174 lines
19 KiB
XML
174 lines
19 KiB
XML
<document id="17C23F4EB3DBECD176BDEB616FB27D80" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3872.4.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3278c375-6c89-42a2-b7ac-24b9bb91730e" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="251860" ID-ZooBank="8FECCFC1-7CA9-4A90-B881-4BD40157AD99" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460928091107" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cock, Matthew J. W. & Congdon, T. Colin E." docDate="2014" docId="03AA87B3FFC43502FF79F9312761DEB7" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03872p354.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3872 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Astictopterus C. Felder & R. Felder 1860" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="304" masterDocId="FF93FFCBFFC63501FFEEFFD82603DF67" masterDocTitle="Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 7. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: grass and bamboo feeders" masterLastPageNumber="354" masterPageNumber="301" pageNumber="303" updateTime="1698362795193" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="F606304BF80132219E1EAF49227DC7BC">
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<mods:title id="64368780001B345BDF2DEB82271C118C">Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 7. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: grass and bamboo feeders</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2727EBEDD2C4C4595D046EE17483BFDC">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="67CD7706FE570389E851C67A00F26139">Congdon, T. Colin E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="63CCE0B4659489B2D14E5E827CBD8A28">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="D455CE819E365239548AD2C68CF2D9C4">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="1FA42DAC4599CDC80216E525C1ED01EE">
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<mods:date id="22DBBE7C892AA0539957A4E4D5852A99">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="898AA7DAFAA2AC22C7E75C357B382106" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="AC81D47BC9AE748B6BA4377A5520DF5A">3872</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="70792CE31B6BE6EA64A9711AEA13BACB">4</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="A149693970C1DDBBB014CE8FE159800F" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3872.4.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03AA87B3FFC43502FF79F9312761DEB7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5680962" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119589806" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5680962" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AA87B3FFC43502FF79F9312761DEB7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AA87B3FFC43502FF79F9312761DEB7" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="304" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
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<subSubSection id="C319652EFFC43503FF79F9312497D864" box="[151,660,1769,1795]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFC43503FF79F9312497D864" blockId="2.[151,660,1769,1795]" box="[151,660,1769,1795]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
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<heading id="D0F481C9FFC43503FF79F9312497D864" bold="true" box="[151,660,1769,1795]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFC43503FF79F9312497D864" ID-CoL="9235Y" authority="C. Felder & R. Felder, 1860" authorityName="C. Felder & R. Felder" authorityYear="1860" box="[151,660,1769,1795]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Astictopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC43503FF79F9312497D864" bold="true" box="[151,660,1769,1795]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC43503FF79F9312736D864" bold="true" box="[151,309,1769,1795]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Astictopterus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFC43503FED2F9312497D864" author="Felder" box="[316,660,1769,1795]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" refString="Felder, C. & Felder, R, (1860) Lepidoptera nova in paeninsula Malayica collecta diagnosibus instructa. Series prima. Wiener Entomologische Monatsschrijt, 4, 394 - 402." type="journal article" year="1860">C. Felder & R. Felder, 1860</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C319652EFFC43502FF79F8F72761DEB7" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="304" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFC43502FF79F8F727A7DE7B" blockId="2.[151,1436,1839,2009]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1436,151,464]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="304" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
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Although
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFC43503FEE9F8E82798D820" ID-CoL="9235Y" box="[263,411,1840,1863]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Astictopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC43503FEE9F8E82798D820" box="[263,411,1840,1863]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Astictopterus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is predominantly an African genus,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFC43503FCDDF8F725DBD82F" author="Butler" box="[819,984,1839,1864]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" refString="Butler, A. G. (1870 b) The genera of Hesperidae in the collection of the British Museum. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 7, 55 - 58, 92 - 99." type="journal article" year="1870" yearSuffix="b">Butler (1870b)</bibRefCitation>
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fixed the genotype as
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFC43503FB3AF8E8232FD82F" ID-CoL="HV6N" box="[1236,1324,1840,1864]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Astictopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jama">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC43503FB3AF8E8232FD82F" box="[1236,1324,1840,1864]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">A. jama</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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C. and R. Felder, one of the two west Malaysian species originally described in the genus (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFC43503FBD5F88C2339D80A" author="Felder" box="[1083,1338,1876,1901]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" refString="Felder, C. & Felder, R, (1860) Lepidoptera nova in paeninsula Malayica collecta diagnosibus instructa. Series prima. Wiener Entomologische Monatsschrijt, 4, 394 - 402." type="journal article" year="1860">Felder & Felder 1860</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFC43503FABEF88D26E2D8F7" author="Larsen" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. Vols. 1. & 2. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark, 595 + 270 pp." type="book" year="2005">Larsen (2005)</bibRefCitation>
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raises doubts as to whether the genus is monophyletic, either within Africa, or between Africa and Asia. Of the seven species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFC43503FE69F8442418D8D4" ID-CoL="9235Y" box="[391,539,1948,1971]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Astictopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC43503FE69F8442418D8D4" box="[391,539,1948,1971]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Astictopterus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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currently recognised from Africa (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFC43503FC40F844228FD8D2" author="Ackery" box="[942,1164,1948,1973]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" refString="Ackery, P. R., Smith, C. R. & Vane-Wright, R. I. (1995) Carcasson's African Butterflies. An annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. CSIRO Publications, Melbourne, Australia, 803 pp." type="book" year="1995">
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Ackery
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC43503FBE2F8452243D8D2" box="[1036,1088,1948,1973]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">et al</emphasis>
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. 1995
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</bibRefCitation>
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),
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFC43503FB4DF8452338D8D3" author="Evans" box="[1187,1339,1948,1972]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK, 212 pp., 30 plates." type="book" year="1937">Evans (1937)</bibRefCitation>
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initially placed two in
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFC43503FED5F81927CCD8BF" ID-CoL="9235Y" box="[315,463,1985,2008]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Astictopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC43503FED5F81927CCD8BF" box="[315,463,1985,2008]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Astictopterus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and four in
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFC43503FDB1F819258BD8BE" ID-CoL="92CKJ" authority="Felder & Felder" authorityName="Felder & Felder" box="[607,904,1984,2009]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Isoteinon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC43503FDB1F81924C4D8BF" box="[607,711,1985,2008]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Isoteinon</emphasis>
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Felder & Felder
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</taxonomicName>
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, a genus now considered to be monotypic and restricted to
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<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFC53502FEDAFF4027A0DFD7" box="[308,419,151,176]" name="China" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">east Asia</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFC53502FE55FF402448DFD7" author="Evans" box="[443,587,152,176]" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" refString="Evans, W. H. (1947) Revisional notes on African Hesperiidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 11, 13, 641 - 648. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222934608654584" type="journal article" year="1947">Evans 1947</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFC53502FDB1FF402498DFD7" author="Evans" box="[607,667,152,176]" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" refString="Evans, W. H. (1949) A catalogue of the Hesperiidae from Europe, Asia and Australia in the British Museum (Natural History). British Museum (Natural History), London, 502 pp, 53 plates." type="book" year="1949">1949</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFC53502FD59FF402555DFD7" author="Evans" box="[695,854,152,176]" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" refString="Evans, W. H. (1947) Revisional notes on African Hesperiidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 11, 13, 641 - 648. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222934608654584" type="journal article" year="1947">Evans (1947)</bibRefCitation>
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transferred the African species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFC53502FAE0FF412375DFD7" ID-CoL="92CKJ" box="[1294,1398,153,176]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Isoteinon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC53502FAE0FF412375DFD7" box="[1294,1398,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Isoteinon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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to
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFC53502FF79FF642728DFB4" ID-CoL="9235Y" box="[151,299,188,211]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Astictopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC53502FF79FF642728DFB4" box="[151,299,188,211]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Astictopterus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and subsequently described
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFC53502FD85FF642500DFB3" ID-CoL="HV6P" authority="Evans" authorityName="Evans" box="[619,771,188,212]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Astictopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tura">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC53502FD85FF6424BADFB3" box="[619,697,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">A. tura</emphasis>
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Evans
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</taxonomicName>
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as a new species from the genus (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFC53502FB93FF642305DFB2" author="Evans" box="[1149,1286,188,213]" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" refString="Evans, W. H. (1951) Revisional notes on African Hesperiidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 12, 4, 1268 - 1272. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222935108654256" type="journal article" year="1951">Evans 1951</bibRefCitation>
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). As reported below, the two African species for which food plants are known are grass feeders, as is the Asian
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFC53502FAD1FF38279CDE7B" ID-CoL="HV6N" authority="Bascombe et al. 1999" authorityName="Bascombe et al." authorityYear="1999" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Astictopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jama">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC53502FAD1FF38239FDF9F" box="[1343,1436,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">A. jama</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFC53502FF70FEDC2794DE7B" author="Bascombe" box="[158,407,260,285]" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" refString="Bascombe, M. J., Johnston, G. & Bascombe, F. S. (1999) The butterflies of Hong Kong. Academic Press, London, xiii + 422 pp, 222 plates." type="book" year="1999">
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Bascombe
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC53502FEF2FEDD274FDE7A" box="[284,332,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">et al</emphasis>
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. 1999
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</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFC53502FF29FEFF2761DEB7" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,464]" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">
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The South African
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFC53502FE5BFEF024BADE27" ID-CoL="HV6M" authority="Trimen" authorityName="Trimen" box="[437,697,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Astictopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inornatus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC53502FE5BFEF0244BDE27" box="[437,584,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">A. inornatus</emphasis>
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(Trimen)
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</taxonomicName>
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is recorded to lay eggs singly on
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFC53502FB80FEF12355DE27" ID-CoL="6N862" box="[1134,1366,295,320]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Imperata" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cylindrica">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC53502FB80FEF12355DE27" box="[1134,1366,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Imperata cylindrica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(=
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFC53502FA62FEF12727DE02" ID-CoL="3PKQZ" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Imperata" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arundinacea">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC53502FA62FEF12727DE02" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">I. arundinacea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) and another grass but the early stages have not been documented (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFC53502FBF6FE942326DE03" author="Dickson" box="[1048,1317,332,357]" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" refString="Dickson, C. G. C. & Kroon, D. M. (Eds.) (1978) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. A. D. Donker, Johannesburg, South Africa, 670 pp." type="book" year="1978">Dickson & Kroon 1978</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFC53502FADEFE9426F4DEEF" author="Pringle" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" refString="Pringle, E. L. L., Henning, G. A. & Ball, J. B. (Eds.) (1994) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. Second Edition. Struik Winchester, Cape Town, South Africa, 800 pp." type="book" year="1994">
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Pringle
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC53502FA66FE9526AEDEEF" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">et al</emphasis>
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. 1994
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFC53502FEEBFEB727EFDEEF" author="Henning" box="[261,492,367,392]" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" refString="Henning, G. A., Henning, S. F., Joannou, J. G. & Woodhall, S. E. (1997) Living Butterflies of Southern Africa. Biology, Ecology and Conservation. Vol. I. Hesperiidae, Papilionidae and Pieridae of South Africa. Umdaus Press, Hatfield, South Africa, 395 pp." type="book" year="1997">
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Henning
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC53502FE83FEA927A3DEEF" box="[365,416,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">et al</emphasis>
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. 1997
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFC53502FDEFFEA824A2DEEF" author="Larsen" box="[513,673,367,392]" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. Vols. 1. & 2. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark, 595 + 270 pp." type="book" year="2005">Larsen (2005)</bibRefCitation>
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states that the behaviour and habitat of
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFC53502FB81FEA82351DEEF" ID-CoL="HV6K" authority="Snellen" authorityName="Snellen" box="[1135,1362,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Astictopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abjecta">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC53502FB81FEA822E0DEEF" box="[1135,1251,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">A. abjecta</emphasis>
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(Snellen)
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</taxonomicName>
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imply that it is a grass feeder. We treat
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFC53502FDE3FE4C24EEDECC" authority="Mabille" authorityName="Mabille" box="[525,749,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Astictopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stellata">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC53502FDE3FE4C2483DECA" box="[525,640,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">A. stellata</emphasis>
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(Mabille)
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</taxonomicName>
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below, but the biology of the remaining African species has not been reported.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |