treatments-xml/data/DE/CC/C4/DECCC4BD3574E2E5ACA00D394D370705.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.40.7973" ID-PMC="PMC4154306" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-40-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FFB6FF88FFE2B53E5D3FFF8F6B6F0639" ID-PubMed="25197228" ID-Zenodo-Dep="576244" ModsDocID="1314-2003-40-1" checkinTime="1451251714908" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="de Lange, Peter J." docDate="2014" docId="DECCC4BD3574E2E5ACA00D394D370705" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 40: 1-185" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 40" docPubDate="2014-08-26" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.40.7973" docTitle="Kunzea tenuicaulis de Lange 2014, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="6" id="FFB6FF88FFE2B53E5D3FFF8F6B6F0639" lastPageNumber="45" masterDocId="FFB6FF88FFE2B53E5D3FFF8F6B6F0639" masterDocTitle="A revision of the New Zealand Kunzea ericoides (Myrtaceae) complex" masterLastPageNumber="185" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="37" updateTime="1668141164457" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>A revision of the New Zealand Kunzea ericoides (Myrtaceae) complex</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>de Lange, Peter J.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Science &amp; Capability Group, Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of Conservation, Private Bag 68908 Newton, Auckland 1145, New Zealand</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2014</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2014-08-26</mods:number>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>40</mods:number>
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>185</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.40.7973</mods:url>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.40.7973</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-40-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">576244</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152025370" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DECCC4BD3574E2E5ACA00D394D370705" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DECCC4BD3574E2E5ACA00D394D370705" lastPageId="44" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
<subSubSection pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
<pageBreakToken pageId="36" pageNumber="37" start="start">3</pageBreakToken>
. 
<taxonomicName LSID="DECCC4BD-3574-E2E5-ACA0-0D394D370705" authority="de Lange" authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis" status="sp. nov.">Kunzea tenuicaulis de Lange</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="36" pageNumber="37">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="latin">
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">A K. ericoide habitu fruticis decumbentis ad serpentis vel arboris erectae sed patentis multicaulis ad pendentibus, caulibus et ramibus multis tenuibus vel ramulibus numerosis patentibus ad pendentibus tenuissimis, ramulibus juvenibus dense tomentosis pilis multis brevibus patentibus, foliis brevioribus oblanceolatis ad obovatis; hypanthio minore cupuliformi campanulato gracile puberulenti; lobis calicis distincte incrassatis basipetale et sulco ad basim, fructibusque minoribis doliiformibus differt. Chromosomatibus constanter parvis et equatis seriebusque singularibus rDNA ITS et ETS differt.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="holotype">
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Holotype</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
(Figs 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Holotype of Kunzea tenuicaulis de Lange (P. J. de Lange 4702 A, AK 288172)." pageId="36" pageNumber="37">13</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Holotype of Kunzea tenuicaulis de Lange (P. J. de Lange 4702 B, AK 288088)." pageId="36" pageNumber="37">14</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Holotype of Kunzea tenuicaulis de Lange (P. J. de Lange 4702 C, AK 288171)." pageId="36" pageNumber="37">15</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">(Spread over three sheets).</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">New Zealand:</emphasis>
North Island, Central Volcanic Plateau, Paeroa Range, Te Kopia Thermal Area, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="38" direction="south" minutes="24" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-38.4">38°24'S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="176" direction="east" minutes="13" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="176.21666">176°13'E</geoCoordinate>
, 420m a.s.l. 'Dominant shrub and small tree on active geothermal field. Abundant around vents. Growing with 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Leucopogon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Leucopogon fasciculatus" order="Ericales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Spermatophyta" rank="species" species="fasciculatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Leucopogon fasciculatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Leptospermum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Leptospermum scoparium" order="Myrtales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="scoparium">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Leptospermum scoparium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hook fil" authorityYear="1844" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Dracophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dracophyllum subulatum" order="Ericales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="subulatum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Dracophyllum subulatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Seedling to adult collections from same site, over 3 sheets (AK 288088!, AK 288171!, AK 288172!)'. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">P. J. de Lange 4702A</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">B</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">C</emphasis>
16 Nov 2000, AK 288172 (Adult branch in bud, and branch with flowers and buds), AK 288088 (three seedlings), and AK 288171 (One sapling). Isotypi: AD, CHR.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="36" pageNumber="37" start="Figure 13" startId="F13">
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Figure 13.</emphasis>
Holotype of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
de Lange (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">P. J. de Lange 4702A</emphasis>
, AK 288172).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="36" pageNumber="37" start="Figure 14" startId="F14">
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Figure 14.</emphasis>
Holotype of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
de Lange (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">P. J. de Lange 4702B</emphasis>
, AK 288088).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="36" pageNumber="37" start="Figure 15" startId="F15">
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Figure 15.</emphasis>
Holotype of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
de Lange (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">P. J. de Lange 4702C</emphasis>
, AK 288171).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="notes">
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Notes.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
The holotype gathering of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comprises six specimens spread over three sheets and lodged at the same herbarium. The two adult specimens mounted on AK 288172, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">de Lange 4702A</emphasis>
, come from the same plant, while the three seedlings (AK 288088, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">de Lange 4702B</emphasis>
) and sapling (AK 288171, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">de Lange 4702C</emphasis>
) were collected from the ground directly beneath that plant.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
The manner in which I have collected and designated these sheets as holotype is in accordance with the International Code of Nomenclature (
<bibRefCitation author="McNeill, J" journalOrPublisher="Regnum Vegetabile" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" publicationUrl="http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php" refId="B86" refString="McNeill, J, Barrie, FF, Buck, WR, Demoulin, V, Greuter, W, Hawksworth, DL, Herendeen, PS, Knapp, S, Marhold, J, Prado, JWF, Prud'Homme van Reine, WF, Smith, GF, Wiersema, J, Turland, NJ, 2012. International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants (Melbourne Code). Regnum Vegetabile 154, http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php" title="International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants (Melbourne Code)." url="http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php" volume="154" year="2012">McNeill et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
) Article 8.2 
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘….">'....</normalizedToken>
the holotype may consist of a single plant, parts of one or several plants, or of multiple plants 
<normalizedToken originalValue="…’">...'</normalizedToken>
Thus in accordance with Article 8.3, Example 4 of the International Code of Nomenclature (
<bibRefCitation author="McNeill, J" journalOrPublisher="Regnum Vegetabile" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" publicationUrl="http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php" refId="B86" refString="McNeill, J, Barrie, FF, Buck, WR, Demoulin, V, Greuter, W, Hawksworth, DL, Herendeen, PS, Knapp, S, Marhold, J, Prado, JWF, Prud'Homme van Reine, WF, Smith, GF, Wiersema, J, Turland, NJ, 2012. International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants (Melbourne Code). Regnum Vegetabile 154, http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php" title="International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants (Melbourne Code)." url="http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php" volume="154" year="2012">McNeill et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
), my collecting numbers reflects my intended association of these gatherings as type.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
most probably equates with 
<taxonomicName authorityName="W. Harris" authorityYear="1987" baseAuthorityName="G. Simpson" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea ericoides subsp. var. var. microflora" order="Myrtales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="ericoides" subSpecies="var." variety="microflora">Kunzea ericoides var. microflora</taxonomicName>
(G.Simpson) W.Harris which is based on 
<taxonomicName authorityName="G. Simpson" authorityYear="1945" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Leptospermum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Leptospermum ericoides subsp. var. var. microflorum" order="Myrtales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="ericoides" subSpecies="var." variety="microflorum">Leptospermum ericoides var. microflorum</taxonomicName>
G.Simpson (
<bibRefCitation author="Simpson, G" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" pagination="187 - 202" publicationUrl="http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_75/rsnz_75_02_003230.html" refId="B116" refString="Simpson, G, 1945. Notes on some New Zealand plants and descriptions of new species (No. 4). Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 75: 187 - 202, http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_75/rsnz_75_02_003230.html" title="Notes on some New Zealand plants and descriptions of new species (No. 4)." url="http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_75/rsnz_75_02_003230.html" volume="75" year="1945">Simpson 1945</bibRefCitation>
). This variety was described from garden specimens sent to George Simpson by Norman Potts of Opotiki, and which, according to Simpson, came from 'Rainbow Mountain, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Nelson’">Nelson'</normalizedToken>
where its habitat was said to be the 'Mineral Belt, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Nelson’">Nelson'</normalizedToken>
. As noted by 
<bibRefCitation author="Allan, HH" journalOrPublisher="Flora of New Zealand" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" refId="B2" refString="Allan, HH, 1961. . Flora of New Zealand Vol. I" volume="Vol. I" year="1961">Allan (1961</bibRefCitation>
; pp. 322-323), no plants matching 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Simpson’s">Simpson's</normalizedToken>
description occur in the Nelson area or, indeed, the rest of the South Island. Furthermore, there is no Rainbow Mountain in the South Island. However, plants similar to 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Simpson’s">Simpson's</normalizedToken>
description have been found in active geothermal areas within the Taupo Volcanic Zone of the North Island from a geothermal site near Lake Rotoiti (Tikitere) in the north west and Kawerau in north east to just south of Tokaanu, near Turangi at the southern end of Lake Taupo. These are the plants referred here to 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<bibRefCitation author="Allan, HH" journalOrPublisher="Flora of New Zealand" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" refId="B2" refString="Allan, HH, 1961. . Flora of New Zealand Vol. I" volume="Vol. I" year="1961">
<pageBreakToken pageId="37" pageNumber="38" start="start">Allan</pageBreakToken>
(1961
</bibRefCitation>
; p. 322) had also recognised this, and sought to rectify what he considered to be a genuine geographic mistake in 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Simpson’s">Simpson's</normalizedToken>
protologue, by his statement that 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Simpson’s">Simpson's</normalizedToken>
type locality was in fact 'Rainbow Mountain near 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Waiotapu’">Waiotapu'</normalizedToken>
. However, because 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Allan’s">Allan's</normalizedToken>
opinion cannot be matched with any supporting statement or evidence from Simpson, we simply cannot be certain where 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Simpson’s">Simpson's</normalizedToken>
type (based on Norman 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pott’s">Pott's</normalizedToken>
garden specimens) really came from. Further, the only specimen that I can unequivocally say is labelled by Simpson as 
<taxonomicName authorityName="G. Simpson" authorityYear="1945" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Leptospermum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Leptospermum ericoides subsp. var. var. microflorum" order="Myrtales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="ericoides" subSpecies="var." variety="microflorum">Leptospermum ericoides var. microflorum</taxonomicName>
is in extremely poor condition (AK 22886; Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Lectotype of Leptospermum ericoides var. microflorum G. Simpson (N. Potts s. n., AK 22886). A Specimen B George Simpson's handwriting on piece of newspaper mounted on AK 22886 over which two AK herbarium labels mounted." pageId="37" pageNumber="38">16A, B</figureCitation>
). The all-important diagnostic branchlet hairs are scant, there are only eight flowers left that are so shrivelled and damaged as to make a proper reconstruction impossible, and most of the foliage is missing. While I am convinced that 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Simpson’s">Simpson's</normalizedToken>
type matches what I have named 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, I have elected to remove any further ambiguity by redescribing the 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea" order="Myrtales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Kunzea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
endemic to the geothermal fields of the Taupo Volcanic Zone at the rank of species, with a full and detailed description, and an unambiguous wild type and duplicates gathered from a wild legally protected site where the species is uniform and widespread, and hybridism is not evident.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="37" pageNumber="38" start="Figure 16" startId="F16">
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Figure 16.</emphasis>
Lectotype of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="G. Simpson" authorityYear="1945" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Leptospermum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Leptospermum ericoides subsp. var. var. microflorum" order="Myrtales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="ericoides" subSpecies="var." variety="microflorum">Leptospermum ericoides var. microflorum</taxonomicName>
G.Simpson (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">N. Potts s.n.</emphasis>
, AK 22886). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">A</emphasis>
Specimen 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">B</emphasis>
George 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Simpson’s">Simpson's</normalizedToken>
handwriting on piece of newspaper mounted on AK 22886 over which two AK herbarium labels mounted.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
The specific epithet 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">tenuicaulis</emphasis>
refers to the numerous very fine and slender branchlets produced by this species, irrespective of its overall growth habit.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
= 
<taxonomicName authorityName="G. Simpson" authorityYear="1945" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Leptospermum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Leptospermum ericoides subsp. var. var. microflorum" order="Myrtales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="ericoides" subSpecies="var." variety="microflorum">Leptospermum ericoides var. microflorum</taxonomicName>
G.Simpson in 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">T.R.S.N.Z.</emphasis>
75, (1945), 189.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
≡ 
<taxonomicName authorityName="W. Harris" authorityYear="1987" baseAuthorityName="G. Simpson" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea ericoides subsp. var. var. microflora" order="Myrtales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="ericoides" subSpecies="var." variety="microflora">Kunzea ericoides var. microflora</taxonomicName>
(G.Simpson) W.Harris in 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">N.Z.J.Bot.</emphasis>
25, (1987), 134.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="lectotype">
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Lectotype</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">(here designated)</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
(Figs 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Lectotype of Leptospermum ericoides var. microflorum G. Simpson (N. Potts s. n., AK 22886). A Specimen B George Simpson's handwriting on piece of newspaper mounted on AK 22886 over which two AK herbarium labels mounted." pageId="37" pageNumber="38">16</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 17. Lectotype of Leptospermum ericoides var. microflora G. Simpson (N. Potts s. n., CHR 48079) as selected by Allan (1961). This sheet has no nomenclatural status as it cannot unequivocally be shown to have been handled by the naming author George Simpson. The label details are written in the hand of T. Rawson then technician to H. H. Allan (P. B. Heenan pers. comm.)." pageId="37" pageNumber="38">17</figureCitation>
).
</emphasis>
&quot; 
<taxonomicName authorityName="G. Simpson" authorityYear="1945" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Leptospermum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Leptospermum ericoides subsp. var. var. microflorum" order="Myrtales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="ericoides" subSpecies="var." variety="microflorum">Leptospermum ericoides var. microflorum</taxonomicName>
, [R]ainbow Mt, Potts&quot; AK 22886! (label in George 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Simpson’s">Simpson's</normalizedToken>
hand, written in pencil on back of piece of printed paper (possibly newspaper) (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Lectotype of Leptospermum ericoides var. microflorum G. Simpson (N. Potts s. n., AK 22886). A Specimen B George Simpson's handwriting on piece of newspaper mounted on AK 22886 over which two AK herbarium labels mounted." pageId="37" pageNumber="38">16B</figureCitation>
)).
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="37" pageNumber="38" start="Figure 17" startId="F17">
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Figure 17.</emphasis>
Lectotype of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Leptospermum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Leptospermum ericoides subsp. var. var. microflora" order="Myrtales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="ericoides" subSpecies="var." variety="microflora">Leptospermum ericoides var. microflora</taxonomicName>
G.Simpson (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">N. Potts s.n.</emphasis>
, CHR 48079) as selected by 
<bibRefCitation author="Allan, HH" journalOrPublisher="Flora of New Zealand" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" refId="B2" refString="Allan, HH, 1961. . Flora of New Zealand Vol. I" volume="Vol. I" year="1961">Allan (1961)</bibRefCitation>
. This sheet has no nomenclatural status as it cannot unequivocally be shown to have been handled by the naming author George Simpson. The label details are written in the hand of T. Rawson then technician to H. H. Allan (P. B. Heenan pers. comm.).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="notes">
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Notes.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicName authorityName="G. Simpson" authorityYear="1945" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Leptospermum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Leptospermum ericoides subsp. var. var. microflorum" order="Myrtales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="ericoides" subSpecies="var." variety="microflorum">Leptospermum ericoides var. microflorum</taxonomicName>
was briefly described by 
<bibRefCitation author="Simpson, G" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" pagination="187 - 202" publicationUrl="http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_75/rsnz_75_02_003230.html" refId="B116" refString="Simpson, G, 1945. Notes on some New Zealand plants and descriptions of new species (No. 4). Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 75: 187 - 202, http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_75/rsnz_75_02_003230.html" title="Notes on some New Zealand plants and descriptions of new species (No. 4)." url="http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_75/rsnz_75_02_003230.html" volume="75" year="1945">Simpson (1945)</bibRefCitation>
and for most of his protologue his intent is clear. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Simpson’s">Simpson's</normalizedToken>
type collections were based on a specimen that had been cultivated by Mr N. Potts of Opotiki. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Potts’s">Potts's</normalizedToken>
plant was said to have come from Rainbow Mountain (
<bibRefCitation author="Simpson, G" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" pagination="187 - 202" publicationUrl="http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_75/rsnz_75_02_003230.html" refId="B116" refString="Simpson, G, 1945. Notes on some New Zealand plants and descriptions of new species (No. 4). Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 75: 187 - 202, http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_75/rsnz_75_02_003230.html" title="Notes on some New Zealand plants and descriptions of new species (No. 4)." url="http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_75/rsnz_75_02_003230.html" volume="75" year="1945">Simpson 1945</bibRefCitation>
). The fact that
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
Potts, a North Island botanist, wrote to Simpson stating &quot;the plant occupies craters on Rainbow Mountain&quot; strongly suggests that his plant had come from Rainbow (Maungakakaramea) Mountain (
<geoCoordinate degrees="38" direction="south" minutes="19" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-38.316666">38°19'S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="176" direction="east" minutes="23" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="176.38333">176°23'E</geoCoordinate>
), an old volcanic vent and active geothermal field just to the north east of the small settlement of Waiotapu on the western marches of the Kaingaroa State Forest in the North Island.
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
Despite this, Simpson explicitly states 'Habitat: Mineral belt, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Nelson’">Nelson'</normalizedToken>
(a South Island location), and further 'Specimens from a plant in cultivation by Mr N. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Potts’">Potts'</normalizedToken>
garden at Opotiki, collected at Rainbow Mountain, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Nelson’">Nelson'</normalizedToken>
. Subsequently, 
<bibRefCitation author="Allan, HH" journalOrPublisher="Flora of New Zealand" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" refId="B2" refString="Allan, HH, 1961. . Flora of New Zealand Vol. I" volume="Vol. I" year="1961">Allan (1961</bibRefCitation>
; p. 322) stated that the variety is 'known with certainty only from the type locality: Rainbow Mountain near 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Waiotapu’">Waiotapu'</normalizedToken>
and that Simpson has 'inadvertently given the locality as &quot;Mineral belt, Nelson 
<normalizedToken originalValue="”’">&quot;'</normalizedToken>
. This, while probably true (see above) is not strictly correct, as Simpson twice cited Nelson as the source of the plants, and as far as I can determine never clarified the apparent ambiguity in subsequent literature or correspondence with Allan or anyone else-though the handwriting on CHR 48079, 'Note published as Mineral Belt by mistake. cf. Miss L.B. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Moore’">Moore'</normalizedToken>
suggests that L. B. Moore might have obtained some comment from someone about the original source 
<pageBreakToken pageId="38" pageNumber="39" start="start">of</pageBreakToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Potts’s">Potts's</normalizedToken>
specimens. Irrespective, based on available evidence we cannot be sure of what 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Simpson’s">Simpson's</normalizedToken>
statements about the source of his type material really meant.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<bibRefCitation author="Simpson, G" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" pagination="187 - 202" publicationUrl="http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_75/rsnz_75_02_003230.html" refId="B116" refString="Simpson, G, 1945. Notes on some New Zealand plants and descriptions of new species (No. 4). Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 75: 187 - 202, http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_75/rsnz_75_02_003230.html" title="Notes on some New Zealand plants and descriptions of new species (No. 4)." url="http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_75/rsnz_75_02_003230.html" volume="75" year="1945">Simpson (1945)</bibRefCitation>
also explicitly states that the ' 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">specimens</emphasis>
' (my emphasis) on which he based his name were lodged in the 'Herbarium Plant Research Bureau, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Wellington’">Wellington'</normalizedToken>
then known as BD (Botany Division) and now CHR. 
<bibRefCitation author="Allan, HH" journalOrPublisher="Flora of New Zealand" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" refId="B2" refString="Allan, HH, 1961. . Flora of New Zealand Vol. I" volume="Vol. I" year="1961">Allan (1961</bibRefCitation>
; p. 322) lectotypified the name (from a specimen in the former Botany Division Herbarium that he evidently considered was part of the type gathering) in the following manner 'Type: BD 48079, from a plant cultivated by N. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Potts’">Potts'</normalizedToken>
. That specimen (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 17. Lectotype of Leptospermum ericoides var. microflora G. Simpson (N. Potts s. n., CHR 48079) as selected by Allan (1961). This sheet has no nomenclatural status as it cannot unequivocally be shown to have been handled by the naming author George Simpson. The label details are written in the hand of T. Rawson then technician to H. H. Allan (P. B. Heenan pers. comm.)." pageId="38" pageNumber="39">17</figureCitation>
), now CHR 48079, is clearly labelled 
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘TYPE’">'TYPE'</normalizedToken>
in red ink, in what is probably the hand of T. Rawson, then Technician to Allan (P. B. Heenan pers. comm.). However none of the associated handwriting on the label is in 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Simpson’s">Simpson's</normalizedToken>
hand (see 
<bibRefCitation author="Heenan, PB" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Botany" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="439 - 454" publicationUrl="10.1080/0028825X.1995.10410617" refId="B69" refString="Heenan, PB, 1995. Typification of names in Carmichaelia, Chordospartium, Corallospartium and Notospartium (Fabaceae - Galegeae) from New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 33: 439 - 454, DOI: 10.1080/0028825X.1995.10410617" title="Typification of names in Carmichaelia, Chordospartium, Corallospartium and Notospartium (Fabaceae - Galegeae) from New Zealand." url="10.1080/0028825X.1995.10410617" volume="33" year="1995">Heenan 1995</bibRefCitation>
) and, beyond the filing of the specimen in the 'Simpson 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Herbarium’">Herbarium'</normalizedToken>
there is nothing to clearly identify this gathering as one that Simpson had actually handled, let alone anything to show that Potts gathered the specimen. For these reasons I reject 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Allan’s">Allan's</normalizedToken>
typification.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
In AK I have located a further gathering attributed to Simpson, AK 22886, bearing several labels (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Lectotype of Leptospermum ericoides var. microflorum G. Simpson (N. Potts s. n., AK 22886). A Specimen B George Simpson's handwriting on piece of newspaper mounted on AK 22886 over which two AK herbarium labels mounted." pageId="38" pageNumber="39">16A, B</figureCitation>
). The main label is an official one of the type used at AK between 1929 and about the early 1970s (E. K. Cameron pers. comm.) and is labelled in blue ink 'Rainbow Mt., Nelson, N. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Potts’">Potts'</normalizedToken>
and 
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘cotype’">'cotype'</normalizedToken>
in handwriting that is most likely that of the herbarium curator at AK toward the end of the 1940s, B. E. Molesworth. Beneath that label, on the back of a small scrap of what appears to be newspaper, is a pencil annotation in 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Simpson’s">Simpson's</normalizedToken>
distinctive handwriting (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Lectotype of Leptospermum ericoides var. microflorum G. Simpson (N. Potts s. n., AK 22886). A Specimen B George Simpson's handwriting on piece of newspaper mounted on AK 22886 over which two AK herbarium labels mounted." pageId="38" pageNumber="39">16B</figureCitation>
; see also 
<bibRefCitation author="Heenan, PB" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Botany" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="439 - 454" publicationUrl="10.1080/0028825X.1995.10410617" refId="B69" refString="Heenan, PB, 1995. Typification of names in Carmichaelia, Chordospartium, Corallospartium and Notospartium (Fabaceae - Galegeae) from New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 33: 439 - 454, DOI: 10.1080/0028825X.1995.10410617" title="Typification of names in Carmichaelia, Chordospartium, Corallospartium and Notospartium (Fabaceae - Galegeae) from New Zealand." url="10.1080/0028825X.1995.10410617" volume="33" year="1995">Heenan 1995</bibRefCitation>
), ' 
<taxonomicName authorityName="G. Simpson" authorityYear="1945" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Leptospermum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Leptospermum ericoides subsp. var. var. microflorum" order="Myrtales" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="ericoides" subSpecies="var." variety="microflorum">Leptospermum ericoides var. microflorum</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="…">...</normalizedToken>
[R]ainbow Mt 
<normalizedToken originalValue="…Potts’">...Potts'</normalizedToken>
. As the official AK label was inadvertently glued over part of 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Simpson’s">Simpson's</normalizedToken>
handwriting, what I regard as the letter 
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘R’">'R'</normalizedToken>
has been partially erased by glue and dirt and is thus no longer fully legible (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Lectotype of Leptospermum ericoides var. microflorum G. Simpson (N. Potts s. n., AK 22886). A Specimen B George Simpson's handwriting on piece of newspaper mounted on AK 22886 over which two AK herbarium labels mounted." pageId="38" pageNumber="39">16B</figureCitation>
). There is no doubt in my mind however, that the locality on the label is Rainbow Mountain.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
Although Simpson makes it clear that specimens of his new variety were to be found in what is now the Allan Herbarium (CHR), I cannot now find any specimens there that unequivocally show this, and yet, as Simpson indicates that he had lodged 
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘specimens’">'specimens'</normalizedToken>
, I feel it unwise to regard the AK specimen as a holotype because other collections may exist. For this reason I select AK 22886 as lectotype. I consider CHR 48079 as having no nomenclatural status because there is no evidence that Simpson ever handled or in anyway used it to describe his variety.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
The varietal epithet ' 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">microflorum</emphasis>
' was adopted by 
<bibRefCitation author="Simpson, G" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" pagination="187 - 202" publicationUrl="http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_75/rsnz_75_02_003230.html" refId="B116" refString="Simpson, G, 1945. Notes on some New Zealand plants and descriptions of new species (No. 4). Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 75: 187 - 202, http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_75/rsnz_75_02_003230.html" title="Notes on some New Zealand plants and descriptions of new species (No. 4)." url="http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_75/rsnz_75_02_003230.html" volume="75" year="1945">Simpson (1945)</bibRefCitation>
in the mistaken belief that his 
<taxonomicName authorityName="G. Simpson" authorityYear="1945" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Leptospermum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Leptospermum ericoides subsp. var. var. microflorum" order="Myrtales" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="ericoides" subSpecies="var." variety="microflorum">Leptospermum ericoides var. microflorum</taxonomicName>
had smaller flowers than the type variety.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Description</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
(Figs 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="F18" captionText="Figure 18. Distinguishing features of Kunzea tenuicaulis. A Flowering branchlet (ex cult. AK 284554) B Fruiting branchlet (ex cult. AK 284554) C Vegetative bud and branchlet indumentum (ex cult. AK 284554) D Seedling (no voucher, self sown from AK 284554) E Adaxial leaf surface (ex cult. AK 284554) F Abaxial leaf surface (ex cult. AK 284554) G Leaf variation within the same individual (ex cult. AK 284554) H Adaxial leaf apex (ex cult. AK 284554) I Leaf margin indumentum (ex cult. AK 284554) J Flower (top view) (ex cult. AK 284554) K Flower and hypanthium (side view) (ex cult. AK 284554) L Flower cross section showing anther, style and ovules (ex cult. AK 284554) M Style and stigma (ex cult. AK 282217) N Stamens (ex cult. AK 282217) O Dehisced fruit (ex cult. AK 282217). Scale bars: (A, B, D, G) 10 mm; (C, E, F, J-O) 1 mm; (I) 0.5 mm." pageId="38" pageNumber="39">18</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="F19" captionText="Figure 19. Scanning Electron Micrographs of Kunzea tenuicaulis. A-F all AK 288105) Branchlet indumentum G-J Seeds (AK 286159, AK 288105). Scale bars: (A, G) 1 mm; (B-F, H-J) 100 μm." pageId="38" pageNumber="39">19</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Figure 20. Kunzea tenuicaulis. A Kunzea tenuicaulis habitat, North Island, Karapiti (Craters of the Moon) (photo: P. J. de Lange) B Kunzea tenuicaulis habitat, North Island, Maungakakaramea (Rainbow Mountain) Scenic Reserve, Crater area (photo: P. B. Cashmore) C Kunzea tenuicaulis decumbent form on heated ground, Maungakakaramea (Rainbow Mountain) Scenic Reserve, Crater area (photo: P. B. Cashmore) D Kunzea tenuicaulis tree form showing multi-trunked growth habit and widely spreading, narrow branchlets, North Island, Rotorua, Kuiarau Park (photo: P. B. Cashmore) E Kunzea tenuicaulis tree form showing pendulous growth habit, North Island, Rotorua, Kuiarau Park (photo: P. B. Cashmore) F Kunzea tenuicaulis tree form showing multi-trunked, widely spreading, pendulous growth habit, North Island, Rotorua, Kuiarau Park (photo: P. B. Cashmore) G Kunzea tenuicaulis showing characteristic, flexuose trunks and widely spreading branches; North Island, Tokaanu, Tokaanu Geothermal Reserve, (photo: P. J. de Lange) H Kunzea tenuicaulis trunk and bark, North Island, Tokaanu, Tokaanu Geothermal Reserve, (photo: P. J. de Lange) I Kunzea tenuicaulis trunk and bark, North Island, Paeroa Range, Te Kopia Geothermal Reserve (photo: P. J. de Lange); (J) Kunzea tenuicaulis branches showing distinctive widely spreading, fine, pendulous branchlets, North Island, Tikitere (Hell's Gate) Thermal Park, (photo: P. J. de Lange) K Kunzea tenuicaulis flowering branchlet showing, compact corymbiform botrya, North Island, Waiotapu Geothermal Park (photo: G. M. Crowcroft)." pageId="38" pageNumber="39">20</figureCitation>
).
</emphasis>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<pageBreakToken pageId="39" pageNumber="40" start="start">Growth</pageBreakToken>
habit
</emphasis>
decumbent, trailing subshrubs, shrubs or small trees 0.1-6.0(-8.0) 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
2.0-6.0(-8.0) m. For specimens with a tree habit, crown widely spreading, often arching to somewhat pendulous. For specimens found around active fumaroles or on open, geothermally heated ground, growth habit varying from completely decumbent and densely branched, with stems sprawling across ground, to semi-erect, densely branched, widely spreading, often pendulous. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Trunk</emphasis>
in tree forms (1-)4-6 arising from base, 0.1-0.6 m d.b.h., these branching from close to base, with branches thinning in close canopies only; in decumbent plants trunk virtually indistinguishable, 0.01-0.10 m diam., trailing to semi-erect, curved and somewhat sinuous, in erect plants at first erect, soon widely spreading and curving to somewhat sinuous. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Bark</emphasis>
early bark greyish brown to brown, initially firm, somewhat sinuous-fluted, elongate, over time cracking transversely (especially on branch flanges and decurrent leaf bases), and with margins gradually detaching and rolling-in to present as easily detached, papery, narrowly short to long, somewhat irregular-margined flakes; old bark grey-brown to grey, chartaceous to mildly corky, flaking readily in short to long, usually narrow and slightly sinuous to irregular, tabular shards, these usually remaining attached in several places with the spaces between detached, cracked and more or less raised, upper bark surface often with much secondary peeling and transverse cracking, crumbling in hand easily. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Branches</emphasis>
numerous, rather narrow and long, often weakly flexuose, in decumbent plants prostrate, trailing, otherwise initially ascending, soon suberect to widely spreading, and arching, often pendulous; branchlets numerous, very leafy, rather slender, quadrangular, sericeous, with dense, silky indumentum; hairs persistent, divergent, weakly flexuose, 0.03-0.06(-0.08) mm, hyaline to translucent (appearing white when young maturing grey), hair apices more or less straight. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Vegetative buds</emphasis>
inconspicuous, usually obscured by surrounding foliage; at resting stage 0.5-1.0(-1.6) mm diam.; scales scarious, deciduous, (0.3-)0.8(-1.3) mm long, red-brown to dark brown, initially broadly ovate grading through to broadly lanceolate; midrib prominent, strongly keeled, prolonged to cuspidate tip, with 1-2 lateral veins either side, and two prominent rows of 3-8 oil glands straddling midrib, margins and keel apex ciliate. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Leaves</emphasis>
heterophyllous, seedling and subadult leaves flat or involute, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
spreading to recurved; 0.9-3.0(-4.5) 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.2-0.4(-0.6) mm, red-green or pale green suffused with red, rarely bright green; lamina finely linear-lanceolate, long persistent in stressed habitats (in damaged plants reversion shoots bearing juvenile foliage frequent); adult leaves 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
spreading to patent; lamina (1.1-)4.0(-10.0) 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
(0.8-)1.3(-2.8) mm, dark glossy green, red-green, to bronze-green, narrowly oblanceolate, oblanceolate, obovate to obovate-rostrate; usually recurved from about half of total length, apex usually obtuse, rounded, rarely subacute, cuspidate; base attenuate; adaxial surface convex, finely glandular punctate; oil glands up to 590, more evident when dry, midrib slightly raised to depressed near base, otherwise depressed for entire length, glabrous, very rarely with fine antrorse hairs near base; abaxial surface slightly concave, finely glandular punctate, oil glands less obvious, up to 280, these more evident when dry; midrib depressed, finely and sparsely covered with sericeous, deciduous, antrorse-appressed hairs, these increasing in density toward base; lamina margin sparsely to densely, finely sericeous, hairy; hairs weakly flexuose, appressed to weakly spreading, antrorse to subantrorse, up to 0.1 mm, hyaline to translucent, appearing as white to naked eye, aligned in 1 row not quite meeting at cuspidate leaf apex. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Perules</emphasis>
scarious, basal ones usually persistent, these 0.4-1.0 mm long, pale brown to brown, broadly oblong to oblong-lanceolate, margins involute especially in upper third, midrib strongly keeled, prolonged as a cuspidate apex, with one row of 4-8 oil glands on each side of midrib, glabrous except for finely ciliate margin and apex; remaining perules deciduous, chartaceous, (0.6-)0.8(-1.4) mm long, pink to pinkish-white when fresh, drying apricot to apricot-brown, ovate to broadly oval, apex obtuse often appearing acute due to apical infolding, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
cuspidate, glabrous except for sparsely ciliate margin, strongly keeled, keel 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
prolonged. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Inflorescence</emphasis>
usually a compact, (1-)6(-10)-flowered corymbiform botryum up to 25 mm long, borne on alternate brachyblasts up to 15 mm long, with those near branchlet apex usually subopposite; inflorescences at the ultimate branchlet tips rarely elongated, in which case these are invariably surmounted with terminal vegetative growth. Inflorescence axis densely invested with divergent hairs. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Pherophylls</emphasis>
deciduous (falling very early), tightly clasping pedicels to 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
spreading, 0.5-1.0 mm long, initially foliose soon squamiform; foliose pherophylls pale green, oblong, oblong-obovate to oblanceolate, margins and apex finely ciliate; squamiform pherophylls brown or pink, drying apricot-brown or amber, broadly deltoid to oblong-ovate, margins involute especially in upper one-third, midrib strongly keeled, prolonged as cuspidate apex, with one row of 4-8 oil glands on each side; glabrous except for the finely ciliate margin and apex; similar to perules in size and shape at apex. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Pedicels</emphasis>
(1.0-)2.1(-2.4) mm long at anthesis, elongating slightly after anthesis, terete, copiously invested in slightly flexuose, antrorse to subantrorse sericeous hairs. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Flower buds</emphasis>
clavate to pyriform, apex distinctly domed (due to thickened calyx lobes) prior to bud burst with calyx valves 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
meeting. Fresh flowers when fully expanded (3.3-)5.5(-9.0) mm diam. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Hypanthium</emphasis>
(1.8-)2.5(-3.3) 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
(1.7-)2.4(-3.1) mm, with free portion 0.3-0.8(-1.0) mm long, dark green often basally mottled or flushed with red when fresh, drying brown to grey; narrowly cupular to campanulate terminating in a slightly thicker rim bearing five persistent calyx lobes; surface smooth, finely gland-dotted, and puberulent, with weakly defined ridges leading up to calyx lobes (these becoming more distinct upon drying); hairs shortly subantrorse to antrorse. Calyx lobes 5, upright (not spreading), firmly fleshy, 0.4(-0.8) 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.4(-1.0) mm, persistent, oblong, oblong-ovate to broadly triangular, in longitudinal-section distinctly thicker at base, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
subtended by a faint to prominent groove at the external junction with the hypanthium, otherwise tapering to apex, scarcely keeled (the keel if evident recognisable as a darker green or pink, thicker central prolongation of the hypanthium ridges), margins cream to pale pink, gland-dotted, oil glands usually colourless sometimes pink; otherwise glabrate except for ciliate margins; cilia widely spreading. Receptacle green or pale pink at anthesis, darkening to crimson-red or magenta after fertilisation. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Petals</emphasis>
5(-6), 1.4-1.6(-2.0) 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1.4-1.6(-2.0) mm, white or pinkish white, usually basally flushed pink, very rarely completely pink, orbicular, sometimes cuneate, apex obtuse to rotund, margins plane or finely crimped 3-12 times, oil glands not evident when fresh, drying colourless. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Stamens</emphasis>
10-24(-32) in 1(-2) weakly defined whorls, arising from receptacular rim, filaments white often tinged rose-pink toward base. Antipetalous stamens 2(-3), antisepalous 1(-4). Outermost antipetalous stamens usually weakly to strongly incurved, on filaments 0.9-2.2 mm long; inner stamen, if present, 0.6-0.8 mm, strongly incurved; very rarely a further 1-2 strongly incurved stamens, 0.4-0.7 mm long, may be present at the base of the outermost antipetalous pair. Antisepalous stamens much shorter than outermost antipetalous stamens, 0.3-0.8 mm, incurved, rarely outcurved or in mixtures of both. Anthers dorsifixed, 0.04-0.08 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.02-0.04 mm, testiculate, latrorse. Pollen white (12.8-)14.7(-16.6) 
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
. Anther connective gland prominent, orange when fresh, drying pale brown, spheroidal, distinctly papillate. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Ovary</emphasis>
(3-)4(-5) locular, each with 15-18(-22) ovules in two rows on each placental lobe. Style 2.0-2.6(-3.6) mm long at anthesis, often elongating slightly after anthesis, white basally flushed with pink; stigma capitate, scarcely wider than style, domed along margins with a central depression, pale cream to pink, surface papillate to distinctly rugulose. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fruits</emphasis>
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
persistent, (1.0-)2.3(-3.3) 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
(1.6-)2.2(-3.2) mm, light brown to grey, usually barrel-shaped, rarely cupular, splits concealed by dried, suberect to erect, free portion of hypanthium. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Seeds</emphasis>
0.80-1.00 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.45-0.50 mm, narrowly oblong, oblong, oblong-obovate to falcate-oblong, curved near apex, laterally compressed, 2-3-angled with convex to flattened faces, apex rounded, base cuneate to oblique, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
flattened; testa semi-glossy, orange-brown, surface coarsely reticulate. FL: (Aug-)Sep-Oct(-Mar) FT: Jan-May(-Nov). Chromosome Number 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">n</emphasis>
= 11II, 2 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">n</emphasis>
= 22 (
<bibRefCitation author="de Lange, PJ" journalOrPublisher="Australian Journal of Botany" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="609 - 617" publicationUrl="10.1071/BT04060" refId="B42" refString="de Lange, PJ, Murray, BG, 2004. Chromosome numbers in Kunzea (Myrtaceae). Australian Journal of Botany 52: 609 - 617, DOI: 10.1071/BT04060" title="Chromosome numbers in Kunzea (Myrtaceae)." url="10.1071/BT04060" volume="52" year="2004">de Lange and Murray 2004</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="39" pageNumber="40" start="Figure 18" startId="F18">
<paragraph pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Figure 18.</emphasis>
Distinguishing features of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">A</emphasis>
Flowering branchlet (ex cult. AK 284554) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">B</emphasis>
Fruiting branchlet (ex cult. AK 284554) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">C</emphasis>
Vegetative bud and branchlet indumentum (ex cult. AK 284554) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">D</emphasis>
Seedling (no voucher, self sown from AK 284554) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">E</emphasis>
Adaxial leaf surface (ex cult. AK 284554) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">F</emphasis>
Abaxial leaf surface (ex cult. AK 284554) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">G</emphasis>
Leaf variation within the same individual (ex cult. AK 284554) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">H</emphasis>
Adaxial leaf apex (ex cult. AK 284554) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">I</emphasis>
Leaf margin indumentum (ex cult. AK 284554) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">J</emphasis>
Flower (top view) (ex cult. AK 284554) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">K</emphasis>
Flower and hypanthium (side view) (ex cult. AK 284554) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">L</emphasis>
Flower cross section showing anther, style and ovules (ex cult. AK 284554) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">M</emphasis>
Style and stigma (ex cult. AK 282217) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">N</emphasis>
Stamens (ex cult. AK 282217) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">O</emphasis>
Dehisced fruit (ex cult. AK 282217). Scale bars: (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">A, B, D, G</emphasis>
) 10 mm; (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">C, E, F, J-O</emphasis>
) 1 mm; (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">I</emphasis>
) 0.5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="39" pageNumber="40" start="Figure 19" startId="F19">
<paragraph pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Figure 19.</emphasis>
Scanning Electron Micrographs of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">A-F</emphasis>
all AK 288105) Branchlet indumentum 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">G-J</emphasis>
Seeds (AK 286159, AK 288105). Scale bars: (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">A, G</emphasis>
) 1 mm; (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">B-F, H-J</emphasis>
) 100 
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="39" pageNumber="40" start="Figure 20" startId="F20">
<paragraph pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Figure 20.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">A</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
habitat, North Island, Karapiti (Craters of the Moon) (photo: 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">P. J. de Lange</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">B</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
habitat, North Island, Maungakakaramea (Rainbow Mountain) Scenic Reserve, Crater area (photo: 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">P. B. Cashmore</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">C</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
decumbent form on heated ground, Maungakakaramea (Rainbow Mountain) Scenic Reserve, Crater area (photo: 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">P. B. Cashmore</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">D</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
tree form showing multi-trunked growth habit and widely spreading, narrow branchlets, North Island, Rotorua, Kuiarau Park (photo: 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">P. B. Cashmore</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">E</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
tree form showing pendulous growth habit, North Island, Rotorua, Kuiarau Park (photo: 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">P. B. Cashmore</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">F</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
tree form showing multi-trunked, widely spreading, pendulous growth habit, North Island, Rotorua, Kuiarau Park (photo: 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">P. B. Cashmore</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">G</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
showing characteristic, flexuose trunks and widely spreading branches; North Island, Tokaanu, Tokaanu Geothermal Reserve, (photo: 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">P. J. de Lange</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">H</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
trunk and bark, North Island, Tokaanu, Tokaanu Geothermal Reserve, (photo: 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">P. J. de Lange</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">I</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
trunk and bark, North Island, Paeroa Range, Te Kopia Geothermal Reserve (photo: 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">P. J. de Lange</emphasis>
); (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">J</emphasis>
) 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
branches showing distinctive widely spreading, fine, pendulous branchlets, North Island, Tikitere (
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hell’s">Hell's</normalizedToken>
Gate) Thermal Park, (photo: 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">P. J. de Lange</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">K</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
flowering branchlet showing, compact corymbiform botrya, North Island, Waiotapu Geothermal Park (photo: 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">G. M. Crowcroft</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="representative specimens">
<paragraph pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Representative specimens</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">(80 sheets seen).</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">New Zealand (North Island).</emphasis>
Kawerau, Ruruanga Stream (Parimahana Geothermal Field), P. J. de Lange 4628, 7 Nov 2000, (K 288085); Tikitere (
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hell’s">Hell's</normalizedToken>
Gate) Geothermal Field, Upper Waiohewa Stream, P. J. de Lange 4628, 7 Nov 2000, (AK 288086); Rotorua, Kuirau Park, P. J. de Lange 4627, 7 Nov 2000, (AK 286156); Whakarewarewa Park, L. Cockayne s.n., 29 Dec 1905, (WELT SP029450); Waimangu Thermal Area, near Lake Rotomahana, R. J. Chinnock s.n., 17 Oct 1967, (WELTU 9731); Maungakakaramea (Rainbow Mountain), P. J. de Lange 4223, 26 Jan 2000, (AK 286186); Te Kopia Geothermal Area, P. J. de Lange 4700, 16 Nov 2000, (AK 288099, Duplicates: AD, MEL, MO); Paeroa Range, Waikite Geothermal Reserve, P. J. de Lange 4713 &amp; R. O. Gardner, 19 Nov 2000, (AK 286168, Duplicates: AD, WELT); Te Kopia - Waihunuhunu Road, Waihunuhunu Stream, P. J. de Lange 4699, 16 Nov 2000, (AK 288087, Duplicates: AD, FI, HO, MSC, P); Waikato River, Lake Ohakuri, Orakeikorako, P. J. de Lange 4693, 16 Nov 2000, (AK 286170); Waikato River, Wairakei, P. J. de Lange 4683, 10 Nov 2000, (AK 288084, Duplicate: AD); Wairakei Geothermal Field, Karapiti, Craters of the Moon, P. J. de Lange 5765, 10 Nov 2003, (AK 286152, Duplicates: CANB, CANU, MSC, NSW, Z); Lake Taupo, The Spa, D. Petrie s.n., Dec 1895, (WELT SP029561); Tokaanu, Tokaanu Geothermal Reserve, P. J. de Lange 4582, 19 Oct 2000, (AK 288103, Duplicates: AD, HO, MEL, WELT).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Distribution</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
(Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Distribution of Kunzea ericoides, Kunzea salterae, Kunzea sinclairii, Kunzea tenuicaulis, Kunzea toelkenii, Kunzea triregensis and Kunzea &quot; Lottin Point &quot;." pageId="39" pageNumber="40">7</figureCitation>
).
</emphasis>
Endemic, New Zealand, North Island, Bay of Plenty to the Central North Island (40-580 m a.s.l.). Confined to active geothermal fields (i.e. those with surface expression) of the Taupo Volcanic Zone (for geology see 
<bibRefCitation author="Healy, J" editor="Soons, JM" journalOrPublisher="Longman Paul, Auckland" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="256 - 286" refId="B68" refString="Healy, J, 1992. Central volcanic region,. In: Soons, JM, Selby, MJ, Eds., Landforms of New Zealand. Longman Paul, Auckland: 256 - 286" title="Central volcanic region," volumeTitle="Landforms of New Zealand." year="1992">Healy 1992</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Houghton, BF" journalOrPublisher="Geology" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="13 - 16" publicationUrl="10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023&lt;0013:CADOAL&gt;2.3.CO;2" refId="B78" refString="Houghton, BF, Wilson, CJN, McWilliams, MO, Lanphere, MA, Weaver, SD, Briggs, RM, Pringle, MS, 1995. Chronology and dynamics of a large silicic magmatic system: central Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand. Geology 23: 13 - 16, DOI: 10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023&lt;0013:CADOAL&gt;2.3.CO;2" title="Chronology and dynamics of a large silicic magmatic system: central Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand." url="10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023&lt;0013:CADOAL&gt;2.3.CO;2" volume="23" year="1995">Houghton et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, CJN" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" pagination="1 - 28" publicationUrl="10.1016/0377-0273(95)00006-G" refId="B137" refString="Wilson, CJN, Houghton, BF, McWilliams, MO, Lamphere, MA, Weaver, SD, Briggs, RM, 1995. Volcanic and structural evolution of Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand: a review. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 68: 1 - 28, DOI: 10.1016/0377-0273(95)00006-G" title="Volcanic and structural evolution of Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand: a review." url="10.1016/0377-0273(95)00006-G" volume="68" year="1995">Wilson et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Neall, VE" editor="Sturman, A" journalOrPublisher="Oxford University Press, Melbourne" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="39 - 60" refId="B94" refString="Neall, VE, 2001. Volcanic landforms. In: Sturman, A, Spronken-Smith, R, Eds., The Physical Environment - a New Zealand Perspective. Oxford University Press, Melbourne: 39 - 60" title="Volcanic landforms." volumeTitle="The Physical Environment - a New Zealand Perspective." year="2001">Neall 2001</bibRefCitation>
) from the vicinity of Kawerau (Parimahana Geothermal Field) and Lake Rotoiti (Tikitere) south to Tokaanu and the hills above Waaihi, Lake Taupo (Figs 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Figure 20. Kunzea tenuicaulis. A Kunzea tenuicaulis habitat, North Island, Karapiti (Craters of the Moon) (photo: P. J. de Lange) B Kunzea tenuicaulis habitat, North Island, Maungakakaramea (Rainbow Mountain) Scenic Reserve, Crater area (photo: P. B. Cashmore) C Kunzea tenuicaulis decumbent form on heated ground, Maungakakaramea (Rainbow Mountain) Scenic Reserve, Crater area (photo: P. B. Cashmore) D Kunzea tenuicaulis tree form showing multi-trunked growth habit and widely spreading, narrow branchlets, North Island, Rotorua, Kuiarau Park (photo: P. B. Cashmore) E Kunzea tenuicaulis tree form showing pendulous growth habit, North Island, Rotorua, Kuiarau Park (photo: P. B. Cashmore) F Kunzea tenuicaulis tree form showing multi-trunked, widely spreading, pendulous growth habit, North Island, Rotorua, Kuiarau Park (photo: P. B. Cashmore) G Kunzea tenuicaulis showing characteristic, flexuose trunks and widely spreading branches; North Island, Tokaanu, Tokaanu Geothermal Reserve, (photo: P. J. de Lange) H Kunzea tenuicaulis trunk and bark, North Island, Tokaanu, Tokaanu Geothermal Reserve, (photo: P. J. de Lange) I Kunzea tenuicaulis trunk and bark, North Island, Paeroa Range, Te Kopia Geothermal Reserve (photo: P. J. de Lange); (J) Kunzea tenuicaulis branches showing distinctive widely spreading, fine, pendulous branchlets, North Island, Tikitere (Hell's Gate) Thermal Park, (photo: P. J. de Lange) K Kunzea tenuicaulis flowering branchlet showing, compact corymbiform botrya, North Island, Waiotapu Geothermal Park (photo: G. M. Crowcroft)." pageId="39" pageNumber="40">20A-C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Holotype of Kunzea salterae (P. J. de Lange 6471 &amp; P. B. Cashmore, AK 289816)." pageId="39" pageNumber="40">21</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="42" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="recognition">
<paragraph pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Recognition.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
<pageBreakToken pageId="40" pageNumber="41" start="start">Kunzea</pageBreakToken>
tenuicaulis
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is recognised by a combination of growth habit, branchlet hair and floral characters (Figs 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="F19" captionText="Figure 19. Scanning Electron Micrographs of Kunzea tenuicaulis. A-F all AK 288105) Branchlet indumentum G-J Seeds (AK 286159, AK 288105). Scale bars: (A, G) 1 mm; (B-F, H-J) 100 μm." pageId="40" pageNumber="41">19</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Figure 20. Kunzea tenuicaulis. A Kunzea tenuicaulis habitat, North Island, Karapiti (Craters of the Moon) (photo: P. J. de Lange) B Kunzea tenuicaulis habitat, North Island, Maungakakaramea (Rainbow Mountain) Scenic Reserve, Crater area (photo: P. B. Cashmore) C Kunzea tenuicaulis decumbent form on heated ground, Maungakakaramea (Rainbow Mountain) Scenic Reserve, Crater area (photo: P. B. Cashmore) D Kunzea tenuicaulis tree form showing multi-trunked growth habit and widely spreading, narrow branchlets, North Island, Rotorua, Kuiarau Park (photo: P. B. Cashmore) E Kunzea tenuicaulis tree form showing pendulous growth habit, North Island, Rotorua, Kuiarau Park (photo: P. B. Cashmore) F Kunzea tenuicaulis tree form showing multi-trunked, widely spreading, pendulous growth habit, North Island, Rotorua, Kuiarau Park (photo: P. B. Cashmore) G Kunzea tenuicaulis showing characteristic, flexuose trunks and widely spreading branches; North Island, Tokaanu, Tokaanu Geothermal Reserve, (photo: P. J. de Lange) H Kunzea tenuicaulis trunk and bark, North Island, Tokaanu, Tokaanu Geothermal Reserve, (photo: P. J. de Lange) I Kunzea tenuicaulis trunk and bark, North Island, Paeroa Range, Te Kopia Geothermal Reserve (photo: P. J. de Lange); (J) Kunzea tenuicaulis branches showing distinctive widely spreading, fine, pendulous branchlets, North Island, Tikitere (Hell's Gate) Thermal Park, (photo: P. J. de Lange) K Kunzea tenuicaulis flowering branchlet showing, compact corymbiform botrya, North Island, Waiotapu Geothermal Park (photo: G. M. Crowcroft)." pageId="40" pageNumber="41">20</figureCitation>
; see also Table 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Distinguishing features of New Zealand Kunzea." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/3FB618715E68892343EC557C41B7D949" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" tableUuid="3FB618715E68892343EC557C41B7D949">1</tableCitation>
) supplemented by cytological and molecular differences. The ITS and ETS sequence data (Table 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Sites of character variability within Australian and New Zealand taxa and informal entities of the Kunzea ericoides complex (from de Lange 2007)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/C5BA8EFB616C850CF6940B7296B075C0" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" tableUuid="C5BA8EFB616C850CF6940B7296B075C0">2</tableCitation>
) show that 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the most diverged of the New Zealand members of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea ericoides" order="Myrtales" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ericoides">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Kunzea ericoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
complex (
<bibRefCitation author="de Lange, PJ" journalOrPublisher="University of Auckland, New Zealand" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" refId="B35" refString="de Lange, PJ, 2007. Biosystematics of the New Zealand Kunzea ericoides (A.Rich.) Joy Thomps. complex. University of Auckland, New Zealand" title="Biosystematics of the New Zealand Kunzea ericoides (A. Rich.) Joy Thomps. complex" year="2007">de Lange 2007</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="de Lange, PJ" journalOrPublisher="Australian Systematic Botany" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="309 - 319" publicationUrl="10.1071/SB10019" refId="B45" refString="de Lange, PJ, Smissen, RD, Wagstaff, SJ, Keeling, DJ, Murray, BG, Toelken, HR, 2010. A molecular phylogeny and infrageneric classification of Kunzea (Myrtaceae) inferred from rDNA ITS and ETS sequences. Australian Systematic Botany 23: 309 - 319, DOI: 10.1071/SB10019" title="A molecular phylogeny and infrageneric classification of Kunzea (Myrtaceae) inferred from rDNA ITS and ETS sequences." url="10.1071/SB10019" volume="23" year="2010">de Lange et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
). Uniquely within the 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea ericoides" order="Myrtales" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ericoides">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Kunzea ericoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
complex, the ITS sequence of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
possesses two adenine nucleotides rather than the guanine common to all other members of the complex at ITS-1 alignment position 639, and at ITS-2 alignment position 994 (Table 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Sites of character variability within Australian and New Zealand taxa and informal entities of the Kunzea ericoides complex (from de Lange 2007)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/C5BA8EFB616C850CF6940B7296B075C0" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" tableUuid="C5BA8EFB616C850CF6940B7296B075C0">2</tableCitation>
; see also 
<bibRefCitation author="de Lange, PJ" journalOrPublisher="University of Auckland, New Zealand" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" refId="B35" refString="de Lange, PJ, 2007. Biosystematics of the New Zealand Kunzea ericoides (A.Rich.) Joy Thomps. complex. University of Auckland, New Zealand" title="Biosystematics of the New Zealand Kunzea ericoides (A. Rich.) Joy Thomps. complex" year="2007">de Lange 2007</bibRefCitation>
). Otherwise it shares a guanine/thiamine mix with 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea salterae" order="Myrtales" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="salterae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Kunzea salterae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="de Lange, PJ" journalOrPublisher="University of Auckland, New Zealand" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" refId="B35" refString="de Lange, PJ, 2007. Biosystematics of the New Zealand Kunzea ericoides (A.Rich.) Joy Thomps. complex. University of Auckland, New Zealand" title="Biosystematics of the New Zealand Kunzea ericoides (A. Rich.) Joy Thomps. complex" year="2007">de Lange 2007</bibRefCitation>
). The ETS sequence (Table 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Sites of character variability within Australian and New Zealand taxa and informal entities of the Kunzea ericoides complex (from de Lange 2007)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/C5BA8EFB616C850CF6940B7296B075C0" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" tableUuid="C5BA8EFB616C850CF6940B7296B075C0">2</tableCitation>
) showed two further unique characters; a thiamine at alignment position 18 (whereas all other members of the complex possess a cytosine), and a cytosine at alignment position 202 (whereas all other members of the complex possess an adenine) (
<bibRefCitation author="de Lange, PJ" journalOrPublisher="University of Auckland, New Zealand" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" refId="B35" refString="de Lange, PJ, 2007. Biosystematics of the New Zealand Kunzea ericoides (A.Rich.) Joy Thomps. complex. University of Auckland, New Zealand" title="Biosystematics of the New Zealand Kunzea ericoides (A. Rich.) Joy Thomps. complex" year="2007">de Lange 2007</bibRefCitation>
). Otherwise the aligned ETS sequence of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has an adenine at position 269 in common with the other 
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘small-leaved’">'small-leaved'</normalizedToken>
New Zealand 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea" order="Myrtales" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Kunzea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea salterae" order="Myrtales" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="salterae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Kunzea salterae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange et Toelken" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea serotina" order="Myrtales" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="serotina">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Kunzea serotina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea toelkenii" order="Myrtales" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="toelkenii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Kunzea toelkenii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="de Lange, PJ" journalOrPublisher="University of Auckland, New Zealand" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" refId="B35" refString="de Lange, PJ, 2007. Biosystematics of the New Zealand Kunzea ericoides (A.Rich.) Joy Thomps. complex. University of Auckland, New Zealand" title="Biosystematics of the New Zealand Kunzea ericoides (A. Rich.) Joy Thomps. complex" year="2007">de Lange 2007</bibRefCitation>
). In view of the geologically recent (estimated to be a maximum of 2 million years old (
<bibRefCitation author="Neall, VE" editor="Sturman, A" journalOrPublisher="Oxford University Press, Melbourne" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="39 - 60" refId="B94" refString="Neall, VE, 2001. Volcanic landforms. In: Sturman, A, Spronken-Smith, R, Eds., The Physical Environment - a New Zealand Perspective. Oxford University Press, Melbourne: 39 - 60" title="Volcanic landforms." volumeTitle="The Physical Environment - a New Zealand Perspective." year="2001">Neall 2001</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Briggs, RM" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" pagination="459 - 469" publicationUrl="10.1080/00288306.2005.9515126" refId="B13" refString="Briggs, RM, Houghton, BF, McWilliams, M, Wilson, CJN, 2005. 40Ar/39Ar ages of silicic volcanic rocks in the Tauranga-Kaimai area, New Zealand: dating the transition between volcanism in the Coromandel Arc and the Taupo Volcanic Zone. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 48: 459 - 469, DOI: 10.1080/00288306.2005.9515126" title="40 Ar / 39 Ar ages of silicic volcanic rocks in the Tauranga-Kaimai area, New Zealand: dating the transition between volcanism in the Coromandel Arc and the Taupo Volcanic Zone." url="10.1080/00288306.2005.9515126" volume="48" year="2005">Briggs et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
)) habitats this species occupies, this molecular divergence from all other members of the 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea ericoides" order="Myrtales" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ericoides">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Kunzea ericoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
complex is considered remarkable (
<bibRefCitation author="de Lange, PJ" journalOrPublisher="University of Auckland, New Zealand" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" refId="B35" refString="de Lange, PJ, 2007. Biosystematics of the New Zealand Kunzea ericoides (A.Rich.) Joy Thomps. complex. University of Auckland, New Zealand" title="Biosystematics of the New Zealand Kunzea ericoides (A. Rich.) Joy Thomps. complex" year="2007">de Lange 2007</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="de Lange, PJ" journalOrPublisher="Australian Systematic Botany" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="309 - 319" publicationUrl="10.1071/SB10019" refId="B45" refString="de Lange, PJ, Smissen, RD, Wagstaff, SJ, Keeling, DJ, Murray, BG, Toelken, HR, 2010. A molecular phylogeny and infrageneric classification of Kunzea (Myrtaceae) inferred from rDNA ITS and ETS sequences. Australian Systematic Botany 23: 309 - 319, DOI: 10.1071/SB10019" title="A molecular phylogeny and infrageneric classification of Kunzea (Myrtaceae) inferred from rDNA ITS and ETS sequences." url="10.1071/SB10019" volume="23" year="2010">de Lange et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
seems to be most closely allied to 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea salterae" order="Myrtales" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="salterae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Kunzea salterae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange et Toelken" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea serotina" order="Myrtales" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="serotina">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Kunzea serotina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and, based on the results obtained from experimental hybridisations (
<bibRefCitation author="de Lange, PJ" journalOrPublisher="Australian Systematic Botany" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="117 - 131" publicationUrl="10.1071/SB04043" refId="B44" refString="de Lange, PJ, Datson, PM, Murray, BG, Toelken, HR, 2005. Hybridism in the Kunzea ericoides complex (Myrtaceae): an analysis of artificial crosses. Australian Systematic Botany 18: 117 - 131, DOI: 10.1071/SB04043" title="Hybridism in the Kunzea ericoides complex (Myrtaceae): an analysis of artificial crosses." url="10.1071/SB04043" volume="18" year="2005">de Lange et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
), 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may have had a role in the evolution of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea salterae" order="Myrtales" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="salterae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Kunzea salterae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea toelkenii" order="Myrtales" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="toelkenii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Kunzea toelkenii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
through hybridisation with 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange et Toelken" authorityYear="2014" baseAuthorityName="de Lange et Toelken" baseAuthorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea linearis" order="Myrtales" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="linearis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Kunzea linearis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange et Toelken" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea robusta" order="Myrtales" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="robusta">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Kunzea robusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. With the exception of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea salterae" order="Myrtales" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="salterae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Kunzea salterae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which has linear-lanceolate leaves, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange et Toelken" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea serotina" order="Myrtales" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="serotina">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Kunzea serotina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea toelkenii" order="Myrtales" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="toelkenii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Kunzea toelkenii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
all possess small oblanceolate to obovate leaves. Branchlet hairs in all four species tend to be copious, short (up to 0.08 mm), divergent, and persistent (Table 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Distinguishing features of New Zealand Kunzea." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/3FB618715E68892343EC557C41B7D949" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" tableUuid="3FB618715E68892343EC557C41B7D949">1</tableCitation>
). Further, as reported by 
<bibRefCitation author="de Lange, PJ" journalOrPublisher="Australian Journal of Botany" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="609 - 617" publicationUrl="10.1071/BT04060" refId="B42" refString="de Lange, PJ, Murray, BG, 2004. Chromosome numbers in Kunzea (Myrtaceae). Australian Journal of Botany 52: 609 - 617, DOI: 10.1071/BT04060" title="Chromosome numbers in Kunzea (Myrtaceae)." url="10.1071/BT04060" volume="52" year="2004">de Lange and Murray (2004)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation author="de Lange, PJ" journalOrPublisher="Australian Systematic Botany" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="117 - 131" publicationUrl="10.1071/SB04043" refId="B44" refString="de Lange, PJ, Datson, PM, Murray, BG, Toelken, HR, 2005. Hybridism in the Kunzea ericoides complex (Myrtaceae): an analysis of artificial crosses. Australian Systematic Botany 18: 117 - 131, DOI: 10.1071/SB04043" title="Hybridism in the Kunzea ericoides complex (Myrtaceae): an analysis of artificial crosses." url="10.1071/SB04043" volume="18" year="2005">de Lange et al. (2005)</bibRefCitation>
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shares with 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange et Toelken" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea serotina" order="Myrtales" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="serotina">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Kunzea serotina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea toelkenii" order="Myrtales" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="toelkenii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Kunzea toelkenii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
uniformly small chromosomes (0.9-1.0 
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
). 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea salterae" order="Myrtales" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="salterae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Kunzea salterae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, has a similar chromosome complement, though this was not reported previously because that species had not yet been recognised when those papers were published. Despite this Genomic 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">In Situ</emphasis>
Hybridisation experiments determined that, alone of those taxa analysed, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has the most diverged genome (
<bibRefCitation author="de Lange, PJ" journalOrPublisher="Australian Systematic Botany" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="117 - 131" publicationUrl="10.1071/SB04043" refId="B44" refString="de Lange, PJ, Datson, PM, Murray, BG, Toelken, HR, 2005. Hybridism in the Kunzea ericoides complex (Myrtaceae): an analysis of artificial crosses. Australian Systematic Botany 18: 117 - 131, DOI: 10.1071/SB04043" title="Hybridism in the Kunzea ericoides complex (Myrtaceae): an analysis of artificial crosses." url="10.1071/SB04043" volume="18" year="2005">de Lange et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="41" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
As circumscribed here, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<pageBreakToken pageId="41" pageNumber="42" start="start">Kunzea</pageBreakToken>
tenuicaulis
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
includes a range of prostrate to erect plants found in close proximity to active geothermal vents and fields (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Figure 20. Kunzea tenuicaulis. A Kunzea tenuicaulis habitat, North Island, Karapiti (Craters of the Moon) (photo: P. J. de Lange) B Kunzea tenuicaulis habitat, North Island, Maungakakaramea (Rainbow Mountain) Scenic Reserve, Crater area (photo: P. B. Cashmore) C Kunzea tenuicaulis decumbent form on heated ground, Maungakakaramea (Rainbow Mountain) Scenic Reserve, Crater area (photo: P. B. Cashmore) D Kunzea tenuicaulis tree form showing multi-trunked growth habit and widely spreading, narrow branchlets, North Island, Rotorua, Kuiarau Park (photo: P. B. Cashmore) E Kunzea tenuicaulis tree form showing pendulous growth habit, North Island, Rotorua, Kuiarau Park (photo: P. B. Cashmore) F Kunzea tenuicaulis tree form showing multi-trunked, widely spreading, pendulous growth habit, North Island, Rotorua, Kuiarau Park (photo: P. B. Cashmore) G Kunzea tenuicaulis showing characteristic, flexuose trunks and widely spreading branches; North Island, Tokaanu, Tokaanu Geothermal Reserve, (photo: P. J. de Lange) H Kunzea tenuicaulis trunk and bark, North Island, Tokaanu, Tokaanu Geothermal Reserve, (photo: P. J. de Lange) I Kunzea tenuicaulis trunk and bark, North Island, Paeroa Range, Te Kopia Geothermal Reserve (photo: P. J. de Lange); (J) Kunzea tenuicaulis branches showing distinctive widely spreading, fine, pendulous branchlets, North Island, Tikitere (Hell's Gate) Thermal Park, (photo: P. J. de Lange) K Kunzea tenuicaulis flowering branchlet showing, compact corymbiform botrya, North Island, Waiotapu Geothermal Park (photo: G. M. Crowcroft)." pageId="41" pageNumber="42">20D-G, J</figureCitation>
). Although in the past, (probably because of the past poor circumscription of this plant) field workers had formed the impression that 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea ericoides subsp. var. var. microflorum" order="Myrtales" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="ericoides" subSpecies="var." variety="microflorum">Kunzea ericoides var. microflorum</taxonomicName>
applied only to the flat, prostrate to small decumbent shrubs found near active geothermal vents (e.g., 
<bibRefCitation author="Harris, W" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Botany" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="213 - 230" publicationUrl="10.1080/0028825X.1992.10412903" refId="B67" refString="Harris, W, Porter, NG, Dawson, MI, 1992. Observations on biosystematic relationships of Kunzea sinclairii and on an intergeneric hybrid Kunzea sinclairii x Leptospermum scoparium. New Zealand Journal of Botany 30: 213 - 230, DOI: 10.1080/0028825X.1992.10412903" title="Observations on biosystematic relationships of Kunzea sinclairii and on an intergeneric hybrid Kunzea sinclairii x Leptospermum scoparium." url="10.1080/0028825X.1992.10412903" volume="30" year="1992">Harris et al. 1992</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Harris, W" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Botany" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="333 - 354" publicationUrl="10.1080/0028825X.1996.10410699" refId="B65" refString="Harris, W, 1996. Genecological aspects of flowering patterns of populations of Kunzea ericoides and K. sinclairii (Myrtaceae). New Zealand Journal of Botany 34: 333 - 354, DOI: 10.1080/0028825X.1996.10410699" title="Genecological aspects of flowering patterns of populations of Kunzea ericoides and K. sinclairii (Myrtaceae)." url="10.1080/0028825X.1996.10410699" volume="34" year="1996">Harris 1996</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Smale, MC" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Botany" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" pagination="441 - 452" publicationUrl="10.1080/0028825X.1994.10412931" refId="B117" refString="Smale, MC, 1994. Structure and dynamics of kanuka (Kunzea ericoides var. ericoides) heaths on sand dunes in Bay of Plenty, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 32: 441 - 452, DOI: 10.1080/0028825X.1994.10412931" title="Structure and dynamics of kanuka (Kunzea ericoides var. ericoides) heaths on sand dunes in Bay of Plenty, New Zealand." url="10.1080/0028825X.1994.10412931" volume="32" year="1994">Smale 1994</bibRefCitation>
). There seems little point in trying to separate these prostrate plants from the erect plants they resemble in all respects except stature. Indeed, stature itself often presents as a gradient from thermally heated to thermally quiescent ground. Cultivation experiments showed that while some seedlings raised from seed sampled from prostrate/decumbent plants retained that growth habit, the majority grew into multi-trunked erect small trees with flat topped, spreading to pendulous crowns typical of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as defined here. Irrespective of growth habit, all forms of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are consistently unified by their many, fine, slender branchlets; copious, short, divergent branchlet hairs (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="F19" captionText="Figure 19. Scanning Electron Micrographs of Kunzea tenuicaulis. A-F all AK 288105) Branchlet indumentum G-J Seeds (AK 286159, AK 288105). Scale bars: (A, G) 1 mm; (B-F, H-J) 100 μm." pageId="41" pageNumber="42">19A-F</figureCitation>
); small oblanceolate to obovate leaves (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="F18" captionText="Figure 18. Distinguishing features of Kunzea tenuicaulis. A Flowering branchlet (ex cult. AK 284554) B Fruiting branchlet (ex cult. AK 284554) C Vegetative bud and branchlet indumentum (ex cult. AK 284554) D Seedling (no voucher, self sown from AK 284554) E Adaxial leaf surface (ex cult. AK 284554) F Abaxial leaf surface (ex cult. AK 284554) G Leaf variation within the same individual (ex cult. AK 284554) H Adaxial leaf apex (ex cult. AK 284554) I Leaf margin indumentum (ex cult. AK 284554) J Flower (top view) (ex cult. AK 284554) K Flower and hypanthium (side view) (ex cult. AK 284554) L Flower cross section showing anther, style and ovules (ex cult. AK 284554) M Style and stigma (ex cult. AK 282217) N Stamens (ex cult. AK 282217) O Dehisced fruit (ex cult. AK 282217). Scale bars: (A, B, D, G) 10 mm; (C, E, F, J-O) 1 mm; (I) 0.5 mm." pageId="41" pageNumber="42">18C-G</figureCitation>
); small cupular to campanulate, finely puberulent hypanthium (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="F18" captionText="Figure 18. Distinguishing features of Kunzea tenuicaulis. A Flowering branchlet (ex cult. AK 284554) B Fruiting branchlet (ex cult. AK 284554) C Vegetative bud and branchlet indumentum (ex cult. AK 284554) D Seedling (no voucher, self sown from AK 284554) E Adaxial leaf surface (ex cult. AK 284554) F Abaxial leaf surface (ex cult. AK 284554) G Leaf variation within the same individual (ex cult. AK 284554) H Adaxial leaf apex (ex cult. AK 284554) I Leaf margin indumentum (ex cult. AK 284554) J Flower (top view) (ex cult. AK 284554) K Flower and hypanthium (side view) (ex cult. AK 284554) L Flower cross section showing anther, style and ovules (ex cult. AK 284554) M Style and stigma (ex cult. AK 282217) N Stamens (ex cult. AK 282217) O Dehisced fruit (ex cult. AK 282217). Scale bars: (A, B, D, G) 10 mm; (C, E, F, J-O) 1 mm; (I) 0.5 mm." pageId="41" pageNumber="42">18K-L</figureCitation>
); by the calyx lobes which are thickened toward the base and there subtended by a faint to prominent groove along the external junction with the hypanthium; and by the smaller, barrel-shaped fruit (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="F18" captionText="Figure 18. Distinguishing features of Kunzea tenuicaulis. A Flowering branchlet (ex cult. AK 284554) B Fruiting branchlet (ex cult. AK 284554) C Vegetative bud and branchlet indumentum (ex cult. AK 284554) D Seedling (no voucher, self sown from AK 284554) E Adaxial leaf surface (ex cult. AK 284554) F Abaxial leaf surface (ex cult. AK 284554) G Leaf variation within the same individual (ex cult. AK 284554) H Adaxial leaf apex (ex cult. AK 284554) I Leaf margin indumentum (ex cult. AK 284554) J Flower (top view) (ex cult. AK 284554) K Flower and hypanthium (side view) (ex cult. AK 284554) L Flower cross section showing anther, style and ovules (ex cult. AK 284554) M Style and stigma (ex cult. AK 282217) N Stamens (ex cult. AK 282217) O Dehisced fruit (ex cult. AK 282217). Scale bars: (A, B, D, G) 10 mm; (C, E, F, J-O) 1 mm; (I) 0.5 mm." pageId="41" pageNumber="42">18O</figureCitation>
). Furthermore the ITS and ETS sequence data obtained from multiple samples spanning the range and variation of this species were consistent, and readily distinguished 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the rest of the 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea ericoides" order="Myrtales" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ericoides">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Kunzea ericoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
complex (
<bibRefCitation author="de Lange, PJ" journalOrPublisher="University of Auckland, New Zealand" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" refId="B35" refString="de Lange, PJ, 2007. Biosystematics of the New Zealand Kunzea ericoides (A.Rich.) Joy Thomps. complex. University of Auckland, New Zealand" title="Biosystematics of the New Zealand Kunzea ericoides (A. Rich.) Joy Thomps. complex" year="2007">de Lange 2007</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="de Lange, PJ" journalOrPublisher="Australian Systematic Botany" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="117 - 131" publicationUrl="10.1071/SB04043" refId="B44" refString="de Lange, PJ, Datson, PM, Murray, BG, Toelken, HR, 2005. Hybridism in the Kunzea ericoides complex (Myrtaceae): an analysis of artificial crosses. Australian Systematic Botany 18: 117 - 131, DOI: 10.1071/SB04043" title="Hybridism in the Kunzea ericoides complex (Myrtaceae): an analysis of artificial crosses." url="10.1071/SB04043" volume="18" year="2005">de Lange et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
Provided that care is taken to note the growth habit, collect old bark, new 
<normalizedToken originalValue="season’s">season's</normalizedToken>
growth, and emergent flowers 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is easily separated from the other New Zealand 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea" order="Myrtales" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Kunzea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This is important for although 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distinguished ecologically because it is endemic to active geothermal fields (Figs 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Figure 20. Kunzea tenuicaulis. A Kunzea tenuicaulis habitat, North Island, Karapiti (Craters of the Moon) (photo: P. J. de Lange) B Kunzea tenuicaulis habitat, North Island, Maungakakaramea (Rainbow Mountain) Scenic Reserve, Crater area (photo: P. B. Cashmore) C Kunzea tenuicaulis decumbent form on heated ground, Maungakakaramea (Rainbow Mountain) Scenic Reserve, Crater area (photo: P. B. Cashmore) D Kunzea tenuicaulis tree form showing multi-trunked growth habit and widely spreading, narrow branchlets, North Island, Rotorua, Kuiarau Park (photo: P. B. Cashmore) E Kunzea tenuicaulis tree form showing pendulous growth habit, North Island, Rotorua, Kuiarau Park (photo: P. B. Cashmore) F Kunzea tenuicaulis tree form showing multi-trunked, widely spreading, pendulous growth habit, North Island, Rotorua, Kuiarau Park (photo: P. B. Cashmore) G Kunzea tenuicaulis showing characteristic, flexuose trunks and widely spreading branches; North Island, Tokaanu, Tokaanu Geothermal Reserve, (photo: P. J. de Lange) H Kunzea tenuicaulis trunk and bark, North Island, Tokaanu, Tokaanu Geothermal Reserve, (photo: P. J. de Lange) I Kunzea tenuicaulis trunk and bark, North Island, Paeroa Range, Te Kopia Geothermal Reserve (photo: P. J. de Lange); (J) Kunzea tenuicaulis branches showing distinctive widely spreading, fine, pendulous branchlets, North Island, Tikitere (Hell's Gate) Thermal Park, (photo: P. J. de Lange) K Kunzea tenuicaulis flowering branchlet showing, compact corymbiform botrya, North Island, Waiotapu Geothermal Park (photo: G. M. Crowcroft)." pageId="41" pageNumber="42">20A-C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Holotype of Kunzea salterae (P. J. de Lange 6471 &amp; P. B. Cashmore, AK 289816)." pageId="41" pageNumber="42">21</figureCitation>
), within these habitats it may be found sympatric (or even syntopic) on associated 
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘cool’">'cool'</normalizedToken>
sites with 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange et Toelken" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea serotina" order="Myrtales" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="serotina">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Kunzea serotina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange et Toelken" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea robusta" order="Myrtales" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="robusta">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Kunzea robusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished from 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange et Toelken" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea serotina" order="Myrtales" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="serotina">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Kunzea serotina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by its growth habit, which is either prostrate/decumbent or multi-trunked, with widely spreading pendulous, mostly flat-topped, branches, producing numerous spreading, slender, long branchlets (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Figure 20. Kunzea tenuicaulis. A Kunzea tenuicaulis habitat, North Island, Karapiti (Craters of the Moon) (photo: P. J. de Lange) B Kunzea tenuicaulis habitat, North Island, Maungakakaramea (Rainbow Mountain) Scenic Reserve, Crater area (photo: P. B. Cashmore) C Kunzea tenuicaulis decumbent form on heated ground, Maungakakaramea (Rainbow Mountain) Scenic Reserve, Crater area (photo: P. B. Cashmore) D Kunzea tenuicaulis tree form showing multi-trunked growth habit and widely spreading, narrow branchlets, North Island, Rotorua, Kuiarau Park (photo: P. B. Cashmore) E Kunzea tenuicaulis tree form showing pendulous growth habit, North Island, Rotorua, Kuiarau Park (photo: P. B. Cashmore) F Kunzea tenuicaulis tree form showing multi-trunked, widely spreading, pendulous growth habit, North Island, Rotorua, Kuiarau Park (photo: P. B. Cashmore) G Kunzea tenuicaulis showing characteristic, flexuose trunks and widely spreading branches; North Island, Tokaanu, Tokaanu Geothermal Reserve, (photo: P. J. de Lange) H Kunzea tenuicaulis trunk and bark, North Island, Tokaanu, Tokaanu Geothermal Reserve, (photo: P. J. de Lange) I Kunzea tenuicaulis trunk and bark, North Island, Paeroa Range, Te Kopia Geothermal Reserve (photo: P. J. de Lange); (J) Kunzea tenuicaulis branches showing distinctive widely spreading, fine, pendulous branchlets, North Island, Tikitere (Hell's Gate) Thermal Park, (photo: P. J. de Lange) K Kunzea tenuicaulis flowering branchlet showing, compact corymbiform botrya, North Island, Waiotapu Geothermal Park (photo: G. M. Crowcroft)." pageId="41" pageNumber="42">20D-G, J</figureCitation>
; Table 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Distinguishing features of New Zealand Kunzea." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/3FB618715E68892343EC557C41B7D949" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" tableUuid="3FB618715E68892343EC557C41B7D949">1</tableCitation>
). This contrasts with the strictly upright columnar to pyramidal growth habit, with short, obliquely ascending, fastigiate branches of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange et Toelken" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea serotina" order="Myrtales" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="serotina">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Kunzea serotina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The bark of both species is also diagnostic. The old bark of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is grey-brown to brown, readily detached, somewhat corky-chartaceous, flaking in narrow, short to long, slightly sinuous to irregular, tabular shards (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Figure 20. Kunzea tenuicaulis. A Kunzea tenuicaulis habitat, North Island, Karapiti (Craters of the Moon) (photo: P. J. de Lange) B Kunzea tenuicaulis habitat, North Island, Maungakakaramea (Rainbow Mountain) Scenic Reserve, Crater area (photo: P. B. Cashmore) C Kunzea tenuicaulis decumbent form on heated ground, Maungakakaramea (Rainbow Mountain) Scenic Reserve, Crater area (photo: P. B. Cashmore) D Kunzea tenuicaulis tree form showing multi-trunked growth habit and widely spreading, narrow branchlets, North Island, Rotorua, Kuiarau Park (photo: P. B. Cashmore) E Kunzea tenuicaulis tree form showing pendulous growth habit, North Island, Rotorua, Kuiarau Park (photo: P. B. Cashmore) F Kunzea tenuicaulis tree form showing multi-trunked, widely spreading, pendulous growth habit, North Island, Rotorua, Kuiarau Park (photo: P. B. Cashmore) G Kunzea tenuicaulis showing characteristic, flexuose trunks and widely spreading branches; North Island, Tokaanu, Tokaanu Geothermal Reserve, (photo: P. J. de Lange) H Kunzea tenuicaulis trunk and bark, North Island, Tokaanu, Tokaanu Geothermal Reserve, (photo: P. J. de Lange) I Kunzea tenuicaulis trunk and bark, North Island, Paeroa Range, Te Kopia Geothermal Reserve (photo: P. J. de Lange); (J) Kunzea tenuicaulis branches showing distinctive widely spreading, fine, pendulous branchlets, North Island, Tikitere (Hell's Gate) Thermal Park, (photo: P. J. de Lange) K Kunzea tenuicaulis flowering branchlet showing, compact corymbiform botrya, North Island, Waiotapu Geothermal Park (photo: G. M. Crowcroft)." pageId="41" pageNumber="42">20H-I</figureCitation>
; Table 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Distinguishing features of New Zealand Kunzea." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/3FB618715E68892343EC557C41B7D949" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" tableUuid="3FB618715E68892343EC557C41B7D949">1</tableCitation>
). The old bark of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange et Toelken" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea serotina" order="Myrtales" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="serotina">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Kunzea serotina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is greyish-white to pinkish-white, and presents as inrolled and curled 'wood 
<normalizedToken originalValue="shavings’">shavings'</normalizedToken>
, these having little if any discernible shape, with highly irregular, sinuous, often frayed margins. Although both species have similar leaves, in 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange et Toelken" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea serotina" order="Myrtales" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="serotina">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Kunzea serotina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the leaves are less widely spaced, and tend to be densely clustered around the branchlets. Branchlet hairs however are not overly diagnostic as both species have similarly sized divergent hairs. In general though, those of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange et Toelken" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea serotina" order="Myrtales" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="serotina">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Kunzea serotina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
tend to have more curly apices and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
less so (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="F19" captionText="Figure 19. Scanning Electron Micrographs of Kunzea tenuicaulis. A-F all AK 288105) Branchlet indumentum G-J Seeds (AK 286159, AK 288105). Scale bars: (A, G) 1 mm; (B-F, H-J) 100 μm." pageId="41" pageNumber="42">19C-F</figureCitation>
). The pherophylls, if present, serve to separate both species: those of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are mostly foliose oblong, oblong-obovate to oblanceolate while those of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange et Toelken" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea serotina" order="Myrtales" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="serotina">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Kunzea serotina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are characteristically spathulate to spathulate-orbicular. The calyx lobes of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are especially diagnostic when fresh because they are distinctly thickened toward the base below which is a faint to prominent groove at the external junction with the hypanthium. Those of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange et Toelken" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea serotina" order="Myrtales" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="serotina">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Kunzea serotina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are slightly keeled and flush with the rest of hypanthium. The petals of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are broadly orbicular and have colourless oil glands (often not evident until the petals have dried) while those of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange et Toelken" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea serotina" order="Myrtales" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="serotina">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Kunzea serotina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are narrowly orbicular to broadly ovate and typically have pale yellow oil glands. The mature fruits of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
tend to be barrel-shaped to cupular, those of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange et Toelken" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea serotina" order="Myrtales" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="serotina">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Kunzea serotina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
urceolate to campanulate or, rarely, cupular (Table 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Distinguishing features of New Zealand Kunzea." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/3FB618715E68892343EC557C41B7D949" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" tableUuid="3FB618715E68892343EC557C41B7D949">1</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<pageBreakToken pageId="42" pageNumber="43" start="start">Kunzea</pageBreakToken>
tenuicaulis
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distinguished from 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange et Toelken" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea robusta" order="Myrtales" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="robusta">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Kunzea robusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by its smaller size (up to 8 m cf. up to 30 m in 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange et Toelken" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea robusta" order="Myrtales" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="robusta">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Kunzea robusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and growth habit (see Table 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Distinguishing features of New Zealand Kunzea." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/3FB618715E68892343EC557C41B7D949" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" tableUuid="3FB618715E68892343EC557C41B7D949">1</tableCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange et Toelken" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea robusta" order="Myrtales" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="robusta">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Kunzea robusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is mostly an arborescent species, and so usually forms a single-trunked tall tree, with a broad trunk, stout, ascending to spreading branches, and a very wide, spreading, multi-tiered canopy. However, occasionally 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange et Toelken" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea robusta" order="Myrtales" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="robusta">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Kunzea robusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be a low (up to 2 m tall) shrub with prostrate to pendulous branches, or be a tree with entirely pendulous branches, in which case leaf size, shape and branchlet hair type serve to distinguish it from 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The bark of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange et Toelken" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea robusta" order="Myrtales" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="robusta">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Kunzea robusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is particularly distinctive, being very coriaceous, long persistent, typically detaching with age as long (up to 4 m), broad to narrowly tabular strips, with 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
smooth, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
entire margins, which when deliberately bent and snapped have 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
entire or weakly frayed broken surfaces. In contrast, the bark of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not long persistent, readily detaches, and is distinctly corky-chartaceous, flaking as rather narrow, much shorter (up to 100 mm long) tabular shards with slightly sinuous to irregular margins. The oblanceolate to lanceolate leaves of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange et Toelken" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea robusta" order="Myrtales" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="robusta">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Kunzea robusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, up to 20.1 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
3.0 mm, are usually much larger and broader than the leaves of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which grow to 4.5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.6 mm. A key difference between these species is the branchlet hairs. In 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange et Toelken" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea robusta" order="Myrtales" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="robusta">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Kunzea robusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
populations that occur within the range of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, branchlet hairs are mostly antrorse-appressed, larger (up to 0.38 mm) and straight to weakly flexuose. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange et Toelken" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea robusta" order="Myrtales" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="robusta">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Kunzea robusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also has larger inflorescences containing more flowers (up to 30, more usually 12) than 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The inflorescences of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange et Toelken" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea robusta" order="Myrtales" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="robusta">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Kunzea robusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
typically progress from a compact corymbiform botryum at the onset of flowering to an elongated botryum as the flowering season progresses due to activation of the apical vegetative bud. In 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
this very rarely happens, and then only to the terminal inflorescence, those of the brachyblasts tending to remain as compact corymbiform botrya bearing far fewer (up to 10, more usually six) flowers (Figs 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="F18" captionText="Figure 18. Distinguishing features of Kunzea tenuicaulis. A Flowering branchlet (ex cult. AK 284554) B Fruiting branchlet (ex cult. AK 284554) C Vegetative bud and branchlet indumentum (ex cult. AK 284554) D Seedling (no voucher, self sown from AK 284554) E Adaxial leaf surface (ex cult. AK 284554) F Abaxial leaf surface (ex cult. AK 284554) G Leaf variation within the same individual (ex cult. AK 284554) H Adaxial leaf apex (ex cult. AK 284554) I Leaf margin indumentum (ex cult. AK 284554) J Flower (top view) (ex cult. AK 284554) K Flower and hypanthium (side view) (ex cult. AK 284554) L Flower cross section showing anther, style and ovules (ex cult. AK 284554) M Style and stigma (ex cult. AK 282217) N Stamens (ex cult. AK 282217) O Dehisced fruit (ex cult. AK 282217). Scale bars: (A, B, D, G) 10 mm; (C, E, F, J-O) 1 mm; (I) 0.5 mm." pageId="42" pageNumber="43">18A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Figure 20. Kunzea tenuicaulis. A Kunzea tenuicaulis habitat, North Island, Karapiti (Craters of the Moon) (photo: P. J. de Lange) B Kunzea tenuicaulis habitat, North Island, Maungakakaramea (Rainbow Mountain) Scenic Reserve, Crater area (photo: P. B. Cashmore) C Kunzea tenuicaulis decumbent form on heated ground, Maungakakaramea (Rainbow Mountain) Scenic Reserve, Crater area (photo: P. B. Cashmore) D Kunzea tenuicaulis tree form showing multi-trunked growth habit and widely spreading, narrow branchlets, North Island, Rotorua, Kuiarau Park (photo: P. B. Cashmore) E Kunzea tenuicaulis tree form showing pendulous growth habit, North Island, Rotorua, Kuiarau Park (photo: P. B. Cashmore) F Kunzea tenuicaulis tree form showing multi-trunked, widely spreading, pendulous growth habit, North Island, Rotorua, Kuiarau Park (photo: P. B. Cashmore) G Kunzea tenuicaulis showing characteristic, flexuose trunks and widely spreading branches; North Island, Tokaanu, Tokaanu Geothermal Reserve, (photo: P. J. de Lange) H Kunzea tenuicaulis trunk and bark, North Island, Tokaanu, Tokaanu Geothermal Reserve, (photo: P. J. de Lange) I Kunzea tenuicaulis trunk and bark, North Island, Paeroa Range, Te Kopia Geothermal Reserve (photo: P. J. de Lange); (J) Kunzea tenuicaulis branches showing distinctive widely spreading, fine, pendulous branchlets, North Island, Tikitere (Hell's Gate) Thermal Park, (photo: P. J. de Lange) K Kunzea tenuicaulis flowering branchlet showing, compact corymbiform botrya, North Island, Waiotapu Geothermal Park (photo: G. M. Crowcroft)." pageId="42" pageNumber="43">20K</figureCitation>
). The flowers of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange et Toelken" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea robusta" order="Myrtales" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="robusta">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Kunzea robusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
tend to have a greater overall diameter (up to 12.0 mm, more usually 7.7 mm cf. up to 9.9 mm, more usually 5.5 mm) and in the field more stamens (up to 60 cf. up to 32 in 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (see Table 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Distinguishing features of New Zealand Kunzea." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/3FB618715E68892343EC557C41B7D949" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" tableUuid="3FB618715E68892343EC557C41B7D949">1</tableCitation>
). The fruits of both species are also rather different, those of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
tending to be smaller (up to 3.3 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
3.2 mm)and barrel-shaped to cupular (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="F18" captionText="Figure 18. Distinguishing features of Kunzea tenuicaulis. A Flowering branchlet (ex cult. AK 284554) B Fruiting branchlet (ex cult. AK 284554) C Vegetative bud and branchlet indumentum (ex cult. AK 284554) D Seedling (no voucher, self sown from AK 284554) E Adaxial leaf surface (ex cult. AK 284554) F Abaxial leaf surface (ex cult. AK 284554) G Leaf variation within the same individual (ex cult. AK 284554) H Adaxial leaf apex (ex cult. AK 284554) I Leaf margin indumentum (ex cult. AK 284554) J Flower (top view) (ex cult. AK 284554) K Flower and hypanthium (side view) (ex cult. AK 284554) L Flower cross section showing anther, style and ovules (ex cult. AK 284554) M Style and stigma (ex cult. AK 282217) N Stamens (ex cult. AK 282217) O Dehisced fruit (ex cult. AK 282217). Scale bars: (A, B, D, G) 10 mm; (C, E, F, J-O) 1 mm; (I) 0.5 mm." pageId="42" pageNumber="43">18B, O</figureCitation>
), while those of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange et Toelken" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea robusta" order="Myrtales" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="robusta">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Kunzea robusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are much larger (up to 4.6 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
5.3 mm), and mostly obconic, broadly obconic to 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
turbinate (see Table 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Distinguishing features of New Zealand Kunzea." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/3FB618715E68892343EC557C41B7D949" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" tableUuid="3FB618715E68892343EC557C41B7D949">1</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
Although 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea salterae" order="Myrtales" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="salterae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Kunzea salterae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea toelkenii" order="Myrtales" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="toelkenii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Kunzea toelkenii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are allopatric from 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, they could be confused in the herbarium. The oblanceolate to obovate leaves of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which grow up to 4.5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.6 mm, are smaller than the 18 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
2 mm, linear-lanceolate to narrowly oblanceolate leaves of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea salterae" order="Myrtales" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="salterae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Kunzea salterae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Furthermore, the fruits of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are barrel-shaped to cupular rather than cupular to subcampanulate (see Table 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Distinguishing features of New Zealand Kunzea." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/3FB618715E68892343EC557C41B7D949" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" tableUuid="3FB618715E68892343EC557C41B7D949">1</tableCitation>
). The consistently divergent branchlet hairs of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are distinct from the admixed large, antrorse-appressed, weakly flexuose, and small, divergent, curled hairs of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea toelkenii" order="Myrtales" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="toelkenii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Kunzea toelkenii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The leaves of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are also smaller than those of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea toelkenii" order="Myrtales" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="toelkenii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Kunzea toelkenii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which grow to 8.5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
2.5 mm, and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lacks functionally male late season flowers, unlike 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea toelkenii" order="Myrtales" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="toelkenii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Kunzea toelkenii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see Table 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Distinguishing features of New Zealand Kunzea." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/3FB618715E68892343EC557C41B7D949" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" tableUuid="3FB618715E68892343EC557C41B7D949">1</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="43" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="ecology">
<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
<pageBreakToken pageId="43" pageNumber="44" start="start">Kunzea</pageBreakToken>
tenuicaulis
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the dominant woody plant on the active geothermal fields within the Taupo Volcanic Zone (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Figure 20. Kunzea tenuicaulis. A Kunzea tenuicaulis habitat, North Island, Karapiti (Craters of the Moon) (photo: P. J. de Lange) B Kunzea tenuicaulis habitat, North Island, Maungakakaramea (Rainbow Mountain) Scenic Reserve, Crater area (photo: P. B. Cashmore) C Kunzea tenuicaulis decumbent form on heated ground, Maungakakaramea (Rainbow Mountain) Scenic Reserve, Crater area (photo: P. B. Cashmore) D Kunzea tenuicaulis tree form showing multi-trunked growth habit and widely spreading, narrow branchlets, North Island, Rotorua, Kuiarau Park (photo: P. B. Cashmore) E Kunzea tenuicaulis tree form showing pendulous growth habit, North Island, Rotorua, Kuiarau Park (photo: P. B. Cashmore) F Kunzea tenuicaulis tree form showing multi-trunked, widely spreading, pendulous growth habit, North Island, Rotorua, Kuiarau Park (photo: P. B. Cashmore) G Kunzea tenuicaulis showing characteristic, flexuose trunks and widely spreading branches; North Island, Tokaanu, Tokaanu Geothermal Reserve, (photo: P. J. de Lange) H Kunzea tenuicaulis trunk and bark, North Island, Tokaanu, Tokaanu Geothermal Reserve, (photo: P. J. de Lange) I Kunzea tenuicaulis trunk and bark, North Island, Paeroa Range, Te Kopia Geothermal Reserve (photo: P. J. de Lange); (J) Kunzea tenuicaulis branches showing distinctive widely spreading, fine, pendulous branchlets, North Island, Tikitere (Hell's Gate) Thermal Park, (photo: P. J. de Lange) K Kunzea tenuicaulis flowering branchlet showing, compact corymbiform botrya, North Island, Waiotapu Geothermal Park (photo: G. M. Crowcroft)." pageId="43" pageNumber="44">20A-C</figureCitation>
) where it colonises not only heated ground but quiescent and/or 
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘cool’">'cool'</normalizedToken>
ground associated with each geothermal field. In these 
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘cool’">'cool'</normalizedToken>
peripheral situations it may be dominant, though it usually associates with 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Leptospermum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Leptospermum scoparium" order="Myrtales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="scoparium">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Leptospermum scoparium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cunoniaceae" genus="Weinmannia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Weinmannia racemosa" order="Oxalidales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="racemosa">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Weinmannia racemosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L.f., 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Proteaceae" genus="Knightia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Knightia excelsa" order="Proteales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Spermatophyta" rank="species" species="excelsa">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Knightia excelsa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
R.Br. and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange et Toelken" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea robusta" order="Myrtales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="robusta">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Kunzea robusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The understorey of this peripheral vegetation is usually dominated by shrubs and ferns such as 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Leptecophylla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Leptecophylla juniperina" order="Ericales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="juniperina">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Leptecophylla juniperina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(J.R.Forst. et G.Forst.) C.M.Weiller, 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Leucopogon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Leucopogon fasciculatus" order="Ericales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Spermatophyta" rank="species" species="fasciculatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Leucopogon fasciculatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(G.Forst.) A.Rich., 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hook fil" authorityYear="1844" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Dracophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dracophyllum subulatum" order="Ericales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="subulatum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Dracophyllum subulatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Hook.f., 
<taxonomicName class="Pteridopsida" family="Hypolepidaceae" genus="Pteridium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pteridium esculentum" order="Filicales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Polypodiophyta" rank="species" species="esculentum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Pteridium esculentum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(G.Forst.) Cockayne, 
<taxonomicName class="Filicopsida" family="Dennstaedtiaceae" genus="Histiopteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Histiopteris incisa" order="Polypodiales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Pteridophyta" rank="species" species="incisa">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Histiopteris incisa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Thunb.) J.Sm., and 
<taxonomicName class="Lycopodiopsida" family="Lycopodiaceae" genus="Lycopodiella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lycopodiella cernua" order="Lycopodiales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Lycopodiophyta" rank="species" species="cernua">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Lycopodiella cernua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.) Pic.Serm. Toward the active geothermal vents, where surface temperatures can abruptly rise to as much as 90 °C (
<bibRefCitation author="Burns, B" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" pagination="279 - 294" publicationUrl="10.1080/03014223.1997.9517539" refId="B21" refString="Burns, B, 1997. Vegetation change along a geothermal stress gradient at the Te Kopia steamfield. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 27: 279 - 294, DOI: 10.1080/03014223.1997.9517539" title="Vegetation change along a geothermal stress gradient at the Te Kopia steamfield." url="10.1080/03014223.1997.9517539" volume="27" year="1997">Burns 1997</bibRefCitation>
) and most woody vegetation becomes scarce, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the dominant macro-vegetation. In these habitats, which may include extensive areas of steam field, heated mud pools and hot springs, active and quiescent hydrothermal explosion craters, and fumaroles, the low shrub or prostrate trailing form of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is best developed (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Figure 20. Kunzea tenuicaulis. A Kunzea tenuicaulis habitat, North Island, Karapiti (Craters of the Moon) (photo: P. J. de Lange) B Kunzea tenuicaulis habitat, North Island, Maungakakaramea (Rainbow Mountain) Scenic Reserve, Crater area (photo: P. B. Cashmore) C Kunzea tenuicaulis decumbent form on heated ground, Maungakakaramea (Rainbow Mountain) Scenic Reserve, Crater area (photo: P. B. Cashmore) D Kunzea tenuicaulis tree form showing multi-trunked growth habit and widely spreading, narrow branchlets, North Island, Rotorua, Kuiarau Park (photo: P. B. Cashmore) E Kunzea tenuicaulis tree form showing pendulous growth habit, North Island, Rotorua, Kuiarau Park (photo: P. B. Cashmore) F Kunzea tenuicaulis tree form showing multi-trunked, widely spreading, pendulous growth habit, North Island, Rotorua, Kuiarau Park (photo: P. B. Cashmore) G Kunzea tenuicaulis showing characteristic, flexuose trunks and widely spreading branches; North Island, Tokaanu, Tokaanu Geothermal Reserve, (photo: P. J. de Lange) H Kunzea tenuicaulis trunk and bark, North Island, Tokaanu, Tokaanu Geothermal Reserve, (photo: P. J. de Lange) I Kunzea tenuicaulis trunk and bark, North Island, Paeroa Range, Te Kopia Geothermal Reserve (photo: P. J. de Lange); (J) Kunzea tenuicaulis branches showing distinctive widely spreading, fine, pendulous branchlets, North Island, Tikitere (Hell's Gate) Thermal Park, (photo: P. J. de Lange) K Kunzea tenuicaulis flowering branchlet showing, compact corymbiform botrya, North Island, Waiotapu Geothermal Park (photo: G. M. Crowcroft)." pageId="43" pageNumber="44">20A, C, J</figureCitation>
). It is this form which may be found flowering at less than 40 mm tall and which is the plant referred to in past literature as 
<taxonomicName authorityName="W. Harris" authorityYear="1987" baseAuthorityName="G. Simpson" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea ericoides subsp. var. var. microflora" order="Myrtales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="ericoides" subSpecies="var." variety="microflora">Kunzea ericoides var. microflora</taxonomicName>
(see 
<bibRefCitation author="Given, DR" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Botany" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="1 - 13" publicationUrl="10.1080/0028825X.1980.10427227" refId="B57" refString="Given, DR, 1980a. Vegetation on heated soils at Karapiti, central North Island, New Zealand, and its relation to ground temperature. New Zealand Journal of Botany 12: 1 - 13, DOI: 10.1080/0028825X.1980.10427227" title="Vegetation on heated soils at Karapiti, central North Island, New Zealand, and its relation to ground temperature." url="10.1080/0028825X.1980.10427227" volume="12" year="1980 a">Given 1980a</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Harris, W" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Botany" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="213 - 230" publicationUrl="10.1080/0028825X.1992.10412903" refId="B67" refString="Harris, W, Porter, NG, Dawson, MI, 1992. Observations on biosystematic relationships of Kunzea sinclairii and on an intergeneric hybrid Kunzea sinclairii x Leptospermum scoparium. New Zealand Journal of Botany 30: 213 - 230, DOI: 10.1080/0028825X.1992.10412903" title="Observations on biosystematic relationships of Kunzea sinclairii and on an intergeneric hybrid Kunzea sinclairii x Leptospermum scoparium." url="10.1080/0028825X.1992.10412903" volume="30" year="1992">Harris et al. 1992</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Smale, MC" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Botany" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" pagination="441 - 452" publicationUrl="10.1080/0028825X.1994.10412931" refId="B117" refString="Smale, MC, 1994. Structure and dynamics of kanuka (Kunzea ericoides var. ericoides) heaths on sand dunes in Bay of Plenty, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 32: 441 - 452, DOI: 10.1080/0028825X.1994.10412931" title="Structure and dynamics of kanuka (Kunzea ericoides var. ericoides) heaths on sand dunes in Bay of Plenty, New Zealand." url="10.1080/0028825X.1994.10412931" volume="32" year="1994">Smale 1994</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Harris, W" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Botany" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="333 - 354" publicationUrl="10.1080/0028825X.1996.10410699" refId="B65" refString="Harris, W, 1996. Genecological aspects of flowering patterns of populations of Kunzea ericoides and K. sinclairii (Myrtaceae). New Zealand Journal of Botany 34: 333 - 354, DOI: 10.1080/0028825X.1996.10410699" title="Genecological aspects of flowering patterns of populations of Kunzea ericoides and K. sinclairii (Myrtaceae)." url="10.1080/0028825X.1996.10410699" volume="34" year="1996">Harris 1996</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Burns, B" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" pagination="279 - 294" publicationUrl="10.1080/03014223.1997.9517539" refId="B21" refString="Burns, B, 1997. Vegetation change along a geothermal stress gradient at the Te Kopia steamfield. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 27: 279 - 294, DOI: 10.1080/03014223.1997.9517539" title="Vegetation change along a geothermal stress gradient at the Te Kopia steamfield." url="10.1080/03014223.1997.9517539" volume="27" year="1997">Burns 1997</bibRefCitation>
). However, in many geothermal areas (e.g., Tikitere, Kuiarau Park andTokaanu) this decumbent form of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is mostly replaced by multi-trunked, erect to suberect trees of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Figure 20. Kunzea tenuicaulis. A Kunzea tenuicaulis habitat, North Island, Karapiti (Craters of the Moon) (photo: P. J. de Lange) B Kunzea tenuicaulis habitat, North Island, Maungakakaramea (Rainbow Mountain) Scenic Reserve, Crater area (photo: P. B. Cashmore) C Kunzea tenuicaulis decumbent form on heated ground, Maungakakaramea (Rainbow Mountain) Scenic Reserve, Crater area (photo: P. B. Cashmore) D Kunzea tenuicaulis tree form showing multi-trunked growth habit and widely spreading, narrow branchlets, North Island, Rotorua, Kuiarau Park (photo: P. B. Cashmore) E Kunzea tenuicaulis tree form showing pendulous growth habit, North Island, Rotorua, Kuiarau Park (photo: P. B. Cashmore) F Kunzea tenuicaulis tree form showing multi-trunked, widely spreading, pendulous growth habit, North Island, Rotorua, Kuiarau Park (photo: P. B. Cashmore) G Kunzea tenuicaulis showing characteristic, flexuose trunks and widely spreading branches; North Island, Tokaanu, Tokaanu Geothermal Reserve, (photo: P. J. de Lange) H Kunzea tenuicaulis trunk and bark, North Island, Tokaanu, Tokaanu Geothermal Reserve, (photo: P. J. de Lange) I Kunzea tenuicaulis trunk and bark, North Island, Paeroa Range, Te Kopia Geothermal Reserve (photo: P. J. de Lange); (J) Kunzea tenuicaulis branches showing distinctive widely spreading, fine, pendulous branchlets, North Island, Tikitere (Hell's Gate) Thermal Park, (photo: P. J. de Lange) K Kunzea tenuicaulis flowering branchlet showing, compact corymbiform botrya, North Island, Waiotapu Geothermal Park (photo: G. M. Crowcroft)." pageId="43" pageNumber="44">20D-G</figureCitation>
) identical to those seen growing in peripheral 
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘cold’">'cold'</normalizedToken>
and/or thermally quiescent areas in more active fields. Further study is needed to determine why the low shrub form of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
seems to be favoured in the more unstable geothermal systems, though physiological stress and aluminium toxicity has been suggested as a partial explanation (
<bibRefCitation author="Burns, B" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" pagination="279 - 294" publicationUrl="10.1080/03014223.1997.9517539" refId="B21" refString="Burns, B, 1997. Vegetation change along a geothermal stress gradient at the Te Kopia steamfield. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 27: 279 - 294, DOI: 10.1080/03014223.1997.9517539" title="Vegetation change along a geothermal stress gradient at the Te Kopia steamfield." url="10.1080/03014223.1997.9517539" volume="27" year="1997">Burns 1997</bibRefCitation>
). Irrespective, in these geothermally more active habitats 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
frequently associates with the ferns 
<taxonomicName class="Filicopsida" family="Gleicheniaceae" genus="Dicranopteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dicranopteris linearis" order="Gleicheniales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Pteridophyta" rank="species" species="linearis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Dicranopteris linearis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Burm.f.) Underw., 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Col" authorityYear="1888" class="Pteridopsida" family="Polypodiaceae" genus="Nephrolepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Nephrolepis flexuosa" order="Filicales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Polypodiophyta" rank="species" species="flexuosa">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Nephrolepis flexuosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Colenso, 
<taxonomicName class="Polypodiopsida" family="Pteridaceae" genus="Cheilanthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cheilanthes distans" order="Polypodiales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Polypodiopsida" rank="species" species="distans">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Cheilanthes distans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(R.Br.) Mett. and 
<taxonomicName authority="Kunze subsp. sieberi" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Pteridaceae" genus="Cheilanthes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cheilanthes sieberi subsp. sieberi" order="Polypodiales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Polypodiopsida" rank="subSpecies" species="sieberi" subSpecies="sieberi">Cheilanthes sieberi Kunze subsp. sieberi</taxonomicName>
, sparse, stunted 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Leucopogon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Leucopogon fasciculatus" order="Ericales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Spermatophyta" rank="species" species="fasciculatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Leucopogon fasciculatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hook fil" authorityYear="1844" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Dracophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dracophyllum subulatum" order="Ericales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="subulatum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Dracophyllum subulatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shrubs, the lilies 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Colenso" authorityYear="1884" class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Hemerocallidaceae" genus="Dianella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dianella nigra" order="Asparagales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="nigra">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Dianella nigra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Colenso, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Heenan &amp; de Lange" authorityYear="2007" class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Hemerocallidaceae" genus="Dianella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dianella haematica" order="Asparagales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="haematica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Dianella haematica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Heenan et de Lange and the exotic love grass 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Gramineae" genus="Eragrostis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Eragrostis brownii" order="Cyperales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="brownii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Eragrostis brownii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Kunth) Wight. Underneath 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shrubs a ground cover of liverworts and mosses dominated by 
<taxonomicName class="Hepaticae" family="Geocalycaceae" genus="Chiloscyphus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Chiloscyphus semiteres" order="Jungermanniales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="species" species="semiteres">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Chiloscyphus semiteres</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Lehm.) Lehm. and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bridel" authorityYear="1826" baseAuthorityName="K. F. Schultz" class="Bryopsida" family="Dicranaceae" genus="Campylopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Campylopus pyriformis" order="Dicranales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="species" species="pyriformis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Campylopus pyriformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Schultz) Brid. is usually present. In these habitats and also in the peripheral cool soils, ectomycorrhizal fungi of the genus 
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Pisolithaceae" genus="Pisolithus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Pisolithus" order="Boletales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Pisolithus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Alb. et Schwein. (see 
<bibRefCitation author="Burns, B" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" pagination="279 - 294" publicationUrl="10.1080/03014223.1997.9517539" refId="B21" refString="Burns, B, 1997. Vegetation change along a geothermal stress gradient at the Te Kopia steamfield. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 27: 279 - 294, DOI: 10.1080/03014223.1997.9517539" title="Vegetation change along a geothermal stress gradient at the Te Kopia steamfield." url="10.1080/03014223.1997.9517539" volume="27" year="1997">Burns 1997</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Moyersoen, B" journalOrPublisher="Mycologia" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="1225 - 1232" publicationUrl="10.2307/3762138" refId="B92" refString="Moyersoen, B, Beever, RE, 2004. Abundance and characteristics of Pisolithus endomycorrhizas in New Zealand geothermal areas. Mycologia 96: 1225 - 1232, DOI: 10.2307/3762138" title="Abundance and characteristics of Pisolithus endomycorrhizas in New Zealand geothermal areas." url="10.2307/3762138" volume="96" year="2004">Moyersoen and Beever 2004</bibRefCitation>
) have been found in exclusive association with 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="McKenzie, EHC" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Botany" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="293 - 335" publicationUrl="10.1080/0028825X.2006.9513025" refId="B85" refString="McKenzie, EHC, Johnston, PR, Buchanan, PK, 2006. Checklist of fungi on tea tree (Kunzea and Leptospermum species) in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 44: 293 - 335, DOI: 10.1080/0028825X.2006.9513025" title="Checklist of fungi on tea tree (Kunzea and Leptospermum species) in New Zealand." url="10.1080/0028825X.2006.9513025" volume="44" year="2006">McKenzie et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
as 
<taxonomicName authorityName="W. Harris" authorityYear="1987" baseAuthorityName="G. Simpson" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea ericoides subsp. var. var. microflora" order="Myrtales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="ericoides" subSpecies="var." variety="microflora">Kunzea ericoides var. microflora</taxonomicName>
). 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is also occasionally, and at times rather heavily, parasitised by the dwarf mistletoe 
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Viscaceae" genus="Korthalsella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Korthalsella salicornioides" order="Santalales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="salicornioides">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Korthalsella salicornioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="44" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="hybridism">
<paragraph pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Hybridism.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
The putative hybrids 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange et Toelken" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea robusta" order="Myrtales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="robusta">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Kunzea robusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange et Toelken" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea serotina" order="Myrtales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="serotina">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Kunzea serotina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been collected throughout the range of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, of these hybrids, only 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange et Toelken" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea robusta" order="Myrtales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="robusta">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Kunzea robusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is commonly encountered, because 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange et Toelken" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea robusta" order="Myrtales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="robusta">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Kunzea robusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is more frequently sympatric with 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
along the margins of that 
<normalizedToken originalValue="species’">species'</normalizedToken>
geothermal habitats, and in the plantation forests abutting many of the geothermal fields within the Rotorua Volcanic Centre (for geology see 
<bibRefCitation author="Briggs, RM" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" pagination="459 - 469" publicationUrl="10.1080/00288306.2005.9515126" refId="B13" refString="Briggs, RM, Houghton, BF, McWilliams, M, Wilson, CJN, 2005. 40Ar/39Ar ages of silicic volcanic rocks in the Tauranga-Kaimai area, New Zealand: dating the transition between volcanism in the Coromandel Arc and the Taupo Volcanic Zone. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 48: 459 - 469, DOI: 10.1080/00288306.2005.9515126" title="40 Ar / 39 Ar ages of silicic volcanic rocks in the Tauranga-Kaimai area, New Zealand: dating the transition between volcanism in the Coromandel Arc and the Taupo Volcanic Zone." url="10.1080/00288306.2005.9515126" volume="48" year="2005">Briggs et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Neall, VE" editor="Sturman, A" journalOrPublisher="Oxford University Press, Melbourne" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="39 - 60" refId="B94" refString="Neall, VE, 2001. Volcanic landforms. In: Sturman, A, Spronken-Smith, R, Eds., The Physical Environment - a New Zealand Perspective. Oxford University Press, Melbourne: 39 - 60" title="Volcanic landforms." volumeTitle="The Physical Environment - a New Zealand Perspective." year="2001">Neall 2001</bibRefCitation>
). Putative gatherings of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange et Toelken" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea serotina" order="Myrtales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="serotina">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Kunzea serotina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are less common because the ranges of those species rarely overlap (except around Karapiti and Tokaanu). These hybrids are discussed in detail under 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange et Toelken" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea serotina" order="Myrtales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="serotina">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Kunzea serotina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
Hybrids involving 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange et Toelken" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea robusta" order="Myrtales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="robusta">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Kunzea robusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are best recognised by the presence of mixtures of long, appressed, weakly flexuose and shortly divergent branchlet hairs. However, in the field they can be distinguished by their general tendency to form single trunked, weakly spreading trees, with fewer branches and branchlets that are often somewhat slender and semi-pendulous to pendulous. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange et Toelken" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea robusta" order="Myrtales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="robusta">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Kunzea robusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is usually present as introgressive hybrid swarms because most of the geothermal habitats are now extensively modified.
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="44" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
Artificial hybrids involving 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<pageBreakToken pageId="44" pageNumber="45" start="start">Kunzea</pageBreakToken>
tenuicaulis
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as staminate or pistillate parent and other New Zealand members of the 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea ericoides" order="Myrtales" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ericoides">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Kunzea ericoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
complex were easily produced, and showed no obvious reduction in fertility, except for crosses involving 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange et Toelken" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea serotina" order="Myrtales" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="serotina">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Kunzea serotina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which were sterile (
<bibRefCitation author="de Lange, PJ" journalOrPublisher="Australian Journal of Botany" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="609 - 617" publicationUrl="10.1071/BT04060" refId="B42" refString="de Lange, PJ, Murray, BG, 2004. Chromosome numbers in Kunzea (Myrtaceae). Australian Journal of Botany 52: 609 - 617, DOI: 10.1071/BT04060" title="Chromosome numbers in Kunzea (Myrtaceae)." url="10.1071/BT04060" volume="52" year="2004">de Lange and Murray 2004</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="de Lange, PJ" journalOrPublisher="Australian Systematic Botany" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="117 - 131" publicationUrl="10.1071/SB04043" refId="B44" refString="de Lange, PJ, Datson, PM, Murray, BG, Toelken, HR, 2005. Hybridism in the Kunzea ericoides complex (Myrtaceae): an analysis of artificial crosses. Australian Systematic Botany 18: 117 - 131, DOI: 10.1071/SB04043" title="Hybridism in the Kunzea ericoides complex (Myrtaceae): an analysis of artificial crosses." url="10.1071/SB04043" volume="18" year="2005">de Lange et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="vernacular name">
<paragraph pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Vernacular name.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="44" pageNumber="45">No specific Maori name for this species seems to have been recorded.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="conservation status">
<paragraph pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Conservation status.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
Currently, as 
<taxonomicName authorityName="W. Harris" authorityYear="1987" baseAuthorityName="G. Simpson" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea ericoides subsp. var. var. microflora" order="Myrtales" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="ericoides" subSpecies="var." variety="microflora">Kunzea ericoides var. microflora</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Lange" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Kunzea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kunzea tenuicaulis" order="Myrtales" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuicaulis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Kunzea tenuicaulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is appropriately listed as 'At Risk/Naturally 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Uncommon’">Uncommon'</normalizedToken>
qualified 
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘RR’">'RR'</normalizedToken>
[Range Restricted] by 
<bibRefCitation author="de Lange, PJ" journalOrPublisher="Department of Conservation, Wellington" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" publicationUrl="www.doc.govt.nz/publications/conservation/nz-threat-classification-system/nz-threat-classfication-system-lists-2012-14/" refId="B47" refString="de Lange, PJ, Rolfe, JR, Champion, PD, Courtney, SP, Heenan, PB, Barkla, JW, Cameron, EK, Norton, DA, Hitchmough, DA, 2013b. Conservation status of New Zealand indigenous vascular, 2012. Department of Conservation, Wellington, www.doc.govt.nz/publications/conservation/nz-threat-classification-system/nz-threat-classfication-system-lists-2012-14/" title="Conservation status of New Zealand indigenous vascular, 2012" url="www.doc.govt.nz/publications/conservation/nz-threat-classification-system/nz-threat-classfication-system-lists-2012-14/" year="2013 b">de Lange et al. (2013b)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>