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<mods:title id="0FA38823375B95D0C4810B9095C37812">A survey of Diphya Nicolet, 1849 (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) from South Africa</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0DBADC9BFB303B83B896C2B49966F188">Omelko, Mikhail M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="A39278BB79847318B62F77E7CF13D327">Federal Scientific Center of East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia Far Eastern Federal University, Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology of Aquatic Organisms (LEEBAO), School of Natural Sciences, Vladivostok 690091, Russia &amp; omelkom @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 1556 - 6248</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="9CE5878EDE3BD2B23F921D93B660B496">Institute for Biological Problems of the North, Portovaya Street 18, Magadan 685000, Russia &amp; Department of Zoology &amp; Entomology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa &amp; Zoological Museum, Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, FI- 20014, Finland &amp; yurmar @ mail. ru; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 4499 - 5148</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="7C6FDA87744241CB42EF07C888B45CAF">Biosystematics: Arachnology, ARC-Plant Health and Protection, Pretoria, South Africa &amp; LyleR @ arc. agric. za; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 5279 - 5306</mods:affiliation>
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Genus
<taxonomicName id="DFDD4D6644073C3BFF24491BE489FC78" ID-CoL="463X" ID-ENA="910336" authority="Nicolet, 1849" authorityName="Nicolet" authorityYear="1849" box="[238,495,870,897]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Diphya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2AA9EAF744073C3BFF24491BE420FC79" bold="true" box="[238,326,870,897]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="260">Diphya</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7C4C4B1444073C3BFE84491BE489FC78" author="Nicolet, H." box="[334,495,870,896]" pageId="1" pageNumber="260" pagination="319 - 543" refId="ref9236" refString="Nicolet, H. (1849) Aracnidos. In: Gay, C. (Ed.), Historia fisica y politica de Chile. Zoologia, 3, pp. 319 - 543, pls. 1 - 5." type="journal article" year="1849">Nicolet, 1849</bibRefCitation>
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<taxonomicName id="DFDD4D6644073C3BFF5D49D6E4C1FC3B" ID-CoL="463X" authority="Nicolet, 1849: 406" authorityName="Nicolet" authorityPageNumber="406" authorityYear="1849" box="[151,423,939,963]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Diphya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2AA9EAF744073C3BFF5D49D6E584FC3B" box="[151,226,939,963]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="260">Diphya</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7C4C4B1444073C3BFF2249D6E4C1FC3B" author="Nicolet, H." box="[232,423,939,963]" pageId="1" pageNumber="260" pagination="319 - 543" refId="ref9236" refString="Nicolet, H. (1849) Aracnidos. In: Gay, C. (Ed.), Historia fisica y politica de Chile. Zoologia, 3, pp. 319 - 543, pls. 1 - 5." type="journal article" year="1849">Nicolet, 1849: 406</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="7C4C4B1444073C3BFE7B49D6E704FC3B" author="Simon, E." box="[433,610,939,963]" pageId="1" pageNumber="260" pagination="489 - 760" refId="ref9279" refString="Simon, E. (1894) Histoire naturelle des araignees. Deuxieme Edition. Tome Premier. Roret, Paris, pp. 489 - 760." type="book chapter" year="1894">Simon 1894: 744</bibRefCitation>
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;
<treatmentCitation id="997C10F444073C3BFDA649D6E65AFC3B" author="Tanikawa, A." box="[620,828,939,963]" page="102" pageId="1" pageNumber="260" year="1995">
<bibRefCitation id="7C4C4B1444073C3BFDA649D6E65AFC3B" author="Tanikawa, A." box="[620,828,939,963]" pageId="1" pageNumber="260" pagination="101 - 111" refId="ref9307" refString="Tanikawa, A. (1995) Two new species of the spider genus Diphya (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) from Japan and Taiwan, with notes on the known species. Acta Arachnologica, 44 (2), 101 - 111. https: // doi. org / 10.2476 / asjaa. 44.101" type="journal article" year="1995">Tanikawa 1995: 102</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="7C4C4B1444073C3BFC8C49D1E1ABFC3B" author="Alvarez-Padilla, F. &amp; Hormiga, G." box="[838,1229,939,965]" pageId="1" pageNumber="260" pagination="713 - 879" refId="ref8968" refString="Alvarez-Padilla, F. &amp; Hormiga, G. (2011) Morphological and phylogenetic atlas of the orb-weaving spider family Tetragnathi- dae (Araneae: Araneoidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 162, 713 - 879. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2011.00692. x" type="journal article" year="2011">Álvarez-Padilla &amp; Hormiga 2011: 756</bibRefCitation>
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;
<treatmentCitation id="997C10F444073C3BFB1D49D6E470FC1A" author="Marusik, Y. M. &amp; Omelko, M. M." page="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="260" year="2017">
<bibRefCitation id="7C4C4B1444073C3BFB1D49D6E470FC1A" author="Marusik, Y. M. &amp; Omelko, M. M." pageId="1" pageNumber="260" pagination="1 - 7" refId="ref9169" refString="Marusik, Y. M. &amp; Omelko, M. M. (2017) First illustrated description of the male of Diphya macrophthalma, the type species of the genus (Araneae, Tetragnathidae). Iheringia, Serie Zoologia, 107 (e 2017036), 1 - 7. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1678 - 4766 e 2017036" type="journal article" year="2017">Marusik &amp; Omelko 2017: 2</bibRefCitation>
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.
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<emphasis id="2AA9EAF744073C3BFF5D4E7AE445FBE7" bold="true" box="[151,291,1031,1055]" pageId="1" pageNumber="260">
<typeStatus id="C766884744073C3BFF5D4E7AE5AAFBE7" box="[151,204,1031,1055]" pageId="1" pageNumber="260">Type</typeStatus>
species.
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<taxonomicName id="DFDD4D6644073C3BFEE04E7AE7C8FBE7" ID-CoL="36G2W" authority="Nicolet, 1849" authorityName="Nicolet" authorityYear="1849" box="[298,686,1031,1055]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Diphya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="macrophthalma">
<emphasis id="2AA9EAF744073C3BFEE04E7AE77CFBE7" box="[298,538,1031,1055]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="260">Diphya macrophthalma</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7C4C4B1444073C3BFDEB4E7AE7C8FBE7" author="Nicolet, H." box="[545,686,1031,1055]" pageId="1" pageNumber="260" pagination="319 - 543" refId="ref9236" refString="Nicolet, H. (1849) Aracnidos. In: Gay, C. (Ed.), Historia fisica y politica de Chile. Zoologia, 3, pp. 319 - 543, pls. 1 - 5." type="journal article" year="1849">Nicolet, 1849</bibRefCitation>
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.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="2AA9EAF744073C3BFF5D4E30E73DFB9F" bold="true" box="[151,603,1101,1127]" pageId="1" pageNumber="260">Diagnosis for the Afrotropical species.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="DFDD4D6644073C3BFDA84E30E7D2FB9F" authorityName="Nicolet" authorityYear="1849" box="[610,692,1101,1127]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Diphya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2AA9EAF744073C3BFDA84E30E7D2FB9F" box="[610,692,1101,1127]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="260">Diphya</emphasis>
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differ from other tetragnathid genera occurring in the Afrotropical Realm by having the posterior and anterior lateral eyes twice as large as the anterior medians (
<figureCitation id="80E62A6044073C3BFB034E0CE068FB73" box="[1225,1294,1137,1163]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1733,1757]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1710]" captionTargetId="figure-25@6.[151,1435,181,1710]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Frontal view of prosoma in Diphya wesolowskae sp. nov. (A, D), D. foordi sp. nov. (B, I), D. simoni Kauri, 1950 (C, E–F), D. leroyorum sp. nov. (G) and D. vanderwaltae sp. nov. (H). A–C, G Male; D–F, H–I Female. Scales = 0.2 mm unless otherwise indicated." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4400541" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4400541/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="260">Figs 3</figureCitation>
A–I
<emphasis id="2AA9EAF744073C3BFA8E4E0FE03DFB73" box="[1348,1371,1138,1163]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="260">vs</emphasis>
. eyes subequal in diameter), widely spaced lateral eyes (
<figureCitation id="80E62A6044073C3BFD034EE8E66BFB57" box="[713,781,1173,1199]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1733,1757]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1710]" captionTargetId="figure-25@6.[151,1435,181,1710]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Frontal view of prosoma in Diphya wesolowskae sp. nov. (A, D), D. foordi sp. nov. (B, I), D. simoni Kauri, 1950 (C, E–F), D. leroyorum sp. nov. (G) and D. vanderwaltae sp. nov. (H). A–C, G Male; D–F, H–I Female. Scales = 0.2 mm unless otherwise indicated." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4400541" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4400541/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="260">Figs 3</figureCitation>
A–I
<emphasis id="2AA9EAF744073C3BFC8B4EEBE63EFB57" box="[833,856,1174,1199]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="260">vs</emphasis>
. eyes almost touching each other), and the presence of a row of stiff prolateral setae on legs I–II (
<figureCitation id="80E62A6044073C3BFD464EC4E78CFB2B" box="[652,746,1209,1235]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1913,1937]" captionTargetBox="[163,1435,432,1890]" captionTargetId="figure-117@9.[151,1435,417,1890]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Female habitus of Diphya simoni Kauri, 1950 (A–B, F, H–I), D. vanderwaltae sp. nov. (C), D. wesolowskae sp. nov. (D) and D. foordi sp. nov. (E, G) (B Holotype of D. tanikawai Marusik, 2017; H Holotype of D. simoni). A–F, H; G–I Habitus, dorsal; G, I Prosoma, dorsal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4400543" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4400543/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="260">Figs 4H</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="80E62A6044073C3BFD3F4EC4E664FB2C" box="[757,770,1209,1236]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1954,1978]" captionTargetBox="[155,1429,576,1931]" captionTargetId="figure-206@10.[151,1435,561,1931]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Female of Diphya simoni Kauri, 1950 (A–B, E, G–I), D. foordi sp. nov. (C), D. wesolowskae sp. nov. (D) and D. vanderwaltae sp. nov. (F). A–F Habitus, ventral; G–I Habitus, lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4400545" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4400545/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="260">5</figureCitation>
A–D), which are lacking in other genera. In addition, males have modified ventral spines on metatarsi I (
<figureCitation id="80E62A6044073C3BFD404EA0E7A8FB00" box="[650,718,1245,1272]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1590,1614]" captionTargetBox="[182,1401,184,1559]" captionTargetId="figure-18@11.[171,1417,181,1567]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Prolateral view of male leg I of Diphya wesolowskae sp. nov. (A), D. foordi sp. nov. (B), D. leroyorum sp. nov. (C) and D. simoni Kauri, 1950 (D). Scales = 0.2 mm unless otherwise indicated." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4400549" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4400549/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="260">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
) that are lacking in males of other genera.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="2AA9EAF744073C3BFF0D4F7CE66BFAE3" bold="true" box="[199,781,1281,1307]" pageId="1" pageNumber="260">
Description for species occurring in
<collectingCountry id="60CA767544073C3BFDBA4F7CE66EFAE3" box="[624,776,1281,1307]" name="South Africa" pageId="1" pageNumber="260">South Africa</collectingCountry>
.
</emphasis>
Small spiders, males TL 2.41–2.88, CL 1.34–1.61, females TL 3.17–3.75, CL 1.25–1.71. Carapace with distinct and variable pattern or almost uniformly dark colored, covered with fine embedded setae, each seta originates from fine papilla. Fovea indistinct. ALE and posterior eyes more than twice larger than AME, posterior eyes separated by one or less than one diameter; lateral eyes spaced by more than one diameter; clypeus smaller than ALE diameter. Sternum with pattern composed of dark median band or spot and dark margins, or just dark margins, and can be uniformly dark colored. Chelicerae with 3 promarginal and 3 or 4 retromarginal teeth; some species have distinct mesoprolateral ridge (
<emphasis id="2AA9EAF744073C3BFC6F4FA7E6A1FA0B" box="[933,967,1498,1523]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="260">Mr</emphasis>
). Legs uniformly colored or with annulations. Legs I and II with prolateral row of stiff inflexible setae. Spines distinct. Male with modified (short and thick) unpaired ventral spines on metatarsi I. Femur I covered with setae as on carapace, with small hemispherical bases (
<figureCitation id="80E62A6044073C3BFF6A4C38E460F9A7" box="[160,262,1605,1631]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1614,1638]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,741,1591]" captionTargetId="figure-297@15.[151,1436,741,1591]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 10. SEM micrographs of leg I of Diphya wesolowskae sp. nov. (A–E, C) and D. simoni Kauri, 1950 (F–K). A Whole leg, prolateral; B, F Magnified metatarsus, showing modified ventral spines; C, G Microstructure of the cuticle; E, H Metatarsus, prolateral; D, J–K Tarsal claws, different aspects; I Tarsus, ventral. Scales = 0.1 mm if not otherwise indicated." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4400557" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4400557/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="260">Fig. 10C</figureCitation>
); tibia I with long ventral setae; tarsi I in
<taxonomicName id="DFDD4D6644073C3BFD054C3BE65DF9A7" authorityName="Kauri" authorityYear="1950" box="[719,827,1606,1631]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Diphya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simoni">
<emphasis id="2AA9EAF744073C3BFD054C3BE65DF9A7" box="[719,827,1606,1631]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="260">D. simoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with 2 rows of modified ventral setae (
<figureCitation id="80E62A6044073C3BFB254C38E02DF9A7" box="[1263,1355,1605,1631]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1614,1638]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,741,1591]" captionTargetId="figure-297@15.[151,1436,741,1591]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 10. SEM micrographs of leg I of Diphya wesolowskae sp. nov. (A–E, C) and D. simoni Kauri, 1950 (F–K). A Whole leg, prolateral; B, F Magnified metatarsus, showing modified ventral spines; C, G Microstructure of the cuticle; E, H Metatarsus, prolateral; D, J–K Tarsal claws, different aspects; I Tarsus, ventral. Scales = 0.1 mm if not otherwise indicated." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4400557" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4400557/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="260">Fig. 10I</figureCitation>
); tarsal claws I uniseriate, prolateral claw with prolateral row of teeth in proximal part, bent into retrolateral side anteriorly; retrolateral claw with straight row of prolateral teeth (
<figureCitation id="80E62A6044073C3BFD384CF0E624F95F" box="[754,834,1677,1703]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1614,1638]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,741,1591]" captionTargetId="figure-297@15.[151,1436,741,1591]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 10. SEM micrographs of leg I of Diphya wesolowskae sp. nov. (A–E, C) and D. simoni Kauri, 1950 (F–K). A Whole leg, prolateral; B, F Magnified metatarsus, showing modified ventral spines; C, G Microstructure of the cuticle; E, H Metatarsus, prolateral; D, J–K Tarsal claws, different aspects; I Tarsus, ventral. Scales = 0.1 mm if not otherwise indicated." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4400557" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4400557/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="260">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
J–K).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="186236E544073C3BFF0D4CCCE4CEF917" blockId="1.[151,1437,1101,2028]" pageId="1" pageNumber="260">
Abdomen with distinct and similar basic pattern (exception
<taxonomicName id="DFDD4D6644073C3BFCB54CCCE154F933" authority="Omelko &amp; Marusik &amp; Lyle, 2020" authorityName="Omelko &amp; Marusik &amp; Lyle" authorityYear="2020" box="[895,1074,1713,1739]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Diphya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="260" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vanderwaltae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="2AA9EAF744073C3BFCB54CCCE154F933" box="[895,1074,1713,1739]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="260">D.vanderwaltae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="2AA9EAF744073C3BFBF64CCCE1FFF933" bold="true" box="[1084,1177,1713,1739]" pageId="1" pageNumber="260">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="319A578C44073C3BFBF64CCCE1FFF933" box="[1084,1177,1713,1739]" pageId="1" pageNumber="260" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
), although it can vary within the same species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="186236E544073C3BFF0D4C84E6A7F85B" blockId="1.[151,1437,1101,2028]" pageId="1" pageNumber="260">
Male palp. Femur short, shorter than cymbium; patella unmodified; tibia as long as wide or slightly longer than wide, widening distally. Cymbium oval or subsquare-shaped, with strong dorsal process; paracymbium small and short, wide basally, with clavate head, lacking setae. Subtegulum large; visible part of tegulum (
<emphasis id="2AA9EAF744073C3BFB144D3FE191F8A3" box="[1246,1271,1858,1883]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="260">Te</emphasis>
) small, stripelike, most of it hidden by subtegulum and broad and large conductor. Conductor with fold wrapping terminal part of long embolus; embolus with broad base, forming loop (
<emphasis id="2AA9EAF744073C3BFCEE4DF4E65BF85B" box="[804,829,1929,1955]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="260">El</emphasis>
) over 360º.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="186236E544073C38FF0D4DD0E77DFF2D" blockId="1.[151,1437,1101,2028]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,151,969]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="261" pageId="1" pageNumber="260">Epigyne. Wider than long, with transverse septum, lacking fovea, with distinct copulatory openings. Septum with stem and wide base; stem with lateral hoods (pockets) or without, central part of septum can be protruding over epigynal plate; receptacles globular or oval, converging anteriorly, almost touching or spaced by less than one radius; copulatory ducts indistinct.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="186236E544043C38FF0D4AA3E04BFE9D" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,969]" pageId="2" pageNumber="261">
<emphasis id="2AA9EAF744043C38FF0D4AA3E76AFF01" bold="true" box="[199,524,222,249]" pageId="2" pageNumber="261">Species-specific characters.</emphasis>
Species can be separated by their own pattern, presence or absence of annulation of legs, spination, number of cheliceral teeth, shape of cymbium, shape and size of dorsal cymbial process, shape of conductor, relative length of embolus (and its loop), shape of septum, relative width of septal stem, and the presence or absence of lateral hoods of the stem. Males also differ by the relative size of ventral metatarsal spines.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="186236E544043C38FF0D4B13E1C5FE57" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,969]" pageId="2" pageNumber="261">
<emphasis id="2AA9EAF744043C38FF0D4B13E401FE70" bold="true" box="[199,359,366,392]" pageId="2" pageNumber="261">Composition.</emphasis>
So far, five species are recognized in
<collectingCountry id="60CA767544043C38FCD64B12E6D6FE71" box="[796,944,367,393]" name="South Africa" pageId="2" pageNumber="261">South Africa</collectingCountry>
:
<taxonomicName id="DFDD4D6644043C38FC764B12E145FE71" authority="Omelko &amp; Marusik &amp; Lyle, 2020" authorityName="Omelko &amp; Marusik &amp; Lyle" authorityYear="2020" box="[956,1059,367,393]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Diphya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="261" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="foordi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="2AA9EAF744043C38FC764B12E145FE71" box="[956,1059,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="261">D. foordi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="2AA9EAF744043C38FBE64B12E1E1FE71" bold="true" box="[1068,1159,367,393]" pageId="2" pageNumber="261">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="319A578C44043C38FBE64B12E1E1FE71" box="[1068,1159,367,393]" pageId="2" pageNumber="261" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(♁
<specimenCount id="0EDBFD6C44043C38FB644B0DE1A7FE73" box="[1198,1217,368,395]" pageId="2" pageNumber="261" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
),
<taxonomicName id="DFDD4D6644043C38FB114B12E015FE71" authority="Omelko &amp; Marusik &amp; Lyle, 2020" authorityName="Omelko &amp; Marusik &amp; Lyle" authorityYear="2020" box="[1243,1395,367,393]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Diphya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="261" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leroyorum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="2AA9EAF744043C38FB114B12E015FE71" box="[1243,1395,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="261">D. leroyorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="2AA9EAF744043C38FAB14B12E5AEFE55" bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="261">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="319A578C44043C38FAB14B12E5AEFE55" pageId="2" pageNumber="261" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(♁),
<taxonomicName id="DFDD4D6644043C38FECF4BEEE414FE54" authorityName="Kauri" authorityYear="1950" box="[261,370,403,428]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Diphya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="261" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simoni">
<emphasis id="2AA9EAF744043C38FECF4BEEE414FE54" box="[261,370,403,428]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="261">D. simoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(♁
<specimenCount id="0EDBFD6C44043C38FE5D4BE9E4CCFE57" box="[407,426,404,431]" pageId="2" pageNumber="261" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
),
<taxonomicName id="DFDD4D6644043C38FE094BEEE718FE55" authority="Omelko &amp; Marusik &amp; Lyle, 2020" authorityName="Omelko &amp; Marusik &amp; Lyle" authorityYear="2020" box="[451,638,403,429]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Diphya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="261" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vanderwaltae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="2AA9EAF744043C38FE094BEEE718FE55" box="[451,638,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="261">D. vanderwaltae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="2AA9EAF744043C38FD4F4BEEE7B9FE55" bold="true" box="[645,735,403,429]" pageId="2" pageNumber="261">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="319A578C44043C38FD4F4BEEE7B9FE55" box="[645,735,403,429]" pageId="2" pageNumber="261" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(
<specimenCount id="0EDBFD6C44043C38FD3A4BEEE664FE55" box="[752,770,403,429]" pageId="2" pageNumber="261" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
) and
<taxonomicName id="DFDD4D6644043C38FC8E4BEEE69EFE55" authority="Omelko &amp; Marusik &amp; Lyle, 2020" authorityName="Omelko &amp; Marusik &amp; Lyle" authorityYear="2020" box="[836,1016,403,429]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Diphya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="261" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wesolowskae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="2AA9EAF744043C38FC8E4BEEE69EFE55" box="[836,1016,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="261">D. wesolowskae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="2AA9EAF744043C38FC354BEEE13FFE55" bold="true" box="[1023,1113,403,429]" pageId="2" pageNumber="261">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="319A578C44043C38FC354BEEE13FFE55" box="[1023,1113,403,429]" pageId="2" pageNumber="261" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(♁
<specimenCount id="0EDBFD6C44043C38FBB54BE9E1F5FE57" box="[1151,1171,404,431]" pageId="2" pageNumber="261" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="50C7656E44043C38FF0D4BCBE01DFC31" pageId="2" pageNumber="261" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="186236E544043C38FF0D4BCBE169FDC5" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,969]" pageId="2" pageNumber="261">
<emphasis id="2AA9EAF744043C38FF0D4BCBE407FE28" bold="true" box="[199,353,438,464]" pageId="2" pageNumber="261">Distribution.</emphasis>
Distribution records of all species found in
<collectingCountry id="60CA767544043C38FC834BCAE6B1FE29" box="[841,983,439,465]" name="South Africa" pageId="2" pageNumber="261">South Africa</collectingCountry>
are shown in
<figureCitation id="80E62A6044043C38FBBB4BCAE1A5FE29" box="[1137,1219,439,465]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1341,1365]" captionTargetBox="[160,1430,453,1318]" captionTargetId="figure-142@19.[151,1436,453,1318]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 14. Distribution records of Diphya species in South Africa. Arrows indicate type localities." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4400567" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4400567/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="261">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
.
<taxonomicName id="DFDD4D6644043C38FB074BCAE017FE28" authorityName="Kauri" authorityYear="1950" box="[1229,1393,439,465]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Diphya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="261" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simoni">
<emphasis id="2AA9EAF744043C38FB074BCAE017FE28" box="[1229,1393,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="261">Diphya simoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has the widest range and known from the
<collectingRegion id="DA19F80744043C38FDF74BA6E711FE0D" box="[573,631,475,501]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="2" pageNumber="261">Cape</collectingRegion>
Peninsula in the southwest to the Kruger National Park in the northeast, followed by
<taxonomicName id="DFDD4D6644043C38FEE84B82E4E0FDE1" authority="Omelko &amp; Marusik &amp; Lyle, 2020" authorityName="Omelko &amp; Marusik &amp; Lyle" authorityYear="2020" box="[290,390,511,537]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Diphya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="261" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="foordi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="2AA9EAF744043C38FEE84B82E4E0FDE1" box="[290,390,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="261">D. foordi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="2AA9EAF744043C38FE464B82E482FDE1" bold="true" box="[396,484,511,537]" pageId="2" pageNumber="261">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="319A578C44043C38FE464B82E482FDE1" box="[396,484,511,537]" pageId="2" pageNumber="261" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
with the second widest range.
<taxonomicName id="DFDD4D6644043C38FCFC4B82E146FDE1" authority="Omelko &amp; Marusik &amp; Lyle, 2020" authorityName="Omelko &amp; Marusik &amp; Lyle" authorityYear="2020" box="[822,1056,511,537]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Diphya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="261" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wesolowskae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="2AA9EAF744043C38FCFC4B82E146FDE1" box="[822,1056,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="261">Diphya wesolowskae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="2AA9EAF744043C38FBEC4B82E118FDE1" bold="true" box="[1062,1150,511,537]" pageId="2" pageNumber="261">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="319A578C44043C38FBEC4B82E118FDE1" box="[1062,1150,511,537]" pageId="2" pageNumber="261" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is restricted to the eastern part of the country and two remaining species are known from single localities.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="186236E544043C38FF0D483BE01DFC31" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,969]" pageId="2" pageNumber="261">
<emphasis id="2AA9EAF744043C38FF0D483BE416FD98" bold="true" box="[199,368,582,608]" pageId="2" pageNumber="261">Relationships.</emphasis>
All South African species seem related to each other and have similar copulatory organs, but differ significantly from the generotype
<taxonomicName id="DFDD4D6644043C38FD904816E6AAFD7D" authority="Nicolet, 1849" authorityName="Nicolet" authorityYear="1849" box="[602,972,619,645]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Diphya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="261" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="macrophthalma">
<emphasis id="2AA9EAF744043C38FD904816E64AFD7D" box="[602,812,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="261">D. macrophthalma</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="7C4C4B1444043C38FCFE4816E6AAFD7D" author="Nicolet, H." box="[820,972,619,645]" pageId="2" pageNumber="261" pagination="319 - 543" refId="ref9236" refString="Nicolet, H. (1849) Aracnidos. In: Gay, C. (Ed.), Historia fisica y politica de Chile. Zoologia, 3, pp. 319 - 543, pls. 1 - 5." type="journal article" year="1849">Nicolet, 1849</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="7C4C4B1444043C38FBC24816E043FD7D" author="Marusik, Y. M. &amp; Omelko, M. M." box="[1032,1317,619,645]" pageId="2" pageNumber="261" pagination="1 - 7" refId="ref9169" refString="Marusik, Y. M. &amp; Omelko, M. M. (2017) First illustrated description of the male of Diphya macrophthalma, the type species of the genus (Araneae, Tetragnathidae). Iheringia, Serie Zoologia, 107 (e 2017036), 1 - 7. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1678 - 4766 e 2017036" type="journal article" year="2017">Marusik &amp; Omelko 2017</bibRefCitation>
) and other species occurring in southern South America. The male palps of African species lack a tibial apophysis, which is present in the American species (unique character within the family); have a short hairless paracymbium (
<emphasis id="2AA9EAF744043C38FA8E48CEE03DFD34" box="[1348,1371,691,716]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="261">vs</emphasis>
. long and bilobate, longer than tibia and bearing several setae); and the fold of the conductor hides the terminal part of the embolus (
<emphasis id="2AA9EAF744043C38FECD4886E478FCEC" box="[263,286,763,788]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="261">vs</emphasis>
. embolus not hidden). Epigynes also differ significantly between African and American species: African species have a septum, which is lacking in the Neotropical species. Further, the latter lack a median plate and fovea (atrium) and have a single copulatory opening, while in African
<taxonomicName id="DFDD4D6644043C38FC61493EE69BFCA5" authorityName="Nicolet" authorityYear="1849" box="[939,1021,835,861]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Diphya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="261" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2AA9EAF744043C38FC61493EE69BFCA5" box="[939,1021,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="261">Diphya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
a fovea is absent, and the copulatory openings are located on different sides of the septum. In addition, African
<taxonomicName id="DFDD4D6644043C38FC18491AE142FC79" authorityName="Nicolet" authorityYear="1849" box="[978,1060,871,897]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Diphya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="2" pageNumber="261" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2AA9EAF744043C38FC18491AE142FC79" box="[978,1060,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="261">Diphya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have no distinct copulatory ducts and have simple receptacles, while epigynes of Neotropical species have copulatory ducts and the receptacles are bilobate (at least in the generotype). This suggests that the African species should be placed in a separate genus.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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