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<document id="FBD9C15FCAAC6124019EBAE2535DA72D" ID-CLB-Dataset="30407" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4402.1.4" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f6baab99-377a-4123-9e74-55070b52c849" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1208486" ID-ZooBank="5A59B11C-3F7E-46AB-B647-C877004B8EAC" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1522150227122" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Tachet, Henri, Coppa, Gennaro &amp; Forcellini, Maxence" docDate="2018" docId="03AA903D0A52FFCFFF74F95BBB33F9C4" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4402.1.4.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4402 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Psychomyiinae Walker 1852" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="105" masterDocId="FF93E8450A5EFFC1FFB3FFEDBA52FFE8" masterDocTitle="A comparative description of the larvae of Psychomyia pusilla (Fabricius 1781), Metalype fragilis (Pictet 1834), and Paduniella vandeli Décamps 1965 (Trichoptera: Psychomyiidae) and comments on the larvae of other species belonging to these three genera" masterLastPageNumber="112" masterPageNumber="91" pageNumber="103" updateTime="1698533650365" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="661F6A4B3913E8B19F2F132A811A1BCB">A comparative description of the larvae of Psychomyia pusilla (Fabricius 1781), Metalype fragilis (Pictet 1834), and Paduniella vandeli Décamps 1965 (Trichoptera: Psychomyiidae) and comments on the larvae of other species belonging to these three genera</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="65B91EB551DD6F84B39025E5A581ACF2">Tachet, Henri</mods:namePart>
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<paragraph id="8BBC212B0A52FFCDFF74F95BB973F927" blockId="12.[151,1436,1574,2031]" box="[199,801,1718,1743]" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">
Comparative morphology of larvae of 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A52FFCDFDC5F95BB973F927" ID-CoL="K8H" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1852" box="[630,801,1718,1743]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Psychomyiinae">Psychomyiinae</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C31972A00A52FFCFFF74F937BB33F9C4" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="105" pageId="12" pageNumber="103" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BBC212B0A52FFCDFF74F937B95EF84F" blockId="12.[151,1436,1574,2031]" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">The characters presented above concern only the three described species. To discover whether these characters have more general taxonomic value, we examined other species belonging to these three genera. We have considered either descriptions found in the literature or, preferably, whenever possible, larvae kindly lent or donated by colleagues. We have considered only the most relevant characters. The characters concerning the size at last instar, the mandibles and the thoracic legs have been were set aside, because, for these three characters, the descriptions were either absent or too basic to be useful.</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A52FFCDFF74F85CBB63F822" box="[199,305,1969,1994]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Metalype" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A52FFCDFF74F85CBB63F822" bold="true" box="[199,305,1969,1994]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">Metalype</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13383DAE0A52FFCDFE8CF85FBBDAF822" box="[319,392,1970,1995]" captionStart="FIGURES1–3" captionStartId="2.[151,264,818,841]" captionTargetBox="[156,1429,198,793]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,193,797]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES1–3. Psychomyiidae spp., heads of instar V larvae, dorsal.(1) Psychomyia pusilla; (2) Metalype fragilis (larva from English population); (3) Paduniella vandeli. The scaleis the same for the three species." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1208488/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">Figs 2</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13383DAE0A52FFCDFE27F85FBBF6F823" box="[404,420,1970,1995]" captionStart="FIGURES4–6" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1275,1298]" captionTargetBox="[159,1430,927,1248]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,921,1254]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES4–6.Psychomyiidae spp., headsof instar V larvae, leftlateral.(4)Psychomyia pusilla, sm = submentalsclerites; (5) Metalype fragilis (larva from English populations); (6) Paduniella vandeli. The image of Pad. vandeli has been enlarged to facilitate comparison." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1208490/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">5</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13383DAE0A52FFCDFE02F85FBB92F822" box="[433,448,1970,1994]" captionStart="FIGURES 7–9" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1915,1938]" captionTargetBox="[157,1428,1414,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,1408,1894]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 7–9. Psychomyiidae spp., heads of instar V larvae, ventral. (7) Psychomyia pusilla; (8) Metalype fragilis (larva from English population); (9)Paduniella vandeli. The image of Pad.vandelihas been enlarged tofacilitate the comparison.sm = submental sclerites, va = ventral apotome." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1208492/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">8</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13383DAE0A52FFCDFE7EF85FBBB8F822" box="[461,490,1970,1994]" captionStart="FIGURES10–13" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1769,1792]" captionTargetBox="[175,1421,1040,1725]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,1021,1748]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES10–13. Psychomyiidaespp., submental sclerites,ventral apotomes, and anterior margins of headsof instar V larvae, ventral.(10)Psychomyia pusilla; (11) Metalype fragilis; (12)Tinodes waeneri; (13) Paduniellavandeli. cs = joint cavity socket of a ventral mandibular condyle,sm = submental sclerites,va = ventral apotome, vamh = ventral anteriormargin of the head,rb = rounded bulge." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1208494/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">11</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13383DAE0A52FFCDFE45F85FB846F823" box="[502,532,1970,1995]" captionStart="FIGURES 14–16" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1560,1583]" captionTargetBox="[171,1416,789,1518]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,769,1540]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 14–16. Psychomyiidae spp., mandibles of instar Vlarvae, ventral.(14) Psychomyia pusilla; (15) Metalype fragilis; (16) Paduniella vandeli. rb = rounded bulge." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1208496/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">15</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13383DAE0A52FFCDFD92F85FB86DF822" box="[545,575,1970,1994]" captionStart="FIGURES 17–21" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1478,1501]" captionTargetBox="[169,1420,533,1443]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,517,1457]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 17–21. Psychomyiidae spp., pronota, procoxopleurites, and proximal parts of prothoracic legs of instar V larvae, left lateral. (17) Psychomyia pusilla; (18) Metalype fragilis (larva from English population); (19) Paduniella vandeli. The arrows indicate the diagonal dark thickening. For procoxopleurite and procoxa, see figure 26; (20) Tinodes waeneri, no diagonal dark thickening; ventrolateral extensions (ve) of the pronotum are present. (21) Pad. vandeli, the arrows indicate the distal extremities of the diagonal dark thickenings of Fig 19." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1208498/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">18</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13383DAE0A52FFCDFDF8F85FB83BF822" box="[587,617,1970,1994]" captionStart="FIGURES 22–25" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1772,1795]" captionTargetBox="[253,1336,435,1720]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[217,1369,409,1752]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 22–25. Psychomyiidae spp., heads, prothoraces, and prothoracic legs of instar V larvae, ventral. (22) Metalype fragilis (larva from French population); (23) Psychomyia pusilla; (24) Tinodes waeneri; (25) Paduniella vandeli. For Psy. pusilla and M. fragilis, the two arrows indicate the prosternal sclerites, for M. fragilis, a cuticular fold overlaps partially the lateral part of the prosternal sclerite; for T. waeneri, the arrow indicates the ventrolateral extension (ve) of the pronotum; the yellow dotted line indicates the trace of the prosternal sclerite attached to the ventrolateralextensions of thepronotum; for Pad. vandeli, the yellow dotted line underlines the trace of the colourless roll of membrane." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1208500/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">22</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13383DAE0A52FFCDFDC5F85FB8ECF823" box="[630,702,1970,1995]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 26–27" captionStart-1="FIGURES 28–30" captionStartId-0="7.[151,264,1080,1103]" captionStartId-1="8.[151,264,1161,1184]" captionTargetBox-0="[175,1411,214,1038]" captionTargetBox-1="[183,1409,297,1117]" captionTargetId-0="figure@7.[151,1435,193,1059]" captionTargetId-1="figure@8.[151,1435,267,1140]" captionTargetPageId-0="7" captionTargetPageId-1="8" captionText-0="FIGURES 26–27. Metalype fragilis, instar V larva. (25) Left prothoracic leg and coxopleurite, posterolateral; (26) tarsus and tarsal claw, posterolateral. am = articular membrane, b = brush of setae; bsp = basal spur, cx = coxa, epm = epimeron, eps = episternum, fe = femur, hc = head of coxa, pt = protrochantin, se = seta, s = suture, ta = tarsus, tc = tarsal claw, ti = tibia, tr = trochanter. Except for the dark basal seta of the tarsal claw (se) and the brush of setae of the tarsus (b), the other setae are not shown." captionText-1="FIGURES 28–30. Psychomyiidae spp., instar V larvae. (28–29) Metalype fragilis: (28) left mesothoracic leg and pleuron, left posterolateral; (29) tarsus and tarsal claw, left posterolateral. (30) Paduniella vandeli, tarsus and tarsal claw, posterolateral. am = articular membrane, bsp = basal spur, cx = coxa, ds = dark seta, pl = pleuron. Except for the dark basal seta of a tarsal claw, the other setae are not shown." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/1208502/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/1208504/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">26–29</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13383DAE0A52FFCDFD79F85FB8B5F822" box="[714,743,1970,1994]" captionStart="FIGURES 31–33" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1880,1903]" captionTargetBox="[165,1425,782,1841]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,769,1860]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 31–33. Psychomyiidae spp., left anal prolegs, anal claws, and teeth of instar V larvae, left lateral. (31) Psychomyia pusilla; (32) Metalype fragilis; (33) Paduniella vandeli. ac = anal claw, t = teeth." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1208506/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">32</figureCitation>
) 
<emphasis id="B977FD390A52FFCDFD5CF85FB959F823" bold="true" box="[751,779,1970,1995]" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">—</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF925CDA0A52FFCDFCB8F85FB9CCF822" box="[779,926,1970,1995]" pageId="12" pageNumber="103" refId="ref13268" refString="Torii, T. (2011 a) The larva and pupa of Metalype uncatissima (Botosaneanu, 1970) (Trichoptera: Psychomyiidae) in Japan. Biology of Inland Waters, 26, 7 - 12." type="journal article">Torii (2011a)</bibRefCitation>
described the larva of 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A52FFCDFB13F85FBFC7F822" baseAuthorityName="Botosaneanu" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[1184,1429,1970,1995]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Metalype" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="uncatissima">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A52FFCDFB13F85FBFC7F822" box="[1184,1429,1970,1995]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">Metalype uncatissima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. It shares with 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A52FFCDFE84F83ABBFCF807" authorityName="Pictet" authorityYear="1834" box="[311,430,2006,2031]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Metalype" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fragilis">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A52FFCDFE84F83ABBFCF807" box="[311,430,2006,2031]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="103">M. fragilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the following characters: the anal claw has teeth on the ventral margin (
<bibRefCitation id="EF925CDA0A52FFCDFB5BF83BBFDDF807" box="[1256,1423,2006,2031]" pageId="12" pageNumber="103" refId="ref12674" refString="Qiu, S., Morse, J. C. &amp; Yan, Y-j. (2017) A review of the genus Metalype Klapalek, with description of three new species from China (Trichoptera, Psychomyiidae). ZooKeys, 656, 1 - 23. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 656.10738" type="journal article">Qiu et al 2017</bibRefCitation>
); the pronotum has a black, diagonal thickening on the posterolateral margin; and the anterior margin of the head is straight, without the notches seen in some species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A53FFCCFD5AFF51B922FF3D" box="[745,880,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Psychomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A53FFCCFD5AFF51B922FF3D" box="[745,880,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">Psychomyia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The submental sclerites and the ventral apotome of the head are very similar to those of 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A53FFCCFDEFFF0CB887FF10" authorityName="Pictet" authorityYear="1834" box="[604,725,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Metalype" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fragilis">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A53FFCCFDEFFF0CB887FF10" box="[604,725,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">M. fragilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; however, there are 7 to 8 well-developed teeth on the ventral margin of the anal claw in 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A53FFCCFE0DFEE8B83BFEF4" baseAuthorityName="Botosaneanu" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[446,617,261,284]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Metalype" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="uncatissima">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A53FFCCFE0DFEE8B83BFEF4" box="[446,617,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">M. uncatissima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, instead of two or three in 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A53FFCCFC22FEE8BE55FEF5" authorityName="Pictet" authorityYear="1834" box="[913,1031,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Metalype" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fragilis">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A53FFCCFC22FEE8BE55FEF5" box="[913,1031,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">M. fragilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The colour pattern is uniform in 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A53FFCCFACEFEE8BABAFEA8" authorityName="Pictet" authorityYear="1834" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Metalype" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fragilis">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A53FFCCFACEFEE8BABAFEA8" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">M. fragilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but there are coloured stripes in 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A53FFCCFDC5FEC4B977FEA8" baseAuthorityName="Botosaneanu" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[630,805,297,320]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Metalype" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="uncatissima">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A53FFCCFDC5FEC4B977FEA8" box="[630,805,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">M. uncatissima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. As in 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A53FFCCFC33FEC4B9A8FEA8" authorityName="Pictet" authorityYear="1834" box="[896,1018,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Metalype" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fragilis">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A53FFCCFC33FEC4B9A8FEA8" box="[896,1018,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">M. fragilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A53FFCCFB85FEC4BE97FEA8" box="[1078,1221,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Metalype" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="klapaleki">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A53FFCCFB85FEC4BE97FEA8" box="[1078,1221,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">M. klapaleki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the two posterior prosternites of 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A53FFCCFE8CFEA0BBB8FE8C" baseAuthorityName="Botosaneanu" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[319,490,333,356]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Metalype" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="uncatissima">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A53FFCCFE8CFEA0BB04FE8C" box="[319,342,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">M</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B977FD390A53FFCCFED7FEA0BBB8FE8C" box="[356,490,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">uncatissima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are dark).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF7C71A30A53FFCCFF24FB5AB90CFAC2" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1208514/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="104" startId="13.[151,264,1207,1230]" targetBox="[179,1406,449,1168]" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph id="8BBC212B0A53FFCCFF24FB5AB90CFAC2" blockId="13.[151,1437,1207,1322]" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A53FFCCFF24FB5ABB07FB25" bold="true" box="[151,341,1207,1230]" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">FIGURES 37–41.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A53FFCCFEE8FB55BBA4FB26" box="[347,502,1208,1230]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Psychomyiidae</taxonomicName>
spp., submental sclerites, ventral apotomes and anterior margins of the heads, ventral. 
<emphasis id="B977FD390A53FFCCFAC1FB5ABF28FB26" bold="true" box="[1394,1402,1207,1230]" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">(</emphasis>
37) 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A53FFCCFF24FB3ABB30FB05" baseAuthorityName="Ross" baseAuthorityYear="1938" box="[151,354,1239,1261]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Psychomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lumina">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A53FFCCFF24FB3ABB30FB05" box="[151,354,1239,1261]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">Psychomyia lumina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(adapted from a drawing by Wiggins 1996); (38) 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A53FFCCFC39FB35B991FB05" box="[906,963,1239,1261]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Psychomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fla">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A53FFCCFC39FB35B991FB05" box="[906,963,1239,1261]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">P. fla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
vida (adapted from a photograph); (39) 
<emphasis id="B977FD390A53FFCCFAC1FB35BB59FAE3" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">
Psy. 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A53FFCCFF24FB18BB59FAE3" authorityName="McLachlan" authorityYear="1884" box="[151,267,1269,1291]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Psychomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ctenophora">ctenophora</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
(adapted from a photograph by Vieira-Lanero 2000); (40) 
<emphasis id="B977FD390A53FFCCFCE8FB1BB92CFAE3" box="[859,894,1270,1291]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">Psy</emphasis>
. undetermined South Korean species (adapted from a photograph); (41) 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A53FFCCFEE3FAF9BBACFAC2" authorityName="Pictet" authorityYear="1834" box="[336,510,1300,1322]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Metalype" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fragilis">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A53FFCCFEE3FAF9BBACFAC2" box="[336,510,1300,1322]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">Metalype fragilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(re-used Fig. 11 for comparisons).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BBC212B0A53FFCCFF74FA9DBB8EF988" blockId="13.[151,1436,1392,2029]" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">
<bibRefCitation id="EF925CDA0A53FFCCFF74FA9DBBDBFA60" box="[199,393,1392,1417]" pageId="13" pageNumber="104" refId="ref12674" refString="Qiu, S., Morse, J. C. &amp; Yan, Y-j. (2017) A review of the genus Metalype Klapalek, with description of three new species from China (Trichoptera, Psychomyiidae). ZooKeys, 656, 1 - 23. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 656.10738" type="journal article">
Qiu 
<emphasis id="B977FD390A53FFCCFF49FA9CBB67FA61" box="[250,309,1392,1417]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">et al.</emphasis>
(2017)
</bibRefCitation>
have examined the adults of eleven species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A53FFCCFC1EFA9DBE47FA61" box="[941,1045,1392,1417]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Metalype" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A53FFCCFC1EFA9DBE47FA61" box="[941,1045,1392,1417]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">Metalype</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and three species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A53FFCCFABEFA9DBFC6FA61" box="[1293,1428,1392,1417]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Psychomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A53FFCCFABEFA9DBFC6FA61" box="[1293,1428,1392,1417]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">Psychomyia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, considering the male genitalia and the apicomesal spurs of the hind tibiae. Concerning the genitalia, three characters are especially relevant: The male superior appendages each have a subapicomesal tooth in 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A53FFCCFAB1FA55BF38FA39" box="[1282,1386,1464,1489]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Metalype" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A53FFCCFAB1FA55BF38FA39" box="[1282,1386,1464,1489]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">Metalype</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but are without a tooth in 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A53FFCCFE2AFA31B872FA1D" box="[409,544,1500,1525]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Psychomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A53FFCCFE2AFA31B872FA1D" box="[409,544,1500,1525]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">Psychomyia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; the male harpagones are expanded dorsally in 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A53FFCCFBFBFA31BEE2FA1D" box="[1096,1200,1500,1525]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Metalype" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A53FFCCFBFBFA31BEE2FA1D" box="[1096,1200,1500,1525]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">Metalype</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, not in 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A53FFCCFABEFA31BFC6FA1D" box="[1293,1428,1500,1525]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Psychomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A53FFCCFABEFA31BFC6FA1D" box="[1293,1428,1500,1525]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">Psychomyia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; male tergites IX + X are fused with the superior appendage in 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A53FFCCFCD4F9EDB9BCF9F1" box="[871,1006,1536,1561]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Psychomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A53FFCCFCD4F9EDB9BCF9F1" box="[871,1006,1536,1561]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">Psychomyia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but not in 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A53FFCCFBC5F9EDBE8CF9F1" box="[1142,1246,1536,1561]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Metalype" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A53FFCCFBC5F9EDBE8CF9F1" box="[1142,1246,1536,1561]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">Metalype</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Concerning the mesal spurs and the lateral spur of the hind tibiae: the mesal spur is shorter than the lateral spur in 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A53FFCCFB4AF9C9BFD3F9D4" authority=", It" authorityName="It" box="[1273,1409,1572,1597]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Metalype" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A53FFCCFB4AF9C9BF33F9D5" box="[1273,1377,1572,1597]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">Metalype</emphasis>
, It
</taxonomicName>
is the opposite for 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A53FFCCFEFEF9A5BB86F989" box="[333,468,1608,1633]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Psychomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A53FFCCFEFEF9A5BB86F989" box="[333,468,1608,1633]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">Psychomyia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC212B0A53FFCCFF74F981BE92F925" blockId="13.[151,1436,1392,2029]" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">
<bibRefCitation id="EF925CDA0A53FFCCFF74F981B861F96D" box="[199,563,1644,1669]" pageId="13" pageNumber="104" refId="ref13381" refString="Torii, T. &amp; Nakamura, M. (2016) DNA identification and morphological description of the larva of Eoneureclipsis montanus (Trichoptera, Psychomyiidae). Zoosymposia, 10, 424 - 431. https: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zoosymposia. 10.1.39." type="journal article">
Torii &amp; Nakamura (2016, 
<figureCitation id="13383DAE0A53FFCCFE5DF981B878F96D" box="[494,554,1644,1669]" captionStart="FIGURES1–3" captionStartId="2.[151,264,818,841]" captionTargetBox="[156,1429,198,793]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,193,797]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES1–3. Psychomyiidae spp., heads of instar V larvae, dorsal.(1) Psychomyia pusilla; (2) Metalype fragilis (larva from English population); (3) Paduniella vandeli. The scaleis the same for the three species." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1208488/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">Fig 3</figureCitation>
)
</bibRefCitation>
indicate, for larvae of 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A53FFCCFC86F981B9CFF96D" box="[821,925,1644,1669]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Metalype" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A53FFCCFC86F981B9CFF96D" box="[821,925,1644,1669]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">Metalype</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the presence of only one suture between the protrochantin and the episternum, but, in fact, there are two sutures (see 
<figureCitation id="13383DAE0A53FFCCFC09F97DBE58F941" box="[954,1034,1680,1705]" captionStart="FIGURES 26–27" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1080,1103]" captionTargetBox="[175,1411,214,1038]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1435,193,1059]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 26–27. Metalype fragilis, instar V larva. (25) Left prothoracic leg and coxopleurite, posterolateral; (26) tarsus and tarsal claw, posterolateral. am = articular membrane, b = brush of setae; bsp = basal spur, cx = coxa, epm = epimeron, eps = episternum, fe = femur, hc = head of coxa, pt = protrochantin, se = seta, s = suture, ta = tarsus, tc = tarsal claw, ti = tibia, tr = trochanter. Except for the dark basal seta of the tarsal claw (se) and the brush of setae of the tarsus (b), the other setae are not shown." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1208502/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
) as for 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A53FFCCFBEEF97DBEB6F941" box="[1117,1252,1680,1705]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Psychomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A53FFCCFBEEF97DBEB6F941" box="[1117,1252,1680,1705]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">Psychomyia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A53FFCCFAA9F97DBFC7F941" box="[1306,1429,1680,1705]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Paduniella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A53FFCCFAA9F97DBFC7F941" box="[1306,1429,1680,1705]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">Paduniella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but these two sutures are often hard to see because the cuticle is thick in 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A53FFCCFC70F959BE79F925" box="[963,1067,1716,1741]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Metalype" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A53FFCCFC70F959BE79F925" box="[963,1067,1716,1741]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">Metalype</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see 
<figureCitation id="13383DAE0A53FFCCFBD5F959BEE1F925" box="[1126,1203,1716,1741]" captionStart="FIGURES 17–21" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1478,1501]" captionTargetBox="[169,1420,533,1443]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,517,1457]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 17–21. Psychomyiidae spp., pronota, procoxopleurites, and proximal parts of prothoracic legs of instar V larvae, left lateral. (17) Psychomyia pusilla; (18) Metalype fragilis (larva from English population); (19) Paduniella vandeli. The arrows indicate the diagonal dark thickening. For procoxopleurite and procoxa, see figure 26; (20) Tinodes waeneri, no diagonal dark thickening; ventrolateral extensions (ve) of the pronotum are present. (21) Pad. vandeli, the arrows indicate the distal extremities of the diagonal dark thickenings of Fig 19." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1208498/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">Fig.18</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC212B0A53FFCFFF74F93AB871FCB4" blockId="13.[151,1436,1392,2029]" lastBlockId="14.[151,1437,151,1581]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="105" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A53FFCCFF74F93ABB03F919" bold="true" box="[199,337,1751,1777]" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A53FFCCFF74F93ABB11F918" bold="true" box="[199,323,1751,1776]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">Psychomyi</emphasis>
a
</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13383DAE0A53FFCCFED0F935BBFFF918" box="[355,429,1752,1777]" captionStart="FIGURES1–3" captionStartId="2.[151,264,818,841]" captionTargetBox="[156,1429,198,793]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,193,797]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES1–3. Psychomyiidae spp., heads of instar V larvae, dorsal.(1) Psychomyia pusilla; (2) Metalype fragilis (larva from English population); (3) Paduniella vandeli. The scaleis the same for the three species." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1208488/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">Figs 1</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13383DAE0A53FFCCFE0DF935BB9CF918" box="[446,462,1752,1776]" captionStart="FIGURES4–6" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1275,1298]" captionTargetBox="[159,1430,927,1248]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,921,1254]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES4–6.Psychomyiidae spp., headsof instar V larvae, leftlateral.(4)Psychomyia pusilla, sm = submentalsclerites; (5) Metalype fragilis (larva from English populations); (6) Paduniella vandeli. The image of Pad. vandeli has been enlarged to facilitate comparison." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1208490/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">4</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13383DAE0A53FFCCFE6DF934BBBCF918" box="[478,494,1753,1776]" captionStart="FIGURES 7–9" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1915,1938]" captionTargetBox="[157,1428,1414,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,1408,1894]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 7–9. Psychomyiidae spp., heads of instar V larvae, ventral. (7) Psychomyia pusilla; (8) Metalype fragilis (larva from English population); (9)Paduniella vandeli. The image of Pad.vandelihas been enlarged tofacilitate the comparison.sm = submental sclerites, va = ventral apotome." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1208492/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">7</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13383DAE0A53FFCCFE4EF935B849F918" box="[509,539,1752,1776]" captionStart="FIGURES10–13" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1769,1792]" captionTargetBox="[175,1421,1040,1725]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,1021,1748]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES10–13. Psychomyiidaespp., submental sclerites,ventral apotomes, and anterior margins of headsof instar V larvae, ventral.(10)Psychomyia pusilla; (11) Metalype fragilis; (12)Tinodes waeneri; (13) Paduniellavandeli. cs = joint cavity socket of a ventral mandibular condyle,sm = submental sclerites,va = ventral apotome, vamh = ventral anteriormargin of the head,rb = rounded bulge." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1208494/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">10</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13383DAE0A53FFCCFD99F935B81AF918" box="[554,584,1752,1776]" captionStart="FIGURES 14–16" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1560,1583]" captionTargetBox="[171,1416,789,1518]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,769,1540]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 14–16. Psychomyiidae spp., mandibles of instar Vlarvae, ventral.(14) Psychomyia pusilla; (15) Metalype fragilis; (16) Paduniella vandeli. rb = rounded bulge." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1208496/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">14</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13383DAE0A53FFCCFDE4F935B827F918" box="[599,629,1752,1776]" captionStart="FIGURES 17–21" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1478,1501]" captionTargetBox="[169,1420,533,1443]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,517,1457]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 17–21. Psychomyiidae spp., pronota, procoxopleurites, and proximal parts of prothoracic legs of instar V larvae, left lateral. (17) Psychomyia pusilla; (18) Metalype fragilis (larva from English population); (19) Paduniella vandeli. The arrows indicate the diagonal dark thickening. For procoxopleurite and procoxa, see figure 26; (20) Tinodes waeneri, no diagonal dark thickening; ventrolateral extensions (ve) of the pronotum are present. (21) Pad. vandeli, the arrows indicate the distal extremities of the diagonal dark thickenings of Fig 19." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1208498/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">17</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13383DAE0A53FFCCFD36F935B8F1F918" box="[645,675,1752,1776]" captionStart="FIGURES 22–25" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1772,1795]" captionTargetBox="[253,1336,435,1720]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[217,1369,409,1752]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 22–25. Psychomyiidae spp., heads, prothoraces, and prothoracic legs of instar V larvae, ventral. (22) Metalype fragilis (larva from French population); (23) Psychomyia pusilla; (24) Tinodes waeneri; (25) Paduniella vandeli. For Psy. pusilla and M. fragilis, the two arrows indicate the prosternal sclerites, for M. fragilis, a cuticular fold overlaps partially the lateral part of the prosternal sclerite; for T. waeneri, the arrow indicates the ventrolateral extension (ve) of the pronotum; the yellow dotted line indicates the trace of the prosternal sclerite attached to the ventrolateralextensions of thepronotum; for Pad. vandeli, the yellow dotted line underlines the trace of the colourless roll of membrane." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1208500/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">23</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13383DAE0A53FFCCFD01F935B882F918" box="[690,720,1752,1776]" captionStart="FIGURES 31–33" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1880,1903]" captionTargetBox="[165,1425,782,1841]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,769,1860]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 31–33. Psychomyiidae spp., left anal prolegs, anal claws, and teeth of instar V larvae, left lateral. (31) Psychomyia pusilla; (32) Metalype fragilis; (33) Paduniella vandeli. ac = anal claw, t = teeth." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1208506/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">31</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13383DAE0A53FFCCFD6CF935B976F919" box="[735,804,1752,1777]" captionStart="FIGURES 37–41" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1207,1230]" captionTargetBox="[179,1406,449,1168]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[150,1436,409,1187]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 37–41. Psychomyiidae spp., submental sclerites, ventral apotomes and anterior margins of the heads, ventral. (37) Psychomyia lumina (adapted from a drawing by Wiggins 1996); (38) P. flavida (adapted from a photograph); (39) Psy. ctenophora(adaptedfrom a photographby Vieira-Lanero2000); (40) Psy. undetermined South Korean species (adapted from a photograph); (41) Metalype fragilis (re-used Fig. 11 for comparisons)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1208514/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">37–40</figureCitation>
)—Although about 150 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A53FFCCFB88F935BE90F919" box="[1083,1218,1752,1777]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Psychomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A53FFCCFB88F935BE90F919" box="[1083,1218,1752,1777]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">Psychomyia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species have been described, the larvae of only three species have been described in detail: 
<emphasis id="B977FD390A53FFCCFBB4F910BEDFF8FD" box="[1031,1165,1788,1813]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">
Psy. 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A53FFCCFBF2F911BEDFF8FD" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1781" box="[1089,1165,1788,1813]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Psychomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pusilla">pusilla</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
by 
<bibRefCitation id="EF925CDA0A53FFCCFB71F910BF28F8FD" box="[1218,1402,1788,1813]" pageId="13" pageNumber="104" refId="ref11400" refString="Lepneva, S. G. (1964) Larvae and pupae of Annulipalpia, Trichoptera. Fauna of the USSR, New Ser. 88, Vol. II, No. 1, Zool. Inst. Akad. Nauk, SSSR, 560 pp. [published in Russian, then translated into English by Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Inc. in 1970]" type="book">Lepneva (1964)</bibRefCitation>
in European 
<collectingCountry id="F31461BB0A53FFCCFEBCF8CDBB08F8D1" box="[271,346,1824,1849]" name="Russia" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">Russia</collectingCountry>
(also 
<bibRefCitation id="EF925CDA0A53FFCCFE1AF8CDB8E9F8D0" box="[425,699,1824,1849]" pageId="13" pageNumber="104" refId="ref13707" refString="Waringer, J. &amp; Graf, W. (2011) Atlas der mitteleuropaischen Kocherfliegenlarven-Atlas of Central European Trichoptera larvae. Erik Mauch Verlag, Dinkelscherben, Germany, 468 pp." type="book">Waringer &amp; Graf 2011</bibRefCitation>
), 
<emphasis id="B977FD390A53FFCCFD67F8CCB90FF8D1" box="[724,861,1824,1849]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">
Psy. 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A53FFCCFCBCF8CDB90FF8D1" baseAuthorityName="Ross" baseAuthorityYear="1938" box="[783,861,1824,1849]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Psychomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lumina">lumina</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
by 
<bibRefCitation id="EF925CDA0A53FFCCFC21F8CDBE15F8D1" box="[914,1095,1824,1849]" pageId="13" pageNumber="104" refId="ref13961" refString="Wiggins, G. B. (1996) Larvae of the North American Caddisfly Genera (Trichoptera). 2 nd Edition. University Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada, 457 pp." type="book">Wiggins (1996)</bibRefCitation>
in North America, and 
<emphasis id="B977FD390A53FFCCFADDF8CCBFCEF8D0" box="[1390,1436,1825,1848]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">Psy.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A53FFCCFF24F8A9BB8FF8B5" authority="McLachlan 1884" authorityName="McLachlan" authorityYear="1884" box="[151,477,1860,1885]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Psychomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ctenophora">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A53FFCCFF24F8A9BB45F8B5" box="[151,279,1860,1885]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">ctenophora</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF925CDA0A53FFCCFEAEF8A9BB8FF8B5" box="[285,477,1860,1885]" pageId="13" pageNumber="104" refId="ref12331" refString="McLachlan, R. (1884) A monographic revision and synopsis of the Trichoptera of the European fauna. First additional supplement. John van Voorst, London, United Kingdom, iv + 76 pp, plates 1 - 7." type="book chapter">McLachlan 1884</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, by 
<bibRefCitation id="EF925CDA0A53FFCCFDB8F8A9B8ABF8B5" box="[523,761,1860,1885]" pageId="13" pageNumber="104" refId="ref13628" refString="Vieira-Lanero, R. (2000) Las larvas de los Tricopteros de Galicia (Insecta: Trichoptera). PhD Thesis, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain, 565 pp." type="book">Vieira-Lanero (2000)</bibRefCitation>
in 
<collectingCountry id="F31461BB0A53FFCCFCA8F8A9B90DF8B5" box="[795,863,1860,1885]" name="Spain" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">Spain</collectingCountry>
. Larvae of 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A53FFCCFC68F8A9BEE4F8B5" authorityName="Hagen" authorityYear="1861" box="[987,1206,1860,1885]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Psychomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavida">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A53FFCCFC68F8A9BEE4F8B5" box="[987,1206,1860,1885]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">Psychomyia flavida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A53FFCCFB58F8A8BF32F8B5" baseAuthorityName="Ross" baseAuthorityYear="1938" box="[1259,1376,1860,1885]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Psychomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nomada">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A53FFCCFB58F8A8BF32F8B5" box="[1259,1376,1860,1885]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">P. nomada</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been described very succinctly (Flint 1964). In 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A53FFCCFD0EF884B97AF869" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1781" box="[701,808,1896,1921]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Psychomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pusilla">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A53FFCCFD0EF884B97AF869" box="[701,808,1896,1921]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="104">P. pusilla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the head is almost square with almost parallel lateral margins. The anterior margin of the frontoclypeal apotome bears two blackish processes lateral to a shallow median indentation. Ventrally, the submental sclerites are dark, large, thick, and heavily ornamented, with their anterior margins on a straight line perpendicular to the median line, the posterior lateral angle is obtuse; on each submental sclerite, along the median line, there is a succession of irregular transversal rolls. The ventral apotome is a small equilateral triangle. These characters occur in a Spanish 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A50FFCFFCC6FF50B989FF3D" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1781" box="[885,987,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Psychomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pusilla">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A50FFCFFCC6FF50B989FF3D" box="[885,987,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">P. pusilla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but the ventral apotome has two short lateral points (
<bibRefCitation id="EF925CDA0A50FFCFFE88FF32B84FFF10" box="[315,541,223,248]" pageId="14" pageNumber="105" refId="ref13628" refString="Vieira-Lanero, R. (2000) Las larvas de los Tricopteros de Galicia (Insecta: Trichoptera). PhD Thesis, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain, 565 pp." type="book">Vieira-Lanero 2000</bibRefCitation>
) indicating an intraspecific variability. In 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A50FFCFFC4DFF0CBFCAFF10" authority="(Vieira-Lanero 2000)" authorityName="Vieira-Lanero" authorityYear="2000" baseAuthorityName="Vieira-Lanero" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[1022,1432,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Psychomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ctenophora">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A50FFCFFC4DFF0CBECEFF10" box="[1022,1180,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">P. ctenophora</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF925CDA0A50FFCFFB1FFF32BFC2FF10" box="[1196,1424,223,248]" pageId="14" pageNumber="105" refId="ref13628" refString="Vieira-Lanero, R. (2000) Las larvas de los Tricopteros de Galicia (Insecta: Trichoptera). PhD Thesis, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain, 565 pp." type="book">Vieira-Lanero 2000</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, the submental sclerites are thin; their anterior margins form a backwards-obtuse angle. The ventral apotome has two massive short lateral points (
<figureCitation id="13383DAE0A50FFCFFD92FECAB83DFEA8" box="[545,623,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURES 37–41" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1207,1230]" captionTargetBox="[179,1406,449,1168]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[150,1436,409,1187]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 37–41. Psychomyiidae spp., submental sclerites, ventral apotomes and anterior margins of the heads, ventral. (37) Psychomyia lumina (adapted from a drawing by Wiggins 1996); (38) P. flavida (adapted from a photograph); (39) Psy. ctenophora(adaptedfrom a photographby Vieira-Lanero2000); (40) Psy. undetermined South Korean species (adapted from a photograph); (41) Metalype fragilis (re-used Fig. 11 for comparisons)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1208514/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">Fig.39</figureCitation>
). In 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A50FFCFFD19FEC4B94AFEA8" authorityName="Hagen" authorityYear="1861" box="[682,792,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Psychomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavida">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A50FFCFFD19FEC4B94AFEA8" box="[682,792,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">P. flavida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the head is almost square; the anterior margin of the frontoclypeal apotome has two bulges separated by a shallow depression. The submental sclerites are thin with a succession of transverse rolls; their anterior margins are on a straight line perpendicular to the median line. The ventral apotome is a small equilateral triangle (
<figureCitation id="13383DAE0A50FFCFFD18FE79B8AAFE45" box="[683,760,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURES 37–41" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1207,1230]" captionTargetBox="[179,1406,449,1168]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[150,1436,409,1187]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 37–41. Psychomyiidae spp., submental sclerites, ventral apotomes and anterior margins of the heads, ventral. (37) Psychomyia lumina (adapted from a drawing by Wiggins 1996); (38) P. flavida (adapted from a photograph); (39) Psy. ctenophora(adaptedfrom a photographby Vieira-Lanero2000); (40) Psy. undetermined South Korean species (adapted from a photograph); (41) Metalype fragilis (re-used Fig. 11 for comparisons)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1208514/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">Fig.38</figureCitation>
). In an undetermined Korean species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A50FFCFFB72FE79BF1AFE45" box="[1217,1352,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Psychomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A50FFCFFB72FE79BF1AFE45" box="[1217,1352,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">Psychomyia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(http:// blog.naver.com/nstdaily), the submental sclerites are thin with a shape similar to that of 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A50FFCFFB28FE54BF56FE38" authorityName="Hagen" authorityYear="1861" box="[1179,1284,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Psychomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavida">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A50FFCFFB28FE54BF56FE38" box="[1179,1284,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">P. flavida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The ventral apotome has a pair of long, transverse, massive lateral points. The two rounded bulges of the anterior margin of the head each forms a single mass situated near the joint socket receiving the ventral condyle of the mandible (
<figureCitation id="13383DAE0A50FFCFFAF0FE12BFC2FDF0" box="[1347,1424,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURES 37–41" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1207,1230]" captionTargetBox="[179,1406,449,1168]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[150,1436,409,1187]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 37–41. Psychomyiidae spp., submental sclerites, ventral apotomes and anterior margins of the heads, ventral. (37) Psychomyia lumina (adapted from a drawing by Wiggins 1996); (38) P. flavida (adapted from a photograph); (39) Psy. ctenophora(adaptedfrom a photographby Vieira-Lanero2000); (40) Psy. undetermined South Korean species (adapted from a photograph); (41) Metalype fragilis (re-used Fig. 11 for comparisons)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1208514/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">Fig.40</figureCitation>
). In all the larvae of 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A50FFCFFEC0FDC9BBA8FDD5" box="[371,506,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Psychomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A50FFCFFEC0FDC9BBA8FDD5" box="[371,506,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">Psychomyia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
described until now, the submental sclerites are similarly shaped. They are never transversally elongated, as they are in 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A50FFCFFDFFFDAAB895FD88" box="[588,711,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Paduniella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A50FFCFFDFFFDAAB895FD88" box="[588,711,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">Paduniella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A50FFCFFCB2FDAAB93BFD88" box="[769,873,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Metalype" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A50FFCFFCB2FDAAB93BFD88" box="[769,873,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">Metalype</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The ventral apotome shows a certain variability, but even when there are two transverse massive lateral points (undetermined Korean species), the shape of the ventral apotome is different from that of 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A50FFCFFDD4FD62B89DFD40" box="[615,719,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Metalype" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A50FFCFFDD4FD62B89DFD40" box="[615,719,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">Metalype</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A50FFCFFD44FD62B920FD40" box="[759,882,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Paduniella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A50FFCFFD44FD62B920FD40" box="[759,882,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">Paduniella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Furthermore, 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A50FFCFFBAFFD62BEABFD40" baseAuthorityName="Ross" baseAuthorityYear="1938" box="[1052,1273,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Psychomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lumina">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A50FFCFFBAFFD62BEABFD40" box="[1052,1273,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">Psychomyia lumina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A50FFCFFA81FD7CBFCAFD40" authorityName="Hagen" authorityYear="1861" box="[1330,1432,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Psychomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavida">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A50FFCFFA81FD7CBFCAFD40" box="[1330,1432,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">P. flavida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
correspond to two levels of specialization according to 
<bibRefCitation id="EF925CDA0A50FFCFFC91FD59B982FD24" box="[802,976,692,717]" pageId="14" pageNumber="105" refId="ref12917" refString="Schmid, F. (1997) Le genre Psychomyia en Inde (Trichoptera, Psychomyiidae). Fabreries, 22, 1 - 2, 1 - 57." type="journal article">Schmid (1997)</bibRefCitation>
, low level (
<emphasis id="B977FD390A50FFCFFBD3FD58BED4FD24" box="[1120,1158,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">Psy</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B977FD390A50FFCFFB2BFD59BEA7FD24" box="[1176,1269,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">arefinae</emphasis>
Group) for 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A50FFCFFA34FD58BAB7FD18" baseAuthorityName="Ross" baseAuthorityYear="1938" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Psychomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lumina">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A50FFCFFA34FD58BAB7FD18" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">P. lumina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and high level for 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A50FFCFFE74FD34B861FD18" authorityName="Hagen" authorityYear="1861" box="[455,563,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Psychomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavida">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A50FFCFFE74FD34B861FD18" box="[455,563,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">P. flavida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B977FD390A50FFCFFDF5FD34B83FFD18" box="[582,621,729,752]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">Psy</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A50FFCFFDCEFD3AB899FD18" authorityName="Hagen" authorityYear="1861" box="[637,715,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Psychomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavida">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A50FFCFFDCEFD3AB899FD18" box="[637,715,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">flavida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Group), but the morphology of the submental sclerite and the ventral apotome of their larvae is very similar in these two species (
<figureCitation id="13383DAE0A50FFCFFC39FD11BE5EFCFC" box="[906,1036,764,789]" captionStart="FIGURES 37–41" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1207,1230]" captionTargetBox="[179,1406,449,1168]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[150,1436,409,1187]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 37–41. Psychomyiidae spp., submental sclerites, ventral apotomes and anterior margins of the heads, ventral. (37) Psychomyia lumina (adapted from a drawing by Wiggins 1996); (38) P. flavida (adapted from a photograph); (39) Psy. ctenophora(adaptedfrom a photographby Vieira-Lanero2000); (40) Psy. undetermined South Korean species (adapted from a photograph); (41) Metalype fragilis (re-used Fig. 11 for comparisons)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1208514/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">Figs 37, 38</figureCitation>
). There is clearly a gap between the most primitive (or the less specialized) 
<emphasis id="B977FD390A50FFCFFDFEFCCCB826FCD0" box="[589,628,801,824]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">Psy</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B977FD390A50FFCFFD31FCCDB88DFCD0" box="[642,735,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">arefinae</emphasis>
Group and the 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A50FFCFFC39FCCCBE7EFCD0" authorityName="Schmid" authorityYear="1961" box="[906,1068,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Metalype" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mahayinna">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A50FFCFFC39FCCCB9F3FCD0" box="[906,929,801,824]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">M</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B977FD390A50FFCFFC1CFCF2BE7EFCD0" box="[943,1068,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">mahayinna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Group 
<emphasis id="B977FD390A50FFCFFB33FCCCBEECFCD0" box="[1152,1214,801,824]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF925CDA0A50FFCFFB76FCF2BF39FCD0" box="[1221,1387,799,824]" pageId="14" pageNumber="105" refId="ref12917" refString="Schmid, F. (1997) Le genre Psychomyia en Inde (Trichoptera, Psychomyiidae). Fabreries, 22, 1 - 2, 1 - 57." type="journal article">Schmid (1997)</bibRefCitation>
that corresponds to the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A50FFCFFE00FCA9B849FCB5" box="[435,539,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Metalype" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A50FFCFFE00FCA9B849FCB5" box="[435,539,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">Metalype</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC212B0A50FFCFFF74FC8ABB33F9C4" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,1581]" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A50FFCFFF74FC8ABB17FC68" box="[199,325,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Paduniella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A50FFCFFF74FC8ABB17FC68" bold="true" box="[199,325,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">Paduniella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13383DAE0A50FFCFFEE4FC8ABBF1FC68" box="[343,419,871,896]" captionStart="FIGURES1–3" captionStartId="2.[151,264,818,841]" captionTargetBox="[156,1429,198,793]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,193,797]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES1–3. Psychomyiidae spp., heads of instar V larvae, dorsal.(1) Psychomyia pusilla; (2) Metalype fragilis (larva from English population); (3) Paduniella vandeli. The scaleis the same for the three species." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1208488/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">Figs 3</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13383DAE0A50FFCFFE01FC8ABB90FC68" box="[434,450,871,896]" captionStart="FIGURES4–6" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1275,1298]" captionTargetBox="[159,1430,927,1248]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,921,1254]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES4–6.Psychomyiidae spp., headsof instar V larvae, leftlateral.(4)Psychomyia pusilla, sm = submentalsclerites; (5) Metalype fragilis (larva from English populations); (6) Paduniella vandeli. The image of Pad. vandeli has been enlarged to facilitate comparison." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1208490/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">6</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13383DAE0A50FFCFFE61FC85BBB0FC68" box="[466,482,872,896]" captionStart="FIGURES 7–9" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1915,1938]" captionTargetBox="[157,1428,1414,1886]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,1408,1894]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 7–9. Psychomyiidae spp., heads of instar V larvae, ventral. (7) Psychomyia pusilla; (8) Metalype fragilis (larva from English population); (9)Paduniella vandeli. The image of Pad.vandelihas been enlarged tofacilitate the comparison.sm = submental sclerites, va = ventral apotome." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1208492/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">9</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13383DAE0A50FFCFFE42FC85B85DFC68" box="[497,527,872,896]" captionStart="FIGURES10–13" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1769,1792]" captionTargetBox="[175,1421,1040,1725]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,1021,1748]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES10–13. Psychomyiidaespp., submental sclerites,ventral apotomes, and anterior margins of headsof instar V larvae, ventral.(10)Psychomyia pusilla; (11) Metalype fragilis; (12)Tinodes waeneri; (13) Paduniellavandeli. cs = joint cavity socket of a ventral mandibular condyle,sm = submental sclerites,va = ventral apotome, vamh = ventral anteriormargin of the head,rb = rounded bulge." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1208494/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">13</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13383DAE0A50FFCFFDACFC8AB86FFC68" box="[543,573,871,896]" captionStart="FIGURES 14–16" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1560,1583]" captionTargetBox="[171,1416,789,1518]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,769,1540]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 14–16. Psychomyiidae spp., mandibles of instar Vlarvae, ventral.(14) Psychomyia pusilla; (15) Metalype fragilis; (16) Paduniella vandeli. rb = rounded bulge." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1208496/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">16</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13383DAE0A50FFCFFDFFFC85B8CAFC68" box="[588,664,872,896]" captionStart="FIGURES 17–21" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1478,1501]" captionTargetBox="[169,1420,533,1443]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,517,1457]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 17–21. Psychomyiidae spp., pronota, procoxopleurites, and proximal parts of prothoracic legs of instar V larvae, left lateral. (17) Psychomyia pusilla; (18) Metalype fragilis (larva from English population); (19) Paduniella vandeli. The arrows indicate the diagonal dark thickening. For procoxopleurite and procoxa, see figure 26; (20) Tinodes waeneri, no diagonal dark thickening; ventrolateral extensions (ve) of the pronotum are present. (21) Pad. vandeli, the arrows indicate the distal extremities of the diagonal dark thickenings of Fig 19." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1208498/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">19, 21</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13383DAE0A50FFCFFD14FC8AB897FC68" box="[679,709,871,896]" captionStart="FIGURES 22–25" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1772,1795]" captionTargetBox="[253,1336,435,1720]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[217,1369,409,1752]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 22–25. Psychomyiidae spp., heads, prothoraces, and prothoracic legs of instar V larvae, ventral. (22) Metalype fragilis (larva from French population); (23) Psychomyia pusilla; (24) Tinodes waeneri; (25) Paduniella vandeli. For Psy. pusilla and M. fragilis, the two arrows indicate the prosternal sclerites, for M. fragilis, a cuticular fold overlaps partially the lateral part of the prosternal sclerite; for T. waeneri, the arrow indicates the ventrolateral extension (ve) of the pronotum; the yellow dotted line indicates the trace of the prosternal sclerite attached to the ventrolateralextensions of thepronotum; for Pad. vandeli, the yellow dotted line underlines the trace of the colourless roll of membrane." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1208500/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">25</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13383DAE0A50FFCFFD66FC85B8A1FC68" box="[725,755,872,896]" captionStart="FIGURES 28–30" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1161,1184]" captionTargetBox="[183,1409,297,1117]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1435,267,1140]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 28–30. Psychomyiidae spp., instar V larvae. (28–29) Metalype fragilis: (28) left mesothoracic leg and pleuron, left posterolateral; (29) tarsus and tarsal claw, left posterolateral. (30) Paduniella vandeli, tarsus and tarsal claw, posterolateral. am = articular membrane, bsp = basal spur, cx = coxa, ds = dark seta, pl = pleuron. Except for the dark basal seta of a tarsal claw, the other setae are not shown." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1208504/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">30</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13383DAE0A50FFCFFCB1FC85B972FC68" box="[770,800,872,896]" captionStart="FIGURES 31–33" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1880,1903]" captionTargetBox="[165,1425,782,1841]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,769,1860]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 31–33. Psychomyiidae spp., left anal prolegs, anal claws, and teeth of instar V larvae, left lateral. (31) Psychomyia pusilla; (32) Metalype fragilis; (33) Paduniella vandeli. ac = anal claw, t = teeth." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1208506/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">33</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13383DAE0A50FFCFFC9CFC85B92AFC68" box="[815,888,872,896]" captionStart="FIGURES 42–44" captionStartId="15.[151,264,1978,2001]" captionTargetBox="[173,1411,687,1938]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[151,1436,662,1957]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURES 42–44. Paduniella, prothoraces, ventral. (42) Pad. vandeli; (43) Pad. undetermined South African species; (44) Pad.nearctica (from a photograph).The yellow dotted line underlines the path of the colourless roll of membrane." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1208516/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">42–44</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13383DAE0A50FFCFFC34FC8AB99FFC68" box="[903,973,871,896]" captionStart="FIGURES 45–47" captionStartId="16.[151,264,824,847]" captionTargetBox="[176,1381,221,764]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[152,1435,193,804]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURES 45–47. Paduniella spp., right mandibles, ventral. (45) Pad. nearctica (redrawn from Wiggins 1996); (46) Pad. undetermined South African species (redrawn from de Moor &amp; Scott 2004); (47) Pad. vandeli. The arrow (Figs 45, 46) indicates the “mesal notch” defined by Wiggins (1996); no conspicuous mesal notch is seen in Pad. vandeli (? in Fig. 47, redrawn from Fig. 16)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1208518/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">45–47</figureCitation>
)—Besides 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A50FFCFFBEDFC84BE82FC68" box="[1118,1232,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Paduniella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vandeli">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A50FFCFFBEDFC84BE82FC68" box="[1118,1232,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">P. vandeli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, we were able to examine one unidentified species (either 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A50FFCFFDC1FC60B8A3FC4C" authorityName="Barnard" authorityYear="1940" box="[626,753,909,932]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Paduniella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="capensis">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A50FFCFFDC1FC60B8A3FC4C" box="[626,753,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">P. capensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A50FFCFFCAEFC60B92DFC4D" authorityName="Mosely" authorityYear="1939" box="[797,895,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Paduniella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ankya">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A50FFCFFCAEFC60B92DFC4D" box="[797,895,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">P. ankya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) from 
<collectingCountry id="F31461BB0A50FFCFFC61FC61BE34FC4D" box="[978,1126,908,933]" name="South Africa" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">
<collectingRegion id="49C7EFC90A50FFCFFC61FC61BE46FC4D" box="[978,1044,908,933]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Unguja" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">South</collectingRegion>
Africa
</collectingCountry>
(thanks to the kindness of Ferdy de Moor). For the larva of 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A50FFCFFD94FC5CB8FDFC20" baseAuthorityName="Mathis &amp; Bowles" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[551,687,945,968]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Paduniella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nearctica">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A50FFCFFD94FC5CB8FDFC20" box="[551,687,945,968]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">P. nearctica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
we have the descriptions of 
<bibRefCitation id="EF925CDA0A50FFCFFBBAFC42BF7CFC20" box="[1033,1326,943,968]" pageId="14" pageNumber="105" refId="ref12278" refString="Mathis, M. L. &amp; Bowles, D. E. (1994) A description of the immature stages of Paduniella nearctica (Trichoptera: Psychomyiidae) with notes on its biology. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 102 (3), 361 - 366." type="journal article">Mathis &amp; Bowles (1994)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF925CDA0A50FFCFFA8DFC42BAB1FC05" pageId="14" pageNumber="105" refId="ref13961" refString="Wiggins, G. B. (1996) Larvae of the North American Caddisfly Genera (Trichoptera). 2 nd Edition. University Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada, 457 pp." type="book">Wiggins (1996)</bibRefCitation>
, and 
<bibRefCitation id="EF925CDA0A50FFCFFEADFC39B857FC05" box="[286,517,980,1005]" pageId="14" pageNumber="105" refId="ref11544" refString="Li, Y. L. &amp; Morse, J. C. (1997 b) The Paduniella (Trichoptera: Psychomyiidae) of China, with a phylogeny of the World species. Insecta Mundi, 11, (3 - 4), 281 - 299." type="journal article">Li &amp; Morse (1997b)</bibRefCitation>
. The small size of of these larvae is a character of 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A50FFCFFB8BFC39BEE1FC05" box="[1080,1203,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Paduniella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A50FFCFFB8BFC39BEE1FC05" box="[1080,1203,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">Paduniella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(compare 
<figureCitation id="13383DAE0A50FFCFFA98FC39BFDCFC04" box="[1323,1422,980,1005]" captionStart="FIGURES1–3" captionStartId="2.[151,264,818,841]" captionTargetBox="[156,1429,198,793]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,193,797]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES1–3. Psychomyiidae spp., heads of instar V larvae, dorsal.(1) Psychomyia pusilla; (2) Metalype fragilis (larva from English population); (3) Paduniella vandeli. The scaleis the same for the three species." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1208488/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">Figs 1–3</figureCitation>
). During the sorting of a sample of benthos, the 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A50FFCFFD0FFC1AB965FBF8" box="[700,823,1015,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Paduniella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A50FFCFFD0FFC1AB965FBF8" box="[700,823,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">Paduniella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larvae are often not recognized and hence discarded because they are taken to be as unidentifiable young larvae (fourth or third instars) of other 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A50FFCFFB24FBF1BF14FBDD" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1852" box="[1175,1350,1052,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Psychomyiinae">Psychomyiinae</taxonomicName>
. Unlike the other two genera, the diagonal black thickening on each lateral posterior angle of the pronotum is straight, thus its anterior extremity is visible dorsally (de Moor &amp; Scott 2003; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF925CDA0A50FFCFFC28FB89BE12FB95" box="[923,1088,1124,1149]" pageId="14" pageNumber="105" refId="ref13961" refString="Wiggins, G. B. (1996) Larvae of the North American Caddisfly Genera (Trichoptera). 2 nd Edition. University Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada, 457 pp." type="book">Wiggins 1996</bibRefCitation>
), whereas in 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A50FFCFFB52FB89BF3AFB95" box="[1249,1384,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Psychomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A50FFCFFB52FB89BF3AFB95" box="[1249,1384,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">Psychomyia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A50FFCFFF24FB6ABAADFB48" box="[151,255,1159,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Metalype" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A50FFCFFF24FB6ABAADFB48" box="[151,255,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">Metalype</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the distal part of the diagonal black thickening is curved and invisible in dorsal view. In 
<emphasis id="B977FD390A50FFCFFB59FB6ABF2AFB48" box="[1258,1400,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">
Pad. 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A50FFCFFA96FB6ABF2AFB48" box="[1317,1400,1159,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Paduniella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vandeli">vandeli</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, in the 
<collectingRegion id="49C7EFC90A50FFCFFF77FB41BB54FB2D" box="[196,262,1196,1221]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Unguja" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">South</collectingRegion>
African 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A50FFCFFEC0FB41BBBCFB2D" box="[371,494,1196,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Paduniella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A50FFCFFEC0FB41BBBCFB2D" box="[371,494,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">Paduniella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and in 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A50FFCFFDFCFB40B88AFB2C" baseAuthorityName="Mathis &amp; Bowles" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[591,728,1197,1220]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Paduniella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nearctica">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A50FFCFFDFCFB40B88AFB2C" box="[591,728,1197,1220]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">P. nearctica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the anterior margin of the frontoclypeal apotome is almost straight. The arrangement and the shape of the submental sclerites are very similar to those of 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A50FFCFFB7BFB22BF62FB00" box="[1224,1328,1231,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Metalype" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A50FFCFFB7BFB22BF62FB00" box="[1224,1328,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">Metalype</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13383DAE0A50FFCFFAF3FB22BAE4FAE4" captionStart="FIGURES10–13" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1769,1792]" captionTargetBox="[175,1421,1040,1725]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,1021,1748]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES10–13. Psychomyiidaespp., submental sclerites,ventral apotomes, and anterior margins of headsof instar V larvae, ventral.(10)Psychomyia pusilla; (11) Metalype fragilis; (12)Tinodes waeneri; (13) Paduniellavandeli. cs = joint cavity socket of a ventral mandibular condyle,sm = submental sclerites,va = ventral apotome, vamh = ventral anteriormargin of the head,rb = rounded bulge." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1208494/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">Figs 11, 13</figureCitation>
). The number of the teeth on the ventral margin of an anal claw of the last instar larvae is 4 for 
<emphasis id="B977FD390A50FFCFFB44FB19BF7EFAE5" box="[1271,1324,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">Pad.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A50FFCFFA80FB18BBE1FAD8" authority="(Mathis &amp; Bowles 1994)" authorityName="Mathis &amp; Bowles" authorityYear="1994" baseAuthorityName="Mathis &amp; Bowles" baseAuthorityYear="1994" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Paduniella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nearctica">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A50FFCFFA80FB18BFCEFAE4" box="[1331,1436,1269,1292]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">nearctica</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF925CDA0A50FFCFFF2DFAFABBF9FAD8" box="[158,427,1303,1328]" pageId="14" pageNumber="105" refId="ref12278" refString="Mathis, M. L. &amp; Bowles, D. E. (1994) A description of the immature stages of Paduniella nearctica (Trichoptera: Psychomyiidae) with notes on its biology. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 102 (3), 361 - 366." type="journal article">Mathis &amp; Bowles 1994</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 7 to 8 for the 
<collectingRegion id="49C7EFC90A50FFCFFDE8FAFAB8CEFAD8" box="[603,668,1303,1328]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Unguja" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">South</collectingRegion>
African species and 
<emphasis id="B977FD390A50FFCFFC38FAFABE4BFAD8" box="[907,1049,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">
Pad. 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A50FFCFFC74FAFABE4BFAD8" box="[967,1049,1303,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Paduniella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vandeli">vandeli</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
. Behind the posterior bases of the coxae of the prothoracic legs, there are no dark posterior prosternites as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A50FFCFFC43FAD1BE0AFABD" box="[1008,1112,1340,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Metalype" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A50FFCFFC43FAD1BE0AFABD" box="[1008,1112,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">Metalype</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A50FFCFFB21FAD1BF4BFABD" box="[1170,1305,1340,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Psychomyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A50FFCFFB21FAD1BF4BFABD" box="[1170,1305,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">Psychomyia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but only a colourless bell-shaped thickening in the middle of the prosternum (
<figureCitation id="13383DAE0A50FFCFFC2DFAB2BE77FA90" box="[926,1061,1375,1400]" captionStart="FIGURES 42–44" captionStartId="15.[151,264,1978,2001]" captionTargetBox="[173,1411,687,1938]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[151,1436,662,1957]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURES 42–44. Paduniella, prothoraces, ventral. (42) Pad. vandeli; (43) Pad. undetermined South African species; (44) Pad.nearctica (from a photograph).The yellow dotted line underlines the path of the colourless roll of membrane." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1208516/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">Figs 42–44</figureCitation>
). Exceptionally, we have precise descriptions of the mandibles for these three species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A50FFCFFCBFFA69B9D5FA75" box="[780,903,1412,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Paduniella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A50FFCFFCBFFA69B9D5FA75" box="[780,903,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">Paduniella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
belonging to three different Regions (
<figureCitation id="13383DAE0A50FFCFFA8BFA69BAE5FA28" captionStart="FIGURES 45–47" captionStartId="16.[151,264,824,847]" captionTargetBox="[176,1381,221,764]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[152,1435,193,804]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURES 45–47. Paduniella spp., right mandibles, ventral. (45) Pad. nearctica (redrawn from Wiggins 1996); (46) Pad. undetermined South African species (redrawn from de Moor &amp; Scott 2004); (47) Pad. vandeli. The arrow (Figs 45, 46) indicates the “mesal notch” defined by Wiggins (1996); no conspicuous mesal notch is seen in Pad. vandeli (? in Fig. 47, redrawn from Fig. 16)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1208518/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">Figs 45– 47</figureCitation>
). The right mandible “has a prominent mesal notch” in 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A50FFCFFC91FA44BE85FA28" authority="(Nearctic) (Wiggins 1996)" authorityName="Nearctic" baseAuthorityName="Nearctic" box="[802,1239,1447,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Paduniella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nearctica">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A50FFCFFC91FA44B9F5FA28" box="[802,935,1449,1472]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">P. nearctica</emphasis>
(Nearctic) (
<bibRefCitation id="EF925CDA0A50FFCFFB9EFA4ABE9DFA28" box="[1069,1231,1447,1472]" pageId="14" pageNumber="105" refId="ref13961" refString="Wiggins, G. B. (1996) Larvae of the North American Caddisfly Genera (Trichoptera). 2 nd Edition. University Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada, 457 pp." type="book">Wiggins 1996</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, a less-prominent mesal notch in 
<emphasis id="B977FD390A50FFCFFEF0FA20BB07FA0C" box="[323,341,1485,1508]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">P.</emphasis>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A50FFCFFEDBFA21BBF9FA0D" authorityName="Mosely" authorityYear="1939" box="[360,427,1484,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Paduniella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ankya">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A50FFCFFEDBFA21BBF9FA0D" box="[360,427,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">ankya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A50FFCFFE61FA20B860FA0C" authorityName="Barnard" authorityYear="1940" box="[466,562,1485,1508]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Paduniella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="capensis">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A50FFCFFE61FA20B860FA0C" box="[466,562,1485,1508]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">capensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (Afrotropical), and no mesal notch in 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A50FFCFFC5DFA20BE0FFA0D" box="[1006,1117,1484,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Paduniella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vandeli">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A50FFCFFC5DFA20BE0FFA0D" box="[1006,1117,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">P. vandeli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectingRegion id="49C7EFC90A50FFCFFBDFFA21BEF7FA0C" box="[1132,1189,1484,1508]" country="Tanzania" name="Mjini Magharibi" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">West</collectingRegion>
Palearctic). Thus, the presence or absence or prominence of this “mesal notch” on the right mandible is not a common character of the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C035AA80A50FFCFFF6CF9F9BB08F9C5" box="[223,346,1556,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Psychomyiidae" genus="Paduniella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977FD390A50FFCFFF6CF9F9BB08F9C5" box="[223,346,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="105">Paduniella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>