194 lines
25 KiB
XML
194 lines
25 KiB
XML
<document id="80B183D05B1CF339E50515FBD8B1866A" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4270.1.1SLASH11140" ID-CLB-Dataset="32975" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.583183" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6c479acc-8b18-4f0b-a6e5-85bcd6d7b6b7" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="583183" ID-ZooBank="2D00AFF5-4FE2-4EC1-A328-C8670CFB8D6D" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1495696370209" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Jong, Rienk De" docDate="2017" docId="03AA87D3284FFFC6F7F0F8D6FDE7B5A3" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4270.1.1SLASH11140.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4270 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Lithopsyche antiqua" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="18" masterDocId="FF93FFAB2840FFD7F767FF87FFA3B03E" masterDocTitle="Fossil butterflies, calibration points and the molecular clock (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea)" masterLastPageNumber="63" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="16" updateTime="1698439901205" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="AB26F11CFA6CD045B121D3E1EBDEFE57">Fossil butterflies, calibration points and the molecular clock (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="83498FA647272C435AA57A72A759B830">Jong, Rienk De</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="ABCB65EC18D27DB8FFBA90E8853FE5E9">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="9B3A71A3CD32BCE5BD530AF6ED2B977B">2017</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="4618E914448A81120A0283C9AA026C5B">4270</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="8341E573C36B942852B2F912B6CC2789" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.583183</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03AA87D3284FFFC6F7F0F8D6FDE7B5A3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6046913" ID-GBIF-Taxon="130844934" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6046913" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AA87D3284FFFC6F7F0F8D6FDE7B5A3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AA87D3284FFFC6F7F0F8D6FDE7B5A3" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<subSubSection id="C319654E284FFFD8F7F0F8D6FE9BB790" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C5284FFFD8F7F0F8D6FD34B755" blockId="15.[151,663,1873,1899]" box="[151,663,1873,1899]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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||
<heading id="D0F481A9284FFFD8F7F0F8D6FD34B755" bold="true" box="[151,663,1873,1899]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" reason="1">
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||
<emphasis id="B977EAD7284FFFD8F7F0F8D6FD34B755" bold="true" box="[151,663,1873,1899]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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||
<emphasis id="B977EAD7284FFFD8F7F0F8D6FF58B755" bold="true" box="[151,251,1873,1899]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D46284FFFD8F7F0F8D6FF54B755" box="[151,247,1873,1899]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Lithopsyche" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antiqua">antiqua</taxonomicName>
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.
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||
</emphasis>
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D46284FFFD8F665F8D6FD34B755" authority="Butler, 1889" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1889" box="[258,663,1873,1899]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Lithopsyche" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antiqua">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7284FFFD8F665F8D6FE5AB755" bold="true" box="[258,505,1873,1899]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Lithopsyche antiqua</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B34284FFFD8F567F8D6FD34B755" author="Butler" box="[512,663,1873,1899]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Butler, A. G. (1889) Description of a new genus of fossil moths belonging to the geometrid family Euschemidae. Proceedings zoological Society London, 1889, 292 - 297." type="proceedings paper" year="1889">Butler, 1889</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C5284FFFD8F7F0F811FE9BB790" blockId="15.[151,1344,1941,2038]" box="[151,312,1941,1966]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Incertae sedis.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C319654E284FFFC6F7A0F83EFDE7B5A3" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C5284FFFD8F7A0F83EFD2EB7C8" blockId="15.[151,1344,1941,2038]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<materialsCitation id="3B6B3C98284FFFD8F7A0F83EFD2EB7C8" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1503739233" collectionCode="BMNH" country="United Kingdom" county="England" location="Bembridge Marls" municipality="Gurnet Bay" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Isle of Wight" typeStatus="holotype">
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<collectingCountry id="F3147655284FFFD8F7A0F83EFE24B7EC" box="[199,391,1977,2002]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">United Kingdom</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCounty id="62DD4E49284FFFD8F6F5F83EFE51B7EC" box="[402,498,1977,2002]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">England</collectingCounty>
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||
,
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<collectingRegion id="49C7F827284FFFD8F69AF83EFD30B7EC" box="[509,659,1977,2002]" country="United Kingdom" name="Isle of Wight" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Isle of Wight</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingMunicipality id="6BD8ACBF284FFFD8F5F9F83DFC82B7EC" box="[670,801,1978,2002]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Gurnet Bay</collectingMunicipality>
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,
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<location id="8EDC601E284FFFD8F44BF83EFC57B7EC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AA87D3284FFFC6F7F0F8D6FDE7B5A3:8EDC601E284FFFD8F44BF83EFC57B7EC" box="[812,1012,1977,2002]" country="United Kingdom" county="England" municipality="Gurnet Bay" name="Bembridge Marls" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" stateProvince="Isle of Wight">Bembridge Marls</location>
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; late
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<location id="8EDC601E284FFFD8F348F83EFB08B7EC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AA87D3284FFFC6F7F0F8D6FDE7B5A3:8EDC601E284FFFD8F348F83EFB08B7EC" box="[1071,1195,1977,2002]" country="United Kingdom" county="England" municipality="Gurnet Bay" name="Priabonian" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" stateProvince="Isle of Wight">Priabonian</location>
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, late Eocene. Depository:
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<collectionCode id="ED12AE00284FFFD8F635F859FE05B7CB" box="[338,422,2014,2037]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">BMNH</collectionCode>
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(
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<typeStatus id="54B88867284FFFD8F6D2F85AFDB8B7C8" box="[437,539,2013,2038]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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, I.19984).
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</materialsCitation>
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||
</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF7C664D2850FFC7F7F0F97FFCA3B7DA" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/583187/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" targetBox="[238,1332,193,1743]" targetPageId="16">
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52850FFC7F7F0F97FFCA3B7DA" blockId="16.[151,1436,1784,2020]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72850FFC7F7F0F97FFEB5B730" bold="true" box="[151,278,1784,1806]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72850FFC7F647F97EFED1B730" box="[288,370,1785,1806]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Ƒanessa</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462850FFC7F61BF97FFD48B730" authority="Miller & Brown, 1989" authorityName="Miller & Brown" authorityYear="1989" box="[380,747,1784,1806]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanessa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amerindica">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72850FFC7F61BF97FFE4CB730" box="[380,495,1784,1806]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">amerindica</emphasis>
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Miller & Brown, 1989
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</taxonomicName>
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, holotype, collections of Invertebrate Paleontology, University of Florida. Photo by Roger Portell. Fig. 6.
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462850FFC7F534F891FBF3B712" authority="Nel & Descimon, 1984" authorityName="Nel & Descimon" authorityYear="1984" box="[595,1104,1814,1836]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pseudoneorina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coulleti">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72850FFC7F534F891FCE7B712" box="[595,836,1814,1836]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Pseudoneorina coulleti</emphasis>
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Nel & Descimon, 1984
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</taxonomicName>
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. France, Dép. Alpes-de-Haute- Provence, Dauphin, specimen in coll. M. Henrotay; photo by courtesy of M. Henrotay. Fig. 7.
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462850FFC7F3FBF8B2FEC0B754" authority="Martins-Neto, 1989" authorityName="Martins-Neto" authorityYear="1989" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Archaeolycorea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferreirai">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72850FFC7F3FBF8B2FA9FB775" box="[1180,1340,1845,1867]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Archaeolycorea</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72850FFC7F220F8B2FA3FB775" box="[1351,1436,1845,1867]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">ferreirai</emphasis>
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Martins-Neto, 1989
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</taxonomicName>
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. Fig. 4A of original description. Fig. 8.
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462850FFC7F465F8D3FB3CB754" authority="Brown, 1976" authorityName="Brown" authorityYear="1976" box="[770,1183,1876,1898]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Oligodonta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="florissantensis">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72850FFC7F465F8D3FBACB754" box="[770,1039,1876,1898]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Oligodonta florissantensis</emphasis>
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Brown, 1976
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</taxonomicName>
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, holotype, collections of Invertebrate Paleontology, University of Florida. Photo by courtesy of Akito Kawahara. Fig. 9.
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462850FFC7F31CF8F4FA9FB7B7" box="[1147,1340,1907,1929]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Neorinella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="garciae">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72850FFC7F31CF8F4FA9FB7B7" box="[1147,1340,1907,1929]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Neorinella garciae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Martins- Neto, Kucera-Santos, de Moraes Vieira & de Campos Fragoso, 1993. Fig. 3A of original description. Fig. 10.
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72850FFC7F263F816FEA6B7F8" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Protocoeliades kristenseni</emphasis>
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de Jong, 2016, holotype, Zoologisk Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark. Photo by Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington DC, USA.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52851FFC6F7A0FF10FB0DB08E" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,1437]" box="[199,1198,151,176]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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Published figures:
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342851FFC6F6FEFF10FCB5B08E" author="Butler" box="[409,790,151,176]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Butler, A. G. (1889) Description of a new genus of fossil moths belonging to the geometrid family Euschemidae. Proceedings zoological Society London, 1889, 292 - 297." type="proceedings paper" year="1889">
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Butler (1889: Pl. XXXI
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<figureCitation id="13382A402851FFC6F5CFFF10FD4CB08E" box="[680,751,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 – 4" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1801,1823]" captionTargetBox="[165,1429,840,1774]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[154,1438,828,1788]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 3 – 4. Wing venation of (A) Pareronia Bingham, 1907 (Pieridae), and (B) Hasora Moore, 1881 (Hesperiidae). See text for explanation." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/583186/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Figs 3</figureCitation>
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, 6)
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342851FFC6F445FF10FB09B08E" author="Jarzembowski" box="[802,1194,151,176]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Jarzembowski, E. A. (1980) Fossil insects from the Bembridge Marls, Palaeogene of the Isle of Wight, Southern England. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology, 33, 237 - 293." type="journal article" year="1980">Jarzembowski (1980: Figs. 44, 77)</bibRefCitation>
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||
.
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52851FFC6F7A0FF3BFAC6B1CB" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,1437]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
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||
Butler identified the fossil on the basis of traces of spots, which he considered similar to those in members of the “Euschemidae” (
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462851FFC6F61BFF58FDB7B0C6" box="[380,532,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Geometridae</taxonomicName>
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||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342851FFC6F542FF58FCB4B0C6" author="Jarzembowski" box="[549,791,223,248]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Jarzembowski, E. A. (1980) Fossil insects from the Bembridge Marls, Palaeogene of the Isle of Wight, Southern England. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology, 33, 237 - 293." type="journal article" year="1980">Jarzembowski (1980)</bibRefCitation>
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||
redescribed the specimen (part and counterpart) and gave a more detailed description, including the venation, based on the left pair, since the right pair are superimposed and their anterior parts are missing. Body and wings preserved. Body without much detail; long palps visible; head and thorax relatively slender. Two cubital and three median veins visible, M2 slightly closer to M1 than to M3; parts of three radial veins can be seen, but apical part and much of the front margin of the forewing is missing, Cu2 branching off cell at about one-third from base. In both wings, cell probably closed. In forewing udc in missing anterior part, mdc not visible, ldc weak; 2A weakly indicated, terminating on 1A. Hindwing with long curving humeral vein, making a sharp angle with Sc+R1; humeral angle rounded with margin thickened on inner side.
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52851FFC6F7A0FE78FC33B42E" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,1437]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342851FFC6F609FE78FDC4B226" author="Jarzembowski" box="[366,615,511,536]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Jarzembowski, E. A. (1980) Fossil insects from the Bembridge Marls, Palaeogene of the Isle of Wight, Southern England. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology, 33, 237 - 293." type="journal article" year="1980">Jarzembowski (1980)</bibRefCitation>
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wing shape and venation are close to those of a number of extant Neotropical
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462851FFC6F646FDA3FE3FB203" box="[289,412,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Riodinidae</taxonomicName>
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||
species, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462851FFC6F53EFDA3FC47B203" authority="Fabricius" authorityName="Fabricius" box="[601,996,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Metacharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ptolomaeus">
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||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72851FFC6F53EFDA3FCFCB203" box="[601,863,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Metacharis ptolomaeus</emphasis>
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||
(Fabricius)
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
,
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462851FFC6F489FDA2FAB2B202" authority="Cramer" authorityName="Cramer" box="[1006,1297,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Mesene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phareus">
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||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72851FFC6F489FDA2FB00B203" box="[1006,1187,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Mesene phareus</emphasis>
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||
(Cramer)
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462851FFC6F221FDA3FED3B25E" authority="Cramer" authorityName="Cramer" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Anteros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosus">
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||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72851FFC6F221FDA3FF5DB25E" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Anteros formosus</emphasis>
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(Cramer)
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||
</taxonomicName>
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. However, either M1 originates from the upper end of the cell next to R3+(4+5) or it branches off R3 before R4+5 branches off. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462851FFC6F553FDEBFD0CB2BB" box="[564,687,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Riodinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
R5 tends to move distally, branching off R4 increasingly closer to the apex, disappearing altogether in a number of genera. Since much of the apex is missing, it cannot be decided which radial veins are visible, but they do not appear to branch off each other. Extrapolating the vein trajectories representing the radial veins in Jarzembowski's figure towards the cell, an arrangement could be established typical for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462851FFC6F7A6FD7BFEE9B32B" box="[193,330,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hesperiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with all veins originating from the cell separately. In extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462851FFC6F374FD7BFB2DB32B" box="[1043,1166,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Riodinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
the palps are not long. Moreover, in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462851FFC6F656FC98FE0FB306" box="[305,428,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Riodinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
as well as in other butterflies Cu2 generally originates at or (well) beyond the middle of the cell. There appears to be a general evolutionary trend of the origin of Cu2 moving distally. This is apparent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462851FFC6F7F0FCE0FE83B3BE" box="[151,288,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hesperiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, where in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462851FFC6F6A7FCE0FDEAB3BE" box="[448,585,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Coeliadinae">Coeliadinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the first subfamily branching off, Cu2 generally originates well before the middle of the cell, while in the crown group, the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462851FFC6F5A5FC0BFCE8B39B" box="[706,843,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hesperiinae">Hesperiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it may originate well beyond the middle of the cell. Thus, the venation of the forewing is reminiscent of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462851FFC6F592FC28FCDDB3F6" box="[757,894,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hesperiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in particular
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462851FFC6F379FC28FB04B3F6" box="[1054,1191,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Coeliadinae">Coeliadinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but the long curving humeral vein in the hindwing is unknown among
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462851FFC6F5B5FC53FCF8B3D3" box="[722,859,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hesperiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and what is left of the head seems too narrow for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462851FFC6F7F0FC70FE82B42E" box="[151,289,1015,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hesperiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In addition, extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462851FFC6F699FC70FD27B42E" box="[510,644,1015,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hesperiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
do not have long palps.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36C52851FFC6F7A0FB9BFAB7B49E" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,1437]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
The hindwing venation is indeterminate for an identification. The origin of Cu1 and M3 from the same spot at the lower outer corner of the cell can be found in a number of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462851FFC6F4E4FBB8FBA8B466" box="[899,1035,1087,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hesperiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, many
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462851FFC6F304FBB8FB59B466" box="[1123,1274,1087,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nymphalidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(if the cell is closed),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462851FFC6F79FFBE3FED0B443" box="[248,371,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Riodinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462851FFC6F6CAFBE3FD92B443" box="[429,561,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Lycaenidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Considering all these observations, the identification of the fossil cannot be more precise than a butterfly of unknown affinities, thus of no utility for calibrating a molecular clock.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36C52851FFC6F7A0FB2BFDE7B5A3" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,1437]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342851FFC6F7A0FB2BFEFCB4FA" author="Butler" box="[199,351,1196,1221]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Butler, A. G. (1889) Description of a new genus of fossil moths belonging to the geometrid family Euschemidae. Proceedings zoological Society London, 1889, 292 - 297." type="proceedings paper" year="1889">Butler (1889)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
thought to see so much of the spots on the wings that he reconstructed the insect (Pl. XXXI Fig. 6) as a dark brown, white-spotted geometrid-like moth with filiform antennae (no antennae visible in the fossil), but according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342851FFC6F632FB73FDEAB532" author="Jarzembowski" box="[341,585,1268,1293]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Jarzembowski, E. A. (1980) Fossil insects from the Bembridge Marls, Palaeogene of the Isle of Wight, Southern England. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology, 33, 237 - 293." type="journal article" year="1980">Jarzembowski (1980)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, what is left of wing design is difficult to see and indeterminate. It does not imply that Butler's (1889) observations were incorrect. Particularly in older compression fossils—especially those collected during the 1800's or before—some of the fine details, such as wing eye spots and bars or even delicate veins may have preservationally deteriorated or even lost, rendering modern observations less accurate than the old descriptions taken over 100 years ago.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |