255 lines
29 KiB
XML
255 lines
29 KiB
XML
<document id="FD5F38D6FE2499A27260AEF1160A5E85" ID-CLB-Dataset="51187" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4066.3.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="efd9df5e-1439-4724-ae76-a219f7c3ce70" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="264653" ID-ZooBank="680D0FB4-F3BC-4562-B214-631067287218" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459686029873" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cock, Matthew J. W., Congdon, T. Colin E. & Collins, Steve C." docDate="2016" docId="0386D843FFB9B129CEEC91D4253EFAFF" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4066.3.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4066 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Caenides dacena Hewitson 1876" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="227" masterDocId="FFBFA03BFFA0B133CE7B927B2616FD2C" masterDocTitle="Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 9. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Zingiberales feeders, genera of unknown biology and an overview of the Hesperiinae incertae sedis" masterLastPageNumber="247" masterPageNumber="201" pageNumber="226" updateTime="1698208999773" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="B5BB052FBE543D6090FB93B254624521">
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<mods:title id="C153D13189106AB2FCA8CFAB58C04B34">Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 9. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Zingiberales feeders, genera of unknown biology and an overview of the Hesperiinae incertae sedis</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="0C65111D40FD14AAEEA575A791E8E161" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="1812A1DEF9951850C0085DFFA1CD996C">
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<mods:roleTerm id="5640250624E1197582651B777785FF2F">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="3BBC59C7900F979256718972E580B461">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="1EC7769BE6120C495D4C5E96BD01AA1E" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="12B8CA70CA204648630081F826D7C0AF">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="91FC707929A15FE2B370134468EACB55">Congdon, T. Colin E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="2B18715976BC569573D2DCC5E1BC2541" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="D57E9A91B7D40C249572E21A10DF3D97">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="4495350D3A8FF45756B85B52B7552ED2">Collins, Steve C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="16C1B39F3A17CCE8E732CEC3A3D5B210">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="3F950264E14E477A5FCE940021481681">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="359A4A918F2E6BBE0B26665A93229E95">
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<mods:date id="ADD749EA3BCCE66E533DC76C13AA4643">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="7D822ECC3079A8EA189F1F4FA1F67C1C" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="DDF4B7CA59E9544969A7805B6C0721B9">4066</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="BA113DBE346541823507D5E64723CB31" type="CLB-Dataset">51187</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="225F9CFCC746A7F9B17B8543AEEB3E01" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4066.3.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="0386D843FFB9B129CEEC91D4253EFAFF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5614524" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119333189" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5614524" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0386D843FFB9B129CEEC91D4253EFAFF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0386D843FFB9B129CEEC91D4253EFAFF" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="227" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">
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<subSubSection id="C3353ADEFFB9B12ACEEC91D42304F97B" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B906955FFB9B12ACEEC91D4243FFEE6" blockId="25.[151,553,943,970]" box="[151,553,943,970]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">
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<heading id="D0D8DE39FFB9B12ACEEC91D4243FFEE6" bold="true" box="[151,553,943,970]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB9B12ACEEC91D4243FFEE6" ID-CoL="P9J7" authority="Hewitson, 1876" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1876" box="[151,553,943,970]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Caenides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dacena">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB9B12ACEEC91D4243FFEE6" bold="true" box="[151,553,943,970]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB9B12ACEEC91D42775FEE5" bold="true" box="[151,355,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Caenides dacena</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFB9B12ACF1191CB243FFEE6" author="Hewitson" box="[362,553,944,970]" pageId="25" pageNumber="246" refString="Hewitson, W. C. (1876) Descriptions of twenty-five new species of Hesperidae from his own collection. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 4, 18 (108), 449 - 457. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937608682077" type="journal article" year="1876">Hewitson, 1876</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B906955FFB9B12ACEEC918D2304F97B" blockId="25.[151,1437,1014,2011]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFB9B12ACEEC918D2741F923" author="Hewitson" box="[151,343,1014,1039]" pageId="25" pageNumber="246" refString="Hewitson, W. C. (1876) Descriptions of twenty-five new species of Hesperidae from his own collection. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 4, 18 (108), 449 - 457. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937608682077" type="journal article" year="1876">Hewitson (1876)</bibRefCitation>
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described this species from
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<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFB9B12ACCD8918D24E9F923" box="[675,767,1014,1039]" name="Gabon" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Gaboon</collectingCountry>
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, i.e.
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<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFB9B12ACD42918D2592F923" box="[825,900,1014,1039]" name="Gabon" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Gabon</collectingCountry>
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and it is found from
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<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFB9B12ACAF9918D2302F922" box="[1154,1300,1014,1039]" name="Sierra Leone" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Sierra Leone</collectingCountry>
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to
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<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFB9B12ACB45918D238EF923" box="[1342,1432,1014,1039]" name="Uganda" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Uganda</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFB9B12ACEEC96612732F91F" box="[151,292,1050,1075]" name="South Sudan" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">South Sudan</collectingCountry>
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and north-west
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<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFB9B12ACFA39661242BF91F" box="[472,573,1050,1075]" name="Tanzania" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFB9B12ACC30966024C4F91F" author="Evans" box="[587,722,1051,1075]" pageId="25" pageNumber="246" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, 212 pp., 30 pls." type="book" year="1937">Evans 1937</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFB9B12ACCA6966125B8F91F" author="Ackery" box="[733,942,1050,1075]" pageId="25" pageNumber="245" refString="Ackery, P. R., Smith, C. R. & Vane-Wright, R. I. (Eds.) (1995) Carcasson's African Butterflies. An annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. CSIRO Publications, Melbourne, 803 pp." type="book" year="1995">
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Ackery
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB9B12ACD4E96672570F91F" box="[821,870,1050,1075]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">et al</emphasis>
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. 1995
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFB9B12ACDC2966122C3F91F" author="Congdon" box="[953,1237,1050,1075]" pageId="25" pageNumber="245" refString="Congdon, C. & Collins, S. (1998) Kielland's Butterflies of Tanzania Supplement. African Butterfly Research Institute, Nairobi, & Union des Entomologistes Belges, Tervuren, 143 pp., 6 pls." type="book" year="1998">Congdon & Collins 1998</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFB9B12ACA9396602311F91F" box="[1256,1287,1051,1075]" name="American Samoa" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">As</collectingCountry>
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noted above, this species does not belong in
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB9B12ACF889645244DF97B" box="[499,603,1086,1111]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Caenides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB9B12ACF889645244DF97B" box="[499,603,1086,1111]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Caenides</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and will require a new genus (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFB9B12ACDC1964422A8F97B" author="Larsen" box="[954,1214,1086,1111]" pageId="25" pageNumber="246" refString="Larsen, T. B. & Collins, S. C. (2011) The African skipper genus Caenides Holland and the description of a new species (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae). Tropical Lepidoptera Research, 21 (2), 62 - 65." type="journal article" year="2011">Larsen & Collins 2011</bibRefCitation>
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, 2014).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3353ADEFFB9B12ACEBC96182531FB5E" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8B906955FFB9B12ACEBC96182262F85B" blockId="25.[151,1437,1014,2011]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">
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In his key to
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB9B12ACF269619247AF957" authority="Evans (1937)" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" box="[349,620,1122,1147]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Caenides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB9B12ACF26961927D3F957" box="[349,453,1122,1147]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Caenides</emphasis>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFB9B12ACFAE9618247AF957" author="Evans" box="[469,620,1123,1147]" pageId="25" pageNumber="246" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, 212 pp., 30 pls." type="book" year="1937">Evans (1937)</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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treats
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB9B12ACCC29618253AF957" box="[697,812,1122,1147]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Caenides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dacena">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB9B12ACCC29618253AF957" box="[697,812,1122,1147]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">C. dacena</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has having neither a hindwing hair tuft nor a forewing brand. However, the material reared by
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<collectionCode id="ED3EF190FFB9B12ACC2696FC24B8F9B3" box="[605,686,1159,1183]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">MJWC</collectionCode>
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from
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<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFB9B12ACC8E96FC257CF9B3" box="[757,874,1159,1183]" name="Cameroon" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
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has a distinct forewing brand in space 2, starting below vein 3 half way between the origin of vein 3 and the spot in space 3, running adjacent to vein 3 and then adjacent to the cell, before turning away from the cell to meet vein two, with a short broad extension below vein
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<quantity id="4CD7C4B0FFB9B12ACBF596B426BBF827" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" unit="in" value="2.0">2 in</quantity>
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space 1b. SCC examined material in
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<collectionCode id="ED3EF190FFB9B12ACC2A96882482F827" box="[593,660,1267,1291]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">ABRI</collectionCode>
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collected from
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<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFB9B12ACD3F968825CCF827" box="[836,986,1266,1291]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Côte d’Ivoire</collectingCountry>
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to
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<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFB9B12ACD859689224EF827" box="[1022,1112,1266,1291]" name="Uganda" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Uganda</collectingCountry>
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, and found that two-thirds of males had a brand visible using a hand lens, although this was most obvious when the wings were at a slight angle to the viewer, i.e. with wings depressed or slightly sprung. It may be that the brand is not always present, that it is only obvious in newly emerged specimens, or could more than one species be involved?
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B906955FFB9B12ACEBC97F92531FB5E" blockId="25.[151,1437,1014,2011]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB9B12ACEBC97F9274BF8B7" bold="true" box="[199,349,1410,1435]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Food plants.</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFB9B12ACF1D97F82437F8B7" author="Vuattoux" box="[358,545,1411,1435]" pageId="25" pageNumber="247" refString="Vuattoux, R. (1999) Les lepidopteres hesperiides de la Station de Lamto (Cote d'Ivoire). Lambillionea, 94, 562 - 568." type="journal article" year="1999">Vuattoux (1999)</bibRefCitation>
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reared this species four times in
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<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFB9B12ACDD897F8222DF8B7" box="[931,1083,1410,1435]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Côte d’Ivoire</collectingCountry>
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from
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB9B12ACAFF97F8238FF8B7" box="[1156,1433,1411,1435]" class="Liliopsida" family="Costaceae" genus="Costus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="afer">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB9B12ACAFF97F82311F8B7" box="[1156,1287,1411,1435]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Costus afer</emphasis>
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(Costaceae)
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</taxonomicName>
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. This record is repeated by Vande weghe (2010).
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<collectionCode id="ED3EF190FFB9B12ACCCE97DC2510F893" box="[693,774,1447,1471]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">MJWC</collectionCode>
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reared a specimen from the
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB9B12ACA3897DC2299F892" box="[1091,1167,1447,1470]" class="Liliopsida" family="Costaceae" genus="Costus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB9B12ACA3897DC2299F892" box="[1091,1167,1447,1470]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Costus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. shown in
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<figureCitation id="131475D0FFB9B12ACB5297DD2381F893" box="[1321,1431,1446,1471]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1137,1159]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,267,1112]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[151,1436,267,1113]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 28. Costus afer or C. lucanusianus, the food plant of Caenides dacena, Douala, Cameroon, 16 Jun 1990, MJWC 90 / 206." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264681/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Figure 28</figureCitation>
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, near Douala,
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<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFB9B12ACF4F97B027BFF8CF" box="[308,425,1483,1507]" name="Cameroon" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
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(
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<collectionCode id="ED3EF190FFB9B12ACFC197B0241BF8CF" box="[442,525,1483,1507]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">MJWC</collectionCode>
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90/206). In discussion with Martin Cheek (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew), we concluded that this photograph represents either
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB9B12ACCC897942516FB2B" box="[691,768,1519,1543]" class="Liliopsida" family="Costaceae" genus="Costus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="afer">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB9B12ACCC897942516FB2B" box="[691,768,1519,1543]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">C. afer</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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or
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB9B12ACD5F979425CEFB2B" box="[804,984,1518,1543]" class="Liliopsida" family="Costaceae" genus="Costus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lucanusianus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB9B12ACD5F979425CEFB2B" box="[804,984,1518,1543]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">C. lucanusianus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, although the latter has also been treated as a synonym of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB9B12ACF1F946827A0FB07" box="[356,438,1555,1579]" class="Liliopsida" family="Costaceae" genus="Costus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="afer">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB9B12ACF1F946827A0FB07" box="[356,438,1555,1579]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">C. afer</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and/or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB9B12ACC6F94682564FB07" authority="Tropicos 2014" authorityName="Tropicos" authorityYear="2014" box="[532,882,1554,1579]" class="Liliopsida" family="Costaceae" genus="Costus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB9B12ACC6F946824BDFB07" box="[532,683,1554,1579]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">C. maculatus</emphasis>
|
||
(Tropicos 2014)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In captivity, two caterpillars in the final instar completed feeding when offered leaves of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB9B12ACCED944D2503FB63" box="[662,789,1590,1615]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" genus="Hedychium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB9B12ACCED944D2503FB63" box="[662,789,1590,1615]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Hedychium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB9B12ACDFE944C2206FB63" box="[901,1040,1591,1615]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" genus="Aframomum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB9B12ACDFE944C2206FB63" box="[901,1040,1591,1615]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Aframomum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. but the resultant adults were significantly smaller than others reared through on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB9B12ACCAF94202536FB5E" box="[724,800,1627,1650]" class="Liliopsida" family="Costaceae" genus="Costus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB9B12ACCAF94202536FB5E" box="[724,800,1627,1650]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Costus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3353ADEFFB9B129CEBC9405253EFAFF" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="227" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FFB9B12ACEBC940522FEFB97" blockId="25.[151,1437,1014,2011]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB9B12ACEBC94052771FBBB" bold="true" box="[199,359,1662,1687]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Leaf shelters.</emphasis>
|
||
The one-cut shelters of the penultimate and final instar caterpillars are made with a cut from the edge of the leaf lamina to close to the midrib, and the distal part of the leaf is then folded upwards.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FFB9B129CEBC94BD253FFDF9" blockId="25.[151,1437,1014,2011]" lastBlockId="26.[151,1436,151,213]" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="227" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB9B12ACEBC94BD2747FBF3" bold="true" box="[199,337,1734,1759]" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Caterpillar.</emphasis>
|
||
The penultimate instar caterpillar had a uniformly black or very dark brown head; rugose; 2.5 x
|
||
<quantity id="4CD7C4B0FFB9B12ACEEC949026F0FA2F" box="[151,230,1771,1795]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" unit="mm" value="2.9">2.9mm</quantity>
|
||
wide x high (n=2). The final instar caterpillar (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131475D0FFB9B12ACC8994912577FA2F" box="[754,865,1770,1795]" captionStart="FIGURE 29" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1737,1759]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1248,1712]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[151,1436,1248,1713]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 29. Final instar caterpillar of Caenides dacena collected on Costus sp. near Douala, Cameroon, 16 Jun 1990; 38 mm; MJWC 90 / 206 A. 1, head anterolateral view; 2, dorsolateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264682/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Figure 29</figureCitation>
|
||
) measured
|
||
<quantity id="4CD7C4B0FFB9B12ACD999490223AFA2F" box="[994,1068,1771,1795]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" unit="mm" value="38.0">38mm</quantity>
|
||
, five days before pupation. Head 3.6 x
|
||
<quantity id="4CD7C4B0FFB9B12ACEA69574273DFA0B" box="[221,299,1807,1831]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.4" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" unit="mm" value="4.4">4.4mm</quantity>
|
||
wide x high (n=4); indented at vertex; shiny, rugose; very dark brown, except for indistinct dark brown markings: a line down the centre of the frons, a line parallel and close to epicranial suture and a weaker line down face below the apex, which is not always present. These head markings are easily overlooked in life. Their distribution is reminiscent of those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB9B12ACC3395012531FABF" box="[584,807,1914,1939]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Hypoleucis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="226" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ophiusa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB9B12ACC3395012531FABF" box="[584,807,1914,1939]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Hypoleucis ophiusa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="131475D0FFB9B12ACD4D950125BFFABF" box="[822,937,1914,1939]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1872,1894]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,735,1847]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1436,735,1847]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 26. Caterpillars of Hypoleucis ophiusa ophiusa, collected on Costus sp., Forêt du Yapo, Côte d’Ivoire, 3 Jun 1989; MJWC 89 / 213 B. 1, penultimate instar, detail of head in anterodorsal view; moulted and photographed 14 Jun; 15 mm; 2, final instar, detail of head in anterodorsolateral view; moulted and photographed 14 Jun; 21 mm; 3, final instar, dorsolateral view, as # 2." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264679/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="226">Figure 26</figureCitation>
|
||
). Pronotum brown. Body transparent greenbrown; darker dorsal line; rest of body with pale fat bodies showing through cuticle; anal plate dark with pale margin; spiracles light brown, not conspicuous; all legs concolorous. The body becomes brown ventrally at the end of the final instar; the wax glands are restricted to the anterior ventral margin of A1 according to MJWC’s notes, but it would be worth confirming this unusual distribution.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF5039DDFFBAB129CEEC960A26D2F985" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264681/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="227" targetBox="[151,1436,267,1112]" targetPageId="26">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FFBAB129CEEC960A26D2F985" blockId="26.[151,1436,1137,1193]" pageId="26" pageNumber="227">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBAB129CEEC960A2736F9AB" bold="true" box="[151,288,1137,1159]" pageId="26" pageNumber="227">FIGURE 28.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFBAB129CF5D9609278CF9AB" box="[294,410,1137,1159]" class="Liliopsida" family="Costaceae" genus="Costus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="26" pageNumber="227" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="afer">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBAB129CF5D9609278CF9AB" box="[294,410,1137,1159]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="227">Costus afer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFBAB129CFC796092449F9AB" box="[444,607,1137,1159]" class="Liliopsida" family="Costaceae" genus="Costus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="26" pageNumber="227" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lucanusianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBAB129CFC796092449F9AB" box="[444,607,1137,1159]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="227">C. lucanusianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the food plant of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFBAB129CD67960A2234F9AB" authority="Douala" authorityName="Douala" box="[796,1058,1137,1159]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Caenides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="227" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dacena">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBAB129CD67960A25DCF9AB" box="[796,970,1137,1159]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="227">Caenides dacena</emphasis>
|
||
, Douala
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Cameroon, 16 Jun 1990, MJWC 90/ 206.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF5039DDFFBAB129CEEC94B2253AFBD2" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264682/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="227" targetBox="[151,1436,1248,1712]" targetPageId="26">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FFBAB129CEEC94B2253AFBD2" blockId="26.[151,1436,1737,1790]" pageId="26" pageNumber="227">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBAB129CEEC94B22736FBF3" bold="true" box="[151,288,1737,1759]" pageId="26" pageNumber="227">FIGURE 29.</emphasis>
|
||
Final instar caterpillar of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFBAB129CC5394B224C3FBF3" box="[552,725,1737,1759]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Caenides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="227" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dacena">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBAB129CC5394B224C3FBF3" box="[552,725,1737,1759]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="227">Caenides dacena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
collected on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFBAB129CD2694B125B7FBF3" box="[861,929,1738,1759]" class="Liliopsida" family="Costaceae" genus="Costus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="26" pageNumber="227" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBAB129CD2694B125B7FBF3" box="[861,929,1738,1759]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="227">Costus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. near Douala, Cameroon, 16 Jun 1990; 38mm; MJWC 90/206A.
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBAB129CF379493274EFBD2" bold="true" box="[332,344,1768,1790]" pageId="26" pageNumber="227">1</emphasis>
|
||
, head anterolateral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBAB129CC259493247CFBD2" bold="true" box="[606,618,1768,1790]" pageId="26" pageNumber="227">2</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsolateral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FFBAB129CEBC9551253EFAFF" blockId="26.[151,1436,1834,2003]" pageId="26" pageNumber="227">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBAB129CEBC9551271AFA6F" bold="true" box="[199,268,1834,1859]" pageId="26" pageNumber="227">Pupa.</emphasis>
|
||
The pupa is formed in the final leaf shelter. It was not described, but it was photographed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131475D0FFBAB129CB6695512386FA6F" box="[1309,1424,1834,1859]" captionStart="FIGURE 30" captionStartId="27.[151,250,619,641]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,594]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[151,1436,195,594]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 30. Pupa of Caenides dacena, lateral view; collected on Costus sp. near Douala, Cameroon, 16 Jun 1990; pupated and photographed 15 Jul; MJWC 90 / 206 D; 22 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264683/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="227">Figure 30</figureCitation>
|
||
). The proboscis extends to at least the base of the cremaster, sometimes to the tip. There is a pale brown C-shaped raised rim around the posterior side of the T1 spiracle, measuring
|
||
<quantity id="4CD7C4B0FFBAB129CDFF950825C5FAA7" box="[900,979,1907,1931]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="26" pageNumber="227" unit="mm" value="0.7">0.7mm</quantity>
|
||
across dorsoventrally, and variably
|
||
<quantity id="4CD7C4B0FFBAB129CB10950826F3FA83" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="26" pageNumber="227" unit="mm" value="0.5" valueMax="0.6" valueMin="0.4">0.4– 0.6mm</quantity>
|
||
across the rim; this rim surrounds a dark brown conical pit. This feature is also present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFBAB129CA9F95EC2346FA83" box="[1252,1360,1942,1967]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Caenides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="227" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dacela">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBAB129CA9F95EC2346FA83" box="[1252,1360,1942,1967]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="227">C. dacela</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Cock
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFBAB129CEEC95C726DEFAFF" box="[151,200,1978,2003]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="227">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2014, Figure 55). The pupal stage lasted 25–29 days.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |