216 lines
28 KiB
XML
216 lines
28 KiB
XML
<document id="A1929710FFCD71DBCA95673B4E278D4C" ID-CLB-Dataset="35127" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.450.7452" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a3fc6ee3-7633-4bf5-9be4-f979ef9810c1" ID-PMC="PMC4233402" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-450-1" ID-PubMed="25408617" ID-ZooBank="6EAFB9611C8C4A88BB84CBCE13CDE663" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2014" ModsDocID="1313-2970-450-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 450" ModsDocTitle="A taxonomic monograph of Nearctic Scolytus Geoffroy (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae)" checkinTime="1451245189022" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Smith, Sarah M. & Cognato, Anthony I." docDate="2014" docId="6FB79F1565A6191E5E02BB8953EA12FB" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 450: 1-182" docOrigin="ZooKeys 450" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.450.7452" docTitle="Scolytus rugulosus Mueller 1818" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="24" masterDocId="FFF8FFEDC228FF81FFA4FFBD8B484705" masterDocTitle="A taxonomic monograph of Nearctic Scolytus Geoffroy (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae)" masterLastPageNumber="182" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="23" updateTime="1701374697345" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="219C2C40F54B2B924943C91702FEAFF6">A taxonomic monograph of Nearctic Scolytus Geoffroy (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="65B1769C28BDD168269E61D3B351C004">Smith, Sarah M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4AEC42619AFEC6521F7E60A8A79AD844">Cognato, Anthony I.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="3D5F30D20B4742B979098481BA2335FF">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:date id="0D12EA68C9AAA9ACA3568AC95DC457EF">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:identifier id="D7396E3A8EEE7696C9C5057BBE9B0370" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.450.7452</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="6FB79F1565A6191E5E02BB8953EA12FB" ID-GBIF-Taxon="152056118" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6FB79F1565A6191E5E02BB8953EA12FB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6FB79F1565A6191E5E02BB8953EA12FB" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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<subSubSection id="25E1D305CA5507B9952EC142E6FDD21E" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="008C096FE155E65A7409F11E7554DF91" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Taxon classification Animalia Coleoptera Curculionidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="855A2E35777C7A7DED0A576281AD8825" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="AB181785FBE308E2C2D5DE0E3F5AAD2F" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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<taxonomicName id="8D185EEC99CBF14BDFCC3C335C8036DB" ID-CoL="4VTNR" authority="Mueller, 1818" authorityName="Mueller" authorityYear="1818" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus rugulosus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rugulosus">
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Scolytus rugulosus (
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<normalizedToken id="EB139329328A68AAB71D86ADEE5E7CF5" originalValue="Müller">Mueller</normalizedToken>
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, 1818)
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</taxonomicName>
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Fig. 14
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="5915211DB882E21EEB9102E2744ADD9B" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="F372708B1C0B3C8A3720E90484A187F0" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<taxonomicName id="2CFD3E6A24B008708E8F713E3E43EB1A" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Bostrichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bostrichus rugulosus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rugulosus">
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<pageBreakToken id="F1DA7C69F3CC70B3CF442BD2C1B3463D" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" start="start">Bostrichus</pageBreakToken>
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rugulosus
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</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken id="67DBB2F036BE3F696C6B7756AB4C4A30" originalValue="Müller">Mueller</normalizedToken>
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, 1818: 247.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="AE5DA1814890BAB8818DAA4A535D4931" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<taxonomicName id="EA27100F01FCB9CBDE1B3A303F720F4A" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus rugulosus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rugulosus">Scolytus rugulosus</taxonomicName>
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(
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<normalizedToken id="E4DABFB6E9B4D99DD4FC741309358FFE" originalValue="Müller">Mueller</normalizedToken>
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, 1818):
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<bibRefCitation id="D3CC34603B112904177E60A857CFA763" author="Eichhoff, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Fuer Forstleute, Baumzuechter und Entomologen, Julius Springer, Berlin" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" title="Die Europaeischen Borkenkaefer." year="1881">Eichhoff 1881</bibRefCitation>
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: 41.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C64135FD99408FE7686B64BC37F712A1" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<taxonomicName id="76AA98CB4D16659ACFB3BAD212FC01CA" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus rugulosus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rugulosus">Scolytus rugulosus</taxonomicName>
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For complete taxonomic history see
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<bibRefCitation id="C5B642C51C7720D5E80FD9BFD6AF2EA9" author="Wood, SL" journalOrPublisher="Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" pagination="1 - 1553" title="A catalog of Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera), Part 2: Taxonomic Index." volume="13" year="1992">Wood and Bright (1992)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="2FBCB5306A4A6016C54668235DFA9EB9" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="EB16579CADBFB6C43E49A209B2BA8B07" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C90CFCB281BC66EC27B932678C7B3573" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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Both sexes of
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<taxonomicName id="214E402E249E8955DB0945A07AFEEFCF" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus rugulosus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rugulosus">Scolytus rugulosus</taxonomicName>
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are distinguished by the rounded elytral apices, by the serrate and deeply emarginated elytral apex, and by the oblique ventrite 2.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="032BC88F28F903C9D3162FDECA2E8BA4" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="description (male)">
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<paragraph id="FC29BE4D3B3DFFC4655862F342FD1A87" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Description (male).</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="EA729CA8C678DBF89E516CDB724EBB6B" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">1.9-2.6 mm long (mean = 2.4 mm; n = 10); 2.1-2.7 times as long as wide. Color red-brown to dark red brown, antenna yellow-brown. Pronotum typically darker than elytra.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6C536112F95DF674C7F247E57A26C5C7" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Head. Epistoma weakly, broadly emarginate; epistomal process absent; median area above mandibles bearing dense patch of long, yellow, hair-like setae. Frons appearing convex when viewed laterally, slightly transversely impressed just above epistoma; moderately, finely, longitudinally aciculate-punctate; aciculations converging at epistoma; punctures small, coarse; moderately, uniformly covered by long, fine, yellow erect hair-like setae, these longer than width of midpoint of eye. Antennal scape short, elongate; club flattened, irregularly ovoid, setose with partial septum, two arcuate sutures visible.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6875278B9F8115AE0611F5563CA89D14" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Pronotum wider than long; apical margin broadly rounded, median area between eyes lined with scales; sides distinctly arcuate, strongly constricted near apex, forming a weak transverse impression near apical margin; surface smooth, shining, punctures on disc fine, shallow, moderately abundant, larger and more abundant laterally and on apical constriction; apical and anterolateral margins bearing sparse, erect, yellow setae; base weakly bisinuate.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="ACFA5EBC77A9D35C823BADC210B85288" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Elytra with sides sub-parallel on basal half, narrowing to strongly rounded, moderately serrate apex; apex strongly emarginated at suture. Margin of apical edge bearing large, coarse punctures. Disc glabrous, smooth, shining; interstriae not impressed and equal in width to striae, interstrial punctures uniseriate, equal in size to those of striae, bearing moderately abundant short, semi-erect yellow-brown hair-like setae; striae not impressed. Declivity bearing sparse, short, erect yellow setae. Metepimeron less than half-length of metanepisternum.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C54973E2F809A85970BA2FCB2F157670" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Venter. Apical margin of ventrite 1 rounded, flush with base of ventrite 2. Ventrite 2 nearly at an oblique angle to ventrite 1; surface shagreened, dull finely punctate; punctures small, coarse, shallow; surface flattened, unarmed; setae abundant, erect, long, greater than length of segment 3; lateral margins of ventrites 2-3 and ventrite 4 unarmed. Ventrite 5 carinate ridge closer to apical margin of segment; length of ventrite 5 greater than combined lengths of ventrites 3 and 4; setal patch absent, median depression present.</paragraph>
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<caption id="1B8B9392E57D06A6A3D16A2BDCEE2613" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<paragraph id="BAE25C4B62B22E7DA229FE0C98DFA331" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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Figure 14.
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<taxonomicName id="47509FE05C3FAB74757056C3CF6C0210" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus rugulosus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rugulosus">Scolytus rugulosus</taxonomicName>
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A dorsal male habitus B lateral male habitus C male frons D male frons oblique E male venter F male venter oblique G dorsal female habitus H lateral female habitus I female frons J female frons oblique K female venter L female venter oblique.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="423250AEC2E639A6C84E226112EA5D60" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="female">
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<paragraph id="64CFE829F3AC06C07C7676A2F8CE8122" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Female.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="07B75AD07D6084FC17E8191914742096" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">2.0-3.1 mm long (mean = 2.5 mm; n = 10); 2.1-2.8 times as long as wide. Similar to male except frontal setae sparser, shorter, less than width of eye.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="CFA21064F1EFB2970B37D4134AF5DCDC" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="specimens examined">
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<paragraph id="052E910A70B0EB64FA1FBB1653432838" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2E71D14D2E23FA93BFC8813A5A417CC6" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">102.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="5B2ED202A5A06988483949C81B51DEB9" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="type material">
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<paragraph id="38C730F5D9FB78C9F406303C724FB739" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="42E5876F4A2270027B2C048DAC0854C8" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Syntypes: (ISNB, ZIFH). None examined.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A5CAB38D7EA7321C8424F8D71A1F9E48" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="non-type material">
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<paragraph id="A765697055414261642A3D4BAF6AC58A" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Non-type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="AC09A93B6F44A7BEBDB8C77FA9BF0679" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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CANADA:BRITISH COLUMBIA: Vancouver, 5.VII.1975, N.M. Downie (FMNH-2). NOVA SCOTIA: Middleton, 11.VI.1938 (CNCI-2). ONTARIO: Brimley, 17.VII.[19]21 (CNCI-1), 30.VII.[19]22 (CNCI-1). Ottawa, 21.VIII.1999, A.T. Howden, ex. wild grape [=
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<taxonomicName id="2BECF6E868065B17F230C2098E3BBFD3" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Vitis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Vitis" order="Vitales" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Vitis</taxonomicName>
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sp.] (CNCI-1). Simcoe, 3.IX.1931, J.A. Hall (CNCI-2). Smith Falls, V.1940, H.S. Fleming (CNCI-1). UNITED STATES:ARIZONA: [Cochise Co.]: Green Canyon, 26.IX.[19]98, Sequeira and Jordal, ex.
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<taxonomicName id="1F2E22D86B65547C84881B8D212A7460" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleaceae" genus="Fraxinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Fraxinus" order="Lamiales" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Fraxinus</taxonomicName>
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sp. (ZMBN-1). CALIFORNIA: [Los Angeles Co.]: San Marino, 25.VI.[19]42, G.P. Mackenzie (FMNH-1). [Orange Co.]: Santa Ana, 1.IV.1943, L.R. Gillogly, ex. bait traps (USNM-1). [Placer Co.]: Penryn, 1.X.1929, A.T. McClay (FMNH-2). DELAWARE: [Kent Co.]: Camdem, XII.1940, J.M. Amos (FMNH-1). INDIANA:Madison Co.: 10.VIII.1937, ex. apricot [=
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<taxonomicName id="DBA0B6B86B23D6C64A5A20EF3EFFA911" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Prunus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Prunus armeniaca" order="Rosales" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="armeniaca">Prunus armeniaca</taxonomicName>
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] (FMNH-2). Porter Co.: Jackson Township, Maple Knoll Farm, 6.IV.[19]60, C.C. Gregg (FMNH-10). Tippecanoe Co.: 7.VI.1956, N.M. Downie (FMNH-2), 1.XI.1978 (FMNH-1). MICHIGAN:Allegan Co.: Fennville area, 30.VI.2003, P. McGhee, ex. on apple trees [=
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<taxonomicName id="27D290274D9C663E60F0FE1DAD6C7F3D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Malus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Malus" order="Rosales" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Malus</taxonomicName>
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sp.] (MSUC-1). [Cass Co.]: Edwardsburg, 30.VIII.1928 (MSUC-6). [Ingham Co.]: [East Lansing], Agriculture College [= Michigan State University campus], 1.I.1917 (MSUC-3). Isabella Co.: 16.IX.[19]55, R.R. Dreisbach (MSUC-1). [Kent Co.]: Grand Rapids, 17.X.[19]11 (MSUC-6). [Lenawee Co.]: Adrian, 20.VII.1900 (MSUC-7). Livingston Co.: Howell, 214 Inverness St,
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<geoCoordinate id="1853682457CF69D8ACA615136C1BDA8C" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="42.61678">N42.61678°</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="F141753CFB578B9A03710925CEFFAA9B" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-84.9281">W84.92810°</geoCoordinate>
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, 23.V-7.VI.2007, R. Mech, ex. Lindgren trap with EtOH + alpha (MSUC-1). Midland Co.: 24.VII.[19]46, R.R. Dreisbach (MSUC-1), 14.IX.[19]56 (MSUC-1). Oakland Co.: A.W. Andrews (MSUC-1); 28.VI.[19]47, B. Summerville (MSUC-1). [Washtenaw Co.]: Manchester, 21.V.1913 (MSUC-4), 31.V.1913 (MSUC-7). NEW YORK:Onondaga Co.: Syracuse, X.1987, R.J. Rabaglia, ex. mountain ash [=
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<taxonomicName id="D3022F0E75FE0676184B9E06F65CBF99" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Sorbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Sorbus" order="Rosales" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Sorbus</taxonomicName>
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sp.] (RJRC-1). [Tompkins Co.]: Ithaca, ex. peach [=
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<taxonomicName id="29ED0D06DB8AF4C7A87B9EB344FFAF52" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Prunus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Prunus" order="Rosales" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Prunus</taxonomicName>
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sp.] (CASC-1). [Ulster Co.]: Oliverea, 20.VI.[19]18 (USNM-1). Wayne Co.: 26.VI.1950, Shumaker (USNM-1), 8.VIII.[19]51 (USNM-1). [Unspecified County]: (CASC-2). PENNSYLVANIA:Allegheny Co.: Upper St. Clair Township, 28.VIII.[19]59 (EMEC-1). [Philadelphia Co.]: Philadelphia, 20.V.[18]98 (USNM-1). UTAH: [Utah Co.]: Vineyard, 6.IX.[19]23, T. Spalding (USNM-1). WASHINGTON: [Whitman Co.]: Steptoe Butte State Park, 9.VII.1971, N.M. Downie (FMNH-1). WASHINGTON, D.C.: 26.VII.1943, L.J. Bottimer, ex. on
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<taxonomicName id="B6B6C3971EBE6C21239781DB11731892" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Prunus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Prunus" order="Rosales" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Prunus</taxonomicName>
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sp. (CNCI-2). ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS:Brazil (MSUC-21), Czech Republic (MSUC-1), Hungary (MSUC-1), Morocco (MSUC-1) and Italy (MSUC-2).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D865CC69698905644639A84028744BD0" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="2627EB60BE1AC2D7C5FA2F2007DB6FE2" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="87CBF411B1147529A59C162D63FCE13B" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">CANADA: British Columbia, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island. Greenland. MEXICO: Durango. UNITED STATES: Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington, Washington D.C, West Virginia, Wisconsin (Fig. 15).</paragraph>
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<caption id="B16DC9D69EF70FFC047CDA6483ACC9AE" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<paragraph id="1FC8646B78ABA1B27727AF16216CD3F7" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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Figure 15.
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<taxonomicName id="3F67192303EB05639F5147682E36D899" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus rugulosus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rugulosus">Scolytus rugulosus</taxonomicName>
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distribution map.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0C19CA2D985F69566F5F0400F87DD30A" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="hosts">
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<paragraph id="4AECB1CBEC09DF209AC14230B30400DE" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Hosts.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="011A28DFEE01D521DB8AA10F9B57BF72" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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Stone and pome fruit trees including
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<taxonomicName id="E7259C5C155456405A836ADC5AEFDEBA" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Malus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Malus" order="Rosales" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Malus</taxonomicName>
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spp. (apple),
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<taxonomicName id="5C0296E31CCE8F28CBFF4A4E4137F929" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Pyrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pyrus" order="Rosales" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Pyrus</taxonomicName>
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spp. (pear), and
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<taxonomicName id="29D8FCBF2C8E0898C0390E1CC10BCEA5" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Prunus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Prunus" order="Rosales" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Prunus</taxonomicName>
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spp. (cherry) and is less common in
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<taxonomicName id="31CD8DC086A023B25E4226494BF5EF76" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Crataegus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Crataegus" order="Rosales" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Crataegus</taxonomicName>
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(hawthorn),
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<taxonomicName id="DFA6760041708F7BFC41AE64897D9E67" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Sorbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Sorbus" order="Rosales" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Sorbus</taxonomicName>
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(mountain ash) and
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<taxonomicName id="008A4ABE8131F950457E6B9C93D85686" class="Insecta" family="Tingidae" genus="Ulmus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ulmus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ulmus</taxonomicName>
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spp. (elm).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C6CF7C38AE4A82632D69DFDED18FB5DB" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="common name">
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<paragraph id="60C38BEA7DA32A59070D85997AE35809" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Common name.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7AC9BC8528BD7A342FA7F1F0EC2B4D21" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Shothole borer.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="BBDCCDC61F58E5292E380BA1256A94EE" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="biology">
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<paragraph id="588ADB6CF895DE085D1BAA8563DFD483" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Biology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1D4E8B761D4832FF1EA35B9820359A66" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<taxonomicName id="1AB49743FB4C1D6BB5F08660402F4553" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus rugulosus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rugulosus">Scolytus rugulosus</taxonomicName>
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primarily attacks and kills small twigs and branches but may kill whole trees through the process of excavating adult galleries and larval feeding. Twig injury is the result of feeding activity at the base of the bud. Attacks can begin near an injury or on a healthy tree (
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|
<bibRefCitation id="0A69C37D26F375B9BC7A4467FB3F549D" author="Chamberlin, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Oregon State College Cooperative Association, Corvallis" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" title="The bark and timber beetles of North America north of Mexico The taxonomy, biology and control of 575 species belonging to 72 genera of the superfamily Scolytoidea." year="1939">Chamberlin 1939</bibRefCitation>
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;
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|
<bibRefCitation id="AB4E1FF3B5F0A621CE0BDEB9D857EBAD" author="Bright, DE" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the California Insect Survey" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="1 - 169" title="The bark and ambrosia beetles of California (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae)." volume="16" year="1973">Bright and Stark 1973</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="68BBF3C31AFD607051DA05CFCBBD5B2E" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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|
The adult gallery is parallel to the grain of the wood and solely consists of an egg gallery; a nuptial chamber is not constructed. The adult gallery strongly scores the cambium, lightly scores the sapwood and ranges in size from 1.0-5.0 cm in length (Bright and Stark 1976;
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<bibRefCitation id="BEDDCFDEC2C0B8199A69A1DB13D2C730" author="Furniss, MM" journalOrPublisher="University of Idaho, Moscow" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" title="Field guide to the bark beetles of Idaho and adjacent regions." year="2002">Furniss and Johnson 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). Eggs are laid singly in larval niches on both sides of the egg gallery. Larval mines first radiate perpendicular to the egg gallery against the grain of the wood and later turn parallel to the grain (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="36490B7024B290CAA275A47A7C4EFF66" author="Bright, DE" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the California Insect Survey" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="1 - 169" title="The bark and ambrosia beetles of California (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae)." volume="16" year="1973">Bright and Stark 1973</bibRefCitation>
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|
). The larval stage typically lasts one month. Pupation occurs in the bark for summer emergence. If the brood is unable to complete development during the warmer months, larvae will burrow 1.0-2.0 cm deep within the sapwood to overwinter. The following year, adults emerge and feed at twig crotches before selecting host material (
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|
<bibRefCitation id="11AD37967209A2DE7B6ACCBADF884E86" author="Baker, WL" journalOrPublisher="United States Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publications 1175" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" title="Eastern Forest Insects." year="1972">Baker 1972</bibRefCitation>
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|
). There are one to four generations per year depending on locality, with more generations occurring in warmer climates (
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|
<bibRefCitation id="1A4532ED1A99C8ED7D07B16DC834213C" author="Chittenden, FH" journalOrPublisher="United States Department of Agriculture Division of Entomology Circular, second series" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="1 - 8" title="The fruit-tree bark-beetle (Scolytusrugulosus Ratz.)." volume="29" year="1898">Chittenden 1898</bibRefCitation>
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|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="9FF779F38CAE0366EB384ED5389291B2" author="Baker, WL" journalOrPublisher="United States Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publications 1175" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" title="Eastern Forest Insects." year="1972">Baker 1972</bibRefCitation>
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|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="0227913BD4CEDF42072794A5DC0E24AC" author="Wood, SL" journalOrPublisher="Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" pagination="1 - 1359" title="The bark and ambrosia beetles of North and Central America (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), a taxonomic monograph." volume="8" year="1982">Wood 1982</bibRefCitation>
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|
).
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|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="5641A678027F2CC8C07EB151285C453A" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="remarks">
|
|
<paragraph id="00F4C55576F1336B7BDA17B632FE4BF6" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="57233D2B82A5CFB2A3787C1540491EE3" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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|
This species is native to the Palearctic region and was first detected in North America in 1877 from New York (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="9B891482F70B283FF713456050D4B6D3" author="Chittenden, FH" journalOrPublisher="United States Department of Agriculture Division of Entomology Circular, second series" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="1 - 8" title="The fruit-tree bark-beetle (Scolytusrugulosus Ratz.)." volume="29" year="1898">Chittenden 1898</bibRefCitation>
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|
). The native range of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="EE12A76E9108E6E3CFF72FE03260176A" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus rugulosus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rugulosus">Scolytus rugulosus</taxonomicName>
|
|
encompasses Europe, North Africa, Asia Minor and middle Asia to Zabaikalye (Russia) (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="B57861E459E88E2DF5EAA20083D2A7F0" author="Michalski, J" journalOrPublisher="Panstwowe Wydawn, Naukowe, Krakow" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" title="Revision of the Palearctic species of the genus Scolytus Geoffroy (Coleoptera, Scolytidae)." year="1973">Michalski 1973</bibRefCitation>
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|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="43FCB3167B643D4E7E0421776F54643C" author="Knizek, M" editor="Loebl, I" journalOrPublisher="Apollo Books, Stenstrup" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" pagination="204 - 251" title="Scolytinae." volumeTitle="Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera Volume 7, Curculionoidea I" year="2011">
|
|
<normalizedToken id="E1BA26D9A71EE2A9B46B134E029D96B2" originalValue="Knížek">Knizek</normalizedToken>
|
|
2011
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
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</treatment>
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</document> |