257 lines
27 KiB
XML
257 lines
27 KiB
XML
<document id="D9B5893319E8811BC13D9675BC61425F" ID-CLB-Dataset="51187" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4066.3.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="efd9df5e-1439-4724-ae76-a219f7c3ce70" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="264653" ID-ZooBank="680D0FB4-F3BC-4562-B214-631067287218" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459686029873" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cock, Matthew J. W., Congdon, T. Colin E. & Collins, Steve C." docDate="2016" docId="0386D843FFB7B12BCEEC951122B5FE53" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4066.3.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4066 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Leona Evans 1937" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="225" masterDocId="FFBFA03BFFA0B133CE7B927B2616FD2C" masterDocTitle="Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 9. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Zingiberales feeders, genera of unknown biology and an overview of the Hesperiinae incertae sedis" masterLastPageNumber="247" masterPageNumber="201" pageNumber="224" updateTime="1698208999773" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="3A8ACC2D65369A6EB0A69475B034BB77">Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 9. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Zingiberales feeders, genera of unknown biology and an overview of the Hesperiinae incertae sedis</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E1FB449DB1A1C6485654A3506D8DCAAB">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5D852E688573266C04F53C3C110E442F">Congdon, T. Colin E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="98ACB7F1C13C61E252396CD6E3AAA2F4" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="01394EEBC9F0372121F0746A5CE75D07">Collins, Steve C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="4C1CA756CC7C24CF1C33F21D3E3FE82C">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="4C9FFF8A535DFC1E0768DF0E4031A49D">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="81FAA0582D6C4C68E89A7F43317D7352">
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<mods:date id="C254BDA056AA1EB9BC42F49692E32E65">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="D90F860327EE6E2D3E31D8D462786A86">4066</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="2492522F195266E02B7A87713CAB9200" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4066.3.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="0386D843FFB7B12BCEEC951122B5FE53" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5614518" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119333186" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5614518" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0386D843FFB7B12BCEEC951122B5FE53" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0386D843FFB7B12BCEEC951122B5FE53" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="225" pageId="23" pageNumber="224">
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<subSubSection id="C3353ADEFFB7B12BCEEC951122A5FDDB" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="225" pageId="23" pageNumber="224" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B906955FFB7B124CEEC95112797FAA9" blockId="23.[151,385,1898,1925]" box="[151,385,1898,1925]" pageId="23" pageNumber="224">
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<heading id="D0D8DE39FFB7B124CEEC95112797FAA9" bold="true" box="[151,385,1898,1925]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="23" pageNumber="224" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB7B124CEEC95112797FAA9" ID-CoL="92D38" authority="Evans, 1937" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" box="[151,385,1898,1925]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Leona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="224" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB7B124CEEC95112797FAA9" bold="true" box="[151,385,1898,1925]" pageId="23" pageNumber="224">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB7B124CEEC951126F2FAA8" bold="true" box="[151,228,1898,1924]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="224">Leona</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFB7B124CE9095102797FAA9" author="Evans" box="[235,385,1899,1925]" pageId="23" pageNumber="246" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, 212 pp., 30 pls." type="book" year="1937">Evans, 1937</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B906955FFB7B12BCEEC95C922A5FDDB" blockId="23.[151,1436,1969,2030]" lastBlockId="24.[151,1437,151,896]" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="225" pageId="23" pageNumber="224">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFB7B124CEEC95C92739FAE6" author="Evans" box="[151,303,1970,1994]" pageId="23" pageNumber="246" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, 212 pp., 30 pls." type="book" year="1937">Evans (1937)</bibRefCitation>
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established this genus with
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB7B124CC0F95C92556FAE6" authority="Plotz" authorityName="Plotz" box="[628,832,1969,1994]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Leona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="224" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leonora">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB7B124CC0F95C924FDFAE6" box="[628,747,1969,1994]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="224">L. leonora</emphasis>
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(Plötz)
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</taxonomicName>
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as the
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<typeStatus id="5494D7F7FFB7B124CDEE95C925D3FAE6" box="[917,965,1970,1994]" pageId="23" pageNumber="224">type</typeStatus>
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species for nine (now twelve) species of Afrotropical skippers, which he considered very closely allied to
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB7B124CDCC95AD222CFAC1" box="[951,1082,2006,2029]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pteroteinon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="224" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB7B124CDCC95AD222CFAC1" box="[951,1082,2006,2029]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="224">Pteroteinon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB7B124CAFB95AE22FEFAC2" box="[1152,1256,2005,2030]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Caenides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="224" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB7B124CAFB95AE22FEFAC2" box="[1152,1256,2005,2030]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="224">Caenides</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFB7B124CA8595AD238AFAC2" author="Evans" box="[1278,1436,2006,2030]" pageId="23" pageNumber="246" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, 212 pp., 30 pls." type="book" year="1937">Evans (1937)</bibRefCitation>
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recognised three groups: (1) four species having the UNH dark brown with inconspicuous markings (2) one species (
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB8B12BCEDB92C62700FDF9" box="[160,278,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Leona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leonora">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB8B12BCEDB92C62700FDF9" box="[160,278,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">L. leonora</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) with UNH with large white central spots in line in base of space lC, cell and space 7; discal spots in spaces lC and 2, and (3) four (now seven) species with conspicuous ochreous markings UNH.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3353ADEFFB8B12BCEBC937F2546FC81" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B906955FFB8B12BCEBC937F2546FC81" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,896]" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFB8B12BCEBC937F27CBFC31" author="Lindsey" box="[199,477,260,285]" pageId="24" pageNumber="246" refString="Lindsey, A. W. Jr. & Miller, L. D. (1965) Superfamily Hesperioidea. Family Hesperiidae. In: Fox, R. M., Lindsey, A. W., Jr., Clench, H. K. & Miller, L. D. (Eds.), The butterflies of Liberia. Memoirs of the American Entomological Society, 19, pp. 47 - 146." type="journal article" year="1965">Lindsey & Miller (1965)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFB8B12BCC6F937F24E1FC31" box="[532,759,260,285]" pageId="24" pageNumber="245" refString="Ackery, P. R., Smith, C. R. & Vane-Wright, R. I. (Eds.) (1995) Carcasson's African Butterflies. An annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. CSIRO Publications, Melbourne, 803 pp." type="book">
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Ackery
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB8B12BCC16937E248BFC31" box="[621,669,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">et al</emphasis>
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. (1995)
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</bibRefCitation>
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treated
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB8B12BCD2A937E2581FC30" box="[849,919,261,284]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Leona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB8B12BCD2A937E2581FC30" box="[849,919,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">Leona</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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as a synonym of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB8B12BCA26937F22D3FC31" box="[1117,1221,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Caenides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB8B12BCA26937F22D3FC31" box="[1117,1221,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">Caenides</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, but
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFB8B12BCA85937E238AFC31" author="Larsen" box="[1278,1436,260,285]" pageId="24" pageNumber="246" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. 2 Vols. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 595 + 270 pp." type="book" year="2005">Larsen (2005)</bibRefCitation>
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treated it as a valid genus. Based on the male genitalia (uncus pointed in
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB8B12BCDA0935C2255FC6C" box="[987,1091,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Caenides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB8B12BCDA0935C2255FC6C" box="[987,1091,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">Caenides</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and bifid in
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB8B12BCAA393522308FC6C" box="[1240,1310,297,320]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Leona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB8B12BCAA393522308FC6C" box="[1240,1310,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">Leona</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) and some external characters they do seem to divide into these two groups, apart from
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB8B12BCA4F933622CDFC48" authority="Evans" authorityName="Evans" box="[1076,1243,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Leona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lissa">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB8B12BCA4F9336229DFC49" box="[1076,1163,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">L. lissa</emphasis>
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Evans
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</taxonomicName>
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which feeds on
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB8B12BCEEC930A2711FCA4" box="[151,263,369,392]" class="Reptilia" family="Teiidae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB8B12BCEEC930A2711FCA4" box="[151,263,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">Dracaena</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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spp. (Cock
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB8B12BCFF5930A27A9FCA4" box="[398,447,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">et al</emphasis>
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. 2015) and
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB8B12BCC3F930A2504FCA4" authority="Plotz" authorityName="Plotz" box="[580,786,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Leona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luehderi">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB8B12BCC3F930A24A9FCA4" box="[580,703,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">L. luehderi</emphasis>
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(Plötz)
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</taxonomicName>
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for which the food plants are unknown; these two species may require a separate genus (T.B. Larsen pers. comm. 2015).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3353ADEFFB8B12BCEBC93C222B5FE53" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B906955FFB8B12BCEBC93C22571FFDC" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,896]" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB8B12BCEBC93C2271BFCFC" ID-CoL="92D38" box="[199,269,441,464]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Leona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB8B12BCEBC93C2271BFCFC" box="[199,269,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">Leona</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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group (1) includes
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB8B12BCF9793C22505FCFC" ID-CoL="3T6G8" authority="Hewitson" authorityName="Hewitson" box="[492,787,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Leona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maracanda">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB8B12BCF9793C2249DFCFC" box="[492,651,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">L. maracanda</emphasis>
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(Hewitson)
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</taxonomicName>
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, a palm-feeding species treated in Cock
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB8B12BCA9B93C22304FCFC" box="[1248,1298,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">et al</emphasis>
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. (2014) and three species of unknown biology. The biology of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB8B12BCCAF93A6255CFCD9" ID-CoL="3T6G4" box="[724,842,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Leona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leonora">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB8B12BCCAF93A6255CFCD9" box="[724,842,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">L. leonora</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, the only species in group (2) is unknown, although
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFB8B12BCEEC93842779FF34" box="[151,367,511,536]" pageId="24" pageNumber="246" refString="Heath, A., Newport, M. A. & Hancock, D. (2002) The Butterflies of Zambia. African Butterfly Research Institute and The Lepidopterists' Society of Africa, Nairobi, 137 pp. + CD." type="book">
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Heath
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB8B12BCE99907A2703FF34" box="[226,277,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">et al</emphasis>
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. (2002)
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</bibRefCitation>
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suggest its food plant is possibly
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB8B12BCC8E9384258EFF34" ID-CoL="J2F" box="[757,920,511,536]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Zingiberaceae</taxonomicName>
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. Of the seven species in group (3),
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB8B12BCB54907A26EFFF11" ID-CoL="3T6G9" authority="Karsch" authorityName="Karsch" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Leona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stoehri">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB8B12BCB54907A238AFF34" box="[1327,1436,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">L. stoehri</emphasis>
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(Karsch)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is reported to feed on
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB8B12BCC6A905F246DFF17" ID-CoL="8VTPD" box="[529,635,548,571]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" genus="Amomum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB8B12BCC6A905F246DFF17" box="[529,635,548,571]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">Amomum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. (likely to refer to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB8B12BCDF1905F2202FF10" ID-CoL="8VTDK" box="[906,1044,548,572]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" genus="Aframomum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB8B12BCDF1905F2202FF10" box="[906,1044,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">Aframomum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp.) in
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFB8B12BCA0D905F22DBFF11" box="[1142,1229,548,573]" name="Uganda" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">Uganda</collectingCountry>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFB8B12BCA9B905F238EFF11" author="Le" box="[1248,1432,548,573]" pageId="24" pageNumber="246" refString="Le Pelley, R. H. (1959) Agricultural insects of East Africa. East Africa High Commission, Nairobi, 307 pp." type="book" year="1959">Le Pelley 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFB8B12BCEEC903C2774FF4C" author="Sevastopulo" box="[151,354,583,608]" pageId="24" pageNumber="247" refString="Sevastopulo, D. G. (1975) Hesperiidae. In: Sevastopulo, D. G. (1975 - 1978) A list of the food-plants of East African Macrolepidoptera. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society, 34, pp. 131 - 132. [34 - 37, 84 - 92, 124 - 132, 175 - 184 (34); 94 - 100, 177 - 195 (35); 45 - 50 (36); 147 - 172, 202 - 216 (37)]" type="journal article" year="1975">Sevastopulo 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
|
),
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB8B12BCF0C90322430FF73" ID-CoL="9BMVN" authority="Evans" authorityName="Evans" box="[375,550,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Leona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="halma">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB8B12BCF0C903227CDFF4C" box="[375,475,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">L. halma</emphasis>
|
|
Evans
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is reported to feed on
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB8B12BCD5E90332599FF73" ID-CoL="8VTPD" box="[805,911,584,607]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" genus="Amomum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB8B12BCD5E90332599FF73" box="[805,911,584,607]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">Amomum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFB8B12BCDBE903C227EFF4C" author="Kielland" box="[965,1128,583,608]" pageId="24" pageNumber="246" refString="Kielland, J. (1990) Butterflies of Tanzania. Hill House, Melbourne, 363 pp." type="book" year="1990">Kielland 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
|
) or
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB8B12BCAED90332337FF4C" ID-CoL="8VTDK" box="[1174,1313,584,608]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" genus="Aframomum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB8B12BCAED90332337FF4C" box="[1174,1313,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">Aframomum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFB8B12BCB2C903C2705FFA8" author="Heath" pageId="24" pageNumber="246" refString="Heath, A., Newport, M. A. & Hancock, D. (2002) The Butterflies of Zambia. African Butterfly Research Institute and The Lepidopterists' Society of Africa, Nairobi, 137 pp. + CD." type="book" year="2002">
|
|
Heath
|
|
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB8B12BCEEC901626DFFFA9" box="[151,201,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">et al</emphasis>
|
|
. 2002
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFB8B12BCF5B901627B9FFA9" author="Larsen" box="[288,431,620,645]" pageId="24" pageNumber="246" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. 2 Vols. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 595 + 270 pp." type="book" year="2005">Larsen 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
|
, Vande weghe 2010) (but this may be carried over from when
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB8B12BCA01901622C9FFA9" ID-CoL="9BMVN" box="[1146,1247,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Leona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="halma">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB8B12BCA01901622C9FFA9" box="[1146,1247,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">L. halma</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
was treated as a ssp. of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB8B12BCE9090EA274EFF84" ID-CoL="3T6G9" box="[235,344,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Leona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stoehri">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB8B12BCE9090EA274EFF84" box="[235,344,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">L. stoehri</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
), and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB8B12BCFDF90EA27E0FF84" ID-CoL="3T6G5" box="[420,502,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Leona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lissa">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB8B12BCFDF90EA27E0FF84" box="[420,502,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">L. lissa</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
feeds on
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB8B12BCC1290EA24CFFF84" box="[617,729,657,680]" class="Reptilia" family="Teiidae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB8B12BCC1290EA24CFFF84" box="[617,729,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">Dracaena</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp(p). (Cock
|
|
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB8B12BCD0290EA25BAFF84" box="[889,940,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">et al</emphasis>
|
|
. 2015), while the biology of the other four species is unknown. Given that there has been some taxonomic confusion within group (3) as well as in the food plant names used, confirmation of these food plants is desirable.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B906955FFB8B12BCEBC908722B5FE53" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,896]" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">
|
|
Based on the food plants alone, one might anticipate that
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB8B12BCD07908625D4FE38" ID-CoL="92D38" box="[892,962,765,788]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Leona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB8B12BCD07908625D4FE38" box="[892,962,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">Leona</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
as presently constituted is paraphyletic. Unfortunately we have no information on the early stages of any
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB8B12BCD0F915A25ACFE14" ID-CoL="92D38" box="[884,954,801,824]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Leona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB8B12BCD0F915A25ACFE14" box="[884,954,801,824]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">Leona</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
spp. apart from
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB8B12BCA08915A26CEFE70" ID-CoL="3T6G8" authority="Cock et al. 2014" authorityName="Cock et al." authorityYear="2014" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Leona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maracanda">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB8B12BCA08915A2307FE14" box="[1139,1297,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">L. maracanda</emphasis>
|
|
(Cock
|
|
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB8B12BCB1F915A2383FE14" box="[1380,1429,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">et al</emphasis>
|
|
. 2014)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
so cannot comment further, or on whether the Zingiberaceae-feeding species show affinities with the Zingiberaceae- and Costaceae-feeding
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB8B12BCC30911C24BCFEAC" ID-CoL="92MNV" box="[587,682,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Semalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB8B12BCC30911C24BCFEAC" box="[587,682,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">Semalea</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB8B12BCCC3911C2552FEAC" ID-CoL="92QGM" box="[696,836,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Xanthodisca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB8B12BCCC3911C2552FEAC" box="[696,836,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">Xanthodisca</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB8B12BCD29911C25C6FEAC" ID-CoL="92C76" box="[850,976,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Hypoleucis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB8B12BCD29911C25C6FEAC" box="[850,976,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">Hypoleucis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB8B12BCA7D911C2278FEAC" ID-CoL="9248F" box="[1030,1134,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Caenides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="225" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB8B12BCA7D911C2278FEAC" box="[1030,1134,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="225">Caenides</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
spp.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |