIRANGREAT APPENDAGES.NOTE THENUMEROUS AUXILIARY SPINES ON THEENDITES.k, H. erCaienSiS, NIGP 171309.l, FOrtifOrCepSfOliOSa, NIGP 169954.m, ParapeytOia yunnanenSiS, NIGP 171310.ARROWHEADS INDICATE AUXILIARY SPINES.SCALE BARS, 5 MM (d), 2 MM(a, g, j), 1MM (b, c, e, h, m), 200 ΜM(f, i, k, l). AM,ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANE;DC,DISTAL CLAW;DF,DIFFERENTIATEDFLAPS;DS,DORSAL SCLERITE;ED,ENDITE ONDISTAL ARTICULATEDPODOMERE;F,BODYFLAP;GA,GREATAPPENDAGE;HD,HEAD; HR,MARGINAL RIMOF HEAD SHIELD;IE,INNER EYE;LE,LATERAL EYE;MO,MOUTHOPENING; MS,MAIN SPINE;OE,OUTER EYE;PB,PROBOSCIS.OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AS INFIG.1. NUMBERSREFER TOTHE TOPOLOGICAL POSITION OF THE CORRESPONDINGSTRUCTURE." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717883/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">
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2
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<figureCitation box="[346,595,448,469]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[106,137,1054,1071]" captionTargetId="figure-576@1.[634,944,562,792]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig.1 |Anatomy ofKylinxiazhangi from the earlyCambrian Chengjiang biota. a, NIGP 171304A.BOXED REGIONSARESHOWN INc, d, g. b, YLSNHM 01124. BOXED REGIONS ARESHOWN IN e, f, h. THE REGIONWITH ADASHED OUTLINEIS SHOWN IN FIG.2G.c,HEAD REGION INa. THEREGION WITHA DASHEDOUTLINE IS SHOWN INFIG.2I. d, e,TRUNK APPENDAGESFROM a, b, RESPECTIVELY.f, DIFFERENTIATED APPENDAGES FROM b. g, h, POSTERIORBODY REGION FROMa, b, RESPECTIVELY.ARROWHEADS INDICATE ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANES BETWEEN ENDOPODITEPODOMERES.SCALEBARS,10 MM" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717881/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">CANDEXTENDEDDATAFIGS</figureCitation>
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</figureCitation>
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.1D,
|
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<figureCitation box="[631,659,448,468]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[106,137,1357,1374]" captionTargetBox="[348,1255,132,1333]" captionTargetId="figure-291@2.[348,803,728,1032]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.2 |Comparative anatomy ofhead structures inKylinxia zhangi, Opabiniaregalis, radiodonts andmegacheirans. a, b, O. regaliS. a, USNM (NATIONAL MUSEUMOF NATURAL HISTORY)155600B,HEAD REGION.b, USNM205258, EYES.c, K.Zhangi, NIGP 171305B,HEAD REGION ANDEYES.d–f, RADIODONTS. d, AnOmalOCariS SP.,ELRC (EARLYLIFE RESEARCH CENTRE) 20001A,HEAD REGION. e, f, ENDITES OF RADIODONTFRONTAL APPENDAGES.e, RamSkOeldia COnSimiliS, NIGP 162527A.f, ParanOmalOCariS multiSegmentaliS, NIGP 154564B.g–i, K.Zhangi. g, YLSNHM 01124,HEAD REGION INFIG.1B.THE BOXEDREGION IS SHOWN INh. h, i, ENDITES OF THE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGES.h, YLSNHM 01124,ENDITES FROM g. i, NIGP 171305A,ENDITE FROM FIG.1C. j–m, MEGACHEIRANS.j, HaikOuCariS erCaienSiS, NIGP EC44154A,HEAD REGION.k–m,ENDITES OF MEGACHEIRANGREAT APPENDAGES.NOTE THENUMEROUS AUXILIARY SPINES ON THEENDITES.k, H. erCaienSiS, NIGP 171309.l, FOrtifOrCepSfOliOSa, NIGP 169954.m, ParapeytOia yunnanenSiS, NIGP 171310.ARROWHEADS INDICATE AUXILIARY SPINES.SCALE BARS, 5 MM (d), 2 MM(a, g, j), 1MM (b, c, e, h, m), 200 ΜM(f, i, k, l). AM,ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANE;DC,DISTAL CLAW;DF,DIFFERENTIATEDFLAPS;DS,DORSAL SCLERITE;ED,ENDITE ONDISTAL ARTICULATEDPODOMERE;F,BODYFLAP;GA,GREATAPPENDAGE;HD,HEAD; HR,MARGINAL RIMOF HEAD SHIELD;IE,INNER EYE;LE,LATERAL EYE;MO,MOUTHOPENING; MS,MAIN SPINE;OE,OUTER EYE;PB,PROBOSCIS.OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AS INFIG.1. NUMBERSREFER TOTHE TOPOLOGICAL POSITION OF THE CORRESPONDINGSTRUCTURE." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717883/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">2B</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation box="[665,715,448,468]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[816,847,1134,1151]" captionTargetBox="[809,1507,121,1109]" captionTargetId="graphics-791@3.[825,1229,150,779]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3|Reconstruction ofKylinxia and evolutionof thefrontalmost appendages inearly euarthropods. a, SIMPLIFIED CLADOGRAMOF PANARTHROPODS BASED ON AMATRIX OF 81 TAXAAND 283 CHARACTERS (EXTENDED DATAFIG.9 AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA 1)SHOWING KylinxiaIN RED.DOUBLE LINES INDICATE PARAPHYLETIC GROUPINGS.THEGROUPING OF GREAT-APPENDAGEBIVALVED FORMS AND ISOXYIDA IS RECONSTRUCTED AS PARAPHYLETIC AND MONOPHYLETICIN BAYESIAN AND PARSIMONY ANALYSES,RESPECTIVELY (INDICATEDBY THE DASHEDLINES AND QUESTION MARK).DIAGRAMSONTHE LEFTDEPICTTHE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGESIN REPRESENTATIVE TAXA.THE BOXES,COLOURS AND LETTERSA–E INDICATE DIFFERENT APPENDAGEFORMS. A,B,RADIODONT-LIKE FORMS.A,RADIODONT (PURPLE),RamSkOeldiaCOnSimiliS; B,Kylinxia Zhangi(RED).C,GREAT-APPENDAGE FORMS (YELLOW).C1,MEGACHEIRAN, FOrtifOrCepS fOliOSa; C2, PANCHELICERATE,LimuluS pOlyphemuS; C3, GREAT- APPENDAGE BIVALVED EUARTHROPOD,OCCaCariSOVifOrmiS. D,ANTENNA-LIKE RAPTORIAL APPENDAGES INISOXYIDA,SHOWINGINTERSPECIFIC VARIATIONS(GREEN). D1, ISOxySaCutanguluS; D2, ISOxySCurVirOStratuS; D3, ISOxyS aurituS. E,TYPICAL ANTENNAE INCAMBRIAN EUARTHROPODS,INCLUDING TYPICALSENSORIAL FORMS AND SOME PUTATIVERAPTORIAL FORMS.E1,ARTIOPODAN,Kuamaia lataAND KiiSOrtOQia SOperi; E2,FUXIANHUIID,ShankOuia ZhengheiAND OTHERS;E3,HYMENOCARINE, ClyperCariS Serrata. b, ARTISTIC RECONSTRUCTIONBY J.SUN.MORPHOLOGICAL DETAILS OF THE LATERAL TAIL FLAPSWERE INFERRED FROM MEGACHEIRANS SUCH AS FOrtifOrCepS." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717885/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">3N, O</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation box="[721,750,448,468]" captionStart="Extended" captionStartId="10.[106,195,1640,1656]" captionTargetBox="[248,1355,133,1616]" captionTargetId="figure-3@10.[248,1355,131,1616]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="ExtendedData Fig.4 |Drawingsof thehead regionin Kylinxia and comparison offrontalmost appendages in Kylinxia andAnomalocaris. a–g, K.Zhangi. a–e, CAMERALUCIDA DRAWINGSOF HEAD REGIONS,SEE COLOURS OF DIFFERENT ANATOMICALSTRUCTURES AT THE BOTTOM.a, YLSNHM 01124,AS IN FIG.2G. b, NIGP 171304A,AS IN EXTENDED DATAFIG.2D. c, NIGP 171307A,AS IN EXTENDED DATA FIG.2F.d, NIGP 171305A,AS IN EXTENDEDDATA FIG.2B.e, NIGP 171308,AS IN EXTENDED DATA FIG.2I. f, g, FRONTALMOST APPENDAGES OF Kylinxia. f, YLSNHM 01124.g, NIGP 171304A.h–k, FRONTAL APPENDAGESOF AnOmalOCariS CanadenSiS. h,i, FULLAPPENDAGES.h, GSC 75535.i, ROMIP 51212.j, k, SHAFT REGION.j, ROMIP 51215.k,ROMIP 59947.ABBREVIATIONS AS IN FIGS.1, 2 ANDEXTENDED DATA FIG.2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717896" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717896/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">4D</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Extended" captionStartId="11.[106,195,1640,1656]" captionTargetBox="[248,1355,131,1615]" captionTargetId="figure-7@11.[248,1355,131,1615]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="ExtendedData Fig.5 | Anatomyand geochemical analysisof cephalic soft tissuesin Kylinxia zhangi,holotypeNIGP 171304a. a, MAGNIFICATION OF THE HEAD ANDANTERIORMOST TRUNK UNDER VISIBLE LIGHT.b, INTERPRETIVE DRAWINGOF a BY INTEGRATING OBSERVATIONS UNDER VISIBLE LIGHT ANDFROM GEOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS, SEE EXTENDED DATAFIG.4 FOR ACOLOUR KEY.c, BACKSCATTER SCANNING ELECTRON IMAGE OF a UNDER ASCANNING ELECTRONIC MICROSCOPE.d–h, ELEMENTAL MAPS OF a FROM ENERGY-DISPERSIVE X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY.d, CMAP,SHOWING ALIMENTARY CANAL WITHPOSITIVESIGNAL.e, FE MAP,SHOWINGNERVOUS TISSUEWITH POSITIVE SIGNAL.f, OVERLAY IMAGE OF CAND FE MAPS WITHTHE BLENDING MODE OF FILTERING COLOUR IN ADOBE PHOTOSHOP CS6,SHOWING THECOMPOSITIONAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ALIMENTARY CANAL AND NERVOUS TISSUES.g, PMAP,SHOWINGPUTATIVE DIGESTIVE GLANDS WITH POSITIVESIGNAL.h, SI MAP,SHOWING SOFTTISSUES INNEGATIVE RELIEF.PR,PROTOCEREBRAL TISSUE.OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AS INFIGS.1, 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717898" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717898/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">5B, D</figureCitation>
|
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)ANDPOSSIBLEASSOCIATEDNERVOUSTISSUES (‘NB’,‘ND’ AND ‘NF’
|
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<figureCitation box="[687,783,476,497]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[106,137,1054,1071]" captionTargetId="figure-576@1.[634,944,562,792]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig.1 |Anatomy ofKylinxiazhangi from the earlyCambrian Chengjiang biota. a, NIGP 171304A.BOXED REGIONSARESHOWN INc, d, g. b, YLSNHM 01124. BOXED REGIONS ARESHOWN IN e, f, h. THE REGIONWITH ADASHED OUTLINEIS SHOWN IN FIG.2G.c,HEAD REGION INa. THEREGION WITHA DASHEDOUTLINE IS SHOWN INFIG.2I. d, e,TRUNK APPENDAGESFROM a, b, RESPECTIVELY.f, DIFFERENTIATED APPENDAGES FROM b. g, h, POSTERIORBODY REGION FROMa, b, RESPECTIVELY.ARROWHEADS INDICATE ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANES BETWEEN ENDOPODITEPODOMERES.SCALEBARS,10 MM" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717881/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">INFIGS. 1C</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation box="[106,379,505,526]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[106,137,1357,1374]" captionTargetBox="[348,1255,132,1333]" captionTargetId="figure-291@2.[348,803,728,1032]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.2 |Comparative anatomy ofhead structures inKylinxia zhangi, Opabiniaregalis, radiodonts andmegacheirans. a, b, O. regaliS. a, USNM (NATIONAL MUSEUMOF NATURAL HISTORY)155600B,HEAD REGION.b, USNM205258, EYES.c, K.Zhangi, NIGP 171305B,HEAD REGION ANDEYES.d–f, RADIODONTS. d, AnOmalOCariS SP.,ELRC (EARLYLIFE RESEARCH CENTRE) 20001A,HEAD REGION. e, f, ENDITES OF RADIODONTFRONTAL APPENDAGES.e, RamSkOeldia COnSimiliS, NIGP 162527A.f, ParanOmalOCariS multiSegmentaliS, NIGP 154564B.g–i, K.Zhangi. g, YLSNHM 01124,HEAD REGION INFIG.1B.THE BOXEDREGION IS SHOWN INh. h, i, ENDITES OF THE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGES.h, YLSNHM 01124,ENDITES FROM g. i, NIGP 171305A,ENDITE FROM FIG.1C. j–m, MEGACHEIRANS.j, HaikOuCariS erCaienSiS, NIGP EC44154A,HEAD REGION.k–m,ENDITES OF MEGACHEIRANGREAT APPENDAGES.NOTE THENUMEROUS AUXILIARY SPINES ON THEENDITES.k, H. erCaienSiS, NIGP 171309.l, FOrtifOrCepSfOliOSa, NIGP 169954.m, ParapeytOia yunnanenSiS, NIGP 171310.ARROWHEADS INDICATE AUXILIARY SPINES.SCALE BARS, 5 MM (d), 2 MM(a, g, j), 1MM (b, c, e, h, m), 200 ΜM(f, i, k, l). AM,ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANE;DC,DISTAL CLAW;DF,DIFFERENTIATEDFLAPS;DS,DORSAL SCLERITE;ED,ENDITE ONDISTAL ARTICULATEDPODOMERE;F,BODYFLAP;GA,GREATAPPENDAGE;HD,HEAD; HR,MARGINAL RIMOF HEAD SHIELD;IE,INNER EYE;LE,LATERAL EYE;MO,MOUTHOPENING; MS,MAIN SPINE;OE,OUTER EYE;PB,PROBOSCIS.OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AS INFIG.1. NUMBERSREFER TOTHE TOPOLOGICAL POSITION OF THE CORRESPONDINGSTRUCTURE." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717883/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">
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2C,
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<figureCitation box="[137,379,505,526]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[106,137,1054,1071]" captionTargetId="figure-576@1.[634,944,562,792]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig.1 |Anatomy ofKylinxiazhangi from the earlyCambrian Chengjiang biota. a, NIGP 171304A.BOXED REGIONSARESHOWN INc, d, g. b, YLSNHM 01124. BOXED REGIONS ARESHOWN IN e, f, h. THE REGIONWITH ADASHED OUTLINEIS SHOWN IN FIG.2G.c,HEAD REGION INa. THEREGION WITHA DASHEDOUTLINE IS SHOWN INFIG.2I. d, e,TRUNK APPENDAGESFROM a, b, RESPECTIVELY.f, DIFFERENTIATED APPENDAGES FROM b. g, h, POSTERIORBODY REGION FROMa, b, RESPECTIVELY.ARROWHEADS INDICATE ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANES BETWEEN ENDOPODITEPODOMERES.SCALEBARS,10 MM" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717881/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">GANDEXTENDEDDATAFIGS</figureCitation>
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</figureCitation>
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.1A,
|
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<figureCitation box="[413,439,505,525]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[106,137,1357,1374]" captionTargetBox="[348,1255,132,1333]" captionTargetId="figure-291@2.[348,803,728,1032]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.2 |Comparative anatomy ofhead structures inKylinxia zhangi, Opabiniaregalis, radiodonts andmegacheirans. a, b, O. regaliS. a, USNM (NATIONAL MUSEUMOF NATURAL HISTORY)155600B,HEAD REGION.b, USNM205258, EYES.c, K.Zhangi, NIGP 171305B,HEAD REGION ANDEYES.d–f, RADIODONTS. d, AnOmalOCariS SP.,ELRC (EARLYLIFE RESEARCH CENTRE) 20001A,HEAD REGION. e, f, ENDITES OF RADIODONTFRONTAL APPENDAGES.e, RamSkOeldia COnSimiliS, NIGP 162527A.f, ParanOmalOCariS multiSegmentaliS, NIGP 154564B.g–i, K.Zhangi. g, YLSNHM 01124,HEAD REGION INFIG.1B.THE BOXEDREGION IS SHOWN INh. h, i, ENDITES OF THE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGES.h, YLSNHM 01124,ENDITES FROM g. i, NIGP 171305A,ENDITE FROM FIG.1C. j–m, MEGACHEIRANS.j, HaikOuCariS erCaienSiS, NIGP EC44154A,HEAD REGION.k–m,ENDITES OF MEGACHEIRANGREAT APPENDAGES.NOTE THENUMEROUS AUXILIARY SPINES ON THEENDITES.k, H. erCaienSiS, NIGP 171309.l, FOrtifOrCepSfOliOSa, NIGP 169954.m, ParapeytOia yunnanenSiS, NIGP 171310.ARROWHEADS INDICATE AUXILIARY SPINES.SCALE BARS, 5 MM (d), 2 MM(a, g, j), 1MM (b, c, e, h, m), 200 ΜM(f, i, k, l). AM,ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANE;DC,DISTAL CLAW;DF,DIFFERENTIATEDFLAPS;DS,DORSAL SCLERITE;ED,ENDITE ONDISTAL ARTICULATEDPODOMERE;F,BODYFLAP;GA,GREATAPPENDAGE;HD,HEAD; HR,MARGINAL RIMOF HEAD SHIELD;IE,INNER EYE;LE,LATERAL EYE;MO,MOUTHOPENING; MS,MAIN SPINE;OE,OUTER EYE;PB,PROBOSCIS.OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AS INFIG.1. NUMBERSREFER TOTHE TOPOLOGICAL POSITION OF THE CORRESPONDINGSTRUCTURE." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717883/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">2B</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation box="[446,494,505,525]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[816,847,1134,1151]" captionTargetBox="[809,1507,121,1109]" captionTargetId="graphics-791@3.[825,1229,150,779]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3|Reconstruction ofKylinxia and evolutionof thefrontalmost appendages inearly euarthropods. a, SIMPLIFIED CLADOGRAMOF PANARTHROPODS BASED ON AMATRIX OF 81 TAXAAND 283 CHARACTERS (EXTENDED DATAFIG.9 AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA 1)SHOWING KylinxiaIN RED.DOUBLE LINES INDICATE PARAPHYLETIC GROUPINGS.THEGROUPING OF GREAT-APPENDAGEBIVALVED FORMS AND ISOXYIDA IS RECONSTRUCTED AS PARAPHYLETIC AND MONOPHYLETICIN BAYESIAN AND PARSIMONY ANALYSES,RESPECTIVELY (INDICATEDBY THE DASHEDLINES AND QUESTION MARK).DIAGRAMSONTHE LEFTDEPICTTHE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGESIN REPRESENTATIVE TAXA.THE BOXES,COLOURS AND LETTERSA–E INDICATE DIFFERENT APPENDAGEFORMS. A,B,RADIODONT-LIKE FORMS.A,RADIODONT (PURPLE),RamSkOeldiaCOnSimiliS; B,Kylinxia Zhangi(RED).C,GREAT-APPENDAGE FORMS (YELLOW).C1,MEGACHEIRAN, FOrtifOrCepS fOliOSa; C2, PANCHELICERATE,LimuluS pOlyphemuS; C3, GREAT- APPENDAGE BIVALVED EUARTHROPOD,OCCaCariSOVifOrmiS. D,ANTENNA-LIKE RAPTORIAL APPENDAGES INISOXYIDA,SHOWINGINTERSPECIFIC VARIATIONS(GREEN). D1, ISOxySaCutanguluS; D2, ISOxySCurVirOStratuS; D3, ISOxyS aurituS. E,TYPICAL ANTENNAE INCAMBRIAN EUARTHROPODS,INCLUDING TYPICALSENSORIAL FORMS AND SOME PUTATIVERAPTORIAL FORMS.E1,ARTIOPODAN,Kuamaia lataAND KiiSOrtOQia SOperi; E2,FUXIANHUIID,ShankOuia ZhengheiAND OTHERS;E3,HYMENOCARINE, ClyperCariS Serrata. b, ARTISTIC RECONSTRUCTIONBY J.SUN.MORPHOLOGICAL DETAILS OF THE LATERAL TAIL FLAPSWERE INFERRED FROM MEGACHEIRANS SUCH AS FOrtifOrCepS." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717885/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">3N,O</figureCitation>
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,
|
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<figureCitation box="[500,547,505,525]" captionStart="Extended" captionStartId="10.[106,195,1640,1656]" captionTargetBox="[248,1355,133,1616]" captionTargetId="figure-3@10.[248,1355,131,1616]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="ExtendedData Fig.4 |Drawingsof thehead regionin Kylinxia and comparison offrontalmost appendages in Kylinxia andAnomalocaris. a–g, K.Zhangi. a–e, CAMERALUCIDA DRAWINGSOF HEAD REGIONS,SEE COLOURS OF DIFFERENT ANATOMICALSTRUCTURES AT THE BOTTOM.a, YLSNHM 01124,AS IN FIG.2G. b, NIGP 171304A,AS IN EXTENDED DATAFIG.2D. c, NIGP 171307A,AS IN EXTENDED DATA FIG.2F.d, NIGP 171305A,AS IN EXTENDEDDATA FIG.2B.e, NIGP 171308,AS IN EXTENDED DATA FIG.2I. f, g, FRONTALMOST APPENDAGES OF Kylinxia. f, YLSNHM 01124.g, NIGP 171304A.h–k, FRONTAL APPENDAGESOF AnOmalOCariS CanadenSiS. h,i, FULLAPPENDAGES.h, GSC 75535.i, ROMIP 51212.j, k, SHAFT REGION.j, ROMIP 51215.k,ROMIP 59947.ABBREVIATIONS AS IN FIGS.1, 2 ANDEXTENDED DATA FIG.2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717896" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717896/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">4A,D</figureCitation>
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,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[554,602,505,525]" captionStart="Extended" captionStartId="11.[106,195,1640,1656]" captionTargetBox="[248,1355,131,1615]" captionTargetId="figure-7@11.[248,1355,131,1615]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="ExtendedData Fig.5 | Anatomyand geochemical analysisof cephalic soft tissuesin Kylinxia zhangi,holotypeNIGP 171304a. a, MAGNIFICATION OF THE HEAD ANDANTERIORMOST TRUNK UNDER VISIBLE LIGHT.b, INTERPRETIVE DRAWINGOF a BY INTEGRATING OBSERVATIONS UNDER VISIBLE LIGHT ANDFROM GEOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS, SEE EXTENDED DATAFIG.4 FOR ACOLOUR KEY.c, BACKSCATTER SCANNING ELECTRON IMAGE OF a UNDER ASCANNING ELECTRONIC MICROSCOPE.d–h, ELEMENTAL MAPS OF a FROM ENERGY-DISPERSIVE X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY.d, CMAP,SHOWING ALIMENTARY CANAL WITHPOSITIVESIGNAL.e, FE MAP,SHOWINGNERVOUS TISSUEWITH POSITIVE SIGNAL.f, OVERLAY IMAGE OF CAND FE MAPS WITHTHE BLENDING MODE OF FILTERING COLOUR IN ADOBE PHOTOSHOP CS6,SHOWING THECOMPOSITIONAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ALIMENTARY CANAL AND NERVOUS TISSUES.g, PMAP,SHOWINGPUTATIVE DIGESTIVE GLANDS WITH POSITIVESIGNAL.h, SI MAP,SHOWING SOFTTISSUES INNEGATIVE RELIEF.PR,PROTOCEREBRAL TISSUE.OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AS INFIGS.1, 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717898" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717898/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">5B,D</figureCitation>
|
||
). THEANTERIORMOST OFTHESEISPUTATIVENERVOUSTISSUEBETWEENTHEOESOPHAGEALANDOCULAR REGIONS (‘NB’
|
||
<figureCitation box="[231,327,562,583]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[106,137,1054,1071]" captionTargetId="figure-576@1.[634,944,562,792]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig.1 |Anatomy ofKylinxiazhangi from the earlyCambrian Chengjiang biota. a, NIGP 171304A.BOXED REGIONSARESHOWN INc, d, g. b, YLSNHM 01124. BOXED REGIONS ARESHOWN IN e, f, h. THE REGIONWITH ADASHED OUTLINEIS SHOWN IN FIG.2G.c,HEAD REGION INa. THEREGION WITHA DASHEDOUTLINE IS SHOWN INFIG.2I. d, e,TRUNK APPENDAGESFROM a, b, RESPECTIVELY.f, DIFFERENTIATED APPENDAGES FROM b. g, h, POSTERIORBODY REGION FROMa, b, RESPECTIVELY.ARROWHEADS INDICATE ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANES BETWEEN ENDOPODITEPODOMERES.SCALEBARS,10 MM" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717881/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">INFIGS. 1C</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation box="[334,593,562,583]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[106,137,1357,1374]" captionTargetBox="[348,1255,132,1333]" captionTargetId="figure-291@2.[348,803,728,1032]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.2 |Comparative anatomy ofhead structures inKylinxia zhangi, Opabiniaregalis, radiodonts andmegacheirans. a, b, O. regaliS. a, USNM (NATIONAL MUSEUMOF NATURAL HISTORY)155600B,HEAD REGION.b, USNM205258, EYES.c, K.Zhangi, NIGP 171305B,HEAD REGION ANDEYES.d–f, RADIODONTS. d, AnOmalOCariS SP.,ELRC (EARLYLIFE RESEARCH CENTRE) 20001A,HEAD REGION. e, f, ENDITES OF RADIODONTFRONTAL APPENDAGES.e, RamSkOeldia COnSimiliS, NIGP 162527A.f, ParanOmalOCariS multiSegmentaliS, NIGP 154564B.g–i, K.Zhangi. g, YLSNHM 01124,HEAD REGION INFIG.1B.THE BOXEDREGION IS SHOWN INh. h, i, ENDITES OF THE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGES.h, YLSNHM 01124,ENDITES FROM g. i, NIGP 171305A,ENDITE FROM FIG.1C. j–m, MEGACHEIRANS.j, HaikOuCariS erCaienSiS, NIGP EC44154A,HEAD REGION.k–m,ENDITES OF MEGACHEIRANGREAT APPENDAGES.NOTE THENUMEROUS AUXILIARY SPINES ON THEENDITES.k, H. erCaienSiS, NIGP 171309.l, FOrtifOrCepSfOliOSa, NIGP 169954.m, ParapeytOia yunnanenSiS, NIGP 171310.ARROWHEADS INDICATE AUXILIARY SPINES.SCALE BARS, 5 MM (d), 2 MM(a, g, j), 1MM (b, c, e, h, m), 200 ΜM(f, i, k, l). AM,ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANE;DC,DISTAL CLAW;DF,DIFFERENTIATEDFLAPS;DS,DORSAL SCLERITE;ED,ENDITE ONDISTAL ARTICULATEDPODOMERE;F,BODYFLAP;GA,GREATAPPENDAGE;HD,HEAD; HR,MARGINAL RIMOF HEAD SHIELD;IE,INNER EYE;LE,LATERAL EYE;MO,MOUTHOPENING; MS,MAIN SPINE;OE,OUTER EYE;PB,PROBOSCIS.OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AS INFIG.1. NUMBERSREFER TOTHE TOPOLOGICAL POSITION OF THE CORRESPONDINGSTRUCTURE." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717883/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">
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2
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<figureCitation box="[343,593,562,583]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[106,137,1054,1071]" captionTargetId="figure-576@1.[634,944,562,792]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig.1 |Anatomy ofKylinxiazhangi from the earlyCambrian Chengjiang biota. a, NIGP 171304A.BOXED REGIONSARESHOWN INc, d, g. b, YLSNHM 01124. BOXED REGIONS ARESHOWN IN e, f, h. THE REGIONWITH ADASHED OUTLINEIS SHOWN IN FIG.2G.c,HEAD REGION INa. THEREGION WITHA DASHEDOUTLINE IS SHOWN INFIG.2I. d, e,TRUNK APPENDAGESFROM a, b, RESPECTIVELY.f, DIFFERENTIATED APPENDAGES FROM b. g, h, POSTERIORBODY REGION FROMa, b, RESPECTIVELY.ARROWHEADS INDICATE ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANES BETWEEN ENDOPODITEPODOMERES.SCALEBARS,10 MM" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717881/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">CANDEXTENDEDDATAFIGS</figureCitation>
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</figureCitation>
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.1D,
|
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<figureCitation box="[631,658,563,583]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[106,137,1357,1374]" captionTargetBox="[348,1255,132,1333]" captionTargetId="figure-291@2.[348,803,728,1032]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.2 |Comparative anatomy ofhead structures inKylinxia zhangi, Opabiniaregalis, radiodonts andmegacheirans. a, b, O. regaliS. a, USNM (NATIONAL MUSEUMOF NATURAL HISTORY)155600B,HEAD REGION.b, USNM205258, EYES.c, K.Zhangi, NIGP 171305B,HEAD REGION ANDEYES.d–f, RADIODONTS. d, AnOmalOCariS SP.,ELRC (EARLYLIFE RESEARCH CENTRE) 20001A,HEAD REGION. e, f, ENDITES OF RADIODONTFRONTAL APPENDAGES.e, RamSkOeldia COnSimiliS, NIGP 162527A.f, ParanOmalOCariS multiSegmentaliS, NIGP 154564B.g–i, K.Zhangi. g, YLSNHM 01124,HEAD REGION INFIG.1B.THE BOXEDREGION IS SHOWN INh. h, i, ENDITES OF THE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGES.h, YLSNHM 01124,ENDITES FROM g. i, NIGP 171305A,ENDITE FROM FIG.1C. j–m, MEGACHEIRANS.j, HaikOuCariS erCaienSiS, NIGP EC44154A,HEAD REGION.k–m,ENDITES OF MEGACHEIRANGREAT APPENDAGES.NOTE THENUMEROUS AUXILIARY SPINES ON THEENDITES.k, H. erCaienSiS, NIGP 171309.l, FOrtifOrCepSfOliOSa, NIGP 169954.m, ParapeytOia yunnanenSiS, NIGP 171310.ARROWHEADS INDICATE AUXILIARY SPINES.SCALE BARS, 5 MM (d), 2 MM(a, g, j), 1MM (b, c, e, h, m), 200 ΜM(f, i, k, l). AM,ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANE;DC,DISTAL CLAW;DF,DIFFERENTIATEDFLAPS;DS,DORSAL SCLERITE;ED,ENDITE ONDISTAL ARTICULATEDPODOMERE;F,BODYFLAP;GA,GREATAPPENDAGE;HD,HEAD; HR,MARGINAL RIMOF HEAD SHIELD;IE,INNER EYE;LE,LATERAL EYE;MO,MOUTHOPENING; MS,MAIN SPINE;OE,OUTER EYE;PB,PROBOSCIS.OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AS INFIG.1. NUMBERSREFER TOTHE TOPOLOGICAL POSITION OF THE CORRESPONDINGSTRUCTURE." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717883/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">2B</figureCitation>
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|
||
<figureCitation box="[664,715,562,583]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[816,847,1134,1151]" captionTargetBox="[809,1507,121,1109]" captionTargetId="graphics-791@3.[825,1229,150,779]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3|Reconstruction ofKylinxia and evolutionof thefrontalmost appendages inearly euarthropods. a, SIMPLIFIED CLADOGRAMOF PANARTHROPODS BASED ON AMATRIX OF 81 TAXAAND 283 CHARACTERS (EXTENDED DATAFIG.9 AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA 1)SHOWING KylinxiaIN RED.DOUBLE LINES INDICATE PARAPHYLETIC GROUPINGS.THEGROUPING OF GREAT-APPENDAGEBIVALVED FORMS AND ISOXYIDA IS RECONSTRUCTED AS PARAPHYLETIC AND MONOPHYLETICIN BAYESIAN AND PARSIMONY ANALYSES,RESPECTIVELY (INDICATEDBY THE DASHEDLINES AND QUESTION MARK).DIAGRAMSONTHE LEFTDEPICTTHE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGESIN REPRESENTATIVE TAXA.THE BOXES,COLOURS AND LETTERSA–E INDICATE DIFFERENT APPENDAGEFORMS. A,B,RADIODONT-LIKE FORMS.A,RADIODONT (PURPLE),RamSkOeldiaCOnSimiliS; B,Kylinxia Zhangi(RED).C,GREAT-APPENDAGE FORMS (YELLOW).C1,MEGACHEIRAN, FOrtifOrCepS fOliOSa; C2, PANCHELICERATE,LimuluS pOlyphemuS; C3, GREAT- APPENDAGE BIVALVED EUARTHROPOD,OCCaCariSOVifOrmiS. D,ANTENNA-LIKE RAPTORIAL APPENDAGES INISOXYIDA,SHOWINGINTERSPECIFIC VARIATIONS(GREEN). D1, ISOxySaCutanguluS; D2, ISOxySCurVirOStratuS; D3, ISOxyS aurituS. E,TYPICAL ANTENNAE INCAMBRIAN EUARTHROPODS,INCLUDING TYPICALSENSORIAL FORMS AND SOME PUTATIVERAPTORIAL FORMS.E1,ARTIOPODAN,Kuamaia lataAND KiiSOrtOQia SOperi; E2,FUXIANHUIID,ShankOuia ZhengheiAND OTHERS;E3,HYMENOCARINE, ClyperCariS Serrata. b, ARTISTIC RECONSTRUCTIONBY J.SUN.MORPHOLOGICAL DETAILS OF THE LATERAL TAIL FLAPSWERE INFERRED FROM MEGACHEIRANS SUCH AS FOrtifOrCepS." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717885/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">3N, O</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[720,749,563,583]" captionStart="Extended" captionStartId="10.[106,195,1640,1656]" captionTargetBox="[248,1355,133,1616]" captionTargetId="figure-3@10.[248,1355,131,1616]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="ExtendedData Fig.4 |Drawingsof thehead regionin Kylinxia and comparison offrontalmost appendages in Kylinxia andAnomalocaris. a–g, K.Zhangi. a–e, CAMERALUCIDA DRAWINGSOF HEAD REGIONS,SEE COLOURS OF DIFFERENT ANATOMICALSTRUCTURES AT THE BOTTOM.a, YLSNHM 01124,AS IN FIG.2G. b, NIGP 171304A,AS IN EXTENDED DATAFIG.2D. c, NIGP 171307A,AS IN EXTENDED DATA FIG.2F.d, NIGP 171305A,AS IN EXTENDEDDATA FIG.2B.e, NIGP 171308,AS IN EXTENDED DATA FIG.2I. f, g, FRONTALMOST APPENDAGES OF Kylinxia. f, YLSNHM 01124.g, NIGP 171304A.h–k, FRONTAL APPENDAGESOF AnOmalOCariS CanadenSiS. h,i, FULLAPPENDAGES.h, GSC 75535.i, ROMIP 51212.j, k, SHAFT REGION.j, ROMIP 51215.k,ROMIP 59947.ABBREVIATIONS AS IN FIGS.1, 2 ANDEXTENDED DATA FIG.2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717896" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717896/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">4D</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Extended" captionStartId="11.[106,195,1640,1656]" captionTargetBox="[248,1355,131,1615]" captionTargetId="figure-7@11.[248,1355,131,1615]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="ExtendedData Fig.5 | Anatomyand geochemical analysisof cephalic soft tissuesin Kylinxia zhangi,holotypeNIGP 171304a. a, MAGNIFICATION OF THE HEAD ANDANTERIORMOST TRUNK UNDER VISIBLE LIGHT.b, INTERPRETIVE DRAWINGOF a BY INTEGRATING OBSERVATIONS UNDER VISIBLE LIGHT ANDFROM GEOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS, SEE EXTENDED DATAFIG.4 FOR ACOLOUR KEY.c, BACKSCATTER SCANNING ELECTRON IMAGE OF a UNDER ASCANNING ELECTRONIC MICROSCOPE.d–h, ELEMENTAL MAPS OF a FROM ENERGY-DISPERSIVE X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY.d, CMAP,SHOWING ALIMENTARY CANAL WITHPOSITIVESIGNAL.e, FE MAP,SHOWINGNERVOUS TISSUEWITH POSITIVE SIGNAL.f, OVERLAY IMAGE OF CAND FE MAPS WITHTHE BLENDING MODE OF FILTERING COLOUR IN ADOBE PHOTOSHOP CS6,SHOWING THECOMPOSITIONAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ALIMENTARY CANAL AND NERVOUS TISSUES.g, PMAP,SHOWINGPUTATIVE DIGESTIVE GLANDS WITH POSITIVESIGNAL.h, SI MAP,SHOWING SOFTTISSUES INNEGATIVE RELIEF.PR,PROTOCEREBRAL TISSUE.OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AS INFIGS.1, 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717898" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717898/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">5B, D</figureCitation>
|
||
),ANDSITUATEDPOSTERIORLY ARENERVESINTOTHEFRONTALMOST APPENDAGES ANDDIFFERENTIATED POST-ORALAPPENDAGES (‘NF’ AND ‘ND’
|
||
<figureCitation box="[637,734,620,641]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[106,137,1054,1071]" captionTargetId="figure-576@1.[634,944,562,792]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig.1 |Anatomy ofKylinxiazhangi from the earlyCambrian Chengjiang biota. a, NIGP 171304A.BOXED REGIONSARESHOWN INc, d, g. b, YLSNHM 01124. BOXED REGIONS ARESHOWN IN e, f, h. THE REGIONWITH ADASHED OUTLINEIS SHOWN IN FIG.2G.c,HEAD REGION INa. THEREGION WITHA DASHEDOUTLINE IS SHOWN INFIG.2I. d, e,TRUNK APPENDAGESFROM a, b, RESPECTIVELY.f, DIFFERENTIATED APPENDAGES FROM b. g, h, POSTERIORBODY REGION FROMa, b, RESPECTIVELY.ARROWHEADS INDICATE ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANES BETWEEN ENDOPODITEPODOMERES.SCALEBARS,10 MM" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717881/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">INFIGS. 1C</figureCitation>
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,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[741,786,620,641]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[106,137,1357,1374]" captionTargetBox="[348,1255,132,1333]" captionTargetId="figure-291@2.[348,803,728,1032]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.2 |Comparative anatomy ofhead structures inKylinxia zhangi, Opabiniaregalis, radiodonts andmegacheirans. a, b, O. regaliS. a, USNM (NATIONAL MUSEUMOF NATURAL HISTORY)155600B,HEAD REGION.b, USNM205258, EYES.c, K.Zhangi, NIGP 171305B,HEAD REGION ANDEYES.d–f, RADIODONTS. d, AnOmalOCariS SP.,ELRC (EARLYLIFE RESEARCH CENTRE) 20001A,HEAD REGION. e, f, ENDITES OF RADIODONTFRONTAL APPENDAGES.e, RamSkOeldia COnSimiliS, NIGP 162527A.f, ParanOmalOCariS multiSegmentaliS, NIGP 154564B.g–i, K.Zhangi. g, YLSNHM 01124,HEAD REGION INFIG.1B.THE BOXEDREGION IS SHOWN INh. h, i, ENDITES OF THE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGES.h, YLSNHM 01124,ENDITES FROM g. i, NIGP 171305A,ENDITE FROM FIG.1C. j–m, MEGACHEIRANS.j, HaikOuCariS erCaienSiS, NIGP EC44154A,HEAD REGION.k–m,ENDITES OF MEGACHEIRANGREAT APPENDAGES.NOTE THENUMEROUS AUXILIARY SPINES ON THEENDITES.k, H. erCaienSiS, NIGP 171309.l, FOrtifOrCepSfOliOSa, NIGP 169954.m, ParapeytOia yunnanenSiS, NIGP 171310.ARROWHEADS INDICATE AUXILIARY SPINES.SCALE BARS, 5 MM (d), 2 MM(a, g, j), 1MM (b, c, e, h, m), 200 ΜM(f, i, k, l). AM,ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANE;DC,DISTAL CLAW;DF,DIFFERENTIATEDFLAPS;DS,DORSAL SCLERITE;ED,ENDITE ONDISTAL ARTICULATEDPODOMERE;F,BODYFLAP;GA,GREATAPPENDAGE;HD,HEAD; HR,MARGINAL RIMOF HEAD SHIELD;IE,INNER EYE;LE,LATERAL EYE;MO,MOUTHOPENING; MS,MAIN SPINE;OE,OUTER EYE;PB,PROBOSCIS.OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AS INFIG.1. NUMBERSREFER TOTHE TOPOLOGICAL POSITION OF THE CORRESPONDINGSTRUCTURE." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717883/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">2C,G</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation box="[106,380,648,669]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[106,137,1054,1071]" captionTargetId="figure-576@1.[634,944,562,792]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig.1 |Anatomy ofKylinxiazhangi from the earlyCambrian Chengjiang biota. a, NIGP 171304A.BOXED REGIONSARESHOWN INc, d, g. b, YLSNHM 01124. BOXED REGIONS ARESHOWN IN e, f, h. THE REGIONWITH ADASHED OUTLINEIS SHOWN IN FIG.2G.c,HEAD REGION INa. THEREGION WITHA DASHEDOUTLINE IS SHOWN INFIG.2I. d, e,TRUNK APPENDAGESFROM a, b, RESPECTIVELY.f, DIFFERENTIATED APPENDAGES FROM b. g, h, POSTERIORBODY REGION FROMa, b, RESPECTIVELY.ARROWHEADS INDICATE ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANES BETWEEN ENDOPODITEPODOMERES.SCALEBARS,10 MM" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717881/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">ANDEXTENDEDDATAFIGS. 1D</figureCitation>
|
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,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[388,416,649,669]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[106,137,1357,1374]" captionTargetBox="[348,1255,132,1333]" captionTargetId="figure-291@2.[348,803,728,1032]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig.2 |Comparative anatomy ofhead structures inKylinxia zhangi, Opabiniaregalis, radiodonts andmegacheirans. a, b, O. regaliS. a, USNM (NATIONAL MUSEUMOF NATURAL HISTORY)155600B,HEAD REGION.b, USNM205258, EYES.c, K.Zhangi, NIGP 171305B,HEAD REGION ANDEYES.d–f, RADIODONTS. d, AnOmalOCariS SP.,ELRC (EARLYLIFE RESEARCH CENTRE) 20001A,HEAD REGION. e, f, ENDITES OF RADIODONTFRONTAL APPENDAGES.e, RamSkOeldia COnSimiliS, NIGP 162527A.f, ParanOmalOCariS multiSegmentaliS, NIGP 154564B.g–i, K.Zhangi. g, YLSNHM 01124,HEAD REGION INFIG.1B.THE BOXEDREGION IS SHOWN INh. h, i, ENDITES OF THE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGES.h, YLSNHM 01124,ENDITES FROM g. i, NIGP 171305A,ENDITE FROM FIG.1C. j–m, MEGACHEIRANS.j, HaikOuCariS erCaienSiS, NIGP EC44154A,HEAD REGION.k–m,ENDITES OF MEGACHEIRANGREAT APPENDAGES.NOTE THENUMEROUS AUXILIARY SPINES ON THEENDITES.k, H. erCaienSiS, NIGP 171309.l, FOrtifOrCepSfOliOSa, NIGP 169954.m, ParapeytOia yunnanenSiS, NIGP 171310.ARROWHEADS INDICATE AUXILIARY SPINES.SCALE BARS, 5 MM (d), 2 MM(a, g, j), 1MM (b, c, e, h, m), 200 ΜM(f, i, k, l). AM,ARTHRODIAL MEMBRANE;DC,DISTAL CLAW;DF,DIFFERENTIATEDFLAPS;DS,DORSAL SCLERITE;ED,ENDITE ONDISTAL ARTICULATEDPODOMERE;F,BODYFLAP;GA,GREATAPPENDAGE;HD,HEAD; HR,MARGINAL RIMOF HEAD SHIELD;IE,INNER EYE;LE,LATERAL EYE;MO,MOUTHOPENING; MS,MAIN SPINE;OE,OUTER EYE;PB,PROBOSCIS.OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AS INFIG.1. NUMBERSREFER TOTHE TOPOLOGICAL POSITION OF THE CORRESPONDINGSTRUCTURE." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717883/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">2B</figureCitation>
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,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[424,475,648,669]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[816,847,1134,1151]" captionTargetBox="[809,1507,121,1109]" captionTargetId="graphics-791@3.[825,1229,150,779]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3|Reconstruction ofKylinxia and evolutionof thefrontalmost appendages inearly euarthropods. a, SIMPLIFIED CLADOGRAMOF PANARTHROPODS BASED ON AMATRIX OF 81 TAXAAND 283 CHARACTERS (EXTENDED DATAFIG.9 AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA 1)SHOWING KylinxiaIN RED.DOUBLE LINES INDICATE PARAPHYLETIC GROUPINGS.THEGROUPING OF GREAT-APPENDAGEBIVALVED FORMS AND ISOXYIDA IS RECONSTRUCTED AS PARAPHYLETIC AND MONOPHYLETICIN BAYESIAN AND PARSIMONY ANALYSES,RESPECTIVELY (INDICATEDBY THE DASHEDLINES AND QUESTION MARK).DIAGRAMSONTHE LEFTDEPICTTHE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGESIN REPRESENTATIVE TAXA.THE BOXES,COLOURS AND LETTERSA–E INDICATE DIFFERENT APPENDAGEFORMS. A,B,RADIODONT-LIKE FORMS.A,RADIODONT (PURPLE),RamSkOeldiaCOnSimiliS; B,Kylinxia Zhangi(RED).C,GREAT-APPENDAGE FORMS (YELLOW).C1,MEGACHEIRAN, FOrtifOrCepS fOliOSa; C2, PANCHELICERATE,LimuluS pOlyphemuS; C3, GREAT- APPENDAGE BIVALVED EUARTHROPOD,OCCaCariSOVifOrmiS. D,ANTENNA-LIKE RAPTORIAL APPENDAGES INISOXYIDA,SHOWINGINTERSPECIFIC VARIATIONS(GREEN). D1, ISOxySaCutanguluS; D2, ISOxySCurVirOStratuS; D3, ISOxyS aurituS. E,TYPICAL ANTENNAE INCAMBRIAN EUARTHROPODS,INCLUDING TYPICALSENSORIAL FORMS AND SOME PUTATIVERAPTORIAL FORMS.E1,ARTIOPODAN,Kuamaia lataAND KiiSOrtOQia SOperi; E2,FUXIANHUIID,ShankOuia ZhengheiAND OTHERS;E3,HYMENOCARINE, ClyperCariS Serrata. b, ARTISTIC RECONSTRUCTIONBY J.SUN.MORPHOLOGICAL DETAILS OF THE LATERAL TAIL FLAPSWERE INFERRED FROM MEGACHEIRANS SUCH AS FOrtifOrCepS." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717885/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">3N, O</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[483,512,649,669]" captionStart="Extended" captionStartId="10.[106,195,1640,1656]" captionTargetBox="[248,1355,133,1616]" captionTargetId="figure-3@10.[248,1355,131,1616]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="ExtendedData Fig.4 |Drawingsof thehead regionin Kylinxia and comparison offrontalmost appendages in Kylinxia andAnomalocaris. a–g, K.Zhangi. a–e, CAMERALUCIDA DRAWINGSOF HEAD REGIONS,SEE COLOURS OF DIFFERENT ANATOMICALSTRUCTURES AT THE BOTTOM.a, YLSNHM 01124,AS IN FIG.2G. b, NIGP 171304A,AS IN EXTENDED DATAFIG.2D. c, NIGP 171307A,AS IN EXTENDED DATA FIG.2F.d, NIGP 171305A,AS IN EXTENDEDDATA FIG.2B.e, NIGP 171308,AS IN EXTENDED DATA FIG.2I. f, g, FRONTALMOST APPENDAGES OF Kylinxia. f, YLSNHM 01124.g, NIGP 171304A.h–k, FRONTAL APPENDAGESOF AnOmalOCariS CanadenSiS. h,i, FULLAPPENDAGES.h, GSC 75535.i, ROMIP 51212.j, k, SHAFT REGION.j, ROMIP 51215.k,ROMIP 59947.ABBREVIATIONS AS IN FIGS.1, 2 ANDEXTENDED DATA FIG.2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717896" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717896/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">4D</figureCitation>
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,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[520,572,649,669]" captionStart="Extended" captionStartId="11.[106,195,1640,1656]" captionTargetBox="[248,1355,131,1615]" captionTargetId="figure-7@11.[248,1355,131,1615]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="ExtendedData Fig.5 | Anatomyand geochemical analysisof cephalic soft tissuesin Kylinxia zhangi,holotypeNIGP 171304a. a, MAGNIFICATION OF THE HEAD ANDANTERIORMOST TRUNK UNDER VISIBLE LIGHT.b, INTERPRETIVE DRAWINGOF a BY INTEGRATING OBSERVATIONS UNDER VISIBLE LIGHT ANDFROM GEOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS, SEE EXTENDED DATAFIG.4 FOR ACOLOUR KEY.c, BACKSCATTER SCANNING ELECTRON IMAGE OF a UNDER ASCANNING ELECTRONIC MICROSCOPE.d–h, ELEMENTAL MAPS OF a FROM ENERGY-DISPERSIVE X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY.d, CMAP,SHOWING ALIMENTARY CANAL WITHPOSITIVESIGNAL.e, FE MAP,SHOWINGNERVOUS TISSUEWITH POSITIVE SIGNAL.f, OVERLAY IMAGE OF CAND FE MAPS WITHTHE BLENDING MODE OF FILTERING COLOUR IN ADOBE PHOTOSHOP CS6,SHOWING THECOMPOSITIONAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ALIMENTARY CANAL AND NERVOUS TISSUES.g, PMAP,SHOWINGPUTATIVE DIGESTIVE GLANDS WITH POSITIVESIGNAL.h, SI MAP,SHOWING SOFTTISSUES INNEGATIVE RELIEF.PR,PROTOCEREBRAL TISSUE.OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AS INFIGS.1, 2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717898" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717898/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">5B, D</figureCitation>
|
||
). TAKEN TOGETHER,THE POST-OCULARFRONTALMOST APPENDAGESOF
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="AND THE OESOPHAGEAL POSITION OF THEIR NERVES ARE MOST CONSISTENT WITH A DEUTEROCEREBRAL IDENTITY, THE DEFINING FEATURE OF DEUTEROPODA" box="[497,578,678,697]" genus="Kylinxia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[497,578,678,697]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">Kylinxia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ANDTHE OESOPHAGEAL POSITION OF THEIR NERVES ARE MOST CONSISTENTWITH ADEUTEROCEREBRAL IDENTITY,THEDEFININGFEATUREOF DEUTEROPODA
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[554,577,731,744]" fontSize="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ortega-Hernandez, J." box="[554,559,731,744]" journalOrPublisher="Biol. Rev." pageId="3" pageNumber="104" pagination="255 - 273" part="91" refId="ref5053" refString="7. Ortega-Hernandez, J. Making sense of ' lower' and ' upper' stem-group Euarthropoda, with comments on the strict use of the name Arthropoda von Siebold, 1848. Biol. Rev. 91, 255 - 273 (2016)." title="Making sense of ' lower' and ' upper' stem-group Euarthropoda, with comments on the strict use of the name Arthropoda von Siebold" type="journal article" year="2016">7</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tanaka, G. & Hou, X. & Ma, X. & Edgecombe, G. D. & Strausfeld, N. J." box="[563,577,731,744]" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" pagination="364 - 367" part="502" refId="ref5664" refString="22. Tanaka, G., Hou, X., Ma, X., Edgecombe, G. D. & Strausfeld, N. J. Chelicerate neural ground pattern in a Cambrian great appendage arthropod. Nature 502, 364 - 367 (2013)." title="Chelicerate neural ground pattern in a Cambrian great appendage arthropod" type="journal article" year="2013">22</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[105,788,811,1988]" box="[106,571,811,836]" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[106,571,811,836]" fontSize="10" level="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[106,571,811,836]" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">
|
||
Phylogeneticimplicationsof
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[468,571,811,836]" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[468,571,811,836]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">Kylinxia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[105,788,811,1988]" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">
|
||
IN SUMMARY,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="HAS A CHIMERIC BODY PLAN THAT COMBINES" box="[241,326,850,869]" genus="Kylinxia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[241,326,850,869]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">Kylinxia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
HAS A CHIMERIC BODY PLAN THAT COMBINES KEY MORPHOLOGICALFEATURES OF
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[377,472,878,897]" class="Dinocaridida" family="Opabiniidae" genus="Opabinia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Radiodonta" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[377,472,878,897]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">Opabinia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="ANDDEUTEROPODA" authorityName="AND DEUTEROPODA" box="[482,786,878,898]" class="Dinocaridida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Radiodonta" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">RADIODONTA ANDDEUTEROPODA</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hou & Bergstrom" authorityYear="1997" box="[110,337,906,927]" class="Megacheira" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="class">ESPECIALLYMEGACHEIRA</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[351,419,906,927]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[816,847,1134,1151]" captionTargetBox="[809,1507,121,1109]" captionTargetId="graphics-791@3.[825,1229,150,779]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3|Reconstruction ofKylinxia and evolutionof thefrontalmost appendages inearly euarthropods. a, SIMPLIFIED CLADOGRAMOF PANARTHROPODS BASED ON AMATRIX OF 81 TAXAAND 283 CHARACTERS (EXTENDED DATAFIG.9 AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA 1)SHOWING KylinxiaIN RED.DOUBLE LINES INDICATE PARAPHYLETIC GROUPINGS.THEGROUPING OF GREAT-APPENDAGEBIVALVED FORMS AND ISOXYIDA IS RECONSTRUCTED AS PARAPHYLETIC AND MONOPHYLETICIN BAYESIAN AND PARSIMONY ANALYSES,RESPECTIVELY (INDICATEDBY THE DASHEDLINES AND QUESTION MARK).DIAGRAMSONTHE LEFTDEPICTTHE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGESIN REPRESENTATIVE TAXA.THE BOXES,COLOURS AND LETTERSA–E INDICATE DIFFERENT APPENDAGEFORMS. A,B,RADIODONT-LIKE FORMS.A,RADIODONT (PURPLE),RamSkOeldiaCOnSimiliS; B,Kylinxia Zhangi(RED).C,GREAT-APPENDAGE FORMS (YELLOW).C1,MEGACHEIRAN, FOrtifOrCepS fOliOSa; C2, PANCHELICERATE,LimuluS pOlyphemuS; C3, GREAT- APPENDAGE BIVALVED EUARTHROPOD,OCCaCariSOVifOrmiS. D,ANTENNA-LIKE RAPTORIAL APPENDAGES INISOXYIDA,SHOWINGINTERSPECIFIC VARIATIONS(GREEN). D1, ISOxySaCutanguluS; D2, ISOxySCurVirOStratuS; D3, ISOxyS aurituS. E,TYPICAL ANTENNAE INCAMBRIAN EUARTHROPODS,INCLUDING TYPICALSENSORIAL FORMS AND SOME PUTATIVERAPTORIAL FORMS.E1,ARTIOPODAN,Kuamaia lataAND KiiSOrtOQia SOperi; E2,FUXIANHUIID,ShankOuia ZhengheiAND OTHERS;E3,HYMENOCARINE, ClyperCariS Serrata. b, ARTISTIC RECONSTRUCTIONBY J.SUN.MORPHOLOGICAL DETAILS OF THE LATERAL TAIL FLAPSWERE INFERRED FROM MEGACHEIRANS SUCH AS FOrtifOrCepS." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717885/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">FIG. 3B</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation box="[423,669,906,927]" captionStart="Extended" captionStartId="14.[106,195,777,793]" captionTargetBox="[121,1481,131,753]" captionTargetId="figure-3@14.[121,1481,131,753]" captionText="ExtendedData Fig.8 |Ecological reconstructionof Kylinxiazhangi in the earlyCambrian Chengjiang biota. ARTISTIC RECONSTRUCTIONBY J.SUN." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717906" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717906/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">ANDEXTENDEDDATAFIG. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
). TORESOLVE ITS PHYLOGENETIC POSITION AMONG EUARTHROPODS, WEBUILT A MORPHO- LOGICAL MATRIXBY ASSEMBLING CHARACTERSFROM PUBLISHED DATASETS OF PANARTHROPODPHYLOGENY
|
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<bibRefCitation author="Legg, D. A. & Sutton, M. D. & Edgecombe, G. D." box="[356,363,989,1002]" journalOrPublisher="Nat. Commun." pageId="3" pageNumber="104" pagination="2485" part="4" refId="ref5009" refString="6. Legg, D. A., Sutton, M. D. & Edgecombe, G. D. Arthropod fossil data increase congruence of morphological and molecular phylogenies. Nat. Commun. 4, 2485 (2013)." title="Arthropod fossil data increase congruence of morphological and molecular phylogenies" type="journal article" year="2013">6</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Aria, C. & Caron, J. - B." box="[367,375,989,1002]" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" pagination="89 - 92" part="545" refId="ref5098" refString="8. Aria, C. & Caron, J. - B. Burgess Shale fossils illustrate the origin of the mandibulate body plan. Nature 545, 89 - 92 (2017)." title="Burgess Shale fossils illustrate the origin of the mandibulate body plan" type="journal article" year="2017">8</bibRefCitation>
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|
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(THECHARACTERLISTANDCOMPLETEREFERENCE LIST AREPROVIDEDINTHESUPPLEMENTARYDISCUSSION).OURPHYLOGENETIC RECONSTRUCTIONRESOLVES
|
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<taxonomicName authority="AS THE MOST" authorityName="AS THE MOST" box="[340,420,1050,1069]" genus="Kylinxia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[340,420,1050,1069]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">Kylinxia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ASTHEMOSTBASALDEUTEROPOD AND AS A
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="AND DEUTEROPODA" authorityName="AND DEUTEROPODA" box="[105,786,1078,1099]" class="Dinocaridida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Radiodonta" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">TRANSITIONALTAXONTHATBRIDGESBETWEENRADIODONTAANDDEUTEROPODA</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[111,174,1107,1128]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[816,847,1134,1151]" captionTargetBox="[809,1507,121,1109]" captionTargetId="graphics-791@3.[825,1229,150,779]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3|Reconstruction ofKylinxia and evolutionof thefrontalmost appendages inearly euarthropods. a, SIMPLIFIED CLADOGRAMOF PANARTHROPODS BASED ON AMATRIX OF 81 TAXAAND 283 CHARACTERS (EXTENDED DATAFIG.9 AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA 1)SHOWING KylinxiaIN RED.DOUBLE LINES INDICATE PARAPHYLETIC GROUPINGS.THEGROUPING OF GREAT-APPENDAGEBIVALVED FORMS AND ISOXYIDA IS RECONSTRUCTED AS PARAPHYLETIC AND MONOPHYLETICIN BAYESIAN AND PARSIMONY ANALYSES,RESPECTIVELY (INDICATEDBY THE DASHEDLINES AND QUESTION MARK).DIAGRAMSONTHE LEFTDEPICTTHE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGESIN REPRESENTATIVE TAXA.THE BOXES,COLOURS AND LETTERSA–E INDICATE DIFFERENT APPENDAGEFORMS. A,B,RADIODONT-LIKE FORMS.A,RADIODONT (PURPLE),RamSkOeldiaCOnSimiliS; B,Kylinxia Zhangi(RED).C,GREAT-APPENDAGE FORMS (YELLOW).C1,MEGACHEIRAN, FOrtifOrCepS fOliOSa; C2, PANCHELICERATE,LimuluS pOlyphemuS; C3, GREAT- APPENDAGE BIVALVED EUARTHROPOD,OCCaCariSOVifOrmiS. D,ANTENNA-LIKE RAPTORIAL APPENDAGES INISOXYIDA,SHOWINGINTERSPECIFIC VARIATIONS(GREEN). D1, ISOxySaCutanguluS; D2, ISOxySCurVirOStratuS; D3, ISOxyS aurituS. E,TYPICAL ANTENNAE INCAMBRIAN EUARTHROPODS,INCLUDING TYPICALSENSORIAL FORMS AND SOME PUTATIVERAPTORIAL FORMS.E1,ARTIOPODAN,Kuamaia lataAND KiiSOrtOQia SOperi; E2,FUXIANHUIID,ShankOuia ZhengheiAND OTHERS;E3,HYMENOCARINE, ClyperCariS Serrata. b, ARTISTIC RECONSTRUCTIONBY J.SUN.MORPHOLOGICAL DETAILS OF THE LATERAL TAIL FLAPSWERE INFERRED FROM MEGACHEIRANS SUCH AS FOrtifOrCepS." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717885/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">FIG.3A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[182,375,1107,1128]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[816,847,1134,1151]" captionTargetBox="[809,1507,121,1109]" captionTargetId="graphics-791@3.[825,1229,150,779]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3|Reconstruction ofKylinxia and evolutionof thefrontalmost appendages inearly euarthropods. a, SIMPLIFIED CLADOGRAMOF PANARTHROPODS BASED ON AMATRIX OF 81 TAXAAND 283 CHARACTERS (EXTENDED DATAFIG.9 AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA 1)SHOWING KylinxiaIN RED.DOUBLE LINES INDICATE PARAPHYLETIC GROUPINGS.THEGROUPING OF GREAT-APPENDAGEBIVALVED FORMS AND ISOXYIDA IS RECONSTRUCTED AS PARAPHYLETIC AND MONOPHYLETICIN BAYESIAN AND PARSIMONY ANALYSES,RESPECTIVELY (INDICATEDBY THE DASHEDLINES AND QUESTION MARK).DIAGRAMSONTHE LEFTDEPICTTHE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGESIN REPRESENTATIVE TAXA.THE BOXES,COLOURS AND LETTERSA–E INDICATE DIFFERENT APPENDAGEFORMS. A,B,RADIODONT-LIKE FORMS.A,RADIODONT (PURPLE),RamSkOeldiaCOnSimiliS; B,Kylinxia Zhangi(RED).C,GREAT-APPENDAGE FORMS (YELLOW).C1,MEGACHEIRAN, FOrtifOrCepS fOliOSa; C2, PANCHELICERATE,LimuluS pOlyphemuS; C3, GREAT- APPENDAGE BIVALVED EUARTHROPOD,OCCaCariSOVifOrmiS. D,ANTENNA-LIKE RAPTORIAL APPENDAGES INISOXYIDA,SHOWINGINTERSPECIFIC VARIATIONS(GREEN). D1, ISOxySaCutanguluS; D2, ISOxySCurVirOStratuS; D3, ISOxyS aurituS. E,TYPICAL ANTENNAE INCAMBRIAN EUARTHROPODS,INCLUDING TYPICALSENSORIAL FORMS AND SOME PUTATIVERAPTORIAL FORMS.E1,ARTIOPODAN,Kuamaia lataAND KiiSOrtOQia SOperi; E2,FUXIANHUIID,ShankOuia ZhengheiAND OTHERS;E3,HYMENOCARINE, ClyperCariS Serrata. b, ARTISTIC RECONSTRUCTIONBY J.SUN.MORPHOLOGICAL DETAILS OF THE LATERAL TAIL FLAPSWERE INFERRED FROM MEGACHEIRANS SUCH AS FOrtifOrCepS." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717885/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">EXTENDEDDATAFIG.9</figureCitation>
|
||
).THISPHYLOGENETICPLACEMENTOF
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="IS STRONGLY SUPPORTED BY A CONFIGURATION OF" box="[690,768,1108,1127]" genus="Kylinxia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[690,768,1108,1127]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">Kylinxia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
IS STRONGLYSUPPORTEDBY ACONFIGURATIONOFEYESSIMILARTOTHATOF
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="," box="[690,785,1136,1156]" class="Dinocaridida" family="Opabiniidae" genus="Opabinia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Radiodonta" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[690,780,1136,1155]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">Opabinia</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
RADIODONT-LIKEFRONTALMOST APPENDAGES AND ADEUTEROPOD BODY THAT FEATURES AFUSEDHEAD SHIELD,AN ARTHRODIZED TRUNK,AFUSED PYGIDIUM ANDJOINTEDENDOPODITES.PLACEDNEARTHEROOTOFDEUTEROPODA,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="OFFERS A" authorityName="OFFERS A" box="[707,786,1222,1241]" genus="Kylinxia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[707,786,1222,1241]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">Kylinxia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
OFFERS A KEY REFERENCENODE FOR EXPLORINGTHE ORIGINS OFSEVERAL CRITICAL EVOLUTIONARYNOVELTIES DURING THE EARLY EVOLUTION OF EUARTHROPODS, INCLUDING THECOMPLETE ARTHRODIZATION OFTHE BODY,ARTHROPODIZATION OFTHETRUNKAPPENDAGES ANDCEPHALIZATIONOF AMULTI-SEGMENTEDHEAD, WHICHAREABSENTIN
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[296,414,1365,1385]" class="Dinocaridida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Radiodonta" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">RADIODONTA</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ortega-Hernandez, J." box="[415,422,1362,1375]" journalOrPublisher="Biol. Rev." pageId="3" pageNumber="104" pagination="255 - 273" part="91" refId="ref5053" refString="7. Ortega-Hernandez, J. Making sense of ' lower' and ' upper' stem-group Euarthropoda, with comments on the strict use of the name Arthropoda von Siebold, 1848. Biol. Rev. 91, 255 - 273 (2016)." title="Making sense of ' lower' and ' upper' stem-group Euarthropoda, with comments on the strict use of the name Arthropoda von Siebold" type="journal article" year="2016">
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||
<superScript attach="none" box="[415,422,1362,1375]" fontSize="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">7</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
BUTPRESENTIN
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[565,646,1366,1385]" genus="Kylinxia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[565,646,1366,1385]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">Kylinxia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717885" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4717885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717885/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" startId="3.[816,847,1134,1151]" subCaptionStartIDs="3.[1358,1387,1187,1205]" subCaptionStarts="FIG.9 A" targetBox="[809,1507,121,1109]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[816,1497,1133,1658]" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">
|
||
Fig. 3|Reconstruction of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="and" authorityName="AND" box="[1044,1120,1133,1151]" genus="Kylinxia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1044,1120,1133,1151]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">Kylinxia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
andevolutionof thefrontalmost appendages inearlyeuarthropods. a, SIMPLIFIEDCLADOGRAMOFPANARTHROPODS BASEDONAMATRIXOF 81 TAXAAND 283 CHARACTERS (EXTENDEDDATAFIG.9 AND SUPPLEMENTARYDATA 1)SHOWING
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="IN RED. DOUBLE" authorityName="IN RED. DOUBLE" box="[1093,1164,1214,1231]" genus="Kylinxia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1093,1164,1214,1231]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">Kylinxia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
INRED.DOUBLELINESINDICATE PARAPHYLETICGROUPINGS.THEGROUPINGOFGREAT-APPENDAGEBIVALVEDFORMS AND ISOXYIDAISRECONSTRUCTED ASPARAPHYLETICANDMONOPHYLETICINBAYESIANAND PARSIMONY ANALYSES,RESPECTIVELY (INDICATEDBYTHEDASHEDLINES ANDQUESTION MARK).DIAGRAMSONTHELEFTDEPICTTHEFRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGESINREPRESENTATIVE TAXA.THEBOXES,COLOURS ANDLETTERSA–EINDICATEDIFFERENT APPENDAGEFORMS. A,B,RADIODONT-LIKEFORMS.A,RADIODONT (PURPLE),
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="COnSimiliS" authorityName="a.l.Cong" authorityYear="2018" box="[1236,1437,1374,1391]" class="Dinocaridida" family="Amplectobeluidae" genus="Ramskoeldia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Radiodonta" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1236,1437,1374,1391]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">RamSkoeldia ConSimiliS</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; B,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Zhangi" authorityName="Zhangi" box="[836,969,1401,1418]" genus="Kylinxia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[836,969,1401,1418]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">Kylinxiazhangi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(RED).C,GREAT-APPENDAGEFORMS (YELLOW).C1,MEGACHEIRAN,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hou & Bergstrom" authorityYear="1997" box="[816,980,1427,1444]" class="Megacheira" family="Fortiforcipidae" genus="Fortiforceps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Fortiforcipida" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[816,980,1427,1444]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">FortiforCepSfolioSa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; C2, PANCHELICERATE,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="pOlyphemuS" authorityName="O.F.Muller" authorityYear="1785" box="[1159,1335,1427,1444]" class="Merostomata" family="Limulidae" genus="Limulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Xiphosurida" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1159,1335,1427,1444]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">LimuluS polyphemuS</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; C3, GREAT- APPENDAGEBIVALVEDEUARTHROPOD,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hou" authorityYear="1999" box="[1115,1284,1454,1471]" genus="Occacaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1115,1284,1454,1471]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">OCCaCariSoViformiS</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. D,ANTENNA-LIKE RAPTORIALAPPENDAGESINISOXYIDA,SHOWINGINTERSPECIFICVARIATIONS(GREEN). D1,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Walcott" authorityYear="1890" box="[846,1009,1507,1525]" class="Conchyliocarida" family="Conchyliocarida (awaiting allocation)" genus="Isoxys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Conchyliocarida (awaiting allocation)" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[846,1009,1507,1525]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">ISoxySaCutanguluS</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; D2,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Walcott" authorityYear="1890" box="[1050,1227,1508,1525]" class="Conchyliocarida" family="Conchyliocarida (awaiting allocation)" genus="Isoxys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Conchyliocarida (awaiting allocation)" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1050,1227,1508,1525]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">ISoxySCurViroStratuS</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; D3,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Walcott" authorityYear="1890" box="[1268,1385,1508,1525]" class="Conchyliocarida" family="Conchyliocarida (awaiting allocation)" genus="Isoxys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Conchyliocarida (awaiting allocation)" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1268,1385,1508,1525]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">ISoxySaurituS</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. E,TYPICAL ANTENNAEINCAMBRIANEUARTHROPODS,INCLUDINGTYPICALSENSORIALFORMS AND SOMEPUTATIVERAPTORIALFORMS.E1,ARTIOPODAN,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hou" authorityYear="1987" box="[1217,1333,1561,1578]" class="Merostomoidea" family="Merostomoidea (awaiting allocation)" genus="Kuamaia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Merostomoidea (awaiting allocation)" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1217,1333,1561,1578]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">Kuamaialata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
AND
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Stein" authorityYear="2010" box="[1371,1467,1561,1578]" class="Arthropoda incertae sedis" family="Arthropoda incertae sedis" genus="Kiisortoqia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthropoda incertae sedis" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">KiiSortoQia</taxonomicName>
|
||
Soperi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
; E2,FUXIANHUIID,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Zhenghei" authorityName="Zhenghei AND OTHERS" box="[1016,1189,1588,1605]" genus="Shankouia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1016,1189,1588,1605]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">Shankouia zhenghei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ANDOTHERS;E3,HYMENOCARINE,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Jousseaume" authorityYear="1875" box="[816,979,1614,1631]" class="Gastropoda" family="Marginellidae" genus="Serrata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[816,979,1614,1631]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">ClyperCariS Serrata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. b, ARTISTICRECONSTRUCTIONBY J.SUN.MORPHOLOGICALDETAILS OFTHELATERALTAILFLAPSWEREINFERREDFROM MEGACHEIRANSSUCHAS
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hou & Bergstrom" authorityYear="1997" box="[1362,1465,1641,1658]" class="Megacheira" family="Fortiforcipidae" genus="Fortiforceps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Fortiforcipida" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1362,1465,1641,1658]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">FortiforCepS</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[105,788,811,1988]" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="IS HELPFUL IN RESOLVING THE INTERRELATIONSHIPS AMONG MAJOR DEUTEROPODA STEM GROUPS. OUR" box="[129,211,1394,1413]" genus="Kylinxia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[129,211,1394,1413]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">Kylinxia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ISHELPFULINRESOLVINGTHE INTERRELATIONSHIPS AMONGMAJOR DEUTEROPODASTEM GROUPS.OUR PHYLOGENY RECOVERS A VERY BASALPAR- APHYLETIC LINEAGE OF DEUTEROPODA FEATURING TYPICAL RAPTORIAL FRON- TALMOST APPENDAGES AND CONSISTINGOF MEGACHEIRA, PANCHELICERATA, GREAT-APPENDAGEBIVALVEDFORMS ANDISOXYIDA (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[576,787,1508,1529]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[816,847,1134,1151]" captionTargetBox="[809,1507,121,1109]" captionTargetId="graphics-791@3.[825,1229,150,779]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3|Reconstruction ofKylinxia and evolutionof thefrontalmost appendages inearly euarthropods. a, SIMPLIFIED CLADOGRAMOF PANARTHROPODS BASED ON AMATRIX OF 81 TAXAAND 283 CHARACTERS (EXTENDED DATAFIG.9 AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA 1)SHOWING KylinxiaIN RED.DOUBLE LINES INDICATE PARAPHYLETIC GROUPINGS.THEGROUPING OF GREAT-APPENDAGEBIVALVED FORMS AND ISOXYIDA IS RECONSTRUCTED AS PARAPHYLETIC AND MONOPHYLETICIN BAYESIAN AND PARSIMONY ANALYSES,RESPECTIVELY (INDICATEDBY THE DASHEDLINES AND QUESTION MARK).DIAGRAMSONTHE LEFTDEPICTTHE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGESIN REPRESENTATIVE TAXA.THE BOXES,COLOURS AND LETTERSA–E INDICATE DIFFERENT APPENDAGEFORMS. A,B,RADIODONT-LIKE FORMS.A,RADIODONT (PURPLE),RamSkOeldiaCOnSimiliS; B,Kylinxia Zhangi(RED).C,GREAT-APPENDAGE FORMS (YELLOW).C1,MEGACHEIRAN, FOrtifOrCepS fOliOSa; C2, PANCHELICERATE,LimuluS pOlyphemuS; C3, GREAT- APPENDAGE BIVALVED EUARTHROPOD,OCCaCariSOVifOrmiS. D,ANTENNA-LIKE RAPTORIAL APPENDAGES INISOXYIDA,SHOWINGINTERSPECIFIC VARIATIONS(GREEN). D1, ISOxySaCutanguluS; D2, ISOxySCurVirOStratuS; D3, ISOxyS aurituS. E,TYPICAL ANTENNAE INCAMBRIAN EUARTHROPODS,INCLUDING TYPICALSENSORIAL FORMS AND SOME PUTATIVERAPTORIAL FORMS.E1,ARTIOPODAN,Kuamaia lataAND KiiSOrtOQia SOperi; E2,FUXIANHUIID,ShankOuia ZhengheiAND OTHERS;E3,HYMENOCARINE, ClyperCariS Serrata. b, ARTISTIC RECONSTRUCTIONBY J.SUN.MORPHOLOGICAL DETAILS OF THE LATERAL TAIL FLAPSWERE INFERRED FROM MEGACHEIRANS SUCH AS FOrtifOrCepS." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717885/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">FIG. 3AANDEXTENDED</figureCitation>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1862" box="[106,154,1537,1557]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Data" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">DATA</taxonomicName>
|
||
<figureCitation box="[159,216,1537,1558]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[816,847,1134,1151]" captionTargetBox="[809,1507,121,1109]" captionTargetId="graphics-791@3.[825,1229,150,779]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3|Reconstruction ofKylinxia and evolutionof thefrontalmost appendages inearly euarthropods. a, SIMPLIFIED CLADOGRAMOF PANARTHROPODS BASED ON AMATRIX OF 81 TAXAAND 283 CHARACTERS (EXTENDED DATAFIG.9 AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA 1)SHOWING KylinxiaIN RED.DOUBLE LINES INDICATE PARAPHYLETIC GROUPINGS.THEGROUPING OF GREAT-APPENDAGEBIVALVED FORMS AND ISOXYIDA IS RECONSTRUCTED AS PARAPHYLETIC AND MONOPHYLETICIN BAYESIAN AND PARSIMONY ANALYSES,RESPECTIVELY (INDICATEDBY THE DASHEDLINES AND QUESTION MARK).DIAGRAMSONTHE LEFTDEPICTTHE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGESIN REPRESENTATIVE TAXA.THE BOXES,COLOURS AND LETTERSA–E INDICATE DIFFERENT APPENDAGEFORMS. A,B,RADIODONT-LIKE FORMS.A,RADIODONT (PURPLE),RamSkOeldiaCOnSimiliS; B,Kylinxia Zhangi(RED).C,GREAT-APPENDAGE FORMS (YELLOW).C1,MEGACHEIRAN, FOrtifOrCepS fOliOSa; C2, PANCHELICERATE,LimuluS pOlyphemuS; C3, GREAT- APPENDAGE BIVALVED EUARTHROPOD,OCCaCariSOVifOrmiS. D,ANTENNA-LIKE RAPTORIAL APPENDAGES INISOXYIDA,SHOWINGINTERSPECIFIC VARIATIONS(GREEN). D1, ISOxySaCutanguluS; D2, ISOxySCurVirOStratuS; D3, ISOxyS aurituS. E,TYPICAL ANTENNAE INCAMBRIAN EUARTHROPODS,INCLUDING TYPICALSENSORIAL FORMS AND SOME PUTATIVERAPTORIAL FORMS.E1,ARTIOPODAN,Kuamaia lataAND KiiSOrtOQia SOperi; E2,FUXIANHUIID,ShankOuia ZhengheiAND OTHERS;E3,HYMENOCARINE, ClyperCariS Serrata. b, ARTISTIC RECONSTRUCTIONBY J.SUN.MORPHOLOGICAL DETAILS OF THE LATERAL TAIL FLAPSWERE INFERRED FROM MEGACHEIRANS SUCH AS FOrtifOrCepS." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717885/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">FIG. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
). SUCH ABASAL POSITION OF MEGACHEIRA IS LARGELY A CONSE- QUENCE OF INCLUDING
|
||
<taxonomicName authority=", WHICH COMBINES" authorityName="WHICH COMBINES" box="[313,396,1566,1585]" genus="Kylinxia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[313,396,1566,1585]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">Kylinxia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, WHICH COMBINES
|
||
<taxonomicName authority=", RADIODONT AND MEGACHEIRAN CHARACTERISTICS, IN OUR" authorityName="RADIODONT AND MEGACHEIRAN CHARACTERISTICS, IN OUR" box="[577,673,1566,1585]" class="Dinocaridida" family="Opabiniidae" genus="Opabinia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Radiodonta" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[577,673,1566,1585]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">Opabinia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, RADIODONT ANDMEGACHEIRANCHARACTERISTICS,INOUR ANALYSIS.A CLOSEPHYLOGENETIC LINKBETWEEN
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="AND" authorityName="AND" box="[237,397,1623,1643]" class="Dinocaridida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Radiodonta" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">RADIODONTAAND</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="HAS BEEN SUGGESTED ON THE BASIS OF THEIR" authorityName="Hou & Bergstrom" authorityYear="1997" box="[401,611,1623,1644]" class="Megacheira" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="class">MEGACHEIRAHASBEEN</taxonomicName>
