treatments-xml/data/F4/D0/21/F4D021A153BB531A8E438B09750968AB.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.169.57996" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2ef918a8-b165-4acd-9b8d-681a8be3179c" ID-PMC="PMC7732820" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-169-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="4C3FED0F8EE9579F9DAF15D7FBD5E167" ID-PubMed="33354138" ModsDocID="1314-2003-169-1" checkinTime="1607107116814" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Pellegrini, Marco O. O., Hickman, Ellen J., Guttierrez, Jorge E., Smith, Rhian J. &amp; Hopper, Stephen D." docDate="2020" docId="F4D021A153BB531A8E438B09750968AB" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 169: 1-59" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 169" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.169.57996" docTitle="Cubanicula Pellegrini &amp; Hickman &amp; Guttiérrez &amp; Smith &amp; Hopper 2020, gen. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="4C3FED0F8EE9579F9DAF15D7FBD5E167" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="4C3FED0F8EE9579F9DAF15D7FBD5E167" masterDocTitle="Revisiting the taxonomy of the Neotropical Haemodoraceae (Commelinales)" masterLastPageNumber="59" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1668140162299" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Revisiting the taxonomy of the Neotropical Haemodoraceae (Commelinales)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Pellegrini, Marco O. O.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Universidade de Sao Paulo, Departamento de Botanica, Rua do Matao 277, CEP 05508 - 900, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8783-1362</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">marcooctavio.pellegrini@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Hickman, Ellen J.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>University of Western Australia, Centre of Excellence in Natural Resource Management and School of Biological Sciences, Albany, Western Australia 6330, Australia</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Guttierrez, Jorge E.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Jardin Botanico Nacional, Universidad de La Habana, La Habana, Cuba</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Smith, Rhian J.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Kew Green, Richmond, Surrey TW 9 3 AB, UK</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Hopper, Stephen D.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>University of Western Australia, Centre of Excellence in Natural Resource Management and School of Biological Sciences, Albany, Western Australia 6330, Australia</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:part>
<mods:date>2020</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>169</mods:number>
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>59</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.169.57996</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.169.57996</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-169-1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">4C3FED0F8EE9579F9DAF15D7FBD5E167</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="170677874" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F4D021A153BB531A8E438B09750968AB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F4D021A153BB531A8E438B09750968AB" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
1. 
<taxonomicName LSID="F4D021A1-53BB-531A-8E43-8B09750968AB" authority="Hopper, J. E. Gut., E. J. Hickman, M. Pell. &amp; Rhian J. Sm." authorityName="Pellegrini &amp; Hickman &amp; Guttiérrez &amp; Smith &amp; Hopper" authorityYear="2020" class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Cubanicula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cubanicula" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">Cubanicula Hopper, J.E. Gut., E.J. Hickman, M. Pell. &amp; Rhian J. Sm.</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="1">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Cubanicula xanthorrhiza (C. Wright ex Griseb.) Hopper et al. A habitat B habit C cross-section of the stem showing the bright orange colouration D female regal jumping spider (Phidippus regius, Salticidae) well camouflaged on C. xanthorrhiza E detail of the equitant leaves F, G inflorescence: F immature inflorescence G mature inflorescence H flower I detail of the androecium and gynoecium J immature capsule showing the persistent hairs along the septal ridges. All photos by R. J. Smith." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.169.57996.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/481927" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figs 1</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Cubanicula xanthorrhiza (C. Wright ex Griseb.) Hopper et al. Full colour whole plant illustration. Illustration by E. J. Hickman. Scale bar: 1 cm." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.169.57996.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/481928" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 2</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Cubanicula xanthorrhiza (C. Wright ex Griseb.) Hopper et al. A, B root: A root B cross-section C rhizome D leaf E branched cincinnus F flower bud G, H flower: G frontal view H side view I dissected perianth, showing nectar guides J flower with removed perianth, showing the androecium and gynoecium K hairs L-O stamens: L frontal view of a lateral stamen M dorsal view of a lateral stamen N frontal view of the medial stamen O dorsal view of the medial stamen P, Q gynoecium: P, gynoecium Q stigma R-U fruit: R immature capsule S capsule in longitudinal section T capsule in cross-section U dehisced capsule V-X seed: V dorsal view W ventral view X longitudinal section. Illustration by E. J. Hickman. Scale bars: 1.5 mm (A, B, J, P); 1 cm (C, E); 10.5 mm (D); 5 mm (F-I); 0.5 mm (K); 0.75 mm (L-O); 0.37 mm (Q); 3 mm (R-U); 0.9 mm (V-X)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.169.57996.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/481929" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 3</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Comparison of fruit and seed morphology of Cubanicula Hopper et al., Pyrrorhiza Maguire &amp; Wurdack, and Xiphidium Loefl A-D C. xanthorrhizon (C. Wright ex Griseb.) Hopper et al.: A immature fruit B fruit in longitudinal section C dehiscent mature fruit D seed (dorsal view, ventral view, and longitudinal section) E-H P. neblinae Maguire &amp; Wurdack: E immature fruit F fruit in longitudinal section G dehiscent mature fruit H seed (dorsal view, ventral view, and longitudinal section) I-L X. caeruleum Aubl.: I immature fruit J fruit in longitudinal section K non-dehiscent mature fruit L seed (ventral view, dorsal view, and longitudinal section). Illustration by E. J. Hickman. Scale bars: 2 mm (A-C, E-G, I-K); 1 mm (D, H, L)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.169.57996.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/481930" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 4</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="type species">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type species.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Cubanicula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cubanicula xanthorrhiza" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="xanthorrhiza">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cubanicula xanthorrhiza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(C. Wright ex Griseb.) Hopper et al. (≡ 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Xiphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xiphidium xanthorrhizon" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="xanthorrhizon">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xiphidium xanthorrhizon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
C. Wright ex Griseb.).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Similar to 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Xiphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xiphidium" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xiphidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Loefl. in inflorescence and floral morphology, differing due to its contracted stems, leaves congested into an apical rosette, 1-2-branched cincinni, extrorsely rimose anthers, capsules trigonous, 3-valved, with thickened and tomentose septal ridges, dry at maturity, dehiscence loculicidal, lenticellate, with coarse trichomes on margins and outer testa.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Named for Cuba, in which the genus is narrowly endemic. The diminutive ' 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">icula</emphasis>
' is an allusion to the fact that this genus is second only to 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Pyrrorhiza" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pyrrorhiza" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pyrrorhiza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in 
<taxonomicName family="Haemodoraceae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="family">Haemodoraceae</taxonomicName>
in its restricted geographical range.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="taxonomic history">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Taxonomic history.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The types of 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Xiphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xiphidium xanthorrizon" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="xanthorrizon">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xiphidium xanthorrizon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were collected by the American botanist Charles H. Wright (1811-1885), who, between 1856-1867, 'travelled all over Cuba with the exception of the highest mountains and tripled the number of the phanerogamous plant species known from this 
<normalizedToken originalValue="territory’">territory'</normalizedToken>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Borhidi, A" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B5" refString="Borhidi, A, 1991. Phytogeography and Vegetation Ecology of Cuba. AkadCmi Kiado Publishing House, The Hungarian Academy of Sciences." title="Phytogeography and Vegetation Ecology of Cuba. AkadCmi Kiado Publishing House, The Hungarian Academy of Sciences." year="1991">Borhidi 1991</bibRefCitation>
: 16). New taxa collected by Wright were described by 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Göttingen’s">Goettingen's</normalizedToken>
Professor August H.R. Grisebach (1814-1879), primarily in his 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="kingdom">Plantae</taxonomicName>
Wrightianae e Cuba Orientali
</emphasis>
, published in two parts from 1860-1862. However, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. xanthorrizon" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="xanthorrizon">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. xanthorrizon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was not published until 1866, in 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Griesebach’s">Griesebach's</normalizedToken>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Catalogus Plantarum Cebensium</emphasis>
, in which he attributed the new 
<normalizedToken originalValue="species’">species'</normalizedToken>
name to Wright.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Ascertaining 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Wright’s">Wright's</normalizedToken>
itinerary during his three periods on Cuban expeditions has been problematic: 
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘[…">'[...</normalizedToken>
] his travels were confined chiefly to the two ends of the island, leaving the great central portion largely unexplored. It is unfortunate that the labels on his plants, at least in most of the collections where they are to be found, bear only the inscription 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Cuba”">&quot;Cuba&quot;</normalizedToken>
or &quot;in Cuba orientali 
<normalizedToken originalValue="”.’">&quot;.'</normalizedToken>
(
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2478811" author="Underwood, LM" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="291 - 300" refId="B64" refString="Underwood, LM, 1905. A summary of Charles Wright's explorations in Cuba. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 32 (6): 291 - 300, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2478811" title="A summary of Charles Wright's explorations in Cuba." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2478811" volume="32" year="1905">Underwood 1905</bibRefCitation>
: 291). Moreover, many of 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Wright’s">Wright's</normalizedToken>
collections made in western Cuba were irrevocably damaged in transport to the USA: 'It appears from 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Wright’s">Wright's</normalizedToken>
correspondence that a considerable portion of his collection was lost, mainly that collected in the rich tobacco region of the western end of the island (Pinar del Rio). How extensive this loss may have been, probably cannot now be estimated, but it was certainly considerable.' (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2478811" author="Underwood, LM" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="291 - 300" refId="B64" refString="Underwood, LM, 1905. A summary of Charles Wright's explorations in Cuba. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 32 (6): 291 - 300, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2478811" title="A summary of Charles Wright's explorations in Cuba." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2478811" volume="32" year="1905">Underwood 1905</bibRefCitation>
: 291). The author also quotes some sentences found in Dr 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Gray’s">Gray's</normalizedToken>
Letters (2: 555) that explain the cause of the loss of these specimens: 'April 8th [1867] It grieves my heart and will grieve yours badly when I tell you that your boxes were put under a cargo of wet sugar, which drained into them and have [
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sic</emphasis>
] ruined the collection. [
<normalizedToken originalValue="…">...</normalizedToken>
] As to specimens to dispose of, say only one-half or one-third of the whole mass is left fit for it 
<normalizedToken originalValue="…">...</normalizedToken>
[Ever your disconsolate A. GRAY.]' (Gray 1867 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">apud</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2478811" author="Underwood, LM" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="291 - 300" refId="B64" refString="Underwood, LM, 1905. A summary of Charles Wright's explorations in Cuba. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 32 (6): 291 - 300, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2478811" title="A summary of Charles Wright's explorations in Cuba." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2478811" volume="32" year="1905">Underwood 1905</bibRefCitation>
: 291, 292).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
These problems aside, 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2478811" author="Underwood, LM" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="291 - 300" refId="B64" refString="Underwood, LM, 1905. A summary of Charles Wright's explorations in Cuba. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 32 (6): 291 - 300, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2478811" title="A summary of Charles Wright's explorations in Cuba." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2478811" volume="32" year="1905">Underwood (1905)</bibRefCitation>
managed to assemble a sketch of 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Wright’s">Wright's</normalizedToken>
many Cuban itineraries through 200 letters written to Asa Gray and other sources that mentioned dates and place names. Perhaps because of a shipment earlier than the calamity referred to above by Asa Gray, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Wright’s">Wright's</normalizedToken>
collections of 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Xiphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xiphidium xanthorrizon" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="xanthorrizon">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xiphidium xanthorrizon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
persist. Wright probably collected 
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. xanthorrizon" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="xanthorrizon">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. xanthorrizon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
when he was stationed at Retiro - 'a finca near Taco Taco where Don Jose Blain 
<normalizedToken originalValue="lived’">lived'</normalizedToken>
(
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2478811" author="Underwood, LM" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="291 - 300" refId="B64" refString="Underwood, LM, 1905. A summary of Charles Wright's explorations in Cuba. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 32 (6): 291 - 300, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2478811" title="A summary of Charles Wright's explorations in Cuba." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2478811" volume="32" year="1905">Underwood 1905</bibRefCitation>
: 297), either in June-September 1863 or, more likely, in January-May 1864. This can be deduced from labels on the types that provide the dates 1860-1864 and a statement in a letter written in Havana on 28 July 1864: 'plants boxed ready to 
<normalizedToken originalValue="embark’">embark'</normalizedToken>
(
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2478811" author="Underwood, LM" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="291 - 300" refId="B64" refString="Underwood, LM, 1905. A summary of Charles Wright's explorations in Cuba. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 32 (6): 291 - 300, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2478811" title="A summary of Charles Wright's explorations in Cuba." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2478811" volume="32" year="1905">Underwood 1905</bibRefCitation>
: 298).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The type location and 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Wright’s">Wright's</normalizedToken>
collection number of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. xanthorrizon" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="xanthorrizon">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. xanthorrizon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is cited by 
<bibRefCitation author="Maas, PJM" journalOrPublisher="Neotropica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 44" refId="B27" refString="Maas, PJM, Maas-van de Kamer, H, 1993. Haemodoraceae. Fl. Neotropica 61: 1 - 44" title="Haemodoraceae. Fl." volume="61" year="1993">Maas and Maas-van de Kamer (1993</bibRefCitation>
: 31) as 'Cuba. Pinar del Rio: San Cristobal, Wright 3259'. The only reference to San Cristobal cited by 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2478811" author="Underwood, LM" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="291 - 300" refId="B64" refString="Underwood, LM, 1905. A summary of Charles Wright's explorations in Cuba. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 32 (6): 291 - 300, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2478811" title="A summary of Charles Wright's explorations in Cuba." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2478811" volume="32" year="1905">Underwood (1905</bibRefCitation>
: 298) is for a letter written at Retiro on the 15 June 1866 - 'went again to San Cristobal on the 10 
<normalizedToken originalValue="th’">th'</normalizedToken>
. Since San Cristobal is only 10 km ENE of Retiro on the main road to Havana, it is clearly a place that Wright would have gone through whenever visiting Retiro in the years 1863, 1864, and 1866. For example, on 19 May 1864, Wright wrote: &quot;Made an excursion of ten days eastward and southward to La Concordia, San Leon, etc.&quot; (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2478811" author="Underwood, LM" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="291 - 300" refId="B64" refString="Underwood, LM, 1905. A summary of Charles Wright's explorations in Cuba. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 32 (6): 291 - 300, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2478811" title="A summary of Charles Wright's explorations in Cuba." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2478811" volume="32" year="1905">Underwood 1905</bibRefCitation>
: 298).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.169.57996.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/481927" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 1" startId="F1">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Cubanicula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cubanicula xanthorrhiza" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="xanthorrhiza">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cubanicula xanthorrhiza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(C.Wright ex Griseb.) Hopper et al. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
habitat 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
habit 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
cross-section of the stem showing the bright orange colouration 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
female regal jumping spider (
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Salticidae" genus="Phidippus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phidippus regius" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="regius">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Phidippus regius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Blackwall" authorityYear="1841" family="Salticidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="family">Salticidae</taxonomicName>
) well camouflaged on 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. xanthorrhiza" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="xanthorrhiza">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. xanthorrhiza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
detail of the equitant leaves 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F, G</emphasis>
inflorescence: 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
immature inflorescence 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G</emphasis>
mature inflorescence 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H</emphasis>
flower 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">I</emphasis>
detail of the androecium and gynoecium 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">J</emphasis>
immature capsule showing the persistent hairs along the septal ridges. All photos by R.J. Smith.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Subsequent collections filled in knowledge of the geographical distribution of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. xanthorrizon" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="xanthorrizon">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. xanthorrizon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, including an early collection from the 1860s by Jose Blain first recording the species from the northern portion of Isla de Juventud (= Isla de Pinos). The specimen (in the Field Museum) was annotated as 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Xiphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xiphidium floribundum" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="floribundum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xiphidium floribundum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Sw (= 
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. caeruleum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="caeruleum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. caeruleum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), yet associated notes said (
<bibRefCitation author="Millspaugh, CF" journalOrPublisher="Publications of the Field Columbian Museum, Botanical Series" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="3 - 110" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/46063084" refId="B34" refString="Millspaugh, CF, 1900. Plantae Utowanae. Plants collected in Bermuda, Porto Rico, St. Thomas, Culebras, Santo Domingo, Jamaica, Cuba, The Caymans, Cozumel, Yucatan, and the Alacran Shoals. Dec. 1898 to Mar. 1899. The Antillean cruise of the Yacht Utowana. Mr. Allison V. Armour, Owner and Master, part I - Catalogue of the Species. Publications of the Field Columbian Museum, Botanical Series 2: 3 - 110, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/46063084" title="Plantae Utowanae. Plants collected in Bermuda, Porto Rico, St. Thomas, Culebras, Santo Domingo, Jamaica, Cuba, The Caymans, Cozumel, Yucatan, and the Alacran Shoals. Dec. 1898 to Mar. 1899. The Antillean cruise of the Yacht Utowana. Mr. Allison V. Armour, Owner and Master, part I - Catalogue of the Species." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/46063084" volume="2" year="1900">Millspaugh 1900</bibRefCitation>
: 426): 
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘[…">'[...</normalizedToken>
] In Cuba this species grows only in shady situations in glens, never on the open savannas; here, however, it seeks the open plains far from shade - Blain.' Moreover, an old handwritten slip attached to the Field Museum specimen, presumably written by Charles Wright, gave the species as 
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. xanthorrizon" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="xanthorrizon">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. xanthorrizon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and this is undoubtedly the identity of 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Blain’s">Blain's</normalizedToken>
specimen. It is 
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. xanthorrizon" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="xanthorrizon">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. xanthorrizon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, not 
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. caeruleum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="caeruleum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. caeruleum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, that is common on open savannahs on Isla de Juventud, a view affirmed in subsequent maps and accounts of Cuban 
<taxonomicName family="Haemodoraceae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="family">Haemodoraceae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Maas, PJM" journalOrPublisher="Neotropica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 44" refId="B27" refString="Maas, PJM, Maas-van de Kamer, H, 1993. Haemodoraceae. Fl. Neotropica 61: 1 - 44" title="Haemodoraceae. Fl." volume="61" year="1993">Maas and Maas-van de Kamer 1993</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Urquiola Cruz, A" journalOrPublisher="Fasciculo 5 (2), Koeltz Scientific Books, Koenigst" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B65" refString="Urquiola Cruz, A, Aguilar Trujillo, JR, Betancurt Betancurt, Z, Betancurt Gandul, M, 2000. Haemodoraceae. In: Greuter W (Ed.) Flora de la Republica de Cuba. Series A. Plantas Vasculares. Fasciculo 5(2), Koeltz Scientific Books, Koenigst" title="Haemodoraceae. In: Greuter W (Ed.) Flora de la Republica de Cuba. Series A. Plantas Vasculares." year="2000">Urquiola Cruz et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
). The 
<normalizedToken originalValue="species’">species'</normalizedToken>
range has not been extended from the open pine woodlands on the white sands of Pinos del Rio Province and the Isla de Juventud, despite extensive modern collections across Cuba, such as the 20,000 sheets made by 
<bibRefCitation author="Borhidi, A" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B5" refString="Borhidi, A, 1991. Phytogeography and Vegetation Ecology of Cuba. AkadCmi Kiado Publishing House, The Hungarian Academy of Sciences." title="Phytogeography and Vegetation Ecology of Cuba. AkadCmi Kiado Publishing House, The Hungarian Academy of Sciences." year="1991">Borhidi (1991)</bibRefCitation>
and colleagues in 1969-1970 and 1974-1976, for phytogeographic and vegetation mapping purposes.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.169.57996.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/481928" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Cubanicula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cubanicula xanthorrhiza" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="xanthorrhiza">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cubanicula xanthorrhiza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(C.Wright ex Griseb.) Hopper et al. Full colour whole plant illustration. Illustration by E.J. Hickman. Scale bar: 1 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Until now, treatments of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. xanthorrizon" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="xanthorrizon">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. xanthorrizon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
after the original description have not challenged the generic placement of the species (
<bibRefCitation author="Leon, H" journalOrPublisher=", Leipzig, London, Milano &amp; New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B24" refString="Leon, H, 1946. Flora de Cuba (Vol. 1). Gymnosperms Monocotyledons. Contribuciones Ocasionales del Museo de Historia Natural Colegio La Salle 8, Cultural S.A., La Habana." title="Flora de Cuba (Vol. 1). Gymnosperms Monocotyledons. Contribuciones Ocasionales del Museo de Historia Natural Colegio La Salle 8, Cultural S. A., La Habana." year="1946">
<normalizedToken originalValue="León">Leon</normalizedToken>
1946
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2399670" author="Simpson, MG" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="722 - 784" refId="B52" refString="Simpson, MG, 1990. Phylogeny and classification of the Haemodoraceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 77 (4): 722 - 784, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2399670" title="Phylogeny and classification of the Haemodoraceae." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2399670" volume="77" year="1990">Simpson 1990</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Simpson, MG" editor="Kubitzki, K" journalOrPublisher="4). Springer Verlag, Berlin" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="212 - 128" refId="B55" refString="Simpson, MG, 1998b. Haemodoraceae. In: Kubitzki, K, Ed., The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants (Vol. 4). Springer Verlag, Berlin: 212 - 128" title="Haemodoraceae." volumeTitle="The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants (Vol." year="1998 b">1998b</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Maas, PJM" journalOrPublisher="Neotropica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 44" refId="B27" refString="Maas, PJM, Maas-van de Kamer, H, 1993. Haemodoraceae. Fl. Neotropica 61: 1 - 44" title="Haemodoraceae. Fl." volume="61" year="1993">Maas and Maas-van de Kamer 1993</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Urquiola Cruz, A" journalOrPublisher="Fasciculo 5 (2), Koeltz Scientific Books, Koenigst" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B65" refString="Urquiola Cruz, A, Aguilar Trujillo, JR, Betancurt Betancurt, Z, Betancurt Gandul, M, 2000. Haemodoraceae. In: Greuter W (Ed.) Flora de la Republica de Cuba. Series A. Plantas Vasculares. Fasciculo 5(2), Koeltz Scientific Books, Koenigst" title="Haemodoraceae. In: Greuter W (Ed.) Flora de la Republica de Cuba. Series A. Plantas Vasculares." year="2000">Urquiola Cruz et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
). Indeed, 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2399670" author="Simpson, MG" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="722 - 784" refId="B52" refString="Simpson, MG, 1990. Phylogeny and classification of the Haemodoraceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 77 (4): 722 - 784, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2399670" title="Phylogeny and classification of the Haemodoraceae." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2399670" volume="77" year="1990">Simpson (1990</bibRefCitation>
: 729) remarked, ' 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Xiphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xiphidium" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xiphidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
consists of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. coeruleum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="coeruleum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. coeruleum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[sic] and 
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. xanthorrhiza" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="xanthorrhiza">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. xanthorrhiza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[sic], which differ only in minor morphological features and are likely more closely related to one another than to any other genus. However, because no definitive synapomorphy is evident for 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Xiphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xiphidium" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xiphidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, its monophyly cannot be affirmed.' Although he undertook a comprehensive examination of the morphology and anatomy of the genera of 
<taxonomicName family="Haemodoraceae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="family">Haemodoraceae</taxonomicName>
, 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2399670" author="Simpson, MG" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="722 - 784" refId="B52" refString="Simpson, MG, 1990. Phylogeny and classification of the Haemodoraceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 77 (4): 722 - 784, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2399670" title="Phylogeny and classification of the Haemodoraceae." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2399670" volume="77" year="1990">Simpson (1990)</bibRefCitation>
did not include both species of 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Xiphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xiphidium" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xiphidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in his study in order to test the 
<normalizedToken originalValue="genus’">genus'</normalizedToken>
monophyly. Instead, he chose only to represent the genus by sampling 
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. caeruleum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="caeruleum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. caeruleum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. An examination of seeds alone would have raised questions about the generic placement of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. xanthorrizon" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="xanthorrizon">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. xanthorrizon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.169.57996.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/481929" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Cubanicula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cubanicula xanthorrhiza" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="xanthorrhiza">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cubanicula xanthorrhiza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(C.Wright ex Griseb.) Hopper et al. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A, B</emphasis>
root: 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
root 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
cross-section 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
rhizome 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
leaf 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
branched cincinnus 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
flower bud 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G, H</emphasis>
flower: 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G</emphasis>
frontal view 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H</emphasis>
side view 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">I</emphasis>
dissected perianth, showing nectar guides 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">J</emphasis>
flower with removed perianth, showing the androecium and gynoecium 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">K</emphasis>
hairs 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L-O</emphasis>
stamens: 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L</emphasis>
frontal view of a lateral stamen 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">M</emphasis>
dorsal view of a lateral stamen 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">N</emphasis>
frontal view of the medial stamen 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">O</emphasis>
dorsal view of the medial stamen 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P, Q</emphasis>
gynoecium: 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P</emphasis>
, gynoecium 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Q</emphasis>
stigma 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R-U</emphasis>
fruit: 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R</emphasis>
immature capsule 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S</emphasis>
capsule in longitudinal section 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">T</emphasis>
capsule in cross-section 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">U</emphasis>
dehisced capsule 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">V-X</emphasis>
seed: 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">V</emphasis>
dorsal view 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">W</emphasis>
ventral view 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X</emphasis>
longitudinal section. Illustration by E.J. Hickman. Scale bars: 1.5 mm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A, B, J, P</emphasis>
); 1 cm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C, E</emphasis>
); 10.5 mm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
); 5 mm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F-I</emphasis>
); 0.5 mm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">K</emphasis>
); 0.75 mm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L-O</emphasis>
); 0.37 mm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Q</emphasis>
); 3 mm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R-U</emphasis>
); 0.9 mm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">V-X</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2419536" author="Simpson, MG" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="593 - 613" refId="B53" refString="Simpson, MG, 1993. Septal nectary anatomy and phylogeny in the Haemodoraceae. Systematic Botany 18 (4): 593 - 613, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2419536" title="Septal nectary anatomy and phylogeny in the Haemodoraceae." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2419536" volume="18" year="1993">Simpson (1993)</bibRefCitation>
discovered the unusual absence of septal nectaries in both 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Xiphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xiphidium" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xiphidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species and interpreted this trait as an autapomorphy for the genus associated with buzz pollination by bees, which was known for 
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. caeruleum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="caeruleum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. caeruleum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Buchmann, SL" journalOrPublisher="Panama Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="685 - 699" refId="B7" refString="Buchmann, SL, 1980. Preliminary anthecological observations on Xiphidium caeruleum Aubl. (Monocotyledoneae: Haemodoraceae). Panama Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 53 (4): 685 - 699" title="Preliminary anthecological observations on Xiphidium caeruleum Aubl. (Monocotyledoneae: Haemodoraceae)." volume="53" year="1980">Buchmann 1980</bibRefCitation>
), but the pollination ecology of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. xanthorrizon" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="xanthorrizon">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. xanthorrizon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was not documented. 
<bibRefCitation author="Maas, PJM" journalOrPublisher="Neotropica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 44" refId="B27" refString="Maas, PJM, Maas-van de Kamer, H, 1993. Haemodoraceae. Fl. Neotropica 61: 1 - 44" title="Haemodoraceae. Fl." volume="61" year="1993">Maas and Maas-van de Kamer (1993</bibRefCitation>
: 11) speculated that 'The differently coloured nectar guide on the three adaxial tepals of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. xanthorrizon" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="xanthorrizon">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. xanthorrizon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
suggest that an insect pollinator alights in a consistent orientation, forwardly directed to collect pollen from the shorter stamens, in the meantime being dusted by the largest stamen.' 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2419536" author="Simpson, MG" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="593 - 613" refId="B53" refString="Simpson, MG, 1993. Septal nectary anatomy and phylogeny in the Haemodoraceae. Systematic Botany 18 (4): 593 - 613, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2419536" title="Septal nectary anatomy and phylogeny in the Haemodoraceae." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2419536" volume="18" year="1993">Simpson (1993)</bibRefCitation>
affirmed an observation of 
<bibRefCitation author="Maas, PJM" journalOrPublisher="Neotropica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 44" refId="B27" refString="Maas, PJM, Maas-van de Kamer, H, 1993. Haemodoraceae. Fl. Neotropica 61: 1 - 44" title="Haemodoraceae. Fl." volume="61" year="1993">Maas and Maas-van de Kamer (1993)</bibRefCitation>
that 
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. xanthorrizon" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="xanthorrizon">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. xanthorrizon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has longitudinal anther dehiscence, whereas 
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. caeruleum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="caeruleum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. caeruleum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
anthers commence with nearly poricidal dehiscence, becoming longitudinal as flowers age or dry out (
<bibRefCitation author="Buchmann, SL" journalOrPublisher="Panama Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="685 - 699" refId="B7" refString="Buchmann, SL, 1980. Preliminary anthecological observations on Xiphidium caeruleum Aubl. (Monocotyledoneae: Haemodoraceae). Panama Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 53 (4): 685 - 699" title="Preliminary anthecological observations on Xiphidium caeruleum Aubl. (Monocotyledoneae: Haemodoraceae)." volume="53" year="1980">Buchmann 1980</bibRefCitation>
). Such a difference echoed a number of other traits overlooked by many authors that call into question the hypothesis that 
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. xanthorrizon" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="xanthorrizon">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. xanthorrizon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. caeruleum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="caeruleum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. caeruleum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are sister taxa.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Regarding generic relationships of 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Xiphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xiphidium" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xiphidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1086/297564" author="Simpson, MG" journalOrPublisher="International Journal of Plant Sciences" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="466 - 479" refId="B54" refString="Simpson, MG, 1998a. Reversal in ovary position from inferior to superior in the Haemodoraceae: Evidence from floral ontogeny. International Journal of Plant Sciences 159 (3): 466 - 479, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/297564" title="Reversal in ovary position from inferior to superior in the Haemodoraceae: Evidence from floral ontogeny." url="https://doi.org/10.1086/297564" volume="159" year="1998 a">Simpson (1998a</bibRefCitation>
: 217) elaborated: 'Within this superior-ovaried group [of subfamily 
<taxonomicName genus="Haemodoroideae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="genus">Haemodoroideae</taxonomicName>
], 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Wachendorfia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Wachendorfia" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Wachendorfia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="W.H.Harvey" authorityYear="1868" class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Barberetta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Barberetta" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Barberetta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are united in having a similar pollen ultrastructure (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/00173138309431969" author="Simpson, MG" journalOrPublisher="Grana" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="79 - 103" refId="B49" refString="Simpson, MG, 1983. Pollen ultrastructure of the Haemodoraceae and its taxonomic significance. Grana 22 (2): 79 - 103, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00173138309431969" title="Pollen ultrastructure of the Haemodoraceae and its taxonomic significance." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/00173138309431969" volume="22" year="1983">Simpson 1983</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2399670" author="Simpson, MG" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="722 - 784" refId="B52" refString="Simpson, MG, 1990. Phylogeny and classification of the Haemodoraceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 77 (4): 722 - 784, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2399670" title="Phylogeny and classification of the Haemodoraceae." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2399670" volume="77" year="1990">1990</bibRefCitation>
) and 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Schiekia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Schiekia" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Schiekia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Pyrrorhiza" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pyrrorhiza" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pyrrorhiza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are united in having staminodes and similarities in ovule anatomy (M.G. Simpson, 1990, unpubl.). The exact relationships of 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Xiphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xiphidium" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xiphidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to these genera is unclear.' Molecular phylogenetic analyses have yet to clarify the systematic position of 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Xiphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xiphidium" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xiphidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in this clade (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1999.tb00770.x" author="Hopper, SD" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="285 - 299" refId="B17" refString="Hopper, SD, Fay, MF, Rossetto, M, Chase, MW, 1999. A molecular phylogenetic analysis of the bloodroot and kangaroo paw family, Haemodoraceae: Taxonomic, biogeographic and conservation implications. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 131 (3): 285 - 299, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1999.tb00770.x" title="A molecular phylogenetic analysis of the bloodroot and kangaroo paw family, Haemodoraceae: Taxonomic, biogeographic and conservation implications." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1999.tb00770.x" volume="131" year="1999">Hopper et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2008.11.015" author="Hopper, SD" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="19 - 30" refId="B19" refString="Hopper, SD, Smith, RJ, Fay, MF, Manning, JC, Chase, MW, 2009. Molecular phylogenetics of Haemodoraceae in the Greater Cape and Southwest Australian Floristic Regions. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 51 (1): 19 - 30, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2008.11.015" title="Molecular phylogenetics of Haemodoraceae in the Greater Cape and Southwest Australian Floristic Regions." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2008.11.015" volume="51" year="2009">2009</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Maas, PJM" journalOrPublisher="Neotropica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 44" refId="B27" refString="Maas, PJM, Maas-van de Kamer, H, 1993. Haemodoraceae. Fl. Neotropica 61: 1 - 44" title="Haemodoraceae. Fl." volume="61" year="1993">Maas and Maas-van de Kamer (1993</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 5) were the first to illustrate and compare SEM micrographs of the seeds of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. xanthorrizon" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="xanthorrizon">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. xanthorrizon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. caeruleum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="caeruleum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. caeruleum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which differ significantly. Indeed, seeds of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. xanthorrizon" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="xanthorrizon">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. xanthorrizon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
resemble those of 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Pyrrorhiza" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pyrrorhiza" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pyrrorhiza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in being large (i.e., 2.5-3.5 mm long) and covered with 1-1.5 mm long coarse hairs (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Comparison of fruit and seed morphology of Cubanicula Hopper et al., Pyrrorhiza Maguire &amp; Wurdack, and Xiphidium Loefl A-D C. xanthorrhizon (C. Wright ex Griseb.) Hopper et al.: A immature fruit B fruit in longitudinal section C dehiscent mature fruit D seed (dorsal view, ventral view, and longitudinal section) E-H P. neblinae Maguire &amp; Wurdack: E immature fruit F fruit in longitudinal section G dehiscent mature fruit H seed (dorsal view, ventral view, and longitudinal section) I-L X. caeruleum Aubl.: I immature fruit J fruit in longitudinal section K non-dehiscent mature fruit L seed (ventral view, dorsal view, and longitudinal section). Illustration by E. J. Hickman. Scale bars: 2 mm (A-C, E-G, I-K); 1 mm (D, H, L)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.169.57996.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/481930" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">4D, H</figureCitation>
), whereas 
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. caeruleum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="caeruleum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. caeruleum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has cuboid, black seeds 0.5-1.0 mm in diameter and they are minutely tuberculate, lacking hairs (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Comparison of fruit and seed morphology of Cubanicula Hopper et al., Pyrrorhiza Maguire &amp; Wurdack, and Xiphidium Loefl A-D C. xanthorrhizon (C. Wright ex Griseb.) Hopper et al.: A immature fruit B fruit in longitudinal section C dehiscent mature fruit D seed (dorsal view, ventral view, and longitudinal section) E-H P. neblinae Maguire &amp; Wurdack: E immature fruit F fruit in longitudinal section G dehiscent mature fruit H seed (dorsal view, ventral view, and longitudinal section) I-L X. caeruleum Aubl.: I immature fruit J fruit in longitudinal section K non-dehiscent mature fruit L seed (ventral view, dorsal view, and longitudinal section). Illustration by E. J. Hickman. Scale bars: 2 mm (A-C, E-G, I-K); 1 mm (D, H, L)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.169.57996.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/481930" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">4L</figureCitation>
), similar to seeds of 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Schiekia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Schiekia" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Schiekia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(i.e., 
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. orinocensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="orinocensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. orinocensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. timida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="timida">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. timida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). 
<bibRefCitation author="Maas, PJM" journalOrPublisher="Neotropica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 44" refId="B27" refString="Maas, PJM, Maas-van de Kamer, H, 1993. Haemodoraceae. Fl. Neotropica 61: 1 - 44" title="Haemodoraceae. Fl." volume="61" year="1993">Maas and Maas-van de Kamer (1993</bibRefCitation>
: 10) suggested that 'the hairy seeds of 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Xiphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xiphidium xanthorrhizon" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="xanthorrhizon">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xiphidium xanthorrhizon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Pyrrorhiza" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pyrrorhiza neblinae" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="neblinae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pyrrorhiza neblinae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, both savanna plants, might very well be dispersed by animals having seeds adhering to their body (i.e., exozoochoric dispersal).'
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.169.57996.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/481930" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 4.</emphasis>
Comparison of fruit and seed morphology of 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Cubanicula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cubanicula" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cubanicula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Hopper et al., 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Pyrrorhiza" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pyrrorhiza" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pyrrorhiza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Maguire &amp; Wurdack, and 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Xiphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xiphidium" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xiphidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Loefl 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A-D</emphasis>
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. xanthorrhizon" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="xanthorrhizon">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. xanthorrhizon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(C.Wright ex Griseb.) Hopper et al.: 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
immature fruit 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
fruit in longitudinal section 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
dehiscent mature fruit 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
seed (dorsal view, ventral view, and longitudinal section) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E-H</emphasis>
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. neblinae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="neblinae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. neblinae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Maguire &amp; Wurdack: 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
immature fruit 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
fruit in longitudinal section 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G</emphasis>
dehiscent mature fruit 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H</emphasis>
seed (dorsal view, ventral view, and longitudinal section) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">I-L</emphasis>
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. caeruleum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="caeruleum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. caeruleum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Aubl.: 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">I</emphasis>
immature fruit 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">J</emphasis>
fruit in longitudinal section 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">K</emphasis>
non-dehiscent mature fruit 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L</emphasis>
seed (ventral view, dorsal view, and longitudinal section). Illustration by E.J. Hickman. Scale bars: 2 mm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A-C, E-G, I-K</emphasis>
); 1 mm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D, H, L</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2399670" author="Simpson, MG" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="722 - 784" refId="B52" refString="Simpson, MG, 1990. Phylogeny and classification of the Haemodoraceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 77 (4): 722 - 784, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2399670" title="Phylogeny and classification of the Haemodoraceae." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2399670" volume="77" year="1990">Simpson (1990</bibRefCitation>
: 754) scored 
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. caeruleum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="caeruleum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. caeruleum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as enantiostylous, but with 'actinomorphic and erect (not zygomorphic and horizontal) flowers without any bilaterally symmetric nectar guides.' 
<bibRefCitation author="Maas, PJM" journalOrPublisher="Neotropica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 44" refId="B27" refString="Maas, PJM, Maas-van de Kamer, H, 1993. Haemodoraceae. Fl. Neotropica 61: 1 - 44" title="Haemodoraceae. Fl." volume="61" year="1993">Maas and Maas-van de Kamer (1993</bibRefCitation>
: 11) affirmed that 
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. xanthorrizon" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="xanthorrizon">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. xanthorrizon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
'clearly 
<normalizedToken originalValue="displays’">displays'</normalizedToken>
enantiostyly of the latter kind, differing significantly from the flowers of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. caeruleum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="caeruleum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. caeruleum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Despite these floral differences and significantly divergent seed morphologies between 
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. xanthorrizon" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="xanthorrizon">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. xanthorrizon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. caeruleum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="caeruleum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. caeruleum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, these authors retained the traditional circumscription of 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Xiphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xiphidium" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xiphidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
s.lat. With the recognition of a second species of 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Xiphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xiphidium" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xiphidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
s.str. in the present study, it became clear that the inclusion of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. xanthorrizon" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="xanthorrizon">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. xanthorrizon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Xiphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xiphidium" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xiphidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
s.lat. was untenable from the morphological perspective (
<bibRefCitation author="Pellegrini, MOO" journalOrPublisher="Nordic Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B38" refString="Pellegrini, MOO, 2019. Systematics of Commelinales focusing on Neotropical lineages. PhD thesis. Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil." title="Systematics of Commelinales focusing on Neotropical lineages. PhD thesis. Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil." year="2019">Pellegrini 2019</bibRefCitation>
), added to strong molecular support (Hopper et al. in prep).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.169.57996.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/481931" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 5" startId="F5">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 5.</emphasis>
Distribution of 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Cubanicula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cubanicula xanthorrhiza" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="xanthorrhiza">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cubanicula xanthorrhiza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(C.Wright ex Griseb.) Hopper et al. Beige - Temperate Coniferous Forests and Boreal Forests; Light Green - Subtropical Coniferous Forests; Red - Deserts, Xeric Shrublands and Tropical Coniferous Forests; Maroon - Dry Broadleaf Forests; Green - Moist Broadleaf Forests.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="comments">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Comments.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Cubanicula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cubanicula" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cubanicula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is recovered with strong bootstrap support in a clade with 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Xiphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xiphidium" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xiphidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
s.str. and 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Pyrrorhiza" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pyrrorhiza" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pyrrorhiza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Maguire &amp; Wurdack, sister to the latter genus, not 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Xiphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xiphidium" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xiphidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in which the species of 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Cubanicula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cubanicula" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cubanicula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was initially placed (Hopper et al., in prep). This clade can be morphologically supported by the presence of sand-binding roots, campanulate and pollen rewarding flowers, tepals with an apical black mucron, anthers as long as to ca. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="½">1/2</normalizedToken>
times shorter than the filaments, vestigial or completely lacking septal nectaries, crateriform stigmas, and enlarged placental attachments subtending the ovules (
<bibRefCitation author="Hickman, EJ" journalOrPublisher="Bothalia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B14" refString="Hickman, EJ, 2019. Discovery through illustration - botanical art, traits and their phylogeny in the Haemodoraceae. PhD thesis, The University of Western Australia." title="Discovery through illustration - botanical art, traits and their phylogeny in the Haemodoraceae. PhD thesis, The University of Western Australia." year="2019">Hickman 2019</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Pellegrini, MOO" journalOrPublisher="Nordic Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B38" refString="Pellegrini, MOO, 2019. Systematics of Commelinales focusing on Neotropical lineages. PhD thesis. Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil." title="Systematics of Commelinales focusing on Neotropical lineages. PhD thesis. Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil." year="2019">Pellegrini 2019</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Cubanicula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cubanicula" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cubanicula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be differentiated from 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Pyrrorhiza" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pyrrorhiza" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pyrrorhiza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by its rhizomatous underground system (vs. cormose in 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Pyrrorhiza" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pyrrorhiza" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pyrrorhiza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), thyrsi 1-2-branched cincinni (vs. always unbranched), flower enantiostylous (vs. non-enantiostylous), upper tepals with three orange-yellow to orange nectar guides (vs. lacking nectar guides), stamens 3 (vs. one), lateral filaments twisted and medial filament bent upwards (vs. lateral stamens staminodial and medial filament straight) and staminodes absent (vs. staminodes 2, filiform). The difference between 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Cubanicula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cubanicula" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cubanicula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Xiphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xiphidium" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xiphidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
s.str. is especially evident in capsule and seed characters, as well as floral size. These genera can be differentiated by the characters summarised in Table 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Morphological differences between Cubanicula Hopper et al. and Xiphidium Loefl." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/988AF44481153E47FFA868217ECB2BE4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="988AF44481153E47FFA868217ECB2BE4">1</tableCitation>
and the fruit and seeds characters illustrated in Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Comparison of fruit and seed morphology of Cubanicula Hopper et al., Pyrrorhiza Maguire &amp; Wurdack, and Xiphidium Loefl A-D C. xanthorrhizon (C. Wright ex Griseb.) Hopper et al.: A immature fruit B fruit in longitudinal section C dehiscent mature fruit D seed (dorsal view, ventral view, and longitudinal section) E-H P. neblinae Maguire &amp; Wurdack: E immature fruit F fruit in longitudinal section G dehiscent mature fruit H seed (dorsal view, ventral view, and longitudinal section) I-L X. caeruleum Aubl.: I immature fruit J fruit in longitudinal section K non-dehiscent mature fruit L seed (ventral view, dorsal view, and longitudinal section). Illustration by E. J. Hickman. Scale bars: 2 mm (A-C, E-G, I-K); 1 mm (D, H, L)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.169.57996.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/481930" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">4</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Table-UUID="988AF44481153E47FFA868217ECB2BE4" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/988AF44481153E47FFA868217ECB2BE4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Table 1" startId="T1">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Table 1.</emphasis>
Morphological differences between 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Cubanicula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cubanicula" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cubanicula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Hopper et al. and 
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Xiphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xiphidium" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xiphidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Loefl.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<table pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Character</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Cubanicula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cubanicula" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cubanicula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Xiphidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xiphidium" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xiphidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
s.str.
</th>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Stems</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Contracted</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Elongated</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Leaves</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Congested at the apex of the stems forming a rosette</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Evenly distributed along the stems</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cincinni</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">1-2-branched</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Unbranched</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Flowers</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Large, bicoloured</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Small, uniformly coloured, rarely bicoloured</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Stamens</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Dimorphic, anthers extrorsely rimose, anther sacs asymmetric</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Monomorphic, anthers introrsely rimose, but functionally poricidal, anther sacs symmetric</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Enlarged placental attachment</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Capitate, vertically compressed, red</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Cylindrical, truncate, green</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsules</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Trigonous, loculicidal 3-valved, dry at maturity, septal ridges tomentose at maturity</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Subglobose to globose, indehiscent, somewhat fleshy at maturity, septal ridges glabrous at maturity</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Seeds</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Lenticellate</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Cuboid</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Testa</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Coarse trichomes on margins and outer surface, glabrous on hilar surface</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Tuberculate</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>