treatments-xml/data/7F/56/53/7F565326FFB6FFD3C3FDFD03FAE7F8DB.xml

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<mods:title id="80D1CCD07BF87ADD3007B54A5496488F">Dioscorea magnibracteata (Dioscoreaceae), a new species from western Ecuador based on the unpublished work of Temple Clayton</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="AA08E72F5C521F217D4B54389FBCA2FB">Couto, Ricardo Sousa</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="D86445527F2A187D3425DB811D5E7535">Secretaria Municipal de Meio Ambiente, Prefeitura do Rio de Janeiro. Rua Afonso Cavalcanti, 455, 12 ° andar, 20211 - 110 - Cidade Nova, Rio de Janeiro - RJ.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="8E623D19F99BE60F962ADB0444D5B01A">Cornejo, Xavier</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="BC117915C3EE0E0D6BDF8D4876D75916">Herbario GUAY, Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad de Guayaquil. P. O. Box 09 - 01 - 10634 Guayaquil, Ecuador.</mods:affiliation>
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<taxonomicName id="30FF99B3FFB6FFD6C3FDFD03FCC5FD51" authority="T.Clayton ex R.Couto &amp; Cornejo" authorityName="T. Clayton ex R. Couto &amp; Cornejo" authorityYear="2022" box="[136,818,724,751]" class="Liliopsida" family="Dioscoreaceae" genus="Dioscorea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="1" pageNumber="294" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="magnibracteata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="C58B3E22FFB6FFD6C3FDFD03FE4FFD50" bold="true" box="[136,440,724,751]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="294">Dioscorea magnibracteata</emphasis>
T.Clayton ex R.Couto &amp; Cornejo
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<emphasis id="C58B3E22FFB6FFD6C0E0FD03FC1CFD51" bold="true" box="[917,1003,724,750]" pageId="1" pageNumber="294">
(
<figureCitation id="6FC4FEB5FFB6FFD6C0E8FD03FC16FD51" box="[925,993,724,750]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[136,229,1919,1941]" captionTargetBox="[309,1284,201,1876]" captionTargetId="figure-17@3.[295,1292,187,1892]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Dioscorea magnibracteata: A. Vine with staminate flowers and leaf blade, abaxial view. B. Tuber, bearing one meristematic point.C. Staminate flower.D. Terminal part of inflorescence bearing two flower buds and one open mature flower (note the relatively large floral bracts and valvate aestivation of corolla, both from abaxial view); the androecium composed of six stamens with orange anthers at upper right. E. Terminal part of pendulous pistillate inflorescence. F. Immature fruits on the axis of the infructescence. A–F, photos by Xavier Cornejo, from the paratype Cornejo &amp; Josse 9363 (GUAY)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6416878" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6416878/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="294">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
)
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</paragraph>
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Similar to the species of 
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<emphasis id="C58B3E22FFB6FFD6C20BFCF7FE16FC8A" box="[382,481,800,821]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="294">Dioscorea</emphasis>
sect. 
<emphasis id="C58B3E22FFB6FFD6C169FCF7FD62FC8A" box="[540,661,800,821]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="294">Monadelpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="30FF99B3FFB6FFD6C1B2FCF7FAB6FC89" authority="G. M. Barroso. E. F. Guimaraes &amp; Sucre (1970: 2)" authorityName="G. M. Barroso. E. F. Guimaraes &amp; Sucre" authorityYear="1970" box="[711,1345,800,822]" class="Liliopsida" family="Dioscoreaceae" genus="Dioscorea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="1" pageNumber="294" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="margarethia">
<emphasis id="C58B3E22FFB6FFD6C1B2FCF7FCABFC8A" box="[711,860,800,821]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="294">D. margarethia</emphasis>
G.M.Barroso. E.F. Guimaraes &amp; Sucre (1970: 2)
</taxonomicName>
, the single species of 
<emphasis id="C58B3E22FFB6FFD6C252FC93FEC8FCE6" box="[295,319,836,857]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="294">D.</emphasis>
sect. 
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<emphasis id="C58B3E22FFB6FFD6C20FFC93FE04FCE6" box="[378,499,836,857]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="294">Margarethia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, by being one of the few monoecious 
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<emphasis id="C58B3E22FFB6FFD6C006FC93FC21FCE6" box="[883,982,836,857]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="294">Dioscorea</emphasis>
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with staminate racemes at the lower portion of the stem and pistillate spikes at the apex of the stem, and some of the largest flowers (
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) in the genus. The new species is recognizable by the entire leaves, staminate and pistillate inflorescences with membranaceous wings (ca. 
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long) along the inflorescence axes, staminate flowers with six stamens in a central column, tepals widely obovate to very broadly obtrullate, pistillate inflorescences with flowers at the apex (occupying only 
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long), ovaries with membranous wing projected from the dorsal edge of each carpel and fruits with membranaceous wings along the valves and also between them. It is unique due to the solitary and colossal cymbiform bract (4.8–7.4 × 
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) at the base of the staminate flower, with toothed to lacerated margin.
</paragraph>
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:— 
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. Prov. 
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: 
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, 
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of 
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, climbing in thicket, 
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<collectingDate id="93053D18FFB6FFD6C093FB97FB6DFBE9" box="[998,1178,1088,1110]" pageId="1" pageNumber="294" value="1955-02-10">10 February 1955</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
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15394
</emphasis>
(
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<specimenCount id="E1F929B9FFB6FFD6C6E0FB97FA54FBE9" box="[1429,1443,1088,1110]" pageId="1" pageNumber="294" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
) (
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<specimenCode id="A7594A4BFFB6FFD6C26AFBB3FE67FBC5" box="[287,400,1124,1146]" collectionCode="S" country="Sweden" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15668" name="Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History" pageId="1" pageNumber="294" type="Herbarium">S10-29250</specimenCode>
!, isotype S-R-1578!)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
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Twining vine, monoecious, geophyte, left-twining. Tuber discoid, somewhat flattened, ca. 
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in diam., 
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thick. Stem up to 
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long, annual, glabrous, herbaceous, furrowed and ridged when dry but narrowly winged on the ridges when fresh, smooth to ridged, 
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diam., greenish when fresh, yellowish-green to light brownish when dry, nodes with conspicuous intumescences; aerial tubers absent in the axils. Leaves alternate, entire, monomorphic; petiole 
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long, glabrous to short-pilose, twisted at base, slightly swollen in the basal pulvinus, flattened to oval in cross section, 
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diam, slightly channeled above, laterally winged, without stipuliform expansions on stem insertion, color as on the stem, generally darker on upper third when dry; blade 8.2–16.8 × 
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, short-pilose on veins at base abaxially, otherwise glabrous on both sides, membranaceous, cordate to ovate-cordate, adaxially deepgreen, glossy when fresh, olive-green to yellowish, glossy when dry, macules absent, abaxially light-green, glossy when fresh, matte when dry, base cordate, sinus 
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long, acute to obtuse, basal lobes rounded, apex 
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long, attenuate to cuspidate, extra floral nectaries at the base, sometimes inconspicuous when fresh and blackish when dry, forerunner tip 
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long, margins entire to sometimes wavy from lateral view, 9–13 main veins, slightly protruding abaxially, with 2–3 restricted to basal lobes, usually bifurcated. Staminate inflorescence restricted to the medial portion of the stem in fully developed plants, 1–3 at each node, 
<quantity id="30074FD5FFB6FFD6C774F9ABFB7AF928" box="[1025,1165,1660,1687]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.34" metricValueMax="1.95" metricValueMin="0.73" pageId="1" pageNumber="294" unit="cm" value="13.4" valueMax="19.5" valueMin="7.3">7.3–19.5 cm</quantity>
long, in simple racemes, few-flowered, erect to more or less patent, flattened in cross section, with two membranaceous wings (ca. 
<quantity id="30074FD5FFB6FFD6C650F977FA91F904" box="[1317,1382,1696,1723]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="294" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
wide) parallel to the axis, and spaced 180º apart, peduncle 
<quantity id="30074FD5FFB6FFD6C1BBF913FCBCF960" box="[718,843,1732,1759]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.1499999999999995" metricValueMax="9.7" metricValueMin="4.6" pageId="1" pageNumber="294" unit="cm" value="7.1499999999999995" valueMax="9.7" valueMin="4.6">4.6–9.7 cm</quantity>
long. Staminate flower pedicellate, pendulous, 1 bract subtending each flower, 4.8–7.4 × 
<quantity id="30074FD5FFB6FFD6C16EF93FFD50F8BC" box="[539,679,1768,1795]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" metricValueMax="5.7" metricValueMin="2.9" pageId="1" pageNumber="294" unit="mm" value="4.3" valueMax="5.7" valueMin="2.9">2.9–5.7 mm</quantity>
, membranaceous, broadly cymbiform, margin toothed to lacerated, base cordate to auriculate, apex acuminate, longitudinally multi-nerved, light-green when fresh, yellowish-green when dry; pedicel 
<quantity id="30074FD5FFB6FFD6C260F8E7FE65F8F4" box="[277,402,1840,1867]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.45" metricValueMax="3.2" metricValueMin="1.7" pageId="1" pageNumber="294" unit="cm" value="2.45" valueMax="3.2" valueMin="1.7">1.7–3.2 cm</quantity>
long, filiform, flattened when dry, torus ca. 
<quantity id="30074FD5FFB6FFD6C0F0F8E7FC30F8F4" box="[901,967,1840,1867]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="294" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
diam., discoid, flattened; perianth rotate to slightly crateriform, 
<quantity id="30074FD5FFB6FFD6C204F883FE2DF8D0" box="[369,474,1876,1903]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="294" unit="cm" value="2.25" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="1.5">1.5–3 cm</quantity>
wide, tepals 6, in two whorls of 
<quantity id="30074FD5FFB6FFD6C024F883FC8AF8D1" box="[849,893,1876,1902]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="1" pageNumber="294" unit="in" value="3.0">3 in</quantity>
flower buds, 7–8 × 
<quantity id="30074FD5FFB6FFD6C711F883FB33F8D0" box="[1124,1220,1876,1903]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="294" unit="mm" value="7.0" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="6.0">6–8 mm</quantity>
, free, inserted in the margin of the torus, subequal or undifferentiated, broadly obovate to very broadly obtrullate, base cuneate, margin erose, apex broadly obtuse, glabrous, multi-nerved (ca. 7 main veins and intricate network of secondary veins), glossy green when fresh, yellowish when dry; fertile stamens 6, filaments inserted on a conical column when fresh, subcylindrical when dry, ca. 
<quantity id="30074FD5FFB6FFD6C2EAF833FE28F840" box="[415,479,2020,2047]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="294" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
long when fresh, ca. 
<quantity id="30074FD5FFB6FFD6C1BFF833FCE8F840" box="[714,799,2020,2047]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="294" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
long when dry, broader at base, occupying the entire torus, color similar to tepals, white-rugose bands transversely oriented, anthers inserted at the top of the column, ca. 
<quantity id="30074FD5FFB6FFD6C61FF7DFFA5BF79C" box="[1386,1452,2056,2083]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="294" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
long, oblong, dorsifixed, slightly curved, following curvature of the column apex, bright orange when fresh, yellowish when dry, staminodes absent; pistillodium absent. Pistillate inflorescence restricted to the apical portion of the stem, solitary in each node, 
<quantity id="30074FD5FFB5FFD5C209FF31FDF0FEBE" box="[380,519,230,257]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" metricValueMax="1.33" metricValueMin="0.97" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" unit="cm" value="11.5" valueMax="13.3" valueMin="9.7">9.7–13.3 cm</quantity>
long, in simple spikes, few-flowered (less than 10 flowers), patent, axis flattened in cross section when dry, with membranous wings (ca. 
<quantity id="30074FD5FFB5FFD5C1A9FEDDFCEAFE9A" box="[732,797,266,293]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
wide) parallel to the axis, and spaced 180º apart, peduncle 
<quantity id="30074FD5FFB5FFD5C3FDFEF9FEE5FEF6" box="[136,274,302,329]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.85" metricValueMax="11.5" metricValueMin="8.2" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" unit="cm" value="9.85" valueMax="11.5" valueMin="8.2">8.2–11.5 cm</quantity>
long. Pistillate flowers sessile, densely grouped at the apex of the inflorescence, 1 bract subtending each flower, 1–2 × 
<quantity id="30074FD5FFB5FFD5C253FE85FE6DFED2" box="[294,410,338,365]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" unit="mm" value="0.75" valueMax="1.0" valueMin="0.5">0.5–1 mm</quantity>
, oval to triangular, margin irregular to lacinate, base truncate to cordate, apex apiculate, onenerved, yellowish when dry; ovary 3.5–4.0 × 
<quantity id="30074FD5FFB5FFD5C1E2FEA1FCD5FE2E" box="[663,802,374,401]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" metricValueMax="3.8" metricValueMin="2.6" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" unit="mm" value="3.2" valueMax="3.8" valueMin="2.6">2.6–3.8 mm</quantity>
, glabrous, ellipsoid to oblong, markedly tri-locular, with membranous wing projected from the dorsal edge of each carpel, parallel with the longitudinal axis of the ovary, wings dark brown brightening towards the margins when dry, brownish-green when fresh, torus ca. 
<quantity id="30074FD5FFB5FFD5C7CDFE69FB0BFE66" box="[1208,1276,446,473]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
diam., discoid, flattened; perianth rotate, tepals 6, in two whorls of 
<quantity id="30074FD5FFB5FFD5C1B2FE35FD06FE43" box="[711,753,482,508]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" unit="in" value="3.0">3 in</quantity>
flower buds, 1.5–2.5 × 
<quantity id="30074FD5FFB5FFD5C08CFE35FBAFFE42" box="[1017,1112,482,509]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" unit="mm" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1–2 mm</quantity>
, free, inserted in the margin of the torus, recurved during anthesis, undifferentiated, ovate to oblong, base truncate, apex obtuse, glabrous, one-nerved, outer face smooth and inner face papillose, mate green when fresh, yellowish when dry; styles 3, ca. 
<quantity id="30074FD5FFB5FFD5C667FDFDFA9DFDFA" box="[1298,1386,554,581]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
long, fused at base for ca. 2/3 of their length, above free and spreading, stigmatic surfaces entire, erect; staminodes absent. Mature capsules not seen, immature capsules 2–2.5 × 
<quantity id="30074FD5FFB5FFD5C1ABFDA5FCB2FD32" box="[734,837,626,653]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" unit="cm" value="1.75" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.5">1.5–2 cm</quantity>
in outline, light green, oblong to slightly obovoid, base rounded and apex concave, the dorsal carpel wings becoming cartilaginous in fruit and expanding to ca. 
<quantity id="30074FD5FFB5FFD5C65AFD41FA85FD0E" box="[1327,1394,662,689]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
long and smaller wings expanding between the valves to ca. 
<quantity id="30074FD5FFB5FFD5C18FFD6DFCCBFD6A" box="[762,828,698,725]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
long, giving the obovoid shape; mature seeds not seen, immature seeds slightly elongated towards the base.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BFE5B1BBFFB5FFD5C3C8FCD5FE8AFB3B" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="F740E230FFB5FFD5C3C8FCD5FE8AFB3B" blockId="2.[136,1452,158,2021]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">
<emphasis id="C58B3E22FFB5FFD5C3C8FCD5FE0FFCA3" bold="true" box="[189,504,770,796]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">Distribution and Habitat:</emphasis>
— 
<taxonomicName id="30FF99B3FFB5FFD5C161FCD4FCB3FCA3" authorityName="T. Clayton ex R. Couto &amp; Cornejo" authorityYear="2022" box="[532,836,770,796]" class="Liliopsida" family="Dioscoreaceae" genus="Dioscorea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="magnibracteata">
<emphasis id="C58B3E22FFB5FFD5C161FCD4FCB3FCA3" box="[532,836,770,796]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">Dioscorea magnibracteata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is only known from Cerro Azul and adjacent Cerro Blanco (
<figureCitation id="6FC4FEB5FFB5FFD5C39CFCF1FED8FCFF" box="[233,303,806,832]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[136,229,1114,1136]" captionTargetBox="[152,1432,196,1085]" captionTargetId="figure-27@4.[143,1445,187,1092]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Geographic distribution of Dioscorea magnibracteata, showing the protected areas in the occurrence region." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6416882" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6416882/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
), in conserved seasonally deciduous dry forests, between 
<quantity id="30074FD5FFB5FFD5C0B2FCF1FB93FCFE" box="[967,1124,806,833]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="2.8" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" unit="m" value="340.0" valueMax="400.0" valueMin="280.0">
280 to 
<specimenCount id="E1F929B9FFB5FFD5C76DFCF1FB93FCFE" box="[1048,1124,806,833]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" type="generic">400 m</specimenCount>
</quantity>
. Those low elevation forests are located at the southernmost tip of the cordillera Chongon-Colonche that reaches the western outskirts of the city of Guayaquil, in the Province of 
<collectingRegion id="353B2CD2FFB5FFD5C17EFCB9FD95FC37" box="[523,610,878,904]" country="Ecuador" name="Guayas" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">Guayas</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="8FE8A2A0FFB5FFD5C105FCB9FD27FC37" box="[624,720,878,904]" name="Ecuador" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
. This site is part of the Western 
<collectingCountry id="8FE8A2A0FFB5FFD5C73AFCB9FB5BFC37" box="[1103,1196,878,904]" name="Ecuador" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
Province (comprising tropical humid forest, seasonally dry tropical forest, xerophytic scrublands and mangroves), having low diversity when compared to the wet forest, but with a great number of local and regional endemics (
<bibRefCitation id="936E9FC1FFB5FFD5C708FC61FAD2FC6F" author="Morrone, J. J." box="[1149,1317,950,976]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" pagination="207 - 236" refId="ref4396" refString="Morrone, J. J. (2014) Biogeographical regionalisation of the Andean region. Zootaxa 3936 (2): 207 - 236. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3936.2.3" type="journal article" year="2014">Morrone 2014</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="30FF99B3FFB5FFD5C64DFC60FECEFC4B" authorityName="T. Clayton ex R. Couto &amp; Cornejo" authorityYear="2022" class="Liliopsida" family="Dioscoreaceae" genus="Dioscorea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="magnibracteata">
<emphasis id="C58B3E22FFB5FFD5C64DFC60FECEFC4B" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">Dioscorea magnibracteata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs in the understory of the forest and is endemic to Guayaquil flora. Even though the area is part of the Bosque Protector Cerro Blanco and Prosperina in the adjacent Cerro Azul, both are private reserves that encompass 6.078 and 332,3 hectares, respectively. This is one of the last remnants of this 
<typeStatus id="28445C92FFB5FFD5C779FBF4FBCBFB82" box="[1036,1084,1059,1085]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">type</typeStatus>
of vegetation in the Ecuadorian coast, being a fragmented environment still severely threatened mainly by mining and urban development pressure of the city of Guayaquil.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BFE5B1BBFFB5FFD5C3C8FB59FB88FAE2" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="F740E230FFB5FFD5C3C8FB59FB88FAE2" blockId="2.[136,1452,158,2021]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">
<emphasis id="C58B3E22FFB5FFD5C3C8FB59FECEFB17" bold="true" box="[189,313,1166,1192]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">Phenology</emphasis>
:—Flowering material has been collected four times, only once at the end of January and the remaining three collections were made in February, all exclusively during the rainy season, which seems to be a flowering pattern for several regional endemics (
<bibRefCitation id="936E9FC1FFB5FFD5C284FB01FD64FB4F" author="Cornejo, X." box="[497,659,1238,1264]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" pagination="297 - 299" refId="ref3780" refString="Cornejo, X. (2009) Un Nuevo Estatus para Sorocea sprucei subsp. subumbellata (Moraceae). Novon 19: 297 - 299. https: // doi. org / 10.3417 / 2005160" type="journal article" year="2009">Cornejo 2009</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="936E9FC1FFB5FFD5C1D6FB01FC6CFB4F" author="Delannay, X. &amp; Cornejo, X. &amp; Croat, T." box="[675,923,1238,1265]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" pagination="152 - 165" refId="ref3997" refString="Delannay, X., Cornejo, X. &amp; Croat, T. (2019) Two new Xanthosoma (Araceae) species from Guayas province, coastal Ecuador. Aroideana 42: 152 - 165." type="journal article" year="2019">Delannay et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
). These records and field observations of the 
<typeStatus id="28445C92FFB5FFD5C3FDFB2CFF1FFAAA" box="[136,232,1275,1301]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
locality, visited several times throughout years by the second author, suggest that 
<taxonomicName id="30FF99B3FFB5FFD5C70AFB2CFA5CFAAB" authorityName="T. Clayton ex R. Couto &amp; Cornejo" authorityYear="2022" box="[1151,1451,1274,1300]" class="Liliopsida" family="Dioscoreaceae" genus="Dioscorea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="magnibracteata">
<emphasis id="C58B3E22FFB5FFD5C70AFB2CFA5CFAAB" box="[1151,1451,1274,1300]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">Dioscorea magnibracteata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sprouts or germinates in early January at the beginning of the rainy season (January to May), with a markedly seasonal phenology, apparently with aerial shoots absent during the dry season (June to December).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BFE5B1BBFFB5FFD5C3C8FAB1FC6FFA53" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="F740E230FFB5FFD5C3C8FAB1FC6FFA53" blockId="2.[136,1452,158,2021]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">
<emphasis id="C58B3E22FFB5FFD5C3C8FAB1FE93FA3F" bold="true" box="[189,356,1382,1408]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">Etymology:—</emphasis>
The epithet of this new species refers to the large size of the bracts of the male inflorescence, which can reach up to ca. 
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long, a colossal size when compared to the rest of the neotropical species of the genus (average 
<quantity id="30074FD5FFB5FFD5C387FA79FEA6FA76" box="[242,337,1454,1481]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" unit="mm" value="2.0" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="1.0">1–3 mm</quantity>
long). The name was written on annotation labels signed by Temple Clayton (1914–1978) at the Naturhistoriska riksmuseet (Swedish Museum of Natural History - S).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BFE5B1BBFFB5FFD5C3C8FA21FAF7F9E7" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="F740E230FFB5FFD5C3C8FA21FAF7F9E7" blockId="2.[136,1452,158,2021]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">
<materialsCitation id="4797E86DFFB5FFD5C3C8FA21FC83F98A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3748294303" collectingDate="1994-02-20" collectionCode="C" collectorName="X. Cornejo" country="Ecuador" county="Tropical" latitude="-2.1666667" location="Guayaquil" longLatPrecision="1307" longitude="-79.96667" municipality="Bosque" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" specimenCount="2" typeStatus="paratype">
<emphasis id="C58B3E22FFB5FFD5C3C8FA21FD8CF9AF" bold="true" box="[189,635,1526,1552]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">
Additional specimens (
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):—
</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="8FE8A2A0FFB5FFD5C10EFA21FCF1F9AF" box="[635,774,1526,1552]" name="Ecuador" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">ECUADOR</collectingCountry>
. 
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: 
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, 
<collectingMunicipality id="1724784AFFB5FFD5C66FFA20FA99F9AE" box="[1306,1390,1527,1553]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">Bosque</collectingMunicipality>
seco 
<collectingCounty id="1E219ABCFFB5FFD5C3FDF9CDFF1EF98B" box="[136,233,1562,1588]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">Tropical</collectingCounty>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="92CB84F7FFB5FFD5C382F9CDFEA9F98A" box="[247,350,1562,1589]" degrees="79" direction="west" minutes="58" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" precision="925" value="-79.96667">79°58’W</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="92CB84F7FFB5FFD5C21DF9CDFE30F98B" box="[360,455,1562,1588]" degrees="02" direction="south" minutes="10" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" precision="925" value="-2.1666667">02°10’S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<date id="8341C4F0FFB5FFD5C2A3F9CDFD51F98B" box="[470,678,1562,1588]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" value="1994-02-20">
<collectingDate id="93053D18FFB5FFD5C2A3F9CDFD51F98B" box="[470,678,1562,1588]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" value="1994-02-20">20 February 1994</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<emphasis id="C58B3E22FFB5FFD5C1C0F9CCFC83F98A" box="[693,884,1563,1589]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">
<collectorName id="5A0A87E6FFB5FFD5C1C0F9CCFCC4F98A" box="[693,819,1563,1589]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">X. Cornejo</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectionCode id="91EE7AF5FFB5FFD5C02BF9CCFC83F98A" box="[862,884,1563,1589]" country="Denmark" name="University of Copenhagen" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" type="Herbarium">C</collectionCode>
</emphasis>
</materialsCitation>
<emphasis id="C58B3E22FFB5FFD5C001F9CCFC8FF98A" box="[884,888,1563,1589]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="4797E86DFFB5FFD5C0F7F9CDFC3EF9E7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3748294304" collectingDate="2021-02-06" collectionCode="GUAY, J" collectorName="X. Cornejo" country="Ecuador" county="Bosque Protector Prosperina" latitude="-2.15" location="Bonifaz" longLatPrecision="1307" longitude="-79.96667" municipality="Cerro Azul" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1">
<emphasis id="C58B3E22FFB5FFD5C0F7F9CDFBEDF98B" box="[898,1050,1562,1588]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">
<location id="F220B4EBFFB5FFD5C0F7F9CDFC2FF98B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7F565326FFB6FFD3C3FDFD03FAE7F8DB:F220B4EBFFB5FFD5C0F7F9CDFC2FF98B" box="[898,984,1562,1588]" country="Ecuador" county="Bosque Protector Prosperina" latitude="-2.15" longLatPrecision="1307" longitude="-79.96667" municipality="Cerro Azul" name="Bonifaz" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">Bonifaz</location>
1771
</emphasis>
(
<specimenCount id="E1F929B9FFB5FFD5C758F9CDFBB3F98B" box="[1069,1092,1562,1588]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
, 
<collectionCode id="91EE7AF5FFB5FFD5C721F9CDFB5AF98B" box="[1108,1197,1562,1588]" country="Ecuador" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15759" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15759" name="Universidad de Guayaquil" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" type="Herbarium">GUAY</collectionCode>
!); 
<collectingMunicipality id="1724784AFFB5FFD5C7B2F9CDFABEF98B" box="[1223,1353,1562,1588]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">Cerro Azul</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<collectingCounty id="1E219ABCFFB5FFD5C622F9CCFE86F9E7" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">Bosque Protector Prosperina</collectingCounty>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="92CB84F7FFB5FFD5C20EF9E9FE15F9E6" box="[379,482,1598,1625]" degrees="79" direction="west" minutes="58" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" precision="925" value="-79.96667">79°58’W</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="92CB84F7FFB5FFD5C29CF9E9FDB0F9E7" box="[489,583,1598,1624]" degrees="02" direction="south" minutes="09" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" precision="925" value="-2.15">02°09’S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<date id="8341C4F0FFB5FFD5C126F9E9FCF8F9E7" box="[595,783,1598,1624]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" value="2021-02-06">
<collectingDate id="93053D18FFB5FFD5C126F9E9FCF8F9E7" box="[595,783,1598,1624]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" value="2021-02-06">6 February 2021</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<emphasis id="C58B3E22FFB5FFD5C06FF9E8FC3EF9E7" box="[794,969,1599,1625]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">
<collectorName id="5A0A87E6FFB5FFD5C06FF9E8FC62F9E6" box="[794,917,1599,1625]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">X. Cornejo</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectionCode id="91EE7AF5FFB5FFD5C0CCF9E8FC3EF9E7" box="[953,969,1599,1624]" country="South Africa" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14647" name="University of the Witwatersrand" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" type="Herbarium">J</collectionCode>
</emphasis>
</materialsCitation>
<emphasis id="C58B3E22FFB5FFD5C0BCF9E8FC3AF9E7" box="[969,973,1599,1624]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="4797E86DFFB5FFD5C0A6F9E8FB0BF9E7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3748294302" box="[979,1276,1598,1624]" collectionCode="GUAY" country="Ecuador" location="Josse" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="1">
<emphasis id="C58B3E22FFB5FFD5C0A6F9E8FBB8F9E7" box="[979,1103,1598,1624]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">
<location id="F220B4EBFFB5FFD5C0A6F9E8FBE7F9E7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7F565326FFB6FFD3C3FDFD03FAE7F8DB:F220B4EBFFB5FFD5C0A6F9E8FBE7F9E7" box="[979,1040,1599,1624]" country="Ecuador" name="Josse" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">Josse</location>
9363
</emphasis>
(
<specimenCount id="E1F929B9FFB5FFD5C715F9E9FB8EF9E7" box="[1120,1145,1598,1624]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
<specimenCount id="E1F929B9FFB5FFD5C70CF9E9FB7DF9E7" box="[1145,1162,1598,1624]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
, 
<collectionCode id="91EE7AF5FFB5FFD5C7E2F9E9FB07F9E7" box="[1175,1264,1598,1624]" country="Ecuador" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15759" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15759" name="Universidad de Guayaquil" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" type="Herbarium">GUAY</collectionCode>
!)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BFE5B1BBFFB5FFD3C3C8F9B5FAE7F8DB" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="297" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="F740E230FFB5FFD5C3C8F9B5FAF5F85B" blockId="2.[136,1452,158,2021]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">
<emphasis id="C58B3E22FFB5FFD5C3C8F9B5FED1F9C3" bold="true" box="[189,294,1634,1660]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">Notes:—</emphasis>
Temple Clayton came across the specimen 
<emphasis id="C58B3E22FFB5FFD5C054F9B5FC39F9C3" box="[801,974,1634,1660]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">Asplund 15394</emphasis>
during the analysis of collections of the S herbarium and suggested it as a new species on his annotation labels. He also indicated on the labels the most important diagnostic characters to identify this species, informing that the male part has bracts of exceptional size and large anthers arranged in a column, that it is clearly a monoecious plant and the female flowers are very congested at the apex of the inflorescence. Temple Clayton’s notes on 
<taxonomicName id="30FF99B3FFB5FFD5C07BF924FC15F8B3" authorityName="T. Clayton ex R. Couto &amp; Cornejo" authorityYear="2022" box="[782,994,1778,1804]" class="Liliopsida" family="Dioscoreaceae" genus="Dioscorea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="magnibracteata">
<emphasis id="C58B3E22FFB5FFD5C07BF924FC15F8B3" box="[782,994,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">D. magnibracteata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
herbarium specimens also state that it is related to 
<taxonomicName id="30FF99B3FFB5FFD5C38EF8C0FCF3F88E" authority="R. Knuth (1917: 196)" authorityName="R. Knuth" authorityPageNumber="196" authorityYear="1917" box="[251,772,1814,1841]" class="Liliopsida" family="Dioscoreaceae" genus="Dioscorea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="chiquiacensis">
<emphasis id="C58B3E22FFB5FFD5C38EF8C0FDF8F88F" box="[251,527,1814,1840]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">Dioscorea chiquiacensis</emphasis>
R.Knuth (1917: 196)
</taxonomicName>
[= 
<taxonomicName id="30FF99B3FFB5FFD5C053F8C0FA83F88E" authority="Uline ex R. Knuth (1917: 197)" authorityName="R. Knuth" authorityPageNumber="197" authorityYear="1917" box="[806,1396,1814,1841]" class="Liliopsida" family="Dioscoreaceae" genus="Dioscorea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hieronymi">
<emphasis id="C58B3E22FFB5FFD5C053F8C0FBE4F88F" box="[806,1043,1814,1840]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">Dioscorea hieronymi</emphasis>
Uline ex R.Knuth (1917: 197)
</taxonomicName>
] and 
<taxonomicName id="30FF99B3FFB5FFD5C3FDF8ECFDA9F8EB" authority="R. Knuth (1925: 78)" authorityName="R. Knuth" authorityPageNumber="78" authorityYear="1925" box="[136,606,1850,1877]" class="Liliopsida" family="Dioscoreaceae" genus="Dioscorea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fuliginosa">
<emphasis id="C58B3E22FFB5FFD5C3FDF8ECFE83F8EB" box="[136,372,1850,1876]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">Dioscorea fuliginosa</emphasis>
R. 
<bibRefCitation id="936E9FC1FFB5FFD5C2E6F8EDFDA9F8EB" author="Knuth, R." box="[403,606,1850,1877]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" pagination="77 - 81" refId="ref4231" refString="Knuth, R. (1925) X. Dioscoreaceae novae. I. Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetalis 21: 77 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / fedr. 19250210111" type="journal article" year="1925">Knuth (1925: 78)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, both species belonging to 
<taxonomicName id="30FF99B3FFB5FFD5C0E1F8ECFA50F8EB" authority="Uline (1897: 83)" authorityName="Uline" authorityPageNumber="83" authorityYear="1897" box="[916,1447,1850,1877]" class="Liliopsida" family="Dioscoreaceae" genus="Dioscorea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Cycladenium">
<emphasis id="C58B3E22FFB5FFD5C0E1F8ECFBFFF8EB" box="[916,1032,1851,1876]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">Dioscorea</emphasis>
sect. 
<emphasis id="C58B3E22FFB5FFD5C73EF8EDFB28F8EB" box="[1099,1247,1850,1876]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">Cycladenium</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="936E9FC1FFB5FFD5C792F8EDFA50F8EB" author="Uline, E. H." box="[1255,1447,1850,1876]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" pagination="80 - 87" refId="ref4552" refString="Uline, E. H. (1897) Dioscoreaceae In: Engler, A. &amp; Prantl, K. A. E (Eds.) Die naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien. Supplement 2 (part 5). Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 80 - 87." type="book chapter" year="1897">Uline (1897: 83)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. According to 
<bibRefCitation id="936E9FC1FFB5FFD5C250F889FE49F8C7" author="Knuth, R." box="[293,446,1886,1912]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" refId="ref4184" refString="Knuth, R. (1924) Dioscoreaceae In: Engler, H. G. A. (Ed.) Das Planzenreich 87 (IV. 43). H. R. Engelmann (J. Cramer), Leipzig, 387 pp." type="book" year="1924">Knuth’s 1924</bibRefCitation>
classification, this section comprises a fair amount of species with pedicellate staminate flowers in a raceme, with 3 stamens disposed in a fleshy disc and without staminodes. This broad delimitation clusters dioecious and monoecious species over a very large morphological spectrum, especially in relation to floral characters, and is not supported by phylogenetic studies, as shown by 
<bibRefCitation id="936E9FC1FFB5FFD5C06CF81DFC18F85B" author="Viruel, J. &amp; Forest, F. &amp; Paun O. &amp; Chase M. W. &amp; Devey, D. &amp; Couto, R. S. &amp; Segarra-Moragues, J. G. &amp; Catalan, P. &amp; Wilkin, P." box="[793,1007,1994,2020]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" pagination="232 - 246" refId="ref4628" refString="Viruel, J., Forest, F., Paun O., Chase M. W., Devey, D., Couto, R. S., Segarra-Moragues, J. G., Catalan, P. &amp; Wilkin, P. (2018) A nuclear Xdh phylogenetic analysis of yams (Dioscorea: Dioscoreaceae) congruent with plastid trees reveals a new Neotropical lineage. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 232 - 246. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / botlinnean / boy 013" type="journal article" year="2018">
Viruel 
<emphasis id="C58B3E22FFB5FFD5C013F81CFC69F85B" box="[870,926,1994,2020]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">et al.</emphasis>
(2018)
</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="936E9FC1FFB5FFD5C753F81DFB09F85B" author="Couto, R. S. &amp; Martins, A. C. &amp; Bolson, M. &amp; Lopes, R. C. &amp; Smidt, E. C. &amp; Braga, J. M. A." box="[1062,1278,1994,2020]" pageId="2" pageNumber="295" pagination="144 - 160" refId="ref3908" refString="Couto, R. S., Martins, A. C., Bolson, M., Lopes, R. C., Smidt, E. C. &amp; Braga, J. M. A. (2018) Time calibrated tree of Dioscorea (Dioscoreaceae) indicates four origins of yams in the Neotropics since the Eocene. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 144 - 160. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / botlinnean / boy 052" type="journal article" year="2018">
Couto 
<emphasis id="C58B3E22FFB5FFD5C704F81CFB5EF85B" box="[1137,1193,1994,2020]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="295">et al.</emphasis>
(2018)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="A380B2B8FFB4FFD4C3FDF8A8FCE6F799" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6416878" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6416878" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6416878/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="296" startId="3.[136,229,1919,1941]" targetBox="[309,1284,201,1876]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="F740E230FFB4FFD4C3FDF8A8FCE6F799" blockId="3.[136,1452,1919,2086]" pageId="3" pageNumber="296">
<emphasis id="C58B3E22FFB4FFD4C3FDF8A8FF09F82B" bold="true" box="[136,254,1919,1941]" pageId="3" pageNumber="296">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="30FF99B3FFB4FFD4C271F857FDADF829" authority=": A. Vine" authorityName="A. Vine" box="[260,602,1920,1942]" class="Liliopsida" family="Dioscoreaceae" genus="Dioscorea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="3" pageNumber="296" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="magnibracteata">
<emphasis id="C58B3E22FFB4FFD4C271F857FDF2F82A" box="[260,517,1920,1941]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="296">Dioscorea magnibracteata</emphasis>
: A. Vine
</taxonomicName>
with staminate flowers and leaf blade, abaxial view. B. Tuber, bearing one meristematic point. C. Staminate flower. D. Terminal part of inflorescence bearing two flower buds and one open mature flower (note the relatively large floral bracts and valvate aestivation of corolla, both from abaxial view); the androecium composed of six stamens with orange anthers at upper right. E. Terminal part of pendulous pistillate inflorescence. F. Immature fruits on the axis of the infructescence. A–F, photos by Xavier Cornejo, from the paratype 
<emphasis id="C58B3E22FFB4FFD4C2ACF7C7FD46F79A" box="[473,689,2064,2085]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="296">Cornejo &amp; Josse 9363</emphasis>
(GUAY).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="A380B2B8FFB3FFD3C3FDFB8DFAE1FBCF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6416882" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6416882" box="[136,1302,1114,1136]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6416882/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="297" startId="4.[136,229,1114,1136]" targetBox="[152,1432,196,1085]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="F740E230FFB3FFD3C3FDFB8DFAE1FBCF" blockId="4.[136,1302,1114,1136]" box="[136,1302,1114,1136]" pageId="4" pageNumber="297">
<emphasis id="C58B3E22FFB3FFD3C3FDFB8DFF09FBD0" bold="true" box="[136,254,1114,1136]" pageId="4" pageNumber="297">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
Geographic distribution of 
<taxonomicName id="30FF99B3FFB3FFD3C17DFB8CFCFEFBD0" box="[520,777,1114,1136]" class="Liliopsida" family="Dioscoreaceae" genus="Dioscorea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="4" pageNumber="297" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="magnibracteata">
<emphasis id="C58B3E22FFB3FFD3C17DFB8CFCFEFBD0" box="[520,777,1114,1136]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="297">Dioscorea magnibracteata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, showing the protected areas in the occurrence region.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="F740E230FFB3FFD3C3C8FB14FF3FF9D7" blockId="4.[136,1452,1218,1893]" pageId="4" pageNumber="297">
In relation to the morphological proximity of 
<taxonomicName id="30FF99B3FFB3FFD3C1CCFB14FC7CFB63" box="[697,907,1218,1244]" class="Liliopsida" family="Dioscoreaceae" genus="Dioscorea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="4" pageNumber="297" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="magnibracteata">
<emphasis id="C58B3E22FFB3FFD3C1CCFB14FC7CFB63" box="[697,907,1218,1244]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="297">D. magnibracteata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, we understand that the unique characteristics of this species easily differentiate it from any other species of the genus, although it is probably a member of the NW II Clade (Viruel 
<emphasis id="C58B3E22FFB3FFD3C25DFADCFE95FA9B" box="[296,354,1290,1316]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="297">et al.</emphasis>
2016, 2018; 
<bibRefCitation id="936E9FC1FFB3FFD3C28DFADCFD35FA9A" author="Couto, R. S. &amp; Martins, A. C. &amp; Bolson, M. &amp; Lopes, R. C. &amp; Smidt, E. C. &amp; Braga, J. M. A." box="[504,706,1290,1317]" pageId="4" pageNumber="297" pagination="144 - 160" refId="ref3908" refString="Couto, R. S., Martins, A. C., Bolson, M., Lopes, R. C., Smidt, E. C. &amp; Braga, J. M. A. (2018) Time calibrated tree of Dioscorea (Dioscoreaceae) indicates four origins of yams in the Neotropics since the Eocene. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 144 - 160. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / botlinnean / boy 052" type="journal article" year="2018">
Couto 
<emphasis id="C58B3E22FFB3FFD3C131FADCFD8AFA9B" box="[580,637,1290,1316]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="297">et al.</emphasis>
2018
</bibRefCitation>
). The closest species to 
<taxonomicName id="30FF99B3FFB3FFD3C0A6FADCFB50FA9B" box="[979,1191,1290,1316]" class="Liliopsida" family="Dioscoreaceae" genus="Dioscorea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="4" pageNumber="297" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="magnibracteata">
<emphasis id="C58B3E22FFB3FFD3C0A6FADCFB50FA9B" box="[979,1191,1290,1316]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="297">D. magnibracteata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
regarding morphology would be those belonging to 
<emphasis id="C58B3E22FFB3FFD3C2ACFAF8FE02FAF7" box="[473,501,1327,1352]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="297">D.</emphasis>
section 
<taxonomicName id="30FF99B3FFB3FFD3C122FAF9FD12FAF7" box="[599,741,1326,1352]" class="Liliopsida" family="Dioscoreaceae" genus="Dioscorea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="4" pageNumber="297" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Monadelpha">
<emphasis id="C58B3E22FFB3FFD3C122FAF9FD12FAF7" box="[599,741,1326,1352]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="297">Monadelpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="30FF99B3FFB3FFD3C055FAF8FF58FAD2" authority="G. M. Barroso, E. F. Guim. &amp; Sucre (1970: 42)" authorityName="G. M. Barroso, E. F. Guim. &amp; Sucre" authorityPageNumber="42" authorityYear="1970" class="Liliopsida" family="Dioscoreaceae" genus="Dioscorea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="4" pageNumber="297" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="margarethia">
<emphasis id="C58B3E22FFB3FFD3C055FAF8FC38FAF7" box="[800,975,1326,1352]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="297">D. margarethia</emphasis>
G.M.Barroso, E.F.Guim. &amp; Sucre (1970: 42)
</taxonomicName>
, a group of monoecious species with showy flowers and three stamens in column (six in 
<taxonomicName id="30FF99B3FFB3FFD3C7EBFA84FABCFAD3" authorityName="G. M. Barroso, E. F. Guim. &amp; Sucre" authorityYear="1970" box="[1182,1355,1362,1388]" class="Liliopsida" family="Dioscoreaceae" genus="Dioscorea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="4" pageNumber="297" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="margarethia">
<emphasis id="C58B3E22FFB3FFD3C7EBFA84FABCFAD3" box="[1182,1355,1362,1388]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="297">D. margarethia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Is also possible to highlight species from Knuth’s 
<emphasis id="C58B3E22FFB3FFD3C114FAA1FD02FA2F" box="[609,757,1398,1424]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="297">Cycladenium</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName id="30FF99B3FFB3FFD3C05DFAA0FC33FA2E" box="[808,964,1399,1425]" class="Liliopsida" family="Dioscoreaceae" genus="Centrostemon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="4" pageNumber="297" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C58B3E22FFB3FFD3C05DFAA0FC33FA2E" box="[808,964,1399,1425]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="297">Centrostemon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sections (e.g.: 
<taxonomicName id="30FF99B3FFB3FFD3C71CFAA0FE82FA0A" authority="Humb. &amp; Bonpl. ex Wild. (1806: 795)" authorityName="Wild." authorityPageNumber="795" authorityYear="1806" class="Liliopsida" family="Dioscoreaceae" genus="Dioscorea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="4" pageNumber="297" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="coriacea">
<emphasis id="C58B3E22FFB3FFD3C71CFAA0FB1BFA2F" box="[1129,1260,1399,1424]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="297">D. coriacea</emphasis>
Humb. &amp; Bonpl. ex Wild. (1806: 795)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="30FF99B3FFB3FFD3C2F4FA4CFC27FA0A" authority="Humb. &amp; Bonpl. ex Wild. (1806: 794)" authorityName="Wild." authorityPageNumber="794" authorityYear="1806" box="[385,976,1434,1461]" class="Liliopsida" family="Dioscoreaceae" genus="Dioscorea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="4" pageNumber="297" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="piperifolia">
<emphasis id="C58B3E22FFB3FFD3C2F4FA4CFDEEFA0B" box="[385,537,1434,1460]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="297">D. piperifolia</emphasis>
Humb. &amp; Bonpl. ex Wild. (1806: 794)
</taxonomicName>
and allies), which may exhibit some form of monoecy (with plasticity in sex expression) and similar floral morphology (six central stamens and relatively larger size when compared to other species of the genus), respectively in the sections. However, none of the species in these sections have all the main characters observed in 
<taxonomicName id="30FF99B3FFB3FFD3C1BEF9D0FC56F99F" box="[715,929,1542,1568]" class="Liliopsida" family="Dioscoreaceae" genus="Dioscorea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="4" pageNumber="297" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="magnibracteata">
<emphasis id="C58B3E22FFB3FFD3C1BEF9D0FC56F99F" box="[715,929,1542,1568]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="297">D. magnibracteata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and its simple separation from these others, especially for its monoecy, flowers larger than most species of the genus, six stamens in column and for its large bract.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F740E230FFB3FFD3C3C8F9A5FAE7F8DB" blockId="4.[136,1452,1218,1893]" pageId="4" pageNumber="297">
Regarding the placement of 
<taxonomicName id="30FF99B3FFB3FFD3C288F9A4FD26F933" box="[509,721,1650,1676]" class="Liliopsida" family="Dioscoreaceae" genus="Dioscorea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="4" pageNumber="297" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="magnibracteata">
<emphasis id="C58B3E22FFB3FFD3C288F9A4FD26F933" box="[509,721,1650,1676]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="297">D. magnibracteata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in any section or infrageneric classification, recent phylogenetic studies suggest that major revisionary work is required in the NW II Clade and it is therefore premature to assign the new species to any existing section. Notwithstanding that most of the monoecious species of 
<taxonomicName id="30FF99B3FFB3FFD3C7E9F96CFAE7F96B" box="[1180,1296,1723,1748]" class="Liliopsida" family="Dioscoreaceae" genus="Dioscorea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="4" pageNumber="297" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C58B3E22FFB3FFD3C7E9F96CFAE7F96B" box="[1180,1296,1723,1748]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="297">Dioscorea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sequenced so far have appeared in the clade 
<taxonomicName id="30FF99B3FFB3FFD3C2AAF909FD9AF947" box="[479,621,1758,1784]" class="Liliopsida" family="Dioscoreaceae" genus="Dioscorea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="4" pageNumber="297" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Monadelpha">
<emphasis id="C58B3E22FFB3FFD3C2AAF909FD9AF947" box="[479,621,1758,1784]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="297">Monadelpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="936E9FC1FFB3FFD3C10EF909FCB3F946" author="Viruel, J. &amp; Forest, F. &amp; Paun O. &amp; Chase M. W. &amp; Devey, D. &amp; Couto, R. S. &amp; Segarra-Moragues, J. G. &amp; Catalan, P. &amp; Wilkin, P." box="[635,836,1758,1785]" pageId="4" pageNumber="297" pagination="232 - 246" refId="ref4628" refString="Viruel, J., Forest, F., Paun O., Chase M. W., Devey, D., Couto, R. S., Segarra-Moragues, J. G., Catalan, P. &amp; Wilkin, P. (2018) A nuclear Xdh phylogenetic analysis of yams (Dioscorea: Dioscoreaceae) congruent with plastid trees reveals a new Neotropical lineage. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 187: 232 - 246. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / botlinnean / boy 013" type="journal article" year="2018">
Viruel 
<emphasis id="C58B3E22FFB3FFD3C1BFF908FCF5F947" box="[714,770,1758,1784]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="297">et al.</emphasis>
2018
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="936E9FC1FFB3FFD3C03AF908FBE1F946" author="Couto, R. S. &amp; Martins, A. C. &amp; Bolson, M. &amp; Lopes, R. C. &amp; Smidt, E. C. &amp; Braga, J. M. A." box="[847,1046,1758,1785]" pageId="4" pageNumber="297" pagination="144 - 160" refId="ref3908" refString="Couto, R. S., Martins, A. C., Bolson, M., Lopes, R. C., Smidt, E. C. &amp; Braga, J. M. A. (2018) Time calibrated tree of Dioscorea (Dioscoreaceae) indicates four origins of yams in the Neotropics since the Eocene. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 144 - 160. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / botlinnean / boy 052" type="journal article" year="2018">
Couto 
<emphasis id="C58B3E22FFB3FFD3C0EEF908FC24F947" box="[923,979,1758,1784]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="297">et al.</emphasis>
2018
</bibRefCitation>
), we understand that the positioning of this new species is not phylogenetically verified, particularly because almost all of the monoecious species, except 
<taxonomicName id="30FF99B3FFB3FFD3C3FDF8F0FDE5F8FF" authority="G. M. Barroso et al." authorityName="G. M. Barroso" box="[136,530,1830,1857]" class="Liliopsida" family="Dioscoreaceae" genus="Dioscorea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="4" pageNumber="297" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="margarethia">
<emphasis id="C58B3E22FFB3FFD3C3FDF8F0FEC2F8FF" box="[136,309,1830,1856]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="297">D. margarethia</emphasis>
G.M.Barroso 
<emphasis id="C58B3E22FFB3FFD3C2ACF8F0FDE5F8FF" box="[473,530,1830,1856]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="297">et al.</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, have only three stamens and not six as in 
<taxonomicName id="30FF99B3FFB3FFD3C08EF8F0FB38F8FF" box="[1019,1231,1830,1856]" class="Liliopsida" family="Dioscoreaceae" genus="Dioscorea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="4" pageNumber="297" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="magnibracteata">
<emphasis id="C58B3E22FFB3FFD3C08EF8F0FB38F8FF" box="[1019,1231,1830,1856]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="297">D. magnibracteata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Thus, we leave 
<taxonomicName id="30FF99B3FFB3FFD3C6E5F8F0FECEF8DB" class="Liliopsida" family="Dioscoreaceae" genus="Dioscorea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dioscoreales" pageId="4" pageNumber="297" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="magnibracteata">
<emphasis id="C58B3E22FFB3FFD3C6E5F8F0FECEF8DB" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="297">D. magnibracteata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
without formal infrageneric taxonomic placement, until it can be tested in a phylogeny.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>