|
||
SUGGESTEDONTHE BASISOFTHEIRMORPHOLOGICALSIMILARITIESINFRONTALMOST APPENDAGES
|
||
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<bibRefCitation author="Chen, J. & Waloszek, D. & Maas, A." box="[750,762,1648,1661]" journalOrPublisher="Lethaia" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" pagination="3 - 20" part="37" refId="ref5316" refString="14. Chen, J., Waloszek, D. & Maas, A. A new ' great-appendage' arthropod from the Lower Cambrian of China and homology of chelicerate chelicerae and raptorial antero-ventral appendages. Lethaia 37, 3 - 20 (2004)." title="A new ' great-appendage' arthropod from the Lower Cambrian of China and homology of chelicerate chelicerae and raptorial antero-ventral appendages" type="journal article" year="2004">14</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Haug, J. T. & Waloszek, D. & Maas, A. & Liu, Y. & Haug, C." box="[766,780,1648,1661]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontology" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" pagination="369 - 399" part="55" refId="ref5715" refString="23. Haug, J. T., Waloszek, D., Maas, A., Liu, Y. & Haug, C. Functional morphology, ontogeny and evolution of mantis shrimp-like predators in the Cambrian. Palaeontology 55, 369 - 399 (2012)." title="Functional morphology, ontogeny and evolution of mantis shrimp-like predators in the Cambrian" type="journal article" year="2012">23</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
, BUT IN THAT CONTEXT, RADIODONTA ISCONSIDERED A GROUP THATLEADS TO THE ORIGINOFONLYTHE
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Heymons" authorityYear="1901" box="[326,445,1709,1729]" class="Chelicerata" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="class">CHELICERATA</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Chen, J. & Waloszek, D. & Maas, A." box="[446,459,1706,1719]" journalOrPublisher="Lethaia" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" pagination="3 - 20" part="37" refId="ref5316" refString="14. Chen, J., Waloszek, D. & Maas, A. A new ' great-appendage' arthropod from the Lower Cambrian of China and homology of chelicerate chelicerae and raptorial antero-ventral appendages. Lethaia 37, 3 - 20 (2004)." title="A new ' great-appendage' arthropod from the Lower Cambrian of China and homology of chelicerate chelicerae and raptorial antero-ventral appendages" type="journal article" year="2004">14</bibRefCitation>
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,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Haug, J. T. & Waloszek, D. & Maas, A. & Liu, Y. & Haug, C." box="[463,478,1706,1719]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontology" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" pagination="369 - 399" part="55" refId="ref5715" refString="23. Haug, J. T., Waloszek, D., Maas, A., Liu, Y. & Haug, C. Functional morphology, ontogeny and evolution of mantis shrimp-like predators in the Cambrian. Palaeontology 55, 369 - 399 (2012)." title="Functional morphology, ontogeny and evolution of mantis shrimp-like predators in the Cambrian" type="journal article" year="2012">23</bibRefCitation>
|
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</superScript>
|
||
RATHERTHANTOTHE ORIGINOF ALL DEUTEROPODS
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[237,265,1734,1747]" fontSize="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">
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<bibRefCitation author="Legg, D. A. & Sutton, M. D. & Edgecombe, G. D." box="[237,245,1734,1747]" journalOrPublisher="Nat. Commun." pageId="3" pageNumber="104" pagination="2485" part="4" refId="ref5009" refString="6. Legg, D. A., Sutton, M. D. & Edgecombe, G. D. Arthropod fossil data increase congruence of morphological and molecular phylogenies. Nat. Commun. 4, 2485 (2013)." title="Arthropod fossil data increase congruence of morphological and molecular phylogenies" type="journal article" year="2013">6</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Aria, C. & Caron, J. - B." box="[248,256,1734,1747]" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" pagination="89 - 92" part="545" refId="ref5098" refString="8. Aria, C. & Caron, J. - B. Burgess Shale fossils illustrate the origin of the mandibulate body plan. Nature 545, 89 - 92 (2017)." title="Burgess Shale fossils illustrate the origin of the mandibulate body plan" type="journal article" year="2017">8</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Aria, C. & Caron, J. - B." box="[258,265,1734,1747]" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" pagination="586 - 589" part="573" refId="ref5134" refString="9. Aria, C. & Caron, J. - B. A middle Cambrian arthropod with chelicerae and proto-book gills. Nature 573, 586 - 589 (2019)." title="A middle Cambrian arthropod with chelicerae and proto-book gills" type="journal article" year="2019">9</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
. ACOMPARABLEBASALPLACEMENTOFPARAPHYLETICMEG- ACHEIRANS AND A TIGHT PARAPHYLETIC LINK BETWEEN MEGACHEIRANS AND PANCHELICERATESHAVEALSOBEENREPORTEDINARECENT STUDY
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Aria, C. & Caron, J. - B." box="[657,664,1792,1805]" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" pagination="586 - 589" part="573" refId="ref5134" refString="9. Aria, C. & Caron, J. - B. A middle Cambrian arthropod with chelicerae and proto-book gills. Nature 573, 586 - 589 (2019)." title="A middle Cambrian arthropod with chelicerae and proto-book gills" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[657,664,1792,1805]" fontSize="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">9</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. HOWEVER,IN THAT ANDOTHERCONTRIBUTIONS,ISOXYIDS
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[477,496,1820,1833]" fontSize="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Aria, C. & Caron, J. - B." box="[477,484,1820,1833]" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" pagination="89 - 92" part="545" refId="ref5098" refString="8. Aria, C. & Caron, J. - B. Burgess Shale fossils illustrate the origin of the mandibulate body plan. Nature 545, 89 - 92 (2017)." title="Burgess Shale fossils illustrate the origin of the mandibulate body plan" type="journal article" year="2017">8</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Aria, C. & Caron, J. - B." box="[488,496,1820,1833]" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" pagination="586 - 589" part="573" refId="ref5134" refString="9. Aria, C. & Caron, J. - B. A middle Cambrian arthropod with chelicerae and proto-book gills. Nature 573, 586 - 589 (2019)." title="A middle Cambrian arthropod with chelicerae and proto-book gills" type="journal article" year="2019">9</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
ANDEVEN HYMENOCARINES
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Legg, D. A. & Sutton, M. D. & Edgecombe, G. D." box="[744,752,1820,1833]" journalOrPublisher="Nat. Commun." pageId="3" pageNumber="104" pagination="2485" part="4" refId="ref5009" refString="6. Legg, D. A., Sutton, M. D. & Edgecombe, G. D. Arthropod fossil data increase congruence of morphological and molecular phylogenies. Nat. Commun. 4, 2485 (2013)." title="Arthropod fossil data increase congruence of morphological and molecular phylogenies" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[744,752,1820,1833]" fontSize="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">6</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
ARE RECONSTRUCTED ASMOREBASALTHANMEGACHEIRANS,ALTHOUGHTHISPLACE- MENTREMAINSUNDER DEBATE
|
||
<superScript attach="right" box="[389,415,1878,1891]" fontSize="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Daley, A. C. & Antcliffe, J. B. & Drage, H. B. & Pates, S." box="[389,397,1878,1891]" journalOrPublisher="Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" pagination="5323 - 5331" part="115" refId="ref4897" refString="4. Daley, A. C., Antcliffe, J. B., Drage, H. B. & Pates, S. Early fossil record of Euarthropoda and the Cambrian Explosion. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 115, 5323 - 5331 (2018)." title="Early fossil record of Euarthropoda and the Cambrian Explosion" type="journal article" year="2018">4</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ortega-Hernandez, J. & Janssen, R. & Budd, G. E." box="[400,415,1878,1891]" journalOrPublisher="Arthropod Struct. Dev." pageId="3" pageNumber="104" pagination="354 - 379" part="46" refId="ref5767" refString="24. Ortega-Hernandez, J., Janssen, R. & Budd, G. E. Origin and evolution of the panarthropod head - a palaeobiological and developmental perspective. Arthropod Struct. Dev. 46, 354 - 379 (2017)." title="Origin and evolution of the panarthropod head - a palaeobiological and developmental perspective" type="journal article" year="2017">24</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
. OURPHYLOGENETICINFERENCEINSTEAD FAVOURS A POSITIONOFISOXYIDA ABOVEMEGACHEIRA ANDPANCHELICERATA, WITHISOXYIDAANDGREAT-APPENDAGE BIVALVEDFORMSEITHERPARAPHYLETIC OR MONOPHYLETIC (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[288,357,1967,1988]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[816,847,1134,1151]" captionTargetBox="[809,1507,121,1109]" captionTargetId="graphics-791@3.[825,1229,150,779]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3|Reconstruction ofKylinxia and evolutionof thefrontalmost appendages inearly euarthropods. a, SIMPLIFIED CLADOGRAMOF PANARTHROPODS BASED ON AMATRIX OF 81 TAXAAND 283 CHARACTERS (EXTENDED DATAFIG.9 AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA 1)SHOWING KylinxiaIN RED.DOUBLE LINES INDICATE PARAPHYLETIC GROUPINGS.THEGROUPING OF GREAT-APPENDAGEBIVALVED FORMS AND ISOXYIDA IS RECONSTRUCTED AS PARAPHYLETIC AND MONOPHYLETICIN BAYESIAN AND PARSIMONY ANALYSES,RESPECTIVELY (INDICATEDBY THE DASHEDLINES AND QUESTION MARK).DIAGRAMSONTHE LEFTDEPICTTHE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGESIN REPRESENTATIVE TAXA.THE BOXES,COLOURS AND LETTERSA–E INDICATE DIFFERENT APPENDAGEFORMS. A,B,RADIODONT-LIKE FORMS.A,RADIODONT (PURPLE),RamSkOeldiaCOnSimiliS; B,Kylinxia Zhangi(RED).C,GREAT-APPENDAGE FORMS (YELLOW).C1,MEGACHEIRAN, FOrtifOrCepS fOliOSa; C2, PANCHELICERATE,LimuluS pOlyphemuS; C3, GREAT- APPENDAGE BIVALVED EUARTHROPOD,OCCaCariSOVifOrmiS. D,ANTENNA-LIKE RAPTORIAL APPENDAGES INISOXYIDA,SHOWINGINTERSPECIFIC VARIATIONS(GREEN). D1, ISOxySaCutanguluS; D2, ISOxySCurVirOStratuS; D3, ISOxyS aurituS. E,TYPICAL ANTENNAE INCAMBRIAN EUARTHROPODS,INCLUDING TYPICALSENSORIAL FORMS AND SOME PUTATIVERAPTORIAL FORMS.E1,ARTIOPODAN,Kuamaia lataAND KiiSOrtOQia SOperi; E2,FUXIANHUIID,ShankOuia ZhengheiAND OTHERS;E3,HYMENOCARINE, ClyperCariS Serrata. b, ARTISTIC RECONSTRUCTIONBY J.SUN.MORPHOLOGICAL DETAILS OF THE LATERAL TAIL FLAPSWERE INFERRED FROM MEGACHEIRANS SUCH AS FOrtifOrCepS." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717885/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">FIG. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
, EXTENDED DATA
|
||
<figureCitation box="[523,578,1967,1988]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[816,847,1134,1151]" captionTargetBox="[809,1507,121,1109]" captionTargetId="graphics-791@3.[825,1229,150,779]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3|Reconstruction ofKylinxia and evolutionof thefrontalmost appendages inearly euarthropods. a, SIMPLIFIED CLADOGRAMOF PANARTHROPODS BASED ON AMATRIX OF 81 TAXAAND 283 CHARACTERS (EXTENDED DATAFIG.9 AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA 1)SHOWING KylinxiaIN RED.DOUBLE LINES INDICATE PARAPHYLETIC GROUPINGS.THEGROUPING OF GREAT-APPENDAGEBIVALVED FORMS AND ISOXYIDA IS RECONSTRUCTED AS PARAPHYLETIC AND MONOPHYLETICIN BAYESIAN AND PARSIMONY ANALYSES,RESPECTIVELY (INDICATEDBY THE DASHEDLINES AND QUESTION MARK).DIAGRAMSONTHE LEFTDEPICTTHE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGESIN REPRESENTATIVE TAXA.THE BOXES,COLOURS AND LETTERSA–E INDICATE DIFFERENT APPENDAGEFORMS. A,B,RADIODONT-LIKE FORMS.A,RADIODONT (PURPLE),RamSkOeldiaCOnSimiliS; B,Kylinxia Zhangi(RED).C,GREAT-APPENDAGE FORMS (YELLOW).C1,MEGACHEIRAN, FOrtifOrCepS fOliOSa; C2, PANCHELICERATE,LimuluS pOlyphemuS; C3, GREAT- APPENDAGE BIVALVED EUARTHROPOD,OCCaCariSOVifOrmiS. D,ANTENNA-LIKE RAPTORIAL APPENDAGES INISOXYIDA,SHOWINGINTERSPECIFIC VARIATIONS(GREEN). D1, ISOxySaCutanguluS; D2, ISOxySCurVirOStratuS; D3, ISOxyS aurituS. E,TYPICAL ANTENNAE INCAMBRIAN EUARTHROPODS,INCLUDING TYPICALSENSORIAL FORMS AND SOME PUTATIVERAPTORIAL FORMS.E1,ARTIOPODAN,Kuamaia lataAND KiiSOrtOQia SOperi; E2,FUXIANHUIID,ShankOuia ZhengheiAND OTHERS;E3,HYMENOCARINE, ClyperCariS Serrata. b, ARTISTIC RECONSTRUCTIONBY J.SUN.MORPHOLOGICAL DETAILS OF THE LATERAL TAIL FLAPSWERE INFERRED FROM MEGACHEIRANS SUCH AS FOrtifOrCepS." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717885/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">FIG. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
AND SUPPLEMENTARY
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[815,1498,1738,1845]" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">
|
||
DISCUSSION).OUR EXPERIMENTALANALYSISWITH
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="OMITTED RECOVERS THE" authorityName="OMITTED RECOVERS THE" box="[1246,1326,1738,1757]" genus="Kylinxia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1246,1326,1738,1757]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">Kylinxia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
OMITTEDRECOVERS THEBASALPLACEMENTOFISOXYIDSFOUNDINPREVIOUSSTUDIES
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[1373,1391,1763,1776]" fontSize="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">
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<bibRefCitation author="Aria, C. & Caron, J. - B." box="[1373,1380,1763,1776]" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" pagination="89 - 92" part="545" refId="ref5098" refString="8. Aria, C. & Caron, J. - B. Burgess Shale fossils illustrate the origin of the mandibulate body plan. Nature 545, 89 - 92 (2017)." title="Burgess Shale fossils illustrate the origin of the mandibulate body plan" type="journal article" year="2017">8</bibRefCitation>
|
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,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Aria, C. & Caron, J. - B." box="[1383,1391,1763,1776]" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" pagination="586 - 589" part="573" refId="ref5134" refString="9. Aria, C. & Caron, J. - B. A middle Cambrian arthropod with chelicerae and proto-book gills. Nature 573, 586 - 589 (2019)." title="A middle Cambrian arthropod with chelicerae and proto-book gills" type="journal article" year="2019">9</bibRefCitation>
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</superScript>
|
||
(EXTENDED DATA
|
||
<figureCitation box="[866,934,1795,1816]" captionStart="Extended" captionStartId="16.[106,195,1594,1610]" captionTargetBox="[215,1388,131,1570]" captionTargetId="figure-4@16.[215,1388,131,1570]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="ExtendedData Fig.10 | Consensus trees fromBayesianand parsimony analyses ofpanarthropod relationshipswith Kylinxia zhangiomitted. a,THE 50%MAJORITY-RULE CONSENSUS TREEFROM A BAYESIAN ANALYSIS.NODAL SUPPORTSARE POSTERIORPROBABILITIES.MAJOR TAXONOMICGROUPS ARE INDICATED BY BARS ONTHE RIGHTOF TIPS.b, STRICT CONSENSUS OF ASINGLE MOST PARSIMONIOUSTREE OF 49.60546 STEPS(CONSISTENCY INDEX =0.518,RETENTION INDEX= 0.874) FROM A PARSIMONY ANALYSIS USING IMPLIED CHARACTER WEIGHTING (CONCAVITY CONSTANT k = 3). NODAL SUPPORTS AREGROUPPRESENT ANDCONTRADICTED FREQUENCY DIFFERENCES.IN a, b, NODALSUPPORTS OF 100% ARENOT SHOWN.NOTE THATISOXYIDA AND GREAT-APPENDAGE BIVALVED FORMS(BOTHIN RED) ARE PLACEDAT A MORE BASAL POSITION THANMEGACHEIRA AND PANCHELICERATA WHEN K.Zhangi IS OMITTED,WHICH IS A MAJORDIFFERENCE FROM THE RESULTSWITH K.Zhangi INCLUDED (EXTENDED DATA FIG.9)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717912" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717912/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">FIG. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
, SUPPLEMENTARYDISCUSSIONAND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA 2), EMPHASIZINGTHEINFLUENCEOF
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="ON THE EUARTHROPOD" authorityName="ON THE EUARTHROPOD" box="[1104,1185,1824,1843]" genus="Kylinxia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1104,1185,1824,1843]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">Kylinxia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ONTHEEUARTHROPODPHYLOGENY.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[816,1497,1902,1988]" box="[816,1317,1902,1926]" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[816,1317,1902,1926]" fontSize="10" level="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[816,1317,1902,1926]" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">Evolutionof arthropodfirstappendages</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[816,1497,1902,1988]" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<pageTitle pageId="3" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">
|
||
THE EVOLUTION OF THE FRONTALMOST APPENDAGES HAS BEEN A KEY ISSUE IN RESOLVING THE ORIGIN AND EARLY EVOLUTION OF EUARTHROPODS
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[1446,1490,1964,1977]" fontSize="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Edgecombe, G. D. & Legg, D. A." box="[1446,1453,1964,1977]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontology" pageId="3" pageNumber="104" pagination="457 - 468" part="57" refId="ref4865" refString="3. Edgecombe, G. D. & Legg, D. A. Origins and early evolution of arthropods. Palaeontology 57, 457 - 468 (2014)." title="Origins and early evolution of arthropods" type="journal article" year="2014">3</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ortega-Hernandez, J. & Janssen, R. & Budd, G. E." box="[1457,1472,1964,1977]" journalOrPublisher="Arthropod Struct. Dev." pageId="3" pageNumber="104" pagination="354 - 379" part="46" refId="ref5767" refString="24. Ortega-Hernandez, J., Janssen, R. & Budd, G. E. Origin and evolution of the panarthropod head - a palaeobiological and developmental perspective. Arthropod Struct. Dev. 46, 354 - 379 (2017)." title="Origin and evolution of the panarthropod head - a palaeobiological and developmental perspective" type="journal article" year="2017">24</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Scholtz, G. & Edgecombe, G. D." box="[1476,1490,1964,1977]" journalOrPublisher="Dev. Genes Evol." pageId="3" pageNumber="104" pagination="395 - 415" part="216" refId="ref5813" refString="25. Scholtz, G. & Edgecombe, G. D. The evolution of arthropod heads: reconciling morphological, developmental and palaeontological evidence. Dev. Genes Evol. 216, 395 - 415 (2006)." title="The evolution of arthropod heads: reconciling morphological, developmental and palaeontological evidence" type="journal article" year="2006">25</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</pageTitle>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[105,787,132,1758]" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">
|
||
THE RADIODONT-LIKEFRONTALMOST APPENDAGES ON AMEGACHEIRAN-LIKE BODYIN
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="PROVIDES STRONG EVIDENCE FOR THE HOMOLOGY BETWEEN RADIODONT AND MEGACHEIRAN FRONTALMOST APPENDAGES. UNDER THE" box="[183,265,162,181]" genus="Kylinxia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[183,265,162,181]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">Kylinxia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
PROVIDES STRONGEVIDENCEFORTHE HOMOLOGYBETWEEN RADIODONT ANDMEGACHEIRAN FRONTALMOST APPENDAGES.UNDER THEPAR- SIMONYCRITERION,THESHAREDCHARACTERSINFRONTALMOST APPENDAGESOF
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="AND" authorityName="AND" box="[105,266,247,267]" class="Dinocaridida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Radiodonta" pageId="4" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">RADIODONTAAND</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="ARE VERY UNLIKELY TO BE CONVERGENT. DESPITE THE MISMATCHED SEGMENTAL AFFINITIES OF THE FRONTALMOST APPENDAGES IN" box="[271,353,248,267]" genus="Kylinxia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[271,353,248,267]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">Kylinxia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ARE VERY UNLIKELYTO BE CONVERGENT.DESPITE THEMISMATCHEDSEGMENTALAFFINITIESOFTHEFRONTALMOST APPENDAGESIN
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[105,223,304,324]" class="Dinocaridida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Radiodonta" pageId="4" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">RADIODONTA</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cong, P. & Ma, X. & Hou, X. & Edgecombe, G. D. & Strausfeld, N. J." box="[224,239,301,314]" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="4" pageNumber="105" pagination="538 - 542" part="513" refId="ref5854" refString="26. Cong, P., Ma, X., Hou, X., Edgecombe, G. D. & Strausfeld, N. J. Brain structure resolves the segmental affinity of anomalocaridid appendages. Nature 513, 538 - 542 (2014)." title="Brain structure resolves the segmental affinity of anomalocaridid appendages" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
<superScript attach="right" box="[224,239,301,314]" fontSize="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">26</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, AND
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="AND THE MEGACHEIRANS" authorityName="AND THE MEGACHEIRANS" box="[288,369,305,324]" genus="Kylinxia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[288,369,305,324]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">Kylinxia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ANDTHEMEGACHEIRANS
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tanaka, G. & Hou, X. & Ma, X. & Edgecombe, G. D. & Strausfeld, N. J." box="[589,603,301,314]" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="4" pageNumber="105" pagination="364 - 367" part="502" refId="ref5664" refString="22. Tanaka, G., Hou, X., Ma, X., Edgecombe, G. D. & Strausfeld, N. J. Chelicerate neural ground pattern in a Cambrian great appendage arthropod. Nature 502, 364 - 367 (2013)." title="Chelicerate neural ground pattern in a Cambrian great appendage arthropod" type="journal article" year="2013">
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<superScript attach="left" box="[589,603,301,314]" fontSize="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">22</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
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,THEIRHOMOLOGYIS HERECONSIDEREDMOSTLIKELY(SEECONTROVERSIES AND ALTERNATIVEHYPOTH- ESES
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[148,193,358,371]" fontSize="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">
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<bibRefCitation author="Chen, J. & Waloszek, D. & Maas, A." box="[148,161,358,371]" journalOrPublisher="Lethaia" pageId="4" pageNumber="105" pagination="3 - 20" part="37" refId="ref5316" refString="14. Chen, J., Waloszek, D. & Maas, A. A new ' great-appendage' arthropod from the Lower Cambrian of China and homology of chelicerate chelicerae and raptorial antero-ventral appendages. Lethaia 37, 3 - 20 (2004)." title="A new ' great-appendage' arthropod from the Lower Cambrian of China and homology of chelicerate chelicerae and raptorial antero-ventral appendages" type="journal article" year="2004">14</bibRefCitation>
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||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Aria, C. & Zhao, F. & Zeng, H. & Guo, J. & Zhu, M." box="[164,175,358,371]" journalOrPublisher="BMC Evol. Biol." pageId="4" pageNumber="105" pagination="4" part="20" refId="ref5527" refString="19. Aria, C., Zhao, F., Zeng, H., Guo, J. & Zhu, M. Fossils from South China redefine the ancestral euarthropod body plan. BMC Evol. Biol. 20, 4 (2020)." title="Fossils from South China redefine the ancestral euarthropod body plan" type="journal article" year="2020">19</bibRefCitation>
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||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Haug, J. T. & Waloszek, D. & Maas, A. & Liu, Y. & Haug, C." box="[179,193,358,371]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontology" pageId="4" pageNumber="105" pagination="369 - 399" part="55" refId="ref5715" refString="23. Haug, J. T., Waloszek, D., Maas, A., Liu, Y. & Haug, C. Functional morphology, ontogeny and evolution of mantis shrimp-like predators in the Cambrian. Palaeontology 55, 369 - 399 (2012)." title="Functional morphology, ontogeny and evolution of mantis shrimp-like predators in the Cambrian" type="journal article" year="2012">23</bibRefCitation>
|
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</superScript>
|
||
INTHESUPPLEMENTARYDISCUSSION).NOTABLY,OURPHYLOGENETIC TESTS SHOW THAT THEUNCERTAINTIES IN CODING THE SEGMENTAL AFFINITY OF RADIODONTFRONTALMOST APPENDAGESDONOTINFLUENCETHEPHYLOGENETIC POSITION OF
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="NOR THE OVERALL TREE TOPOLOGY." box="[217,299,448,467]" genus="Kylinxia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[217,299,448,467]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">Kylinxia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
NORTHE OVERALLTREETOPOLOGY.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[105,787,132,1758]" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">
|
||
THEVERY BASALPHYLOGENETIC PLACEMENT OF
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="AND OTHER" authorityName="AND OTHER" box="[552,634,477,496]" genus="Kylinxia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[552,634,477,496]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">Kylinxia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
AND OTHER DEU- TEROPODS THATHAVE TYPICALRAPTORIALFRONTALMOST APPENDAGESFAVOURS THEIDEATHATRAPTORIALFRONTALMOST APPENDAGES WEREAPLESIOMORPHIC FEATUREOF ANCESTRALDEUTEROPODS
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[440,492,559,572]" fontSize="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">
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<bibRefCitation author="Aria, C. & Caron, J. - B." box="[440,448,559,572]" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="4" pageNumber="105" pagination="89 - 92" part="545" refId="ref5098" refString="8. Aria, C. & Caron, J. - B. Burgess Shale fossils illustrate the origin of the mandibulate body plan. Nature 545, 89 - 92 (2017)." title="Burgess Shale fossils illustrate the origin of the mandibulate body plan" type="journal article" year="2017">8</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Aria, C. & Caron, J. - B." box="[450,456,559,572]" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="4" pageNumber="105" pagination="586 - 589" part="573" refId="ref5134" refString="9. Aria, C. & Caron, J. - B. A middle Cambrian arthropod with chelicerae and proto-book gills. Nature 573, 586 - 589 (2019)." title="A middle Cambrian arthropod with chelicerae and proto-book gills" type="journal article" year="2019">9</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Chen, J. & Waloszek, D. & Maas, A." box="[460,473,559,572]" journalOrPublisher="Lethaia" pageId="4" pageNumber="105" pagination="3 - 20" part="37" refId="ref5316" refString="14. Chen, J., Waloszek, D. & Maas, A. A new ' great-appendage' arthropod from the Lower Cambrian of China and homology of chelicerate chelicerae and raptorial antero-ventral appendages. Lethaia 37, 3 - 20 (2004)." title="A new ' great-appendage' arthropod from the Lower Cambrian of China and homology of chelicerate chelicerae and raptorial antero-ventral appendages" type="journal article" year="2004">14</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Haug, J. T. & Waloszek, D. & Maas, A. & Liu, Y. & Haug, C." box="[477,492,559,572]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontology" pageId="4" pageNumber="105" pagination="369 - 399" part="55" refId="ref5715" refString="23. Haug, J. T., Waloszek, D., Maas, A., Liu, Y. & Haug, C. Functional morphology, ontogeny and evolution of mantis shrimp-like predators in the Cambrian. Palaeontology 55, 369 - 399 (2012)." title="Functional morphology, ontogeny and evolution of mantis shrimp-like predators in the Cambrian" type="journal article" year="2012">23</bibRefCitation>
|
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</superScript>
|
||
(‘A’–‘D’
|
||
<figureCitation box="[569,658,562,583]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[816,847,1134,1151]" captionTargetBox="[809,1507,121,1109]" captionTargetId="graphics-791@3.[825,1229,150,779]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3|Reconstruction ofKylinxia and evolutionof thefrontalmost appendages inearly euarthropods. a, SIMPLIFIED CLADOGRAMOF PANARTHROPODS BASED ON AMATRIX OF 81 TAXAAND 283 CHARACTERS (EXTENDED DATAFIG.9 AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA 1)SHOWING KylinxiaIN RED.DOUBLE LINES INDICATE PARAPHYLETIC GROUPINGS.THEGROUPING OF GREAT-APPENDAGEBIVALVED FORMS AND ISOXYIDA IS RECONSTRUCTED AS PARAPHYLETIC AND MONOPHYLETICIN BAYESIAN AND PARSIMONY ANALYSES,RESPECTIVELY (INDICATEDBY THE DASHEDLINES AND QUESTION MARK).DIAGRAMSONTHE LEFTDEPICTTHE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGESIN REPRESENTATIVE TAXA.THE BOXES,COLOURS AND LETTERSA–E INDICATE DIFFERENT APPENDAGEFORMS. A,B,RADIODONT-LIKE FORMS.A,RADIODONT (PURPLE),RamSkOeldiaCOnSimiliS; B,Kylinxia Zhangi(RED).C,GREAT-APPENDAGE FORMS (YELLOW).C1,MEGACHEIRAN, FOrtifOrCepS fOliOSa; C2, PANCHELICERATE,LimuluS pOlyphemuS; C3, GREAT- APPENDAGE BIVALVED EUARTHROPOD,OCCaCariSOVifOrmiS. D,ANTENNA-LIKE RAPTORIAL APPENDAGES INISOXYIDA,SHOWINGINTERSPECIFIC VARIATIONS(GREEN). D1, ISOxySaCutanguluS; D2, ISOxySCurVirOStratuS; D3, ISOxyS aurituS. E,TYPICAL ANTENNAE INCAMBRIAN EUARTHROPODS,INCLUDING TYPICALSENSORIAL FORMS AND SOME PUTATIVERAPTORIAL FORMS.E1,ARTIOPODAN,Kuamaia lataAND KiiSOrtOQia SOperi; E2,FUXIANHUIID,ShankOuia ZhengheiAND OTHERS;E3,HYMENOCARINE, ClyperCariS Serrata. b, ARTISTIC RECONSTRUCTIONBY J.SUN.MORPHOLOGICAL DETAILS OF THE LATERAL TAIL FLAPSWERE INFERRED FROM MEGACHEIRANS SUCH AS FOrtifOrCepS." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717885/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">INFIG. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
), INCONTRAST TO THE ALTERNATIVE ANTENNIFORM HYPOTHESIS
|
||
<superScript attach="right" box="[546,571,588,601]" fontSize="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">
|
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<bibRefCitation author="Legg, D. A. & Sutton, M. D. & Edgecombe, G. D." box="[546,554,588,601]" journalOrPublisher="Nat. Commun." pageId="4" pageNumber="105" pagination="2485" part="4" refId="ref5009" refString="6. Legg, D. A., Sutton, M. D. & Edgecombe, G. D. Arthropod fossil data increase congruence of morphological and molecular phylogenies. Nat. Commun. 4, 2485 (2013)." title="Arthropod fossil data increase congruence of morphological and molecular phylogenies" type="journal article" year="2013">6</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Yang, J. & Ortega-Hernandez, J. & Butterfield, N. J. & Zhang, X." box="[558,571,588,601]" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="4" pageNumber="105" pagination="468 - 471" part="494" refId="ref5619" refString="21. Yang, J., Ortega-Hernandez, J., Butterfield, N. J. & Zhang, X. Specialized appendages in fuxianhuiids and the head organization of early euarthropods. Nature 494, 468 - 471 (2013)." title="Specialized appendages in fuxianhuiids and the head organization of early euarthropods" type="journal article" year="2013">21</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
. SUCH ABASAL GROUP- ING ALSOCASTS NEW LIGHTON THE ORIGINS OF FRONTALMOST APPENDAGES IN MAJOR EUARTHROPOD CROWN GROUPS:THE CHELICERAE INCHELICERATA AND THE(FIRST) ANTENNAEINMANDIBULATA.THESISTERGROUPINGOFMEGACHEIRA AND PANCHELICERATA IN OUR PHYLOGENY HAS GAINED PALAEONEUROLOGICAL EVIDENCEFROMACHELICERATEGROUNDPATTERNINTHEMEGACHEIRANBRAIN
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tanaka, G. & Hou, X. & Ma, X. & Edgecombe, G. D. & Strausfeld, N. J." box="[766,780,731,744]" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="4" pageNumber="105" pagination="364 - 367" part="502" refId="ref5664" refString="22. Tanaka, G., Hou, X., Ma, X., Edgecombe, G. D. & Strausfeld, N. J. Chelicerate neural ground pattern in a Cambrian great appendage arthropod. Nature 502, 364 - 367 (2013)." title="Chelicerate neural ground pattern in a Cambrian great appendage arthropod" type="journal article" year="2013">
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<superScript attach="left" box="[766,780,731,744]" fontSize="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">22</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, ALTHOUGHALTERNATIVE SCENARIOS SUCH AS A CLOSE PARAPHYLETIC GROUPING OFMEGACHEIRANS ANDPANCHELICERATES
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Aria, C. & Caron, J. - B." box="[486,494,788,801]" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="4" pageNumber="105" pagination="586 - 589" part="573" refId="ref5134" refString="9. Aria, C. & Caron, J. - B. A middle Cambrian arthropod with chelicerae and proto-book gills. Nature 573, 586 - 589 (2019)." title="A middle Cambrian arthropod with chelicerae and proto-book gills" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
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<superScript attach="left" box="[486,494,788,801]" fontSize="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">9</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
AND ATRADITIONALARTIOPODAN AFFINITYOFCHELICERATA EXIST
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Legg, D. A. & Sutton, M. D. & Edgecombe, G. D." box="[382,390,817,830]" journalOrPublisher="Nat. Commun." pageId="4" pageNumber="105" pagination="2485" part="4" refId="ref5009" refString="6. Legg, D. A., Sutton, M. D. & Edgecombe, G. D. Arthropod fossil data increase congruence of morphological and molecular phylogenies. Nat. Commun. 4, 2485 (2013)." title="Arthropod fossil data increase congruence of morphological and molecular phylogenies" type="journal article" year="2013">
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<superScript attach="left" box="[382,390,817,830]" fontSize="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">6</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. THUS, OURPHYLOGENETICTOPOLOGYSUP- PORTSTHEORIGINOF CHELICERATAFROM BASALDEUTEROPODSWITH RAPTORIAL FRONTALMOST APPENDAGES AND, IN THISSENSE,CHELICERAEWEREMODIFIED FROMMEGACHEIRANGREAT APPENDAGES
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[478,527,903,916]" fontSize="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">
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<bibRefCitation author="Chen, J. & Waloszek, D. & Maas, A." box="[478,491,903,916]" journalOrPublisher="Lethaia" pageId="4" pageNumber="105" pagination="3 - 20" part="37" refId="ref5316" refString="14. Chen, J., Waloszek, D. & Maas, A. A new ' great-appendage' arthropod from the Lower Cambrian of China and homology of chelicerate chelicerae and raptorial antero-ventral appendages. Lethaia 37, 3 - 20 (2004)." title="A new ' great-appendage' arthropod from the Lower Cambrian of China and homology of chelicerate chelicerae and raptorial antero-ventral appendages" type="journal article" year="2004">14</bibRefCitation>
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||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tanaka, G. & Hou, X. & Ma, X. & Edgecombe, G. D. & Strausfeld, N. J." box="[494,508,903,916]" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="4" pageNumber="105" pagination="364 - 367" part="502" refId="ref5664" refString="22. Tanaka, G., Hou, X., Ma, X., Edgecombe, G. D. & Strausfeld, N. J. Chelicerate neural ground pattern in a Cambrian great appendage arthropod. Nature 502, 364 - 367 (2013)." title="Chelicerate neural ground pattern in a Cambrian great appendage arthropod" type="journal article" year="2013">22</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Haug, J. T. & Waloszek, D. & Maas, A. & Liu, Y. & Haug, C." box="[512,527,903,916]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontology" pageId="4" pageNumber="105" pagination="369 - 399" part="55" refId="ref5715" refString="23. Haug, J. T., Waloszek, D., Maas, A., Liu, Y. & Haug, C. Functional morphology, ontogeny and evolution of mantis shrimp-like predators in the Cambrian. Palaeontology 55, 369 - 399 (2012)." title="Functional morphology, ontogeny and evolution of mantis shrimp-like predators in the Cambrian" type="journal article" year="2012">23</bibRefCitation>
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</superScript>
|
||
(‘C1’ AND ‘C2’
|
||
<figureCitation box="[660,749,906,927]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[816,847,1134,1151]" captionTargetBox="[809,1507,121,1109]" captionTargetId="graphics-791@3.[825,1229,150,779]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3|Reconstruction ofKylinxia and evolutionof thefrontalmost appendages inearly euarthropods. a, SIMPLIFIED CLADOGRAMOF PANARTHROPODS BASED ON AMATRIX OF 81 TAXAAND 283 CHARACTERS (EXTENDED DATAFIG.9 AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA 1)SHOWING KylinxiaIN RED.DOUBLE LINES INDICATE PARAPHYLETIC GROUPINGS.THEGROUPING OF GREAT-APPENDAGEBIVALVED FORMS AND ISOXYIDA IS RECONSTRUCTED AS PARAPHYLETIC AND MONOPHYLETICIN BAYESIAN AND PARSIMONY ANALYSES,RESPECTIVELY (INDICATEDBY THE DASHEDLINES AND QUESTION MARK).DIAGRAMSONTHE LEFTDEPICTTHE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGESIN REPRESENTATIVE TAXA.THE BOXES,COLOURS AND LETTERSA–E INDICATE DIFFERENT APPENDAGEFORMS. A,B,RADIODONT-LIKE FORMS.A,RADIODONT (PURPLE),RamSkOeldiaCOnSimiliS; B,Kylinxia Zhangi(RED).C,GREAT-APPENDAGE FORMS (YELLOW).C1,MEGACHEIRAN, FOrtifOrCepS fOliOSa; C2, PANCHELICERATE,LimuluS pOlyphemuS; C3, GREAT- APPENDAGE BIVALVED EUARTHROPOD,OCCaCariSOVifOrmiS. D,ANTENNA-LIKE RAPTORIAL APPENDAGES INISOXYIDA,SHOWINGINTERSPECIFIC VARIATIONS(GREEN). D1, ISOxySaCutanguluS; D2, ISOxySCurVirOStratuS; D3, ISOxyS aurituS. E,TYPICAL ANTENNAE INCAMBRIAN EUARTHROPODS,INCLUDING TYPICALSENSORIAL FORMS AND SOME PUTATIVERAPTORIAL FORMS.E1,ARTIOPODAN,Kuamaia lataAND KiiSOrtOQia SOperi; E2,FUXIANHUIID,ShankOuia ZhengheiAND OTHERS;E3,HYMENOCARINE, ClyperCariS Serrata. b, ARTISTIC RECONSTRUCTIONBY J.SUN.MORPHOLOGICAL DETAILS OF THE LATERAL TAIL FLAPSWERE INFERRED FROM MEGACHEIRANS SUCH AS FOrtifOrCepS." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717885/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">INFIG. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
), IN CONTRAST TO THE MODEL INWHICH CHELICERAE EVOLVED FROM SMALL SENSO- RIALANTENNAE
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Aria, C. & Caron, J. - B." box="[236,243,960,973]" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="4" pageNumber="105" pagination="586 - 589" part="573" refId="ref5134" refString="9. Aria, C. & Caron, J. - B. A middle Cambrian arthropod with chelicerae and proto-book gills. Nature 573, 586 - 589 (2019)." title="A middle Cambrian arthropod with chelicerae and proto-book gills" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[236,243,960,973]" fontSize="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">9</superScript>
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[105,787,132,1758]" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">
|
||
OURPHYLOGENETICRECONSTRUCTIONRETRIEVES ANUPTREECLADEOFDEUTER- OPODSWITHTYPICALANTENNAEASTHEIRFIRST APPENDAGES,WHICHCOMPRISES ARTIOPODA,FUXIANHUIIDA ANDMOREMANDIBULATE-RELATEDGROUPS(‘E1’– ‘E3’ IN
|
||
<figureCitation box="[166,457,1078,1099]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[816,847,1134,1151]" captionTargetBox="[809,1507,121,1109]" captionTargetId="graphics-791@3.[825,1229,150,779]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3|Reconstruction ofKylinxia and evolutionof thefrontalmost appendages inearly euarthropods. a, SIMPLIFIED CLADOGRAMOF PANARTHROPODS BASED ON AMATRIX OF 81 TAXAAND 283 CHARACTERS (EXTENDED DATAFIG.9 AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA 1)SHOWING KylinxiaIN RED.DOUBLE LINES INDICATE PARAPHYLETIC GROUPINGS.THEGROUPING OF GREAT-APPENDAGEBIVALVED FORMS AND ISOXYIDA IS RECONSTRUCTED AS PARAPHYLETIC AND MONOPHYLETICIN BAYESIAN AND PARSIMONY ANALYSES,RESPECTIVELY (INDICATEDBY THE DASHEDLINES AND QUESTION MARK).DIAGRAMSONTHE LEFTDEPICTTHE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGESIN REPRESENTATIVE TAXA.THE BOXES,COLOURS AND LETTERSA–E INDICATE DIFFERENT APPENDAGEFORMS. A,B,RADIODONT-LIKE FORMS.A,RADIODONT (PURPLE),RamSkOeldiaCOnSimiliS; B,Kylinxia Zhangi(RED).C,GREAT-APPENDAGE FORMS (YELLOW).C1,MEGACHEIRAN, FOrtifOrCepS fOliOSa; C2, PANCHELICERATE,LimuluS pOlyphemuS; C3, GREAT- APPENDAGE BIVALVED EUARTHROPOD,OCCaCariSOVifOrmiS. D,ANTENNA-LIKE RAPTORIAL APPENDAGES INISOXYIDA,SHOWINGINTERSPECIFIC VARIATIONS(GREEN). D1, ISOxySaCutanguluS; D2, ISOxySCurVirOStratuS; D3, ISOxyS aurituS. E,TYPICAL ANTENNAE INCAMBRIAN EUARTHROPODS,INCLUDING TYPICALSENSORIAL FORMS AND SOME PUTATIVERAPTORIAL FORMS.E1,ARTIOPODAN,Kuamaia lataAND KiiSOrtOQia SOperi; E2,FUXIANHUIID,ShankOuia ZhengheiAND OTHERS;E3,HYMENOCARINE, ClyperCariS Serrata. b, ARTISTIC RECONSTRUCTIONBY J.SUN.MORPHOLOGICAL DETAILS OF THE LATERAL TAIL FLAPSWERE INFERRED FROM MEGACHEIRANS SUCH AS FOrtifOrCepS." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717885/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">FIG. 3AANDEXTENDEDDATAFIG</figureCitation>
|
||
.9; SUPPLEMENTARY DISCUSSION).A SIMILARMONOPHYLYOFTHESEGROUPSWASREVEALEDRECENTLY
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Aria, C. & Caron, J. - B." box="[660,667,1104,1117]" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="4" pageNumber="105" pagination="586 - 589" part="573" refId="ref5134" refString="9. Aria, C. & Caron, J. - B. A middle Cambrian arthropod with chelicerae and proto-book gills. Nature 573, 586 - 589 (2019)." title="A middle Cambrian arthropod with chelicerae and proto-book gills" type="journal article" year="2019">
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||
<superScript attach="right" box="[660,667,1104,1117]" fontSize="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">9</superScript>
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</bibRefCitation>
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, DESPITETHE FACTTHATOTHERIDEASHAVEBEENPROPOSED
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Legg, D. A. & Sutton, M. D. & Edgecombe, G. D." box="[491,498,1132,1145]" journalOrPublisher="Nat. Commun." pageId="4" pageNumber="105" pagination="2485" part="4" refId="ref5009" refString="6. Legg, D. A., Sutton, M. D. & Edgecombe, G. D. Arthropod fossil data increase congruence of morphological and molecular phylogenies. Nat. Commun. 4, 2485 (2013)." title="Arthropod fossil data increase congruence of morphological and molecular phylogenies" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
<superScript attach="right" box="[491,498,1132,1145]" fontSize="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">6</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.ITISNOTABLETHATTHEANTENNAE INSOMEARTIOPODANS
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[306,336,1161,1174]" fontSize="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hou, X. et al." box="[306,319,1161,1174]" journalOrPublisher="John Wiley & Sons" pageId="4" pageNumber="105" refId="ref5492" refString="18. Hou, X. et al. The Cambrian Fossils of Chengjiang, China: The Flowering of Early Animal Life 2 nd edn (John Wiley & Sons, 2017)." title="The Cambrian Fossils of Chengjiang, China: The Flowering of Early Animal Life 2 nd edn" type="book" year="2017">18</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Stein, M." box="[322,336,1161,1174]" journalOrPublisher="Zool. J. Linn. Soc." pageId="4" pageNumber="105" pagination="477 - 500" part="158" refId="ref5904" refString="27. Stein, M. A new arthropod from the Early Cambrian of North Greenland, with a ' great appendage' - like antennula. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 158, 477 - 500 (2010)." title="A new arthropod from the Early Cambrian of North Greenland, with a ' great appendage' - like antennula" type="journal article" year="2010">27</bibRefCitation>
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||
</superScript>
|
||
(‘E1’
|
||
<figureCitation box="[380,686,1164,1185]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[816,847,1134,1151]" captionTargetBox="[809,1507,121,1109]" captionTargetId="graphics-791@3.[825,1229,150,779]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3|Reconstruction ofKylinxia and evolutionof thefrontalmost appendages inearly euarthropods. a, SIMPLIFIED CLADOGRAMOF PANARTHROPODS BASED ON AMATRIX OF 81 TAXAAND 283 CHARACTERS (EXTENDED DATAFIG.9 AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA 1)SHOWING KylinxiaIN RED.DOUBLE LINES INDICATE PARAPHYLETIC GROUPINGS.THEGROUPING OF GREAT-APPENDAGEBIVALVED FORMS AND ISOXYIDA IS RECONSTRUCTED AS PARAPHYLETIC AND MONOPHYLETICIN BAYESIAN AND PARSIMONY ANALYSES,RESPECTIVELY (INDICATEDBY THE DASHEDLINES AND QUESTION MARK).DIAGRAMSONTHE LEFTDEPICTTHE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGESIN REPRESENTATIVE TAXA.THE BOXES,COLOURS AND LETTERSA–E INDICATE DIFFERENT APPENDAGEFORMS. A,B,RADIODONT-LIKE FORMS.A,RADIODONT (PURPLE),RamSkOeldiaCOnSimiliS; B,Kylinxia Zhangi(RED).C,GREAT-APPENDAGE FORMS (YELLOW).C1,MEGACHEIRAN, FOrtifOrCepS fOliOSa; C2, PANCHELICERATE,LimuluS pOlyphemuS; C3, GREAT- APPENDAGE BIVALVED EUARTHROPOD,OCCaCariSOVifOrmiS. D,ANTENNA-LIKE RAPTORIAL APPENDAGES INISOXYIDA,SHOWINGINTERSPECIFIC VARIATIONS(GREEN). D1, ISOxySaCutanguluS; D2, ISOxySCurVirOStratuS; D3, ISOxyS aurituS. E,TYPICAL ANTENNAE INCAMBRIAN EUARTHROPODS,INCLUDING TYPICALSENSORIAL FORMS AND SOME PUTATIVERAPTORIAL FORMS.E1,ARTIOPODAN,Kuamaia lataAND KiiSOrtOQia SOperi; E2,FUXIANHUIID,ShankOuia ZhengheiAND OTHERS;E3,HYMENOCARINE, ClyperCariS Serrata. b, ARTISTIC RECONSTRUCTIONBY J.SUN.MORPHOLOGICAL DETAILS OF THE LATERAL TAIL FLAPSWERE INFERRED FROM MEGACHEIRANS SUCH AS FOrtifOrCepS." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717885/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">
|
||
INFIG.3
|
||
<figureCitation box="[450,686,1164,1185]" captionStart="Extended" captionStartId="13.[106,194,1645,1661]" captionTargetId="figure-7@13.[248,1355,131,1620]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Extended Data Fig.7 | Frontalmost appendages of Cambrian megacheirans, isoxyids and artiopodans. a–i, GREAT APPENDAGESOF MEGACHEIRANS.a, d, HaikOuCariS erCaienSiS, NIGP 171309.a, WHOLE SPECIMEN. d, GREAT APPENDAGEIN a.b, e,FOrtifOrCepS fOliOSa,NIGP 169954.b, WHOLE SPECIMEN.e, GREAT APPENDAGEIN b. c, f, g, YOhOia tenuiS, USNM179053.c, WHOLE SPECIMEN.f, GREATAPPENDAGE INc. g, ENDITES IN f, ARROWHEADS INDICATE AUXILIARY SPINES.h, i,ParapeytOia yunnanenSiS, NIGP 171310.h, GREATAPPENDAGE. i, ENDITE SHOWING AUXILIARY SPINES INh. j–q, FRONTALMOST APPENDAGESSHOWING" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717904" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717904/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">AANDEXTENDEDDATAFIG</figureCitation>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
.7P, Q) AND HYMENOCARINES
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Yang, J. & Ortega-Hernandez, J. & Lan, T. & Hou, J. & Zhang, X." box="[260,275,1190,1203]" journalOrPublisher="Sci. Rep." pageId="4" pageNumber="105" pagination="27709" part="6" refId="ref5947" refString="28. Yang, J., Ortega-Hernandez, J., Lan, T., Hou, J. & Zhang, X. A predatory bivalved euarthropod from the Cambrian (Stage 3) Xiaoshiba Lagerstatte, South China. Sci. Rep. 6, 27709 (2016)." title="A predatory bivalved euarthropod from the Cambrian (Stage 3) Xiaoshiba Lagerstatte, South China" type="journal article" year="2016">
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<superScript attach="left" box="[260,275,1190,1203]" fontSize="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">28</superScript>
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
(‘E3’
|
||
<figureCitation box="[322,408,1193,1214]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[816,847,1134,1151]" captionTargetBox="[809,1507,121,1109]" captionTargetId="graphics-791@3.[825,1229,150,779]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3|Reconstruction ofKylinxia and evolutionof thefrontalmost appendages inearly euarthropods. a, SIMPLIFIED CLADOGRAMOF PANARTHROPODS BASED ON AMATRIX OF 81 TAXAAND 283 CHARACTERS (EXTENDED DATAFIG.9 AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA 1)SHOWING KylinxiaIN RED.DOUBLE LINES INDICATE PARAPHYLETIC GROUPINGS.THEGROUPING OF GREAT-APPENDAGEBIVALVED FORMS AND ISOXYIDA IS RECONSTRUCTED AS PARAPHYLETIC AND MONOPHYLETICIN BAYESIAN AND PARSIMONY ANALYSES,RESPECTIVELY (INDICATEDBY THE DASHEDLINES AND QUESTION MARK).DIAGRAMSONTHE LEFTDEPICTTHE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGESIN REPRESENTATIVE TAXA.THE BOXES,COLOURS AND LETTERSA–E INDICATE DIFFERENT APPENDAGEFORMS. A,B,RADIODONT-LIKE FORMS.A,RADIODONT (PURPLE),RamSkOeldiaCOnSimiliS; B,Kylinxia Zhangi(RED).C,GREAT-APPENDAGE FORMS (YELLOW).C1,MEGACHEIRAN, FOrtifOrCepS fOliOSa; C2, PANCHELICERATE,LimuluS pOlyphemuS; C3, GREAT- APPENDAGE BIVALVED EUARTHROPOD,OCCaCariSOVifOrmiS. D,ANTENNA-LIKE RAPTORIAL APPENDAGES INISOXYIDA,SHOWINGINTERSPECIFIC VARIATIONS(GREEN). D1, ISOxySaCutanguluS; D2, ISOxySCurVirOStratuS; D3, ISOxyS aurituS. E,TYPICAL ANTENNAE INCAMBRIAN EUARTHROPODS,INCLUDING TYPICALSENSORIAL FORMS AND SOME PUTATIVERAPTORIAL FORMS.E1,ARTIOPODAN,Kuamaia lataAND KiiSOrtOQia SOperi; E2,FUXIANHUIID,ShankOuia ZhengheiAND OTHERS;E3,HYMENOCARINE, ClyperCariS Serrata. b, ARTISTIC RECONSTRUCTIONBY J.SUN.MORPHOLOGICAL DETAILS OF THE LATERAL TAIL FLAPSWERE INFERRED FROM MEGACHEIRANS SUCH AS FOrtifOrCepS." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717885/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">INFIG.3A</figureCitation>
|
||
) POSSESSPAIREDNEEDLE-SHAPEDENDITIC SPINES AND THESEHAVE BEENINTERPRETEDTOHAVE A PREDATORYFUNCTION. HOWEVER,ALMOSTIDENTICALANTENNALFORMS AREPRESENTIN ISOXYIDSSUCH AS
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="AND" authorityName="Walcott" authorityYear="1890" box="[132,279,1280,1299]" class="Conchyliocarida" family="Conchyliocarida (awaiting allocation)" genus="Isoxys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Conchyliocarida (awaiting allocation)" pageId="4" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[132,279,1280,1299]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">ISoxySVoluCriS</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
AND
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Walcott" authorityYear="1890" box="[326,465,1280,1299]" class="Conchyliocarida" family="Conchyliocarida (awaiting allocation)" genus="Isoxys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Conchyliocarida (awaiting allocation)" pageId="4" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[326,465,1280,1299]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">ISoxySaurituS</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[465,495,1276,1289]" fontSize="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">
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<bibRefCitation author="Legg, D. A. & Vannier, J." box="[465,476,1276,1289]" journalOrPublisher="Lethaia" pageId="4" pageNumber="105" pagination="540 - 550" part="46" refId="ref5453" refString="17. Legg, D. A. & Vannier, J. The affinities of the cosmopolitan arthropod Isoxys and its implications for the origin of arthropods. Lethaia 46, 540 - 550 (2013)." title="The affinities of the cosmopolitan arthropod Isoxys and its implications for the origin of arthropods" type="journal article" year="2013">17</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fu, D. & Zhang, X. & Budd, G. E. & Liu, W. & Pan, X." box="[480,495,1276,1289]" journalOrPublisher="Gondwana Res." pageId="4" pageNumber="105" pagination="975 - 982" part="25" refId="ref6001" refString="29. Fu, D., Zhang, X., Budd, G. E., Liu, W. & Pan, X. Ontogeny and dimorphism of Isoxys auritus (Arthropoda) from the Early Cambrian Chengjiang biota, South China. Gondwana Res. 25, 975 - 982 (2014)." title="Ontogeny and dimorphism of Isoxys auritus (Arthropoda) from the Early Cambrian Chengjiang biota, South China" type="journal article" year="2014">29</bibRefCitation>
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</superScript>
|
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(‘D3’
|
||
<figureCitation box="[550,787,1279,1300]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[816,847,1134,1151]" captionTargetBox="[809,1507,121,1109]" captionTargetId="graphics-791@3.[825,1229,150,779]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3|Reconstruction ofKylinxia and evolutionof thefrontalmost appendages inearly euarthropods. a, SIMPLIFIED CLADOGRAMOF PANARTHROPODS BASED ON AMATRIX OF 81 TAXAAND 283 CHARACTERS (EXTENDED DATAFIG.9 AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA 1)SHOWING KylinxiaIN RED.DOUBLE LINES INDICATE PARAPHYLETIC GROUPINGS.THEGROUPING OF GREAT-APPENDAGEBIVALVED FORMS AND ISOXYIDA IS RECONSTRUCTED AS PARAPHYLETIC AND MONOPHYLETICIN BAYESIAN AND PARSIMONY ANALYSES,RESPECTIVELY (INDICATEDBY THE DASHEDLINES AND QUESTION MARK).DIAGRAMSONTHE LEFTDEPICTTHE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGESIN REPRESENTATIVE TAXA.THE BOXES,COLOURS AND LETTERSA–E INDICATE DIFFERENT APPENDAGEFORMS. A,B,RADIODONT-LIKE FORMS.A,RADIODONT (PURPLE),RamSkOeldiaCOnSimiliS; B,Kylinxia Zhangi(RED).C,GREAT-APPENDAGE FORMS (YELLOW).C1,MEGACHEIRAN, FOrtifOrCepS fOliOSa; C2, PANCHELICERATE,LimuluS pOlyphemuS; C3, GREAT- APPENDAGE BIVALVED EUARTHROPOD,OCCaCariSOVifOrmiS. D,ANTENNA-LIKE RAPTORIAL APPENDAGES INISOXYIDA,SHOWINGINTERSPECIFIC VARIATIONS(GREEN). D1, ISOxySaCutanguluS; D2, ISOxySCurVirOStratuS; D3, ISOxyS aurituS. E,TYPICAL ANTENNAE INCAMBRIAN EUARTHROPODS,INCLUDING TYPICALSENSORIAL FORMS AND SOME PUTATIVERAPTORIAL FORMS.E1,ARTIOPODAN,Kuamaia lataAND KiiSOrtOQia SOperi; E2,FUXIANHUIID,ShankOuia ZhengheiAND OTHERS;E3,HYMENOCARINE, ClyperCariS Serrata. b, ARTISTIC RECONSTRUCTIONBY J.SUN.MORPHOLOGICAL DETAILS OF THE LATERAL TAIL FLAPSWERE INFERRED FROM MEGACHEIRANS SUCH AS FOrtifOrCepS." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717885/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">INFIG. 3AANDEXTENDED</figureCitation>
|
||
DATA
|
||
<figureCitation box="[157,248,1308,1329]" captionStart="Extended" captionStartId="13.[106,194,1645,1661]" captionTargetId="figure-7@13.[248,1355,131,1620]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Extended Data Fig.7 | Frontalmost appendages of Cambrian megacheirans, isoxyids and artiopodans. a–i, GREAT APPENDAGESOF MEGACHEIRANS.a, d, HaikOuCariS erCaienSiS, NIGP 171309.a, WHOLE SPECIMEN. d, GREAT APPENDAGEIN a.b, e,FOrtifOrCepS fOliOSa,NIGP 169954.b, WHOLE SPECIMEN.e, GREAT APPENDAGEIN b. c, f, g, YOhOia tenuiS, USNM179053.c, WHOLE SPECIMEN.f, GREATAPPENDAGE INc. g, ENDITES IN f, ARROWHEADS INDICATE AUXILIARY SPINES.h, i,ParapeytOia yunnanenSiS, NIGP 171310.h, GREATAPPENDAGE. i, ENDITE SHOWING AUXILIARY SPINES INh. j–q, FRONTALMOST APPENDAGESSHOWING" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717904" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717904/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">FIG. 7L–O</figureCitation>
|
||
), WHEREAS THE FRONTALMOST APPENDAGES OF OTHER ISOXY- IDSEXHIBITLESS ANTENNIFORM FEATURES
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[473,520,1333,1346]" fontSize="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">
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<bibRefCitation author="Fu, D. & Zhang, X. & Shu, D." box="[473,486,1333,1346]" journalOrPublisher="Acta Palaeontol. Pol." pageId="4" pageNumber="105" pagination="843 - 852" part="56" refId="ref5397" refString="16. Fu, D., Zhang, X. & Shu, D. Soft anatomy of the early Cambrian arthropod Isoxys curvirostratus from the Chengjiang biota of south China with a discussion on the origination of great appendages. Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 56, 843 - 852 (2011)." title="Soft anatomy of the early Cambrian arthropod Isoxys curvirostratus from the Chengjiang biota of south China with a discussion on the origination of great appendages" type="journal article" year="2011">16</bibRefCitation>
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||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Legg, D. A. & Vannier, J." box="[489,500,1333,1346]" journalOrPublisher="Lethaia" pageId="4" pageNumber="105" pagination="540 - 550" part="46" refId="ref5453" refString="17. Legg, D. A. & Vannier, J. The affinities of the cosmopolitan arthropod Isoxys and its implications for the origin of arthropods. Lethaia 46, 540 - 550 (2013)." title="The affinities of the cosmopolitan arthropod Isoxys and its implications for the origin of arthropods" type="journal article" year="2013">17</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Aria, C. & Caron, J. - B." box="[504,520,1333,1346]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="4" pageNumber="105" pagination="0124979" part="10" refId="ref6060" refString="30. Aria, C. & Caron, J. - B. Cephalic and limb anatomy of a new isoxyid from the Burgess Shale and the role of " stem bivalved arthropods " in the disparity of the frontalmost appendage. PLoS ONE 10, e 0124979 (2015)." title="Cephalic and limb anatomy of a new isoxyid from the Burgess Shale and the role of " stem bivalved arthropods " in the disparity of the frontalmost appendage" type="journal article" year="2015">30</bibRefCitation>
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</superScript>
|
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(‘D1’ AND ‘D2’
|
||
<figureCitation box="[656,744,1336,1357]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[816,847,1134,1151]" captionTargetBox="[809,1507,121,1109]" captionTargetId="graphics-791@3.[825,1229,150,779]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3|Reconstruction ofKylinxia and evolutionof thefrontalmost appendages inearly euarthropods. a, SIMPLIFIED CLADOGRAMOF PANARTHROPODS BASED ON AMATRIX OF 81 TAXAAND 283 CHARACTERS (EXTENDED DATAFIG.9 AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA 1)SHOWING KylinxiaIN RED.DOUBLE LINES INDICATE PARAPHYLETIC GROUPINGS.THEGROUPING OF GREAT-APPENDAGEBIVALVED FORMS AND ISOXYIDA IS RECONSTRUCTED AS PARAPHYLETIC AND MONOPHYLETICIN BAYESIAN AND PARSIMONY ANALYSES,RESPECTIVELY (INDICATEDBY THE DASHEDLINES AND QUESTION MARK).DIAGRAMSONTHE LEFTDEPICTTHE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGESIN REPRESENTATIVE TAXA.THE BOXES,COLOURS AND LETTERSA–E INDICATE DIFFERENT APPENDAGEFORMS. A,B,RADIODONT-LIKE FORMS.A,RADIODONT (PURPLE),RamSkOeldiaCOnSimiliS; B,Kylinxia Zhangi(RED).C,GREAT-APPENDAGE FORMS (YELLOW).C1,MEGACHEIRAN, FOrtifOrCepS fOliOSa; C2, PANCHELICERATE,LimuluS pOlyphemuS; C3, GREAT- APPENDAGE BIVALVED EUARTHROPOD,OCCaCariSOVifOrmiS. D,ANTENNA-LIKE RAPTORIAL APPENDAGES INISOXYIDA,SHOWINGINTERSPECIFIC VARIATIONS(GREEN). D1, ISOxySaCutanguluS; D2, ISOxySCurVirOStratuS; D3, ISOxyS aurituS. E,TYPICAL ANTENNAE INCAMBRIAN EUARTHROPODS,INCLUDING TYPICALSENSORIAL FORMS AND SOME PUTATIVERAPTORIAL FORMS.E1,ARTIOPODAN,Kuamaia lataAND KiiSOrtOQia SOperi; E2,FUXIANHUIID,ShankOuia ZhengheiAND OTHERS;E3,HYMENOCARINE, ClyperCariS Serrata. b, ARTISTIC RECONSTRUCTIONBY J.SUN.MORPHOLOGICAL DETAILS OF THE LATERAL TAIL FLAPSWERE INFERRED FROM MEGACHEIRANS SUCH AS FOrtifOrCepS." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717885/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">INFIG. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
AND EXTENDED
|
||
<figureCitation box="[206,341,1365,1386]" captionStart="Extended" captionStartId="13.[106,194,1645,1661]" captionTargetId="figure-7@13.[248,1355,131,1620]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Extended Data Fig.7 | Frontalmost appendages of Cambrian megacheirans, isoxyids and artiopodans. a–i, GREAT APPENDAGESOF MEGACHEIRANS.a, d, HaikOuCariS erCaienSiS, NIGP 171309.a, WHOLE SPECIMEN. d, GREAT APPENDAGEIN a.b, e,FOrtifOrCepS fOliOSa,NIGP 169954.b, WHOLE SPECIMEN.e, GREAT APPENDAGEIN b. c, f, g, YOhOia tenuiS, USNM179053.c, WHOLE SPECIMEN.f, GREATAPPENDAGE INc. g, ENDITES IN f, ARROWHEADS INDICATE AUXILIARY SPINES.h, i,ParapeytOia yunnanenSiS, NIGP 171310.h, GREATAPPENDAGE. i, ENDITE SHOWING AUXILIARY SPINES INh. j–q, FRONTALMOST APPENDAGESSHOWING" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717904" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717904/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">DATAFIG. 7J, K</figureCitation>
|
||
). GIVEN THE INTERMEDIATE POSITION OF ISOXYIDA BETWEENTHEDEUTEROPODSWITHRAPTORIALFRONTALMOST APPENDAGES AND THOSE WITH TYPICAL ANTENNAE ON OUR TREES (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[522,590,1422,1443]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[816,847,1134,1151]" captionTargetBox="[809,1507,121,1109]" captionTargetId="graphics-791@3.[825,1229,150,779]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3|Reconstruction ofKylinxia and evolutionof thefrontalmost appendages inearly euarthropods. a, SIMPLIFIED CLADOGRAMOF PANARTHROPODS BASED ON AMATRIX OF 81 TAXAAND 283 CHARACTERS (EXTENDED DATAFIG.9 AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA 1)SHOWING KylinxiaIN RED.DOUBLE LINES INDICATE PARAPHYLETIC GROUPINGS.THEGROUPING OF GREAT-APPENDAGEBIVALVED FORMS AND ISOXYIDA IS RECONSTRUCTED AS PARAPHYLETIC AND MONOPHYLETICIN BAYESIAN AND PARSIMONY ANALYSES,RESPECTIVELY (INDICATEDBY THE DASHEDLINES AND QUESTION MARK).DIAGRAMSONTHE LEFTDEPICTTHE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGESIN REPRESENTATIVE TAXA.THE BOXES,COLOURS AND LETTERSA–E INDICATE DIFFERENT APPENDAGEFORMS. A,B,RADIODONT-LIKE FORMS.A,RADIODONT (PURPLE),RamSkOeldiaCOnSimiliS; B,Kylinxia Zhangi(RED).C,GREAT-APPENDAGE FORMS (YELLOW).C1,MEGACHEIRAN, FOrtifOrCepS fOliOSa; C2, PANCHELICERATE,LimuluS pOlyphemuS; C3, GREAT- APPENDAGE BIVALVED EUARTHROPOD,OCCaCariSOVifOrmiS. D,ANTENNA-LIKE RAPTORIAL APPENDAGES INISOXYIDA,SHOWINGINTERSPECIFIC VARIATIONS(GREEN). D1, ISOxySaCutanguluS; D2, ISOxySCurVirOStratuS; D3, ISOxyS aurituS. E,TYPICAL ANTENNAE INCAMBRIAN EUARTHROPODS,INCLUDING TYPICALSENSORIAL FORMS AND SOME PUTATIVERAPTORIAL FORMS.E1,ARTIOPODAN,Kuamaia lataAND KiiSOrtOQia SOperi; E2,FUXIANHUIID,ShankOuia ZhengheiAND OTHERS;E3,HYMENOCARINE, ClyperCariS Serrata. b, ARTISTIC RECONSTRUCTIONBY J.SUN.MORPHOLOGICAL DETAILS OF THE LATERAL TAIL FLAPSWERE INFERRED FROM MEGACHEIRANS SUCH AS FOrtifOrCepS." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717885/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">FIG. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
AND EXTENDEDDATA
|
||
<figureCitation box="[106,163,1451,1472]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[816,847,1134,1151]" captionTargetBox="[809,1507,121,1109]" captionTargetId="graphics-791@3.[825,1229,150,779]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3|Reconstruction ofKylinxia and evolutionof thefrontalmost appendages inearly euarthropods. a, SIMPLIFIED CLADOGRAMOF PANARTHROPODS BASED ON AMATRIX OF 81 TAXAAND 283 CHARACTERS (EXTENDED DATAFIG.9 AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA 1)SHOWING KylinxiaIN RED.DOUBLE LINES INDICATE PARAPHYLETIC GROUPINGS.THEGROUPING OF GREAT-APPENDAGEBIVALVED FORMS AND ISOXYIDA IS RECONSTRUCTED AS PARAPHYLETIC AND MONOPHYLETICIN BAYESIAN AND PARSIMONY ANALYSES,RESPECTIVELY (INDICATEDBY THE DASHEDLINES AND QUESTION MARK).DIAGRAMSONTHE LEFTDEPICTTHE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGESIN REPRESENTATIVE TAXA.THE BOXES,COLOURS AND LETTERSA–E INDICATE DIFFERENT APPENDAGEFORMS. A,B,RADIODONT-LIKE FORMS.A,RADIODONT (PURPLE),RamSkOeldiaCOnSimiliS; B,Kylinxia Zhangi(RED).C,GREAT-APPENDAGE FORMS (YELLOW).C1,MEGACHEIRAN, FOrtifOrCepS fOliOSa; C2, PANCHELICERATE,LimuluS pOlyphemuS; C3, GREAT- APPENDAGE BIVALVED EUARTHROPOD,OCCaCariSOVifOrmiS. D,ANTENNA-LIKE RAPTORIAL APPENDAGES INISOXYIDA,SHOWINGINTERSPECIFIC VARIATIONS(GREEN). D1, ISOxySaCutanguluS; D2, ISOxySCurVirOStratuS; D3, ISOxyS aurituS. E,TYPICAL ANTENNAE INCAMBRIAN EUARTHROPODS,INCLUDING TYPICALSENSORIAL FORMS AND SOME PUTATIVERAPTORIAL FORMS.E1,ARTIOPODAN,Kuamaia lataAND KiiSOrtOQia SOperi; E2,FUXIANHUIID,ShankOuia ZhengheiAND OTHERS;E3,HYMENOCARINE, ClyperCariS Serrata. b, ARTISTIC RECONSTRUCTIONBY J.SUN.MORPHOLOGICAL DETAILS OF THE LATERAL TAIL FLAPSWERE INFERRED FROM MEGACHEIRANS SUCH AS FOrtifOrCepS." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717885/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">FIG. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
), THE REMARKABLE MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATIONS SHOWN BY ISOXYID FRONTALMOST APPENDAGESINDICATETHATTHEFIRST ANTENNAEOFMANDIBULATA MIGHTHAVE BEENDERIVEDFROMRAPTORIALPROTOTYPESRESEMBLINGTHOSE IN ISOXYIDA (‘D1’–‘D3’ IN
|
||
<figureCitation box="[336,400,1537,1558]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[816,847,1134,1151]" captionTargetBox="[809,1507,121,1109]" captionTargetId="graphics-791@3.[825,1229,150,779]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3|Reconstruction ofKylinxia and evolutionof thefrontalmost appendages inearly euarthropods. a, SIMPLIFIED CLADOGRAMOF PANARTHROPODS BASED ON AMATRIX OF 81 TAXAAND 283 CHARACTERS (EXTENDED DATAFIG.9 AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA 1)SHOWING KylinxiaIN RED.DOUBLE LINES INDICATE PARAPHYLETIC GROUPINGS.THEGROUPING OF GREAT-APPENDAGEBIVALVED FORMS AND ISOXYIDA IS RECONSTRUCTED AS PARAPHYLETIC AND MONOPHYLETICIN BAYESIAN AND PARSIMONY ANALYSES,RESPECTIVELY (INDICATEDBY THE DASHEDLINES AND QUESTION MARK).DIAGRAMSONTHE LEFTDEPICTTHE FRONTALMOSTAPPENDAGESIN REPRESENTATIVE TAXA.THE BOXES,COLOURS AND LETTERSA–E INDICATE DIFFERENT APPENDAGEFORMS. A,B,RADIODONT-LIKE FORMS.A,RADIODONT (PURPLE),RamSkOeldiaCOnSimiliS; B,Kylinxia Zhangi(RED).C,GREAT-APPENDAGE FORMS (YELLOW).C1,MEGACHEIRAN, FOrtifOrCepS fOliOSa; C2, PANCHELICERATE,LimuluS pOlyphemuS; C3, GREAT- APPENDAGE BIVALVED EUARTHROPOD,OCCaCariSOVifOrmiS. D,ANTENNA-LIKE RAPTORIAL APPENDAGES INISOXYIDA,SHOWINGINTERSPECIFIC VARIATIONS(GREEN). D1, ISOxySaCutanguluS; D2, ISOxySCurVirOStratuS; D3, ISOxyS aurituS. E,TYPICAL ANTENNAE INCAMBRIAN EUARTHROPODS,INCLUDING TYPICALSENSORIAL FORMS AND SOME PUTATIVERAPTORIAL FORMS.E1,ARTIOPODAN,Kuamaia lataAND KiiSOrtOQia SOperi; E2,FUXIANHUIID,ShankOuia ZhengheiAND OTHERS;E3,HYMENOCARINE, ClyperCariS Serrata. b, ARTISTIC RECONSTRUCTIONBY J.SUN.MORPHOLOGICAL DETAILS OF THE LATERAL TAIL FLAPSWERE INFERRED FROM MEGACHEIRANS SUCH AS FOrtifOrCepS." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4717885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4717885/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">FIG. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[105,787,132,1758]" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">
|
||
THE
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="DEMONSTRATES THE IMPORTANT ROLE OF TRANSITIONAL" box="[172,255,1566,1585]" genus="Kylinxia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[172,255,1566,1585]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">Kylinxia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
DEMONSTRATES THE IMPORTANT ROLE OFTRANSITIONAL FOS- SILS IN RESOLVING THE EARLY HISTORY OF EUARTHROPODS. THE EMERGENCE OF STEM-GROUP EUARTHROPODS WITH MORPHOLOGICALLY AND FUNCTIONALLY DIVERSEFRONTALMOST APPENDAGES ILLUSTRATESTHE BROADEXPLORATION OF MORPHOSPACEAND ECOSPACE BY EARLYEUARTHROPODS DURING THECAM- BRIAN EXPLOSION
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Aria, C. & Caron, J. - B." box="[264,280,1706,1719]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="4" pageNumber="105" pagination="0124979" part="10" refId="ref6060" refString="30. Aria, C. & Caron, J. - B. Cephalic and limb anatomy of a new isoxyid from the Burgess Shale and the role of " stem bivalved arthropods " in the disparity of the frontalmost appendage. PLoS ONE 10, e 0124979 (2015)." title="Cephalic and limb anatomy of a new isoxyid from the Burgess Shale and the role of " stem bivalved arthropods " in the disparity of the frontalmost appendage" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[264,280,1706,1719]" fontSize="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="105">30</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, WHICHPROBABLYLAIDTHEFOUNDATIONFORTHEIR LATER EVOLUTIONARY SUCCESSES.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |