165 lines
19 KiB
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165 lines
19 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="FDE662EFE06189ECAEF1C25839C3B8D5">Fossil butterflies, calibration points and the molecular clock (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="69027C4D34757204BB9C245B6F7361E9">Jong, Rienk De</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="42D28E12D357CF8569E9463FA59D9395">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:number id="382DDB1DE5981B3FE46CB6D0A88D0F50">4270</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03AA87D3285AFFCDF7F0FF1FFEB9B430" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6046958" ID-GBIF-Taxon="130844860" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6046958" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AA87D3285AFFCDF7F0FF1FFEB9B430" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AA87D3285AFFCDF7F0FF1FFEB9B430" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<subSubSection id="C319654E285AFFCDF7F0FF1FFE69B0C9" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C5285AFFCDF7F0FF1FFD53B08C" blockId="26.[151,752,152,178]" box="[151,752,152,178]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<heading id="D0F481A9285AFFCDF7F0FF1FFD53B08C" bold="true" box="[151,752,152,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285AFFCDF7F0FF1FFD53B08C" bold="true" box="[151,752,152,178]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285AFFCDF7F0FF1FFEBBB08C" bold="true" box="[151,280,152,178]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285AFFCDF7F0FF1FFEB7B08C" box="[151,276,152,178]" class="Insecta" family="Edelfalter" genus="Barbarothea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="florissanti">florissanti</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285AFFCDF647FF1FFD53B08C" authority="Scudder, 1892" authorityName="Scudder" authorityYear="1892" box="[288,752,152,178]" class="Insecta" family="Edelfalter" genus="Barbarothea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="florissanti">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285AFFCDF647FF1FFD99B08C" bold="true" box="[288,570,152,178]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Barbarothea florissanti</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B34285AFFCDF526FF1FFD53B08C" author="Scudder" box="[577,752,152,178]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Scudder, S. H. (1892) Some insects of special interest from Florissant, Colorado, and other points in the Tertiaries of Colorado and Utah. Bulletin United States Geological Survey, 93, 1 - 35." type="journal article" year="1892">Scudder, 1892</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C5285AFFCDF7F0FF59FE69B0C9" blockId="26.[151,1436,222,1039]" box="[151,458,222,247]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285AFFCDF7F0FF59FE90B0C9" box="[151,307,222,247]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nymphalidae</taxonomicName>
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:
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285AFFCDF65AFF59FE64B0C9" box="[317,455,222,247]" class="Insecta" family="Edelfalter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Libytheinae">Libytheinae</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C319654E285AFFCDF7A0FE84FEB9B430" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C5285AFFCDF7A0FE84FCE3B124" blockId="26.[151,1436,222,1039]" box="[199,832,258,283]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<materialsCitation id="3B6B3C98285AFFCDF7A0FE84FCE3B124" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1503739218" box="[199,832,258,283]" country="United States of America" location="Colorado" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Colorado">
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<collectingCountry id="F3147655285AFFCDF7A0FE84FEA1B125" box="[199,258,259,283]" name="United States of America" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">USA</collectingCountry>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285AFFCDF66AFE85FEDBB125" box="[269,376,258,283]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Praepapilio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="colorado">
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<collectingRegion id="49C7F827285AFFCDF66AFE85FEDBB125" box="[269,376,258,283]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Colorado</collectingRegion>
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</taxonomicName>
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, Florissant; late Priabonian, late Eocene.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C5285AFFCDF7A0FEA1FC3DB101" blockId="26.[151,1436,222,1039]" box="[199,926,294,319]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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Depository: Scudders' specimen is presumed lost (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B34285AFFCDF59DFEA1FC32B101" author="Shields" box="[762,913,294,319]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Shields, O. (1985) Southeast Asian affinities in Colorado Oligocene Libytheidae. Tokurana (Acta Rhopalocera), Special Volume 1, 13 - 24." type="journal article" year="1985">Shields 1985</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C5285AFFCDF7A0FECDFD44B15D" blockId="26.[151,1436,222,1039]" box="[199,743,330,355]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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Published figures:
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B34285AFFCDF6FEFECDFDD6B15D" author="Emmel" box="[409,629,330,355]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Emmel, T. C., Minno, M. C. & Drummond, B. A. (1992) Florissant butterflies. A guide to the fossil and present-day species of central Colorado. Stanford University Press, Stanford, x + 118 pp." type="book" year="1992">
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Emmel
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285AFFCDF696FECBFD81B15D" box="[497,546,330,355]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al</emphasis>
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. (1992
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</bibRefCitation>
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:
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<figureCitation id="13382A40285AFFCDF5E7FECDFD1DB15D" box="[640,702,330,355]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1051,1073]" captionTargetBox="[167,1414,420,1017]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[157,1429,411,1026]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Localities of fossil butterflies plotted ion a modern map. See Table 1 for further, complementary information." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/583184/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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/2).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C5285AFFCDF7A0FEE8FEB9B430" blockId="26.[151,1436,222,1039]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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Very similar to the fossil
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285AFFCDF684FEE9FD48B1B9" box="[483,747,366,391]" class="Insecta" family="Edelfalter" genus="Prolibythea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vagabunda">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285AFFCDF684FEE9FD48B1B9" box="[483,747,366,391]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Prolibythea vagabunda</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and also placed in the subfamily
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285AFFCDF302FEE9FA3FB1B9" box="[1125,1436,366,391]" class="Insecta" family="Edelfalter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Libytheinae">Libytheinae (Nymphalidae)</taxonomicName>
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by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B34285AFFCDF7DDFE15FEC9B195" author="Scudder" box="[186,362,402,427]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Scudder, S. H. (1892) Some insects of special interest from Florissant, Colorado, and other points in the Tertiaries of Colorado and Utah. Bulletin United States Geological Survey, 93, 1 - 35." type="journal article" year="1892">Scudder (1892)</bibRefCitation>
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, followed by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B34285AFFCDF562FE15FD49B195" box="[517,746,402,427]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Emmel, T. C., Minno, M. C. & Drummond, B. A. (1992) Florissant butterflies. A guide to the fossil and present-day species of central Colorado. Stanford University Press, Stanford, x + 118 pp." type="book">
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Emmel
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285AFFCDF53AFE13FD2EB195" box="[605,653,402,427]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al</emphasis>
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. (1992)
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</bibRefCitation>
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. Fairly well preserved. Antenna tricarinate (autapomorphy of
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285AFFCDF7F0FE31FE90B1F1" box="[151,307,438,463]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nymphalidae</taxonomicName>
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), club very gradual. Two legs visible, not reduced, possibly middle legs. Palpi, 2nd segment oblique; apical joint horizontal, only a little more than two-thirds the length of the 2nd (i.e., relatively longer than in most butterflies, but shorter than in any known member of the
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285AFFCDF458FE79FC69B229" box="[831,970,510,535]" class="Insecta" family="Edelfalter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Libytheinae">Libytheinae</taxonomicName>
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). Venation as in
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285AFFCDF3F6FE79FF50B205" authority="Scudder" authorityName="Scudder" class="Insecta" family="Edelfalter" genus="Prolibythea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vagabunda">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285AFFCDF3F6FE79FA3FB229" box="[1169,1436,510,535]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Prolibythea vagabunda</emphasis>
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Scudder
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</taxonomicName>
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that is plesiomorphic and not indicating relatedness. Hindwing relatively broad and rounded, costa concave, termen crenulate. Forewing slightly falcate. The long palpi agree with the
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285AFFCDF305FDC1FB48B261" box="[1122,1259,582,607]" class="Insecta" family="Edelfalter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Libytheinae">Libytheinae</taxonomicName>
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, but apparently they had not yet reached the state found in extant members of the subfamily. Although the palpi of
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285AFFCDF38AFDEDFAD0B2BD" box="[1261,1395,618,643]" class="Insecta" family="Edelfalter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Libytheinae">Libytheinae</taxonomicName>
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are relatively long, they are not unique, some other nymphalids having similarly long palpi and a similar venation as well (e.g.
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285AFFCDF66EFD33FEFBB2F5" box="[265,344,692,715]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Eunica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285AFFCDF66EFD33FEFBB2F5" box="[265,344,692,715]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Eunica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, a member of the
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285AFFCDF54FFD35FD01B2F5" box="[552,674,690,715]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Biblidinae">Biblidinae</taxonomicName>
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). The apomorphic character states of the
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285AFFCDF313FD35FB59B2F5" box="[1140,1274,690,715]" class="Insecta" family="Edelfalter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Libytheinae">Libytheinae</taxonomicName>
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mentioned by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B34285AFFCDF7F0FD51FEDFB2D1" box="[151,380,726,751]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Ackery, P. R., de Jong, R. & Vane-Wright, R. I. (1999) The butterflies: Hedyloidea, Hesperioidea and Papilionoidea. In: Kristensen, N. P. (Ed.), Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies. 1. Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography. Handbook of Zoology. 4 (35). Lepidoptera. De Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 263 - 300." type="book chapter">
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Ackery
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285AFFCDF796FD50FE80B2D1" box="[241,291,726,751]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al</emphasis>
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. (1999)
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</bibRefCitation>
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are not visible in the fossil, but the extension of the termen of the forewing at the end of M2 seems to occur in
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285AFFCDF638FD7DFE46B32D" box="[351,485,762,787]" class="Insecta" family="Edelfalter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Libytheinae">Libytheinae</taxonomicName>
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only as judged from the numerous venational diagrams in
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B34285AFFCDF313FD7DFAD9B32D" author="Schatz" box="[1140,1402,762,787]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Schatz, E. & Rober, J. (1892) Die Familien und Gattungen der Tagfalter Systematisch und Analytisch Bearbeitet. Lowensohn, Furth, ii + 284 pp." type="book" year="1892">Schatz & Röber (1892)</bibRefCitation>
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. In other butterflies, if there is an extension (a tooth) it is at or just below M1. It is not clear why Scudder did not place it in
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285AFFCDF7BFFCC5FEF8B365" box="[216,347,834,859]" class="Insecta" family="Edelfalter" genus="Prolibythea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285AFFCDF7BFFCC5FEF8B365" box="[216,347,834,859]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Prolibythea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, although he mentioned the similarity. See also the discussion by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B34285AFFCDF3EBFCC5FAFAB365" author="Kawahara" box="[1164,1369,834,859]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Kawahara, A. Y. (2013) Systematic revision and review of the extant and fossil snout butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Libytheinae). Zootaxa, 3631 (1), 1 - 74." type="journal article" year="2013">Kawahara (2013)</bibRefCitation>
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, who synonymized it with
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285AFFCDF6ECFCE1FD15B341" box="[395,694,870,895]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Oligodonta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="florissantensis">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285AFFCDF6ECFCE1FD15B341" box="[395,694,870,895]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Oligodonta florissantensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and placed it in the extant genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285AFFCDF323FCE1FB61B341" box="[1092,1218,870,895]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Libytheana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285AFFCDF323FCE1FB61B341" box="[1092,1218,870,895]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Libytheana</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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on the basis of an analysis of morphological characters. However, since apomorphies are not clear and the palpi are definitely shorter than in extant members of
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285AFFCDF6B5FC29FD97B3F9" box="[466,564,942,967]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Libythea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285AFFCDF6B5FC29FD97B3F9" box="[466,564,942,967]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Libythea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285AFFCDF517FC29FD4DB3F9" box="[624,750,942,967]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Libytheana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285AFFCDF517FC29FD4DB3F9" box="[624,750,942,967]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Libytheana</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, I hesitate placing it in an extant genus and suggest that it should be placed at the stem node of the subfamily, if used for calibration purposes. See also under
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285AFFCDF27EFC55FEB0B431" class="Insecta" family="Edelfalter" genus="Prolibythea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vagabunda">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285AFFCDF27EFC55FEB0B431" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Prolibythea vagabunda</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |