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<document id="17D0F57CA979DD6468AED7240BC4B0D0" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3925.3.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="98cded51-dc88-46fd-a80c-7bdfdade7389" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="287978" ID-ZooBank="A249B0D4-9913-41E0-A23B-E36EBACCD7A6" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461002801778" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Kury, Adriano B." docDate="2015" docId="03AA87B99E0AFFA7FF1AC22DFD51F9BC" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03925p340.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3925 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Laniatores" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="323" masterDocId="FF93FFC19E05FFB1FF8DC514FFBCFE1F" masterDocTitle="Opiliones are no longer the same — on suprafamilial groups in harvestmen (Arthropoda: Arachnida)" masterLastPageNumber="340" masterPageNumber="301" pageNumber="316" updateTime="1698565019771" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="1BFDBA1D6FDB6BA28790E16581C222E0">Opiliones are no longer the same — on suprafamilial groups in harvestmen (Arthropoda: Arachnida)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="AAB04CF017496E27936BE007EA366825">Kury, Adriano B.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03AA87B99E0AFFA7FF1AC22DFD51F9BC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5613019" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119598717" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5613019" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AA87B99E0AFFA7FF1AC22DFD51F9BC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AA87B99E0AFFA7FF1AC22DFD51F9BC" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="323" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">
<subSubSection id="C31965249E0AFFBEFF1AC22DFE7AF94C" box="[151,454,1849,1875]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BBC36AF9E0AFFBEFF1AC22DFE7AF94C" blockId="15.[151,454,1849,1875]" box="[151,454,1849,1875]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">
<heading id="D0F481C39E0AFFBEFF1AC22DFE7AF94C" bold="true" box="[151,454,1849,1875]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B977EABD9E0AFFBEFF1AC22DFE7AF94C" bold="true" box="[151,454,1849,1875]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">
Phylogeny of
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E0AFFBEFECDC22DFE7AF94C" ID-CoL="622WQ" box="[320,454,1849,1875]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Laniatores">Laniatores</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31965249E0AFFA7FF1AC294FD51F9BC" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="323" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BBC36AF9E0AFFA1FF1AC294FCE2FEE7" blockId="15.[151,1436,1920,2017]" lastBlockId="16.[151,1436,151,429]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="317" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">
The armored harvestmen (
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E0AFFBEFE31C294FD8AF986" box="[444,566,1920,1945]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Laniatores">Laniatores</taxonomicName>
) are here presented in more detail, separated from the rest of the
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E0AFFBEFA87C294FAC7F986" box="[1290,1403,1920,1945]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Opiliones</taxonomicName>
. In
<figureCitation id="13382A2A9E0AFFBEFF1AC2B0FF4CF9A3" box="[151,240,1956,1981]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1799,1821]" captionTargetBox="[178,1408,481,1750]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[178,1408,481,1778]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 12. Hypothesis L 1 of phylogeny of the Laniatores (Simon 1879). The lineages which would cause greater disturbance in the future were still dormant inside the Phalangodidae. Karsch (1880) and Sørensen (1886) kept basically the same pattern." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287990/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Figs. 12</figureCitation>
to 19, the relevant hypotheses found in the literature concerning the branching pattern of the
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E0AFFBEFB70C2B0FACFF9A2" box="[1277,1395,1956,1981]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Laniatores">Laniatores</taxonomicName>
are presented. The six following genera are here used to represent the major groups of
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E0AFFBEFB02C2DCFAB9F9FE" box="[1167,1285,1992,2017]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Laniatores">Laniatores</taxonomicName>
as currently understood:
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E15FFA1FEAEC583FE0FFEAF" box="[291,435,151,176]" class="Arachnida" family="Cladonychiidae" genus="Erebomaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EABD9E15FFA1FEAEC583FE0FFEAF" box="[291,435,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Erebomaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(for the Travunioidea
<emphasis id="B977EABD9E15FFA1FD3EC58DFD6AFEAF" box="[691,726,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">s.s.</emphasis>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E15FFA1FD62C58DFCF0FEAF" box="[751,844,153,176]" class="Arachnida" family="Triaenonychidae" genus="Equitius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EABD9E15FFA1FD62C58DFCF0FEAF" box="[751,844,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Equitius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(for the Triaenonychoidea),
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E15FFA1FB1FC583FAFCFEAF" box="[1170,1344,151,176]" class="Arachnida" family="Synthetonychidae" genus="Synthetonychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="16" pageNumber="332" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Synthetonychia</taxonomicName>
(for the
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E15FFA1FF1AC5A8FED0FECA" box="[151,364,188,213]" class="Arachnida" family="Synthetonychiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Synthetonychiidae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E15FFA1FE05C5A8FE47FECA" box="[392,507,188,213]" class="Arachnida" family="Sandokanidae" genus="Gnomulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EABD9E15FFA1FE05C5A8FE47FECA" box="[392,507,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Gnomulus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(for the
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E15FFA1FDF4C5A8FCABFECA" box="[633,791,188,213]" class="Arachnida" family="Sandokanidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sandokanidae</taxonomicName>
/
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E15FFA1FC92C5A8FC0AFECA" box="[799,950,188,213]" class="Arachnida" family="Oncopodidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Oncopodidae</taxonomicName>
, consistently deemed to hold a special position),
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E15FFA1FE85C5CBFE26FEE7" box="[264,410,223,248]" class="Arachnida" family="Phalangodidae" genus="Phalangodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EABD9E15FFA1FE85C5CBFE26FEE7" box="[264,410,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Phalangodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E15FFA1FE5CC5CBFDF3FEE7" box="[465,591,223,248]" class="Arachnida" family="Gonyleptidae" genus="Gonyleptes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EABD9E15FFA1FE5CC5CBFDF3FEE7" box="[465,591,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Gonyleptes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. See
<tableCitation id="C68103149E15FFA1FD01C5CBFD63FEE7" box="[652,735,223,248]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="28.[151,239,1276,1299]" captionTargetBox="[159,1408,1358,1700]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="TABLE 4. Suprafamilial names used in Laniatores. T = typified, NT = non-typified, + = originally included, - = originally excluded, (+) and (-) = originally not mentioned, but should be respectively included / excluded." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF7C66279E19FFADFF1AC1E8FB47FB2C" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" tableUuid="DF7C66279E19FFADFF1AC1E8FB47FB2C">Table 4</tableCitation>
for details.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36AF9E15FFA1FF4AC410FE08FF5F" blockId="16.[151,1436,151,429]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">
The monophyly of this suborder has not been challenged since
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B5E9E15FFA1FC38C411FBFBFF03" author="Perty" box="[949,1095,260,285]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" refString="Perty, J. A. M. (1833) Delectus animalium articulatorum, quae in itinere per Brasiliam annis MDCCCXVII-MDCCCXX [1817 - 1820] jussu et auspiciis Maximiliani Josephi I Bavariae Regis augustissimi peracto, collegerunt Dr. J. B. de Spix et Dr. C. F. Ph. de Martius. Vol. 3. [&quot; 1830 - 1834 &quot;]. Friedrich Fleischer, Monachii (= Munchen), 224 pp., 16 pls. [pls. 25 - 40]" type="book chapter" year="1833">Perty (1833)</bibRefCitation>
, who ranked the
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E15FFA1FA95C410FA20FF02" box="[1304,1436,260,285]" class="Arachnida" family="Cosmetidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cosmetidae</taxonomicName>
together with the Eupnoi.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36AF9E15FFA1FF4AC458FCF8FFB2" blockId="16.[151,1436,151,429]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">
Hypothesis L1 (
<figureCitation id="13382A2A9E15FFA1FE01C458FE5AFF7B" box="[396,486,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1799,1821]" captionTargetBox="[178,1408,481,1750]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[178,1408,481,1778]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 12. Hypothesis L 1 of phylogeny of the Laniatores (Simon 1879). The lineages which would cause greater disturbance in the future were still dormant inside the Phalangodidae. Karsch (1880) and Sørensen (1886) kept basically the same pattern." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287990/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
) was prevalent by the end of 19th century. The young
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E15FFA1FB24C458FAD8FF7A" box="[1193,1380,332,357]" class="Arachnida" family="Triaenonychidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Triaenonychidae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E15FFA1FF1AC47BFE90FF97" box="[151,300,367,392]" class="Arachnida" family="Oncopodidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Oncopodidae</taxonomicName>
did not have yet a separate placement, and the
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E15FFA1FCC2C47BFC43FF97" box="[847,1023,367,392]" class="Arachnida" family="Cladonychiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cladonychiidae</taxonomicName>
were not yet recognized, its species being merged along with
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E15FFA1FE38C480FDF6FFB2" box="[437,586,404,429]" class="Arachnida" family="Oncopodidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Oncopodidae</taxonomicName>
in the
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E15FFA1FD1AC480FCFCFFB2" box="[663,832,404,429]" class="Arachnida" family="Phalangodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Phalangodidae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF7C66279E15FFA1FF1AC213FEA3F945" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287990/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" targetBox="[178,1408,481,1750]" targetPageId="16">
<paragraph id="8BBC36AF9E15FFA1FF1AC213FEA3F945" blockId="16.[151,1436,1799,1882]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">
<emphasis id="B977EABD9E15FFA1FF1AC213FC5CF902" bold="true" box="[151,992,1799,1821]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">
FIGURE 12. Hypothesis L1 of phylogeny of the
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E15FFA1FD4BC213FC67F902" authority="(Simon 1879)" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1879" box="[710,987,1799,1821]" class="Arachnida" genus="Laniatores" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" subOrder="Laniatores">Laniatores (Simon 1879)</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
The lineages which would cause greater disturbance in the future were still dormant inside the
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E15FFA1FD46C232FCDFF923" box="[715,867,1830,1852]" class="Arachnida" family="Phalangodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Phalangodidae</taxonomicName>
. Karsch (1880) and Sørensen (1886) kept basically the same pattern.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BBC36AF9E14FFA0FF4AC583FCCDFF5F" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,320]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">
Hypothesis L2 (
<figureCitation id="13382A2A9E14FFA0FE01C583FE5AFEAF" box="[396,486,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1705,1727]" captionTargetBox="[178,1408,409,1663]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[178,1408,409,1684]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 13. Hypothesis L 2 of phylogeny of the Laniatores (Loman 1901; 1902). This author proposed a sharp separation between the Triaenonychidae (which he called Insidiatores, here represented by Equitius) against all other Laniatores (which he called simply Laniatores [sensu stricto] and here called Lomaniatores). Pocock (1902) followed this hypothesis of phylogeny. The term Insidiatores was later reused in a broader sense." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287991/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
) represented a major step forward, when
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B5E9E14FFA0FC7BC58CFB26FEAF" author="Loman" box="[1014,1178,152,176]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" refString="Loman, J. C. C. (1901) Ueber die geographische Verbreitung der Opilioniden. Zoologische Jahrbucher, 13 (&quot; 1900 &quot;), 71 - 104, pls. X-XI. [Jena, Abteilung fur Systematik, Okologie und Geographie der Tiere]" type="journal article" year="1901">
<collectingCountry id="F314763F9E14FFA0FC7BC58CFBF9FEB0" box="[1014,1093,152,175]" name="Oman" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Loman</collectingCountry>
(1901
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B5E9E14FFA0FB22C58CFB54FEAF" author="Loman" box="[1199,1256,152,176]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" refString="Loman, J. C. C. (1902) Neue aussereuropaische Opilioniden. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Jena, Abteilung fur Systematik, Okologie und Geographie der Tiere, 16 (2), 163 - 216, pls. 9." type="journal article" year="1902">1902</bibRefCitation>
) separated the
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E14FFA0FF1AC5A8FEEEFECA" box="[151,338,188,213]" class="Arachnida" family="Triaenonychidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Triaenonychidae</taxonomicName>
as “sister” (a coordinate group) to the other
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E14FFA0FCFAC5A8FC4CFECA" box="[887,1008,188,213]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Laniatores">Laniatores</taxonomicName>
, calling it suborder Insidiatores. An expanded usage of the Insidiatores was later recovered by
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B5E9E14FFA0FCC7C5F4FC60FEE7" author="Kury" box="[842,988,224,248]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" refString="Kury, A. B. (2003) Annotated catalogue of the Laniatores of the New World (Arachnida, Opiliones). Revista Iberica de Aracnologia, vol. especial monografico, 1, 1 - 337." type="journal article" year="2003">Kury (2003)</bibRefCitation>
, also including
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E14FFA0FB14C5CBFA9BFEE7" box="[1177,1319,223,248]" class="Arachnida" family="Cladonychiidae" genus="Erebomaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EABD9E14FFA0FB14C5CBFA9BFEE7" box="[1177,1319,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Erebomaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, although formally this is not Loman’s original concept.
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B5E9E14FFA0FD3FC410FCE7FF03" author="Pocock" box="[690,859,260,285]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" refString="Pocock, R. I. (1902) Some points in the morphology and classification of the Opiliones. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, London, Series 7, 10 (60), 504 - 516." type="journal article" year="1902">Pocock (1902)</bibRefCitation>
, in spite of his critics, followed this arrangement.
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B5E9E14FFA0FF1AC43CFE8BFF5F" author="Loman" box="[151,311,296,320]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" refString="Loman, J. C. C. (1901) Ueber die geographische Verbreitung der Opilioniden. Zoologische Jahrbucher, 13 (&quot; 1900 &quot;), 71 - 104, pls. X-XI. [Jena, Abteilung fur Systematik, Okologie und Geographie der Tiere]" type="journal article" year="1901">
<collectingCountry id="F314763F9E14FFA0FF1AC43CFF5AFF20" box="[151,230,296,319]" name="Oman" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Loman</collectingCountry>
(1901)
</bibRefCitation>
also separated
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E14FFA0FE69C433FDEBFF5F" box="[484,599,295,320]" class="Arachnida" family="Sandokanidae" genus="Gnomulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EABD9E14FFA0FE69C433FDEBFF5F" box="[484,599,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Gnomulus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E14FFA0FD49C433FCD1FF5F" box="[708,877,295,320]" class="Arachnida" family="Phalangodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Phalangodidae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF7C66279E14FFA0FF1AC3BDFD60F904" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287991/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" targetBox="[178,1408,409,1663]" targetPageId="17">
<paragraph id="8BBC36AF9E14FFA0FF1AC3BDFD60F904" blockId="17.[151,1437,1705,1819]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">
<emphasis id="B977EABD9E14FFA0FF1AC3BDFC41F8A0" bold="true" box="[151,1021,1705,1727]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">
FIGURE 13. Hypothesis L2 of phylogeny of the
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E14FFA0FD2CC3BDFCA9F8A0" box="[673,789,1705,1727]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Laniatores">Laniatores</taxonomicName>
(Loman 1901; 1902).
</emphasis>
This author proposed a sharp separation between the
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E14FFA0FE9BC3DCFE03F8C1" box="[278,447,1736,1758]" class="Arachnida" family="Triaenonychidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Triaenonychidae</taxonomicName>
(which he called Insidiatores, here represented by
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E14FFA0FC33C3DDFBAEF8C1" box="[958,1042,1737,1758]" class="Arachnida" family="Triaenonychidae" genus="Equitius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EABD9E14FFA0FC33C3DDFBAEF8C1" box="[958,1042,1737,1758]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Equitius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) against all other
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E14FFA0FB4AC3DCFA8EF8C1" box="[1223,1330,1736,1758]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Laniatores">Laniatores</taxonomicName>
(which he called simply
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E14FFA0FEAAC3F2FE2EF8E3" box="[295,402,1766,1788]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Laniatores">Laniatores</taxonomicName>
[sensu stricto] and here called Lomaniatores). Pocock (1902) followed this hypothesis of phylogeny. The term Insidiatores was later reused in a broader sense.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BBC36AF9E17FFA3FF4AC583FE81FF5F" blockId="18.[151,1436,151,320]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">
Hypothesis L3 (
<figureCitation id="13382A2A9E17FFA3FEF4C583FE76FEAF" box="[377,458,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1708,1730]" captionTargetBox="[178,1408,409,1666]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[178,1408,409,1686]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 14. Hypothesis L 3 of phylogeny of the Laniatores (Loman 1903). Only two years after creating the Insidiatores, Loman (1903) separated the Oncopodidae (which he called Sterrhonoti, here represented by Gnomulus) against the other Laniatores sensu stricto, called Camptonoti. This hypothesis lost support with the removal of the Cladonychiidae (here represented by Erebomaster) from the Phalangodidae by Briggs (1969)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287992/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
) was a further refinement by
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B5E9E17FFA3FC9EC58CFC09FEAF" author="Loman" box="[787,949,152,176]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" refString="Loman, J. C. C. (1903) On the classification of Opiliones. Tijdschrift der Nederlandsche dierkundige vereeniging, Rotterdam, Series 2, 8 (1),, 62 - 66. [&quot; 1904 &quot;]" type="journal article" year="1903">
<collectingCountry id="F314763F9E17FFA3FC9EC58CFCDEFEB0" box="[787,866,152,175]" name="Oman" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Loman</collectingCountry>
(1903)
</bibRefCitation>
, who created the names Sterrhonoti (for the
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E17FFA3FF1AC5A8FE8BFECA" box="[151,311,188,213]" class="Arachnida" family="Sandokanidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sandokanidae</taxonomicName>
, then called
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E17FFA3FE4EC5A8FDE6FECA" box="[451,602,188,213]" class="Arachnida" family="Oncopodidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Oncopodidae</taxonomicName>
) and Camptonoti (for the rest of his
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E17FFA3FC7FC5A8FBD1FECA" box="[1010,1133,188,213]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Laniatores">Laniatores</taxonomicName>
). Setting the
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E17FFA3FB72C5A8FA20FECA" box="[1279,1436,188,213]" class="Arachnida" family="Sandokanidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sandokanidae</taxonomicName>
apart proved to be very popular, persisting in the literature for many decades. In the 1920s and early 1930s, a subdivision of the
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E17FFA3FEEBC410FE60FF02" box="[358,476,260,285]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Laniatores">Laniatores</taxonomicName>
became out of fashion. The families were simply listed as coordinate categories (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B5E9E17FFA3FF1AC43CFE8DFF5F" author="Roewer" box="[151,305,296,320]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" refString="Roewer, C. F. (1923) Die Weberknechte der Erde. Systematische Bearbeitung der bisher bekannten Opiliones. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 1116 pp." type="book" year="1923">Roewer 1923</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF7C66279E17FFA3FF1AC3B8FCD2F901" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287992/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" targetBox="[178,1408,409,1666]" targetPageId="18">
<paragraph id="8BBC36AF9E17FFA3FF1AC3B8FCD2F901" blockId="18.[151,1436,1708,1822]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">
<emphasis id="B977EABD9E17FFA3FF1AC3B8FC03F8DD" bold="true" box="[151,959,1708,1730]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">
FIGURE 14. Hypothesis L3 of phylogeny of the
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E17FFA3FD29C3B8FC06F8DD" authority="(Loman 1903)" baseAuthorityName="Loman" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[676,954,1708,1730]" class="Arachnida" genus="Laniatores" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" subOrder="Laniatores">Laniatores (Loman 1903)</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Only two years after creating the Insidiatores, Loman (1903) separated the
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E17FFA3FE47C3DFFDEDF8FE" box="[458,593,1739,1761]" class="Arachnida" family="Oncopodidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Oncopodidae</taxonomicName>
(which he called Sterrhonoti, here represented by
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E17FFA3FBFCC3DFFB65F8FE" box="[1137,1241,1739,1761]" class="Arachnida" family="Sandokanidae" genus="Gnomulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EABD9E17FFA3FBFCC3DFFB65F8FE" box="[1137,1241,1739,1761]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Gnomulus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) against the other
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E17FFA3FF1AC3FDFEBEF8E0" box="[151,258,1769,1791]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Laniatores">Laniatores</taxonomicName>
sensu stricto, called Camptonoti. This hypothesis lost support with the removal of the
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E17FFA3FB30C3FDFAE0F8E0" box="[1213,1372,1769,1791]" class="Arachnida" family="Cladonychiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cladonychiidae</taxonomicName>
(here represented by
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E17FFA3FEBCC21CFE0FF901" box="[305,435,1800,1822]" class="Arachnida" family="Cladonychiidae" genus="Erebomaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EABD9E17FFA3FEBCC21CFE0FF901" box="[305,435,1800,1822]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Erebomaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) from the
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E17FFA3FD92C21CFD08F901" box="[543,692,1800,1822]" class="Arachnida" family="Phalangodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Phalangodidae</taxonomicName>
by Briggs (1969).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BBC36AF9E16FFA2FF4AC583FAFFFFCF" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,464]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">
Hypothesis L4 (
<figureCitation id="13382A2A9E16FFA2FEF7C583FE71FEAF" box="[378,461,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1824,1846]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,517,1823]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[188,1399,517,1828]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 15. Hypothesis L 4 of phylogeny of the Laniatores Kratochvíl (1958). After the work of Forster (1954), who created the Synthetonychiidae, this family went straight into the vicinity of the Triaenonychidae in the views of all most authors. Kratochvíl proposed a symmetrical arrangement of the groups we now know as Insidiatores versus Grassatores (then respectively called Travunioidea and Oncopodoidea). The morphological cladistic analysis by Martens (1980) recovered this arrangement, as well as both combined analyses by Giribet et al. (1999; 2002). Kury in his catalogue (2003) resurrected and expanded the original concept of Loman’s Insidiatores, using this name for the same clade recognized by Kratochvíl as Travunioidea." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287993/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
): a major breakthrough happened in the mid-1930s, when
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B5E9E16FFA2FBD0C583FB4DFEAF" author="Hadzi" box="[1117,1265,151,176]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" refString="Hadzi, J. (1935) Ein eigentumlicher neuer Holen-Opilionid aus Nord-Amerika, Cladonychium corii g. n. sp. n. Biologia Generalis, 11 (1), 49 - 72." type="journal article" year="1935">Hadži (1935)</bibRefCitation>
recognized the close relationship between the southern hemisphere
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E16FFA2FC8FC5A8FC01FECA" box="[770,957,188,213]" class="Arachnida" family="Triaenonychidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Triaenonychidae</taxonomicName>
and the European Cladonychiinae. This group was later resurrected as Travunioidea (
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E16FFA2FD18C5CBFC98FEE7" authority="Equitius" authorityName="Equitius" box="[661,804,223,248]" class="Arachnida" family="Cladonychiidae" genus="Erebomaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EABD9E16FFA2FD18C5CBFC98FEE7" box="[661,804,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Erebomaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E16FFA2FCC9C5F5FC1DFEE7" authority="Synthetonychia" authorityName="Synthetonychia" box="[836,929,225,248]" class="Arachnida" family="Triaenonychidae" genus="Equitius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EABD9E16FFA2FCC9C5F5FC1DFEE7" box="[836,929,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Equitius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E16FFA2FC4CC5CBFBD0FEE7" box="[961,1132,223,248]" class="Arachnida" family="Synthetonychidae" genus="Synthetonychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EABD9E16FFA2FC4CC5CBFBD0FEE7" box="[961,1132,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">Synthetonychia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) by
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B5E9E16FFA2FB2CC5CBFAD7FEE7" author="Kratochvil" box="[1185,1387,223,248]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" refString="Kratochvil, J. (1958) Jeskynni sekaci Bulharska (Cyphophthalmi a Laniatores) [Die Hohlenweberknechte Bulgariens (Cyphophthalmi und Laniatores)]. Prace Brnenske zakladny Ceskoslovenske akademie ved, 30 (9), 371 - 396." type="journal article" year="1958">Kratochvíl (1958)</bibRefCitation>
and as an “expanded” Insidiatores by
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B5E9E16FFA2FD92C411FD13FF03" author="Kury" box="[543,687,260,285]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" refString="Kury, A. B. (2003) Annotated catalogue of the Laniatores of the New World (Arachnida, Opiliones). Revista Iberica de Aracnologia, vol. especial monografico, 1, 1 - 337." type="journal article" year="2003">Kury (2003)</bibRefCitation>
, but it is currently widely regarded as a paraphylum.
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B5E9E16FFA2FAA9C410FF5DFF5F" author="Kratochvil" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" refString="Kratochvil, J. (1958) Jeskynni sekaci Bulharska (Cyphophthalmi a Laniatores) [Die Hohlenweberknechte Bulgariens (Cyphophthalmi und Laniatores)]. Prace Brnenske zakladny Ceskoslovenske akademie ved, 30 (9), 371 - 396." type="journal article" year="1958">Kratochvíl (1958)</bibRefCitation>
put all remaining
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E16FFA2FE4AC433FD81FF5F" box="[455,573,295,320]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Laniatores">Laniatores</taxonomicName>
as a monophylum (a hitherto unchallenged hypothesis, which he called “Oncopodoidea” and was later named Grassatores by Kury). Kratochvíl also combined Hadži’s group with Mello- Leitão’s special placement for
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E16FFA2FE76C47BFD2CFF97" box="[507,656,367,392]" class="Arachnida" family="Oncopodidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Oncopodidae</taxonomicName>
as sister group of the other Grassatores.
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B5E9E16FFA2FBFDC464FA9CFF97" author="Martens" box="[1136,1312,368,392]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" refString="Martens, J. (1980) Versuch eines Phylogenetischen Systems der Opiliones. In: Gruber, J. (Ed). 8. Internationaler Arachnologen-Kongress. Universitat fur Bodenkultur Wien 1980. Verhandlungen, H. Egerman, Wien, pp. 355 - 360. [total page number 506 pp.]" type="book chapter" year="1980">Martens (1980)</bibRefCitation>
conserved exactly this arrangement, which also appeared in the combined molecular + morphological analyses by
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B5E9E16FFA2FABCC480FF43FFCF" author="Giribet" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" refString="Giribet, G., Rambla, M., Carranza, S., Baguna, J., Riutort, M. &amp; Ribera, C. (1999) Phylogeny of the arachnid order Opiliones (Arthropoda) inferred from combined approach of compile 18 S and partial 28 S ribosomal DNA sequences and morphology. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 11 (2), 296 - 307. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1006 / mpev. 1998.0583" type="journal article" year="1999">
Giribet
<emphasis id="B977EABD9E16FFA2FA05C481FF08FFCF" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">et al.</emphasis>
(1999
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B5E9E16FFA2FE86C4ACFEF4FFCF" author="Giribet" box="[267,328,440,464]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" refString="Giribet, G., Edgecombe, G. D. Wheeler, W. C. &amp; Babbitt, C. (2002) Phylogeny of the Arachnida and Opiliones: a combined approach using morphological and molecular sequence data. Cladistics, 18 (1), 5 - 70." type="journal article" year="2002">2002</bibRefCitation>
). This hypothesis was in the second half of the 20th century and at the turn of 21st century.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF7C66279E16FFA2FF1AC234FE98F9F1" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287993/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" targetBox="[188,1398,517,1823]" targetPageId="19">
<paragraph id="8BBC36AF9E16FFA2FF1AC234FE98F9F1" blockId="19.[151,1436,1824,2030]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">
<emphasis id="B977EABD9E16FFA2FF1AC234FC41F929" bold="true" box="[151,1021,1824,1846]" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">
FIGURE 15. Hypothesis L4 of phylogeny of the
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E16FFA2FD3AC234FC97F929" box="[695,811,1824,1846]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Laniatores">Laniatores</taxonomicName>
Kratochvíl (1958).
</emphasis>
After the work of Forster (1954), who created the
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E16FFA2FE9EC22AFE6EF94B" box="[275,466,1854,1876]" class="Arachnida" family="Synthetonychiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Synthetonychiidae</taxonomicName>
, this family went straight into the vicinity of the
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E16FFA2FC65C22AFB2DF94B" box="[1000,1169,1854,1876]" class="Arachnida" family="Triaenonychidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="19" pageNumber="320" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Triaenonychidae</taxonomicName>
in the views of all most authors. Kratochvíl proposed a symmetrical arrangement of the groups we now know as Insidiatores versus Grassatores (then respectively called Travunioidea and Oncopodoidea). The morphological cladistic analysis by Martens (1980) recovered this arrangement, as well as both combined analyses by Giribet
<emphasis id="B977EABD9E16FFA2FD72C28FFC88F9AF" box="[767,820,1946,1968]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="320">et al.</emphasis>
(1999; 2002). Kury in his catalogue (2003) resurrected and expanded the original concept of Loman’s Insidiatores, using this name for the same clade recognized by Kratochvíl as Travunioidea.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BBC36AF9E11FFA5FF4AC583FE83FF98" blockId="20.[151,1437,151,392]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">
Hypothesis L5 (
<figureCitation id="13382A2A9E11FFA5FE0AC583FE5EFEAF" box="[391,482,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1882,1904]" captionTargetBox="[191,1396,481,1834]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[191,1396,481,1861]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 16. Hypothesis L 5 of phylogeny of the Laniatores Šilhavý (1961). Šilhavý recognized the Travunioidea of Kratochvíl (here marked as “ Insidiatores ”, in blue) and made a change contraposing Oncopodidae against all other Laniatores, which has been anticipated by Mello-Leitão (1944), who had produced a surprisingly similar phylogeny (the famous cactus). This arrangement was conserved by Bristowe (1976)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287994/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
):
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B5E9E11FFA5FE71C583FD54FEAF" author="Mello-Leitao" box="[508,744,151,176]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" refString="Mello-Leitao, C. F. de (1944) Comentarios a respeito da possivel filogenia dos opilioes. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, Rio de Janeiro, 16 (3), 197 - 209." type="journal article" year="1944">Mello-Leitão (1944)</bibRefCitation>
led to an extreme version of Loman’s (1903) attempt to segregate the
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E11FFA5FEB0C5A8FE6EFECA" box="[317,466,188,213]" class="Arachnida" family="Oncopodidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Oncopodidae</taxonomicName>
and put it at the base of his tree of “oculariate”
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E11FFA5FBBEC5A8FB11FECA" box="[1075,1197,188,213]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Laniatores">Laniatores</taxonomicName>
. Hadži’s component
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E11FFA5FF1AC5CBFE9BFEE7" authority="Equitius" authorityName="Equitius" box="[151,295,223,248]" class="Arachnida" family="Cladonychiidae" genus="Erebomaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EABD9E11FFA5FF1AC5CBFE9BFEE7" box="[151,295,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Erebomaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E11FFA5FEC9C5F5FE1DFEE7" box="[324,417,225,248]" class="Arachnida" family="Triaenonychidae" genus="Equitius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EABD9E11FFA5FEC9C5F5FE1DFEE7" box="[324,417,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">Equitius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is ever present, although nested a node above.
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B5E9E11FFA5FC3FC5CBFBE1FEE7" author="Silhavy" box="[946,1117,223,248]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" refString="Silhavy, V. (1961) Die Grundsatze der modernen Weberknechttaxonomie und Revision des bisherigen Systems der Opilioniden. XI. Internationaler Kongress fur Entomologie (Vienna, Aug. 17 - 25, 1960) Verhandlungen, 1, 262 - 267." type="journal article" year="1961">Šilhavý (1961)</bibRefCitation>
, who seemed to hold Mello- Leitão’s views in high regard (see, for instance,
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B5E9E11FFA5FD4EC410FCE1FF03" author="Silhavy" box="[707,861,260,285]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" refString="Silhavy, V. (1973) Two new systematic groups of gonyleptomorphid phalangids from the Antillean- Caribbean Region, Agoristenidae Fam. N., and Caribbiantinae Subfam. N. (Arachn.: Opilionidea). Vestnik ceskoslovenske Spolecnosti zoologicke, 37 (2), 110 - 143." type="journal article" year="1973">Šilhavý 1973</bibRefCitation>
), followed this scheme, naming the
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E11FFA5FB72C410FA20FF02" box="[1279,1436,260,285]" class="Arachnida" family="Sandokanidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sandokanidae</taxonomicName>
(then
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E11FFA5FF55C433FED3FF5F" box="[216,367,295,320]" class="Arachnida" family="Oncopodidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Oncopodidae</taxonomicName>
) as Oncopodomorphi and all non-oncopodid
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E11FFA5FCFCC433FC5BFF5F" box="[881,999,295,320]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Laniatores">Laniatores</taxonomicName>
as Gonyleptomorphi.
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B5E9E11FFA5FB68C433FA20FF5F" author="Bristowe" box="[1253,1436,295,320]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" refString="Bristowe, W. S. (1976) Rare arachnids from Malaysia and Sumatra. Journal of zoology, London, 178 (1), 7 - 14. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1976. tb 02261. x" type="journal article" year="1976">Bristowe (1976)</bibRefCitation>
did the same, separating the
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E11FFA5FE59C458FDCDFF7A" box="[468,625,332,357]" class="Arachnida" family="Sandokanidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sandokanidae</taxonomicName>
from the rest, establishing a monofamilial suborder Oncopodines
<emphasis id="B977EABD9E11FFA5FAD9C459FACFFF7B" box="[1364,1395,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">vs.</emphasis>
the
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E11FFA5FF1AC47BFEB1FF97" box="[151,269,367,392]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Laniatores">Laniatores</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B977EABD9E11FFA5FE99C465FE8BFF97" box="[276,311,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">s.s.</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF7C66279E11FFA5FF1AC24EFD09F9D3" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287994/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" targetBox="[191,1396,481,1834]" targetPageId="20">
<paragraph id="8BBC36AF9E11FFA5FF1AC24EFD09F9D3" blockId="20.[151,1437,1882,1996]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">
<emphasis id="B977EABD9E11FFA5FF1AC24EFC50F96F" bold="true" box="[151,1004,1882,1904]" pageId="20" pageNumber="321">
FIGURE 16. Hypothesis L5 of phylogeny of the
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E11FFA5FD4BC24EFC86F96F" box="[710,826,1882,1904]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Laniatores">Laniatores</taxonomicName>
Šilhavý (1961).
</emphasis>
Šilhavý recognized the Travunioidea of Kratochvíl (here marked as “Insidiatores”, in blue) and made a change contraposing
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E11FFA5FC79C26DFBC7F990" box="[1012,1147,1913,1935]" class="Arachnida" family="Oncopodidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Oncopodidae</taxonomicName>
against all other
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E11FFA5FAA7C26DFA24F990" box="[1322,1432,1913,1935]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="20" pageNumber="321" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Laniatores">Laniatores</taxonomicName>
, which has been anticipated by Mello-Leitão (1944), who had produced a surprisingly similar phylogeny (the famous cactus). This arrangement was conserved by Bristowe (1976).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BBC36AF9E10FFA4FF4AC583FF4FFF02" blockId="21.[151,1436,151,285]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">
Hypothesis L6 (
<figureCitation id="13382A2A9E10FFA4FEF1C583FE73FEAF" box="[380,463,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1599,1621]" captionTargetBox="[188,1395,373,1560]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[188,1398,373,1578]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 17. Hypothesis L 6 of phylogeny of the Laniatores (Shultz 1998). Shultz morphological analysis (1998) and Shultz &amp; Regier molecular analysis (2001) made a scarce sample of the Laniatores. The Insidiatores were dismantled, but the position of Synthetonychia was not made explicit, by not having been used in the analyses. The proximity of the Travuniidae with the Grassatores resembled Loman’s view of the Laniatores." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287995/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
): Shultz elaborated morphological (
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B5E9E10FFA4FCEEC583FC51FEAF" author="Shultz" box="[867,1005,151,176]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" refString="Shultz, J. W. (1998) Phylogeny of Opiliones (Arachnida): an assessment of the &quot; Cyphopalpatores &quot; concept. The Journal of Arachnology, 26 (3), 257 - 272." type="journal article" year="1998">Shultz 1998</bibRefCitation>
) and molecular phylogenetic analyses (
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B5E9E10FFA4FF13C5A8FE1BFECB" author="Shultz" box="[158,423,188,213]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" refString="Shultz, J. W. &amp; Regier, J. C. (2001) Phylogenetic analysis of Phalangida (Arachnida, Opiliones) using two nuclear proteinencoding genes supports monophyly of Palpatores. The Journal of Arachnology, 29, 189 - 200. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1636 / 0161 - 8202 (2001) 029 [0189: PAOPAO] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2001">Shultz &amp; Regier 2001</bibRefCitation>
) that agreed with the notion (
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B5E9E10FFA4FC9EC5A8FC60FECA" author="Dumitrescu" box="[787,988,188,213]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" refString="Dumitrescu, D. O. (1976) Recherches morphologiques sur l'appareil digestif (intestin moyen) des Gonyleptomorphi (Arachnida, Opilionida). Travaux du Museum d'Histoire naturelle &quot; Grigore Antipa &quot;, 17, 17 - 30. [Bucuresti]" type="journal article" year="1976">Dumitrescu 1976</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B5E9E10FFA4FB93C5A9FB21FECB" author="Kury" box="[1054,1181,188,213]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" refString="Kury, A. B. (1993) Analise filogenetica de Gonyleptoidea (Arachnida, Opiliones, Laniatores). Unpublished Ph. D. Thesis, Universidade de Sao Paulo-Instituto de Biociencias, Sao Paulo, viii + 74 pp. [Brazil]" type="book" year="1993">Kury 1993</bibRefCitation>
) that the “expanded” Insidiatores were diphyletic. However, the branching pattern obtained was different from Kury-Dumitrescu scheme.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF7C66279E10FFA4FF1AC32BFD77F8AE" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287995/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" targetBox="[188,1395,373,1560]" targetPageId="21">
<paragraph id="8BBC36AF9E10FFA4FF1AC32BFD77F8AE" blockId="21.[151,1436,1599,1713]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">
<emphasis id="B977EABD9E10FFA4FF1AC32BFC15F84A" bold="true" box="[151,937,1599,1621]" pageId="21" pageNumber="322">
FIGURE 17. Hypothesis L6 of phylogeny of the
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E10FFA4FD14C32BFC18F84A" authority="(Shultz 1998)" baseAuthorityName="Shultz" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[665,932,1599,1621]" class="Arachnida" genus="Laniatores" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" subOrder="Laniatores">Laniatores (Shultz 1998)</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Shultz morphological analysis (1998) and Shultz &amp; Regier molecular analysis (2001) made a scarce sample of the
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E10FFA4FCA7C34AFC24F86B" box="[810,920,1630,1652]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Laniatores">Laniatores</taxonomicName>
. The Insidiatores were dismantled, but the position of
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E10FFA4FF3EC368FEECF88D" box="[179,336,1660,1682]" class="Arachnida" family="Synthetonychidae" genus="Synthetonychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="21" pageNumber="332" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Synthetonychia</taxonomicName>
was not made explicit, by not having been used in the analyses. The proximity of the
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E10FFA4FB45C368FAFDF88D" box="[1224,1345,1660,1682]" class="Arachnida" family="Travuniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Travuniidae</taxonomicName>
with the Grassatores resembled Loman’s view of the
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E10FFA4FDD4C38FFD7BF8AE" box="[601,711,1691,1713]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="21" pageNumber="322" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Laniatores">Laniatores</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BBC36AF9E13FFA7FF4AC583FE25FF03" blockId="22.[151,1436,151,285]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">
Hypothesis L7 (
<figureCitation id="13382A2A9E13FFA7FEF0C583FE6EFEAF" box="[381,466,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1699,1721]" captionTargetBox="[178,1394,373,1664]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[178,1409,373,1678]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 18. Hypothesis L 7 of phylogeny of the Laniatores (Kury 2002). A series of morphological studies—Kury (2002, morph), Giribet &amp; Kury (2007, morph) and Mendes (2009, morph) — also favored the dismantlement of the Insidiatores, but joining the Triaenonychidae with the Grassatores. The new name Tricospilata is here proposed for this clade." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287996/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
): supported by
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B5E9E13FFA7FD09C58CFCAFFEAF" author="Kury" box="[644,787,152,176]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" refString="Kury, A. B. (2002) Intercontinental relationships among Southern Gondwanian Triaenonychidae (Opiliones, Laniatores, Insidiatores). 7 th African Arachnological Colloquium, Durban, South Africa, pages unnumbered." type="book" year="2002">Kury (2002)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B5E9E13FFA7FCADC583FB9EFEAF" author="Giribet" box="[800,1058,151,176]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" refString="Giribet, G. &amp; Kury, A. B. (2007) Chapter 3. Phylogeny and Biogeography. In: Pinto-da-Rocha, R. Machado, G. &amp; Giribet, G. (Eds.), Harvestmen: The Biology of Opiliones. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 62 - 87." type="book chapter" year="2007">Giribet &amp; Kury (2007)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B5E9E13FFA7FBD6C583FAB6FEAF" author="Mendes" box="[1115,1290,151,176]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" refString="Mendes, A. C. (2009) Avaliacao do status sistematico dos taxons supragenericos da infra-ordem Insidiatores Loman, 1902 (Arachnida, Opiliones, Laniatores). Unpublished Ph. D. thesis. Museu Nacional / UFRJ, Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Zoologia, Rio de Janeiro, xvii + 108 pp." type="book" year="2009">Mendes (2009)</bibRefCitation>
, also has the Travunioidea and Triaenonychoidea as two clades, but with the sister group sequence inverted in relation to hypothesis
<collectingCountry id="F314763F9E13FFA7FE9BC5F4FE91FEE7" box="[278,301,224,248]" name="Iceland" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">O</collectingCountry>
8. The special position for
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E13FFA7FDD6C5CBFD44FEE7" box="[603,760,223,248]" class="Arachnida" family="Sandokanidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sandokanidae</taxonomicName>
is also refuted by this hypothesis; this taxon appears nested within the Grassatores.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF7C66279E13FFA7FF1AC3B7FB5AF8E8" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287996/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" targetBox="[178,1394,373,1664]" targetPageId="22">
<paragraph id="8BBC36AF9E13FFA7FF1AC3B7FB5AF8E8" blockId="22.[151,1436,1699,1783]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">
<emphasis id="B977EABD9E13FFA7FF1AC3B7FC14F8A6" bold="true" box="[151,936,1699,1721]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">
FIGURE 18. Hypothesis L7 of phylogeny of the
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E13FFA7FD2FC3B7FC1FF8A6" authority="(Kury 2002)" baseAuthorityName="Kury" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[674,931,1699,1721]" class="Arachnida" genus="Laniatores" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" subOrder="Laniatores">Laniatores (Kury 2002)</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
A series of morphological studies—Kury (2002, morph), Giribet &amp; Kury (2007, morph) and Mendes (2009, morph)—also favored the dismantlement of the Insidiatores, but joining the
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E13FFA7FE87C3F5FE0FF8E8" box="[266,435,1761,1783]" class="Arachnida" family="Triaenonychidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Triaenonychidae</taxonomicName>
with the Grassatores. The new name Tricospilata is here proposed for this clade.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BBC36AF9E13FFA7FF4AC20AFD51F9BC" blockId="22.[151,1436,1822,1955]" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">
Hypothesis L8 (
<figureCitation id="13382A2A9E13FFA7FEF6C20AFE73F928" box="[379,463,1822,1847]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1523,1545]" captionTargetBox="[162,1399,193,1483]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[162,1424,193,1502]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 19. Hypothesis L 8 of phylogeny of the Laniatores (Giribet et al. 2010, mol). Grassatores remained firm, and the Insidiatores were dismantled, but in a novel way: the Synthetonychiidae were for the first time considered sister group to the other Laniatores. This result has been repeated by Sharma &amp; Giribet (2011, mol). The new name Eulaniatores is proposed here to identify this clade, frontally conflicting with the Tricospilata concept illustrated in Fig. 18." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287997/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="323">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
): finally Giribet and collaborators (2010) and Sharma &amp; Giribet (2011) in a molecular analysis also did not recover the “expanded” Insidiatores in full. They also found
<taxonomicName id="4C034D2C9E13FFA7FBD7C256FB4BF944" box="[1114,1271,1858,1883]" class="Arachnida" family="Sandokanidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="22" pageNumber="323" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sandokanidae</taxonomicName>
nested within Grassatores, although in a different position from hypothesis L7. The need is clear to do a total evidence analysis to reconcile the molecular with the morphological view.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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