treatments-xml/data/6A/78/87/6A788788103FFFB0FDBBCC8716A3D5E2.xml

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<mods:title id="64E40EB0FF672A7690804CC71EBF0E16">Studies in Liocranidae (Araneae): a new afrotropical genus featuring a synapomorphy for the Cybaeodinae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D01D223285376CB4F882F0DEFFD485A6">Jan Bosselaers</mods:namePart>
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<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D103FFF8AFDBBCC871164D3EE" ID-CoL="324GR" authority="Jan Bosselaers &amp; Rudy Jocque, 2013" authorityName="Jan Bosselaers &amp; Rudy Jocque" authorityYear="2013" box="[634,856,969,996]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Cteniogaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nana" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103FFF8AFDBBCC871164D3EE" bold="true" box="[634,856,969,996]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Cteniogaster nana</emphasis>
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<figureCitation id="7AEA2A1B103FFF8AFD89CB5C10FCD426" box="[584,704,1042,1068]" captionStart="Fig. 3" captionStartId="10.[189,232,1860,1886]" captionTargetBox="[190,1399,396,1803]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[189,1399,382,1819]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 3. A-B. Cteniogaster sangarawe sp. nov. A. ♀, habitus, ventral view. B. Idem, dorsal view. C-D. Cteniogaster taxorchis sp. nov. C. ♀, prosoma, dorsal view. D. Idem, ventral view. E-G. Cteniogaster nana sp. nov. E. Ƌ, habitus, ventral view. F. Idem, abdomen, ventral view. G. Idem, habitus, dorsal view. H-J. Cteniogaster lampropus sp. nov. H. ♀, prosoma, dorsal view. I. Idem, habitus, dorsal view. J. Idem, ventral view. Scale bars: A-D, F-J = 0.5 mm; E = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1036684/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Figs 3D-F</figureCitation>
, 
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, 
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; Appendix 1B
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<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103FFF8AFF7CCB1A130AD464" bold="true" box="[189,310,1108,1134]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D103FFF8AFF7CCBCA13AAD494" authority="Jan Bosselaers &amp; Rudy Jocque, 2013" authorityName="Jan Bosselaers &amp; Rudy Jocque" authorityYear="2013" box="[189,406,1156,1182]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Cteniogaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" species="nana" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103FFF8AFF7CCBCA13AAD494" box="[189,406,1156,1182]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Cteniogaster nana</emphasis>
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differs from all other 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D103FFF8AFD3CCBCA11A9D494" authority="Jan Bosselaers &amp; Rudy Jocque, 2013" authorityName="Jan Bosselaers &amp; Rudy Jocque" authorityYear="2013" box="[765,917,1156,1182]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Cteniogaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103FFF8AFD3CCBCA11A9D494" box="[765,917,1156,1182]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Cteniogaster</emphasis>
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species by its small size and by the male palp with a blunt, dorsally bent RTA, a relatively large and broad prolaterally inserted embolus, a small sclerotised apical conductor and a small and subtriangular retrolaterally inserted MA.
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<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103FFF8AFF7CCA411378D523" bold="true" box="[189,324,1295,1321]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Etymology</emphasis>
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The species name is derived from the Latin 
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, dwarf, and refers to the small size of the present species.
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<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103FFF8AFF7CCAE81350D5B5" bold="true" box="[189,364,1445,1472]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Type material</emphasis>
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28 Oct.-9 Nov. 
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(
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<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103FFF8AFF2BC92F1360D671" bold="true" box="[234,348,1633,1659]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Paratype</emphasis>
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<collectingLocation id="9DA445BD103FFF8AFF7CC9CB12F0D695" bibRefCitation--1--annotationValue="Raven (1998)" bibRefCitation--1--author="Raven R." bibRefCitation--1--box="[1012,1176,706,733]" bibRefCitation--1--journalOrPublisher="International Society of Arachnology" bibRefCitation--1--pageId="4" bibRefCitation--1--pageNumber="39" bibRefCitation--1--title="Revision of the Australian genera of the Miturgidae with a preview of their relationships" bibRefCitation--1--type="book" bibRefCitation--1--volumeTitle="XIVth International Congress of Arachnology, Abstracts 31" bibRefCitation--1--year="1998" bibRefCitation--2--annotationValue="Bosselaers &amp; Jocque 2002: Fg. 1A" bibRefCitation--2--author="Bosselaers J. &amp; Jocque R." bibRefCitation--2--journalOrPublisher="Zoologica Scripta" bibRefCitation--2--pageId="4" bibRefCitation--2--pageNumber="37" bibRefCitation--2--pagination="241 - 270" bibRefCitation--2--part="31" bibRefCitation--2--publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/ j.1463-6409.2002.00080.x" bibRefCitation--2--title="Studies in Corinnidae: cladistic analysis of 38 corinnid and liocranid genera, and transfer of Phrurolithinae" bibRefCitation--2--type="journal article" bibRefCitation--2--year="2002" box="[189,204,1669,1695]" collectionCode--annotationValue="A" collectionCode--box="[487,514,779,805]" collectionCode--pageId="4" collectionCode--pageNumber="5" impliedText="AMale rh: (0) absent, (1) present. The rh was Frst described by Raven (1998) as the &quot;retrocoxal window&quot;. It is a weak spot, in most cases hyaline and lens-shaped, on the rl face of coxa I (Bosselaers &amp; Jocque 2002: Fg. 1A)." level="1" number--1--annotationValue="1" number--1--box="[511,523,706,732]" number--1--pageId="4" number--1--pageNumber="5" number--1--value="1.0" number--2--annotationValue="1998" number--2--box="[1106,1167,706,732]" number--2--pageId="4" number--2--pageNumber="5" number--2--value="1998.0" number--3--annotationValue="2002" number--3--box="[356,419,779,805]" number--3--pageId="4" number--3--pageNumber="5" number--3--value="2002.0" number--4--annotationValue="1" number--4--box="[476,487,779,805]" number--4--pageId="4" number--4--pageNumber="5" number--4--value="1.0" pageId="25" pageNumber="5">1</collectingLocation>
Ƌ
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: together with 
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.
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<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103FFF8AFF7CC9891372D6EB" bold="true" box="[189,334,1735,1761]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Description</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26E369E103FFF8AFF2BC9B9138CD71B" blockId="25.[189,1399,1783,2028]" box="[234,432,1783,1809]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<heading id="B92681F2103FFF8AFF2BC9B9138CD71B" bold="true" box="[234,432,1783,1809]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" reason="6">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103FFF8AFF2BC9B9138CD71B" bold="true" box="[234,432,1783,1809]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Male (holotype)</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26E369E103FFF89FF7CC85211CFD143" blockId="25.[189,1399,1783,2028]" lastBlockId="26.[189,1398,267,329]" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
TOTAL LENGTH. 1.74. Carapace length 0.74, width 0.58, unicoloured pale yellow, unbordered (
<figureCitation id="7AEA2A1B103FFF8AFACAC8551755D73F" box="[1291,1385,1819,1845]" captionStart="Fig. 3" captionStartId="10.[189,232,1860,1886]" captionTargetBox="[190,1399,396,1803]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[189,1399,382,1819]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 3. A-B. Cteniogaster sangarawe sp. nov. A. ♀, habitus, ventral view. B. Idem, dorsal view. C-D. Cteniogaster taxorchis sp. nov. C. ♀, prosoma, dorsal view. D. Idem, ventral view. E-G. Cteniogaster nana sp. nov. E. Ƌ, habitus, ventral view. F. Idem, abdomen, ventral view. G. Idem, habitus, dorsal view. H-J. Cteniogaster lampropus sp. nov. H. ♀, prosoma, dorsal view. I. Idem, habitus, dorsal view. J. Idem, ventral view. Scale bars: A-D, F-J = 0.5 mm; E = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1036684/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 3C</figureCitation>
). Fovea pronounced, length 0.08, anterior end 0.53 from front end of carapace. MOQ length (when eight eyes present) 0.05, anterior width 0.02, posterior width 0.06. AER width 0.11, PER width 0.15. Median eyes with a strong tendency towards reduction, one specimen with reduced median eyes, the other having only four eyes (
<figureCitation id="7AEA2A1B103FFF8AFE0DC8E2100CD7CC" box="[460,560,1964,1990]" captionStart="Fig. 12" captionStartId="31.[189,232,1824,1850]" captionText="Fig. 12. A-E. Cteniogaster conviva sp. nov. A. Ƌ, palp, ventral view. B. Idem, retrolateral view. C. Epigyne, ventral view. D. Idem, other specimen. E. Eye region of male, anterior view. F-G. Cteniogaster sangarawe sp. nov. F. Epigyne, ventral view. G. Idem, other specimen. H-J. Cteniogaster nana sp. nov. H. Ƌ, palp, ventral view. I. Idem, retrolateral view. J. Eye region of male, anterior view. K. Cteniogaster taxorchis sp. nov. Epigyne, ventral view. L. Cteniogaster lampropus sp. nov. Epigyne, ventral view. Scale bar = 250 μm." pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 12J</figureCitation>
). AME very small (1/6 of ALE diameter) or absent, PME very pale and strongly reduced (1/8 of ALE diameter) or absent, PLE 2/3 of ALE diameter. Both eye rows (if ME are present) straight from above. Clypeus vertical, equal to 1/3 of ALE diameter. Chilum indistinct. Sternum yellow, unbordered (
<figureCitation id="7AEA2A1B103CFF89FE6ECE611030D143" box="[431,524,303,329]" captionStart="Fig. 3" captionStartId="10.[189,232,1860,1886]" captionTargetBox="[190,1399,396,1803]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[189,1399,382,1819]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 3. A-B. Cteniogaster sangarawe sp. nov. A. ♀, habitus, ventral view. B. Idem, dorsal view. C-D. Cteniogaster taxorchis sp. nov. C. ♀, prosoma, dorsal view. D. Idem, ventral view. E-G. Cteniogaster nana sp. nov. E. Ƌ, habitus, ventral view. F. Idem, abdomen, ventral view. G. Idem, habitus, dorsal view. H-J. Cteniogaster lampropus sp. nov. H. ♀, prosoma, dorsal view. I. Idem, habitus, dorsal view. J. Idem, ventral view. Scale bars: A-D, F-J = 0.5 mm; E = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1036684/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
), length 0.47, width 0.39. PCT indistinct.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26E369E103CFF89FF7CCE3F16C5D213" blockId="26.[189,1399,369,538]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
ABDOMEN. Pale cream dorsally (
<figureCitation id="7AEA2A1B103CFF89FDF0CE3F10B4D181" box="[561,648,369,395]" captionStart="Fig. 3" captionStartId="10.[189,232,1860,1886]" captionTargetBox="[190,1399,396,1803]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[189,1399,382,1819]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 3. A-B. Cteniogaster sangarawe sp. nov. A. ♀, habitus, ventral view. B. Idem, dorsal view. C-D. Cteniogaster taxorchis sp. nov. C. ♀, prosoma, dorsal view. D. Idem, ventral view. E-G. Cteniogaster nana sp. nov. E. Ƌ, habitus, ventral view. F. Idem, abdomen, ventral view. G. Idem, habitus, dorsal view. H-J. Cteniogaster lampropus sp. nov. H. ♀, prosoma, dorsal view. I. Idem, habitus, dorsal view. J. Idem, ventral view. Scale bars: A-D, F-J = 0.5 mm; E = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1036684/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 3F</figureCitation>
) with traces of a weak, diffuse anterior do scutum and ventrally with an oblong, sclerotised patch carrying strong modiFed setae in posterior half (
<figureCitation id="7AEA2A1B103CFF89FB43CEDA16DAD1A5" box="[1154,1254,404,431]" captionStart="Fig. 3" captionStartId="10.[189,232,1860,1886]" captionTargetBox="[190,1399,396,1803]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[189,1399,382,1819]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 3. A-B. Cteniogaster sangarawe sp. nov. A. ♀, habitus, ventral view. B. Idem, dorsal view. C-D. Cteniogaster taxorchis sp. nov. C. ♀, prosoma, dorsal view. D. Idem, ventral view. E-G. Cteniogaster nana sp. nov. E. Ƌ, habitus, ventral view. F. Idem, abdomen, ventral view. G. Idem, habitus, dorsal view. H-J. Cteniogaster lampropus sp. nov. H. ♀, prosoma, dorsal view. I. Idem, habitus, dorsal view. J. Idem, ventral view. Scale bars: A-D, F-J = 0.5 mm; E = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1036684/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 3 E</figureCitation>
). Spinnerets as for the genus in general. Legs pale yellow (
<figureCitation id="7AEA2A1B103CFF89FD32CEF6114AD1D9" box="[755,886,440,467]" captionStart="Fig. 3" captionStartId="10.[189,232,1860,1886]" captionTargetBox="[190,1399,396,1803]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[189,1399,382,1819]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 3. A-B. Cteniogaster sangarawe sp. nov. A. ♀, habitus, ventral view. B. Idem, dorsal view. C-D. Cteniogaster taxorchis sp. nov. C. ♀, prosoma, dorsal view. D. Idem, ventral view. E-G. Cteniogaster nana sp. nov. E. Ƌ, habitus, ventral view. F. Idem, abdomen, ventral view. G. Idem, habitus, dorsal view. H-J. Cteniogaster lampropus sp. nov. H. ♀, prosoma, dorsal view. I. Idem, habitus, dorsal view. J. Idem, ventral view. Scale bars: A-D, F-J = 0.5 mm; E = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1036684/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 3D, F</figureCitation>
). Retrocoxal hymen pronounced, oval and white. Trochanter notch indistinct in legs I and II, pronounced in legs III and IV. Very sparse ve terminal preening brushes on mt III and IV. Tarsus IV slightly bent. Leg spination as in Appendix 1B.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26E369E103CFF89FF7CCD0C139DD256" blockId="26.[189,417,578,604]" box="[189,417,578,604]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<heading id="B92681F2103CFF89FF7CCD0C139DD256" allCaps="true" box="[189,417,578,604]" fontSize="10" level="4" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" reason="3">LEG MEASUREMENTS:</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26E369E103CFF89FEF6CDC71137D348" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<table id="90D1C43E103C006CFF09CDC71133D349" box="[200,783,649,835]" gridcols="7" gridrows="5" inLine="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<tr id="5CE134DC103C006CFF09CDC71133D295" box="[200,783,649,671]" gridrow="0" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" rowspan-0="1">
<th id="1F305DA0103C006CFEEDCDC7136AD295" box="[300,342,649,671]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">fe</th>
<th id="1F305DA0103C006CFE42CDC71391D295" box="[387,429,649,671]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">pa</th>
<th id="1F305DA0103C006CFE1ACDC71039D295" box="[475,517,649,671]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">ti</th>
<th id="1F305DA0103C006CFDF3CDC71060D295" box="[562,604,649,671]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">mt</th>
<th id="1F305DA0103C006CFD4BCDC71088D295" box="[650,692,649,671]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">ta</th>
<th id="1F305DA0103C006CFD1ACDC71133D295" box="[731,783,649,671]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<heading id="B92681F2103CFF89FD1ACDC71133D294" bold="true" box="[731,783,649,670]" fontSize="9" level="5" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" reason="6">Total</heading>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="5CE134DC103C006CFF09CDFD1133D2C3" box="[200,783,691,713]" gridrow="1" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<th id="1F305DA0103C006CFF09CDFD12D8D2C3" box="[200,228,691,713]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103CFF89FF09CDFD12EDD2C2" bold="true" box="[200,209,691,712]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">I</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="1F305DA0103C006CFEEDCDFD136AD2C3" box="[300,342,691,713]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">0.53</td>
<td id="1F305DA0103C006CFE42CDFD1391D2C3" box="[387,429,691,713]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">0.24</td>
<td id="1F305DA0103C006CFE1ACDFD1039D2C3" box="[475,517,691,713]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">0.39</td>
<td id="1F305DA0103C006CFDF3CDFD1060D2C3" box="[562,604,691,713]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">0.29</td>
<td id="1F305DA0103C006CFD4BCDFD1088D2C3" box="[650,692,691,713]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">0.28</td>
<td id="1F305DA0103C006CFD1ACDFD1133D2C3" box="[731,783,691,713]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">1.72</td>
</tr>
<tr id="5CE134DC103C006CFF09CD921133D2F8" box="[200,783,732,754]" gridrow="2" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<th id="1F305DA0103C006CFF09CD9212D8D2F8" box="[200,228,732,754]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103CFF89FF09CD9212E7D2FB" bold="true" box="[200,219,732,753]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">II</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="1F305DA0103C006CFEEDCD92136AD2F8" box="[300,342,732,754]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">0.45</td>
<td id="1F305DA0103C006CFE42CD921391D2F8" box="[387,429,732,754]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">0.22</td>
<td id="1F305DA0103C006CFE1ACD921039D2F8" box="[475,517,732,754]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">0.37</td>
<td id="1F305DA0103C006CFDF3CD921060D2F8" box="[562,604,732,754]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">0.28</td>
<td id="1F305DA0103C006CFD4BCD921088D2F8" box="[650,692,732,754]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">0.28</td>
<td id="1F305DA0103C006CFD1ACD921133D2F8" box="[731,783,732,754]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">1.59</td>
</tr>
<tr id="5CE134DC103C006CFF09CC4A1133D310" box="[200,783,772,794]" gridrow="3" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<th id="1F305DA0103C006CFF09CC4A12D8D310" box="[200,228,772,794]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103CFF89FF09CC4A12D8D313" bold="true" box="[200,228,772,793]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">III</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="1F305DA0103C006CFEEDCC4A136AD310" box="[300,342,772,794]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">0.42</td>
<td id="1F305DA0103C006CFE42CC4A1391D310" box="[387,429,772,794]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">0.14</td>
<td id="1F305DA0103C006CFE1ACC4A1039D310" box="[475,517,772,794]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">0.29</td>
<td id="1F305DA0103C006CFDF3CC4A1060D310" box="[562,604,772,794]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">0.32</td>
<td id="1F305DA0103C006CFD4BCC4A1088D310" box="[650,692,772,794]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">0.29</td>
<td id="1F305DA0103C006CFD1ACC4A1133D310" box="[731,783,772,794]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">1.46</td>
</tr>
<tr id="5CE134DC103C006CFF09CC631133D349" box="[200,783,813,835]" gridrow="4" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<th id="1F305DA0103C006CFF09CC6312D8D349" box="[200,228,813,835]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103CFF89FF09CC6312DFD348" bold="true" box="[200,227,813,834]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">IV</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="1F305DA0103C006CFEEDCC63136AD349" box="[300,342,813,835]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">0.55</td>
<td id="1F305DA0103C006CFE42CC631391D349" box="[387,429,813,835]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">0.21</td>
<td id="1F305DA0103C006CFE1ACC631039D349" box="[475,517,813,835]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">0.47</td>
<td id="1F305DA0103C006CFDF3CC631060D349" box="[562,604,813,835]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">0.50</td>
<td id="1F305DA0103C006CFD4BCC631088D349" box="[650,692,813,835]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">0.39</td>
<td id="1F305DA0103C006CFD1ACC631133D349" box="[731,783,813,835]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">2.13</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26E369E103CFF89FF7CCC3E1364D3DA" blockId="26.[189,1399,879,976]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">MALE PALP. With a blunt, dorsally bent RTA, a relatively large and broad prolaterally inserted pointed embolus, a small sclerotised apical conductor, and a pointed, small and subtriangular retrolaterally inserted MA.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26E369E103CFF89FF2BCCB61379D418" blockId="26.[189,325,1016,1078]" box="[234,325,1016,1042]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<heading id="B92681F2103CFF89FF2BCCB61379D418" bold="true" box="[234,325,1016,1042]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" reason="6">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103CFF89FF2BCCB61379D418" bold="true" box="[234,325,1016,1042]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Female</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26E369E103CFF89FF7CCB521305D43C" blockId="26.[189,325,1016,1078]" box="[189,313,1052,1078]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Unknown.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="AACB6515103CFF89FF7CCB1310CCD4AC" box="[189,752,1117,1191]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="E26E369E103CFF89FF7CCB13136AD47D" blockId="26.[189,342,1117,1143]" box="[189,342,1117,1143]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<heading id="B92681F2103CFF89FF7CCB13136AD47D" bold="true" box="[189,342,1117,1143]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" reason="2">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103CFF89FF7CCB13136AD47D" bold="true" box="[189,342,1117,1143]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Distribution</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26E369E103CFF89FF7CCBC210CCD4AC" blockId="26.[189,752,1164,1191]" box="[189,752,1164,1191]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<collectingCountry id="9AC6760E103CFF89FF7CCBC21316D4AC" box="[189,298,1164,1190]" name="Tanzania" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="Tanzania">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
, 
<location id="E70E6045103CFF89FEF4CBC31056D4AC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6A788788103FFFB0FDBBCC8716A3D5E2:E70E6045103CFF89FEF4CBC31056D4AC" box="[309,618,1164,1191]" country="Tanzania" name="East Usambara mountains" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">East Usambara mountains</location>
, 
<quantity id="25299B7B103CFF89FDB7CBC210FCD4AD" box="[630,704,1164,1191]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="m" value="950.0">950 m</quantity>
asl.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="AACB6515103CFFB0FF7CCB9F16A3D5E2" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="E26E369E103CFF89FF7CCB9F1365D4FA" blockId="26.[189,345,1233,1264]" box="[189,345,1233,1264]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<heading id="B92681F2103CFF89FF7CCB9F1365D4FA" bold="true" box="[189,345,1233,1264]" fontSize="13" level="1" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" reason="0">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103CFF89FF7CCB9F1365D4FA" bold="true" box="[189,345,1233,1264]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Discussion</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26E369E103CFF89FF7CCA4913F0D528" blockId="26.[189,1398,1287,1646]" box="[189,460,1287,1314]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<heading id="B92681F2103CFF89FF7CCA4913F0D528" bold="true" box="[189,460,1287,1314]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" reason="6">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103CFF89FF7CCA4913F0D528" bold="true" box="[189,460,1287,1314]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Phylogenetic analyses</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26E369E103CFF89FF7CCA781628D664" blockId="26.[189,1398,1287,1646]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
The preferred consensus tree for 27 species known from both sexes, with node numbers, state changes for 47 characters and Goloboff Ft Bremer support values (as reported in TNT) in italics below branches is illustrated in 
<figureCitation id="7AEA2A1B103CFF89FE44CA3013EDD592" box="[389,465,1406,1432]" captionStart="Fig. 1" captionStartId="3.[145,188,1603,1629]" captionTargetBox="[267,1749,552,1549]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[262,1782,547,1563]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 1. Strict consensus of three Fttest trees obtained under implied weighting for 25 liocranid species and two corinnid outgroup species. State changes are indicated on the tree for 47 out of the 99 characters used, ambiguous character state changes were optimized individually (see text for details). Non-homoplasious state changes are in black, homoplasious state changes in white. Nodes are numbered on the tree and Goloboff Ft Bremer support values, as reported in TNT, are indicated in italics below branches." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1036680/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
. Each ambiguity on the tree was optimized in isolation, in order to avoid scoring character states for absent structures, and also because only a combination of ACCTRAN and DELTRAN optimisation can produce the most robust proposal for a supposed homology. Indeed, the use of ACCTRAN only, as is often preferred, does not always maximize parallel loss of complex traits over convergent gains (
<bibRefCitation id="86404B6F103CFF89FE52C94210F5D62C" author="Agnarsson I. &amp; Miller J. A." box="[403,713,1548,1574]" journalOrPublisher="Cladistics" pageId="26" pageNumber="37" pagination="1032 - 1038" part="24" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00229.x" title="Is ACCTRAN better than DELTRAN?" type="journal article" year="2008">Agnarsson &amp; Miller 2008</bibRefCitation>
). Of the Fve ambiguous characters shown on the preferred tree in 
<figureCitation id="7AEA2A1B103CFF89FED7C97E1363D640" box="[278,351,1584,1610]" captionStart="Fig. 1" captionStartId="3.[145,188,1603,1629]" captionTargetBox="[267,1749,552,1549]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[262,1782,547,1563]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 1. Strict consensus of three Fttest trees obtained under implied weighting for 25 liocranid species and two corinnid outgroup species. State changes are indicated on the tree for 47 out of the 99 characters used, ambiguous character state changes were optimized individually (see text for details). Non-homoplasious state changes are in black, homoplasious state changes in white. Nodes are numbered on the tree and Goloboff Ft Bremer support values, as reported in TNT, are indicated in italics below branches." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1036680/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
, DELTRAN optimisation was preferred for characters 19, 38 and 72, ACCTRAN for character 37, and only unambiguous changes are shown for character 22.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26E369E103CFF89FF7CC9DB1053D76B" blockId="26.[189,1398,1685,1890]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
Homoplasy in the data matrix which produced the preferred tree is quite acceptable: 22 out of 99 characters are completely free of homoplasy. 
<bibRefCitation id="86404B6F103CFF89FD17C9F7167FD6D9" author="Sanderson M. J. &amp; Donoghue M. J." box="[726,1091,1721,1747]" journalOrPublisher="Evolution" pageId="26" pageNumber="39" pagination="1781 - 1795" part="43" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2409392" title="Patterns of variation in levels of homoplasy" type="journal article" year="1989">Sanderson &amp; Donoghue (1989</bibRefCitation>
: 1785, Fg. 1) performed a polynomial regression analysis on data from 60 cladistic analyses, and derived the following equation based on them: ci = 0.90 - 0.022×(number of taxa) + 0.000213×(number of taxa)2. Applying this equation, 27 taxa would yield a ci value of 0.461, quite similar to the actual ci value of 0.412 obtained for the consensus tree in the present analysis.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26E369E103CFF8EFF7CC8C711C3D167" blockId="26.[189,1398,1929,2027]" lastBlockId="29.[189,1398,267,366]" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
The ingroup (clade 1) is supported on the preferred tree by the absence of apical do spines on fe III and IV (11:0, not shown in 
<figureCitation id="7AEA2A1B103CFF89FDCBC8E3106CD7CD" box="[522,592,1965,1991]" captionStart="Fig. 1" captionStartId="3.[145,188,1603,1629]" captionTargetBox="[267,1749,552,1549]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[262,1782,547,1563]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 1. Strict consensus of three Fttest trees obtained under implied weighting for 25 liocranid species and two corinnid outgroup species. State changes are indicated on the tree for 47 out of the 99 characters used, ambiguous character state changes were optimized individually (see text for details). Non-homoplasious state changes are in black, homoplasious state changes in white. Nodes are numbered on the tree and Goloboff Ft Bremer support values, as reported in TNT, are indicated in italics below branches." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1036680/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
, reversed in 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D103CFF89FD2CC8E31699D7CD" authority="Di Franco, 1989" authorityName="Di Franco" authorityYear="1989" box="[749,1189,1965,1992]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Cybaeodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" species="marinae">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103CFF89FD2CC8E311E5D7CD" box="[749,985,1965,1991]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Cybaeodes marinae</emphasis>
Di Franco, 1989
</taxonomicName>
and in clade 14), the presence of a distal spine on the male palpal pl edge [27:1, absent in 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D103CFF8FFBEAC89F133AD12C" authority="(L. Koch, 1881)" authorityName="L. Koch" authorityYear="1881" baseAuthorityName="L. Koch" baseAuthorityYear="1881" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Scotina" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="29" order="Araneae" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" species="palliardii">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103CFF89FBEAC89F16C6D7E1" box="[1067,1274,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Scotina palliardii</emphasis>
(L. Koch, 1881)
</taxonomicName>
], absence of true claw tufts (36:0), the presence of tenent hairs at the tip of tarsi (37:1, reversed in clades 3 and 14, but present in 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D103AFF8FFD83CE611087D143" box="[578,699,303,329]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Apostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103AFF8FFD83CE611087D143" box="[578,699,303,329]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Apostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), a simple sternal border (42:0, reversed in 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D103AFF8FFB79CE61170FD143" box="[1208,1331,303,329]" class="Arachnida" family="Gallieniellidae" genus="Toxoniella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103AFF8FFB79CE61170FD143" box="[1208,1331,303,329]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Toxoniella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), two retromarginal cheliceral teeth (43:0, more than two in 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D103AFF8FFCF1CE1C1197D166" box="[816,939,338,364]" class="Arachnida" family="Gallieniellidae" genus="Toxoniella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103AFF8FFCF1CE1C1197D166" box="[816,939,338,364]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Toxoniella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), a shaggy hair in front of the fang base (44:1, reversed in 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D103AFF8FFE4ECE3B1036D185" box="[399,522,373,399]" class="Arachnida" family="Gallieniellidae" genus="Toxoniella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103AFF8FFE4ECE3B1036D185" box="[399,522,373,399]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Toxoniella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), a conspicuous serrula on the endites (48:0), a Fat carapace (50:1, changed to slanting in clade 20), modiFed PME (57:1, reversed in clade 14), the MOQ widest posteriorly (58:1), curved strong hairs frontally on abdomen (60:1), no epigastric sclerite (62:0, 70:0), laterally compressed female PMS (71:1, changed to slender in clade 4 and to stout and subtriangular in clade 11), absence of a coiled sperm duct (79:0), a membranous conductor (81:1, reversed in 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D103AFF8FFBD7CD4C172ED216" authority="Jan Bosselaers &amp; Rudy Jocque, 2013" authorityName="Jan Bosselaers &amp; Rudy Jocque" authorityYear="2013" box="[1046,1298,514,540]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Cteniogaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" species="conviva" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103AFF8FFBD7CD4C172ED216" box="[1046,1298,514,540]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Cteniogaster conviva</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CB9657F7103AFF8FFADACD4C174BD216" box="[1307,1399,514,540]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
and 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D103AFF8FFF2ECD6B1044D235" authority="(Simon, 1878)" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1878" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1878" box="[239,632,549,575]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Agraecina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" species="lineata">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103AFF8FFF2ECD6B13FED235" box="[239,450,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Agraecina lineata</emphasis>
(Simon, 1878)
</taxonomicName>
, unapplicable in clade 20), a simple conductor (82:0, complex in 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D103AFF8FFF7CCD071307D268" authority="Jan Bosselaers &amp; Rudy Jocque, 2013" authorityName="Jan Bosselaers &amp; Rudy Jocque" authorityYear="2013" box="[189,315,585,611]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Cteniogaster" genus.bestMatchDistance="93" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" species="conviva" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103AFF8FFF7CCD071307D268" box="[189,315,585,611]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">C. conviva</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CB9657F7103AFF8FFE82CD07139DD269" box="[323,417,585,611]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, unapplicable in clade 20), MA present (83:1), subtegulum pl (89:0), anterior hood present in epigyne (94:1, reversed in 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D103BFF8EFDAACE4216BDD12F" authority="Ubick &amp; Platnick, 1991" authorityName="Ubick &amp; Platnick" authorityYear="1991" box="[619,1153,267,293]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Hesperocranum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" species="rothi">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103BFF8EFDAACE421159D12F" box="[619,869,267,293]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Hesperocranum rothi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="86404B6F103BFF8EFCAACE4516BDD12F" author="Ubick D. &amp; Platnick N. I." box="[875,1153,267,293]" journalOrPublisher="American Museum Novitates" pageId="29" pageNumber="39" pagination="1 - 12" part="3019" title="On Hesperocranum, a new spider genus from Western North America (Araneae, Liocranidae)" type="journal article" year="1991">Ubick &amp; Platnick, 1991</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and in clade 15) and anterior epigynal entrances (97:0). We consider clade 1 to represent the family 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D103BFF8EFB93CE6116DED143" box="[1106,1250,303,329]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Liocranidae</taxonomicName>
. It is divided in two sister clades in the present analysis: clade 2 and clade 7 (
<figureCitation id="7AEA2A1B103BFF8EFC68CE1D11D1D167" box="[937,1005,339,365]" captionStart="Fig. 1" captionStartId="3.[145,188,1603,1629]" captionTargetBox="[267,1749,552,1549]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[262,1782,547,1563]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 1. Strict consensus of three Fttest trees obtained under implied weighting for 25 liocranid species and two corinnid outgroup species. State changes are indicated on the tree for 47 out of the 99 characters used, ambiguous character state changes were optimized individually (see text for details). Non-homoplasious state changes are in black, homoplasious state changes in white. Nodes are numbered on the tree and Goloboff Ft Bremer support values, as reported in TNT, are indicated in italics below branches." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1036680/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="B6AE6616103DFF88FF7CC8C4176BD7E1" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1036696/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" targetBox="[339,1273,297,1861]" targetPageId="27">
<paragraph id="E26E369E103DFF88FF7CC8C4176BD7E1" blockId="27.[189,1399,1930,2027]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103DFF88FF7CC8C41335D7AE" bold="true" box="[189,265,1930,1956]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 9.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D103DFF88FED0C8C51028D7AE" box="[273,532,1930,1957]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Cteniogaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" species="toxarchus">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103DFF88FED0C8C51028D7AE" box="[273,532,1930,1957]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Cteniogaster toxarchus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
gen. et sp. nov. 
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103DFF88FD0EC8C410D6D7AE" bold="true" box="[719,746,1930,1956]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">A.</emphasis>
Ƌ, habitus, dorsal view. 
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103DFF88FBC7C8C4161CD7AE" bold="true" box="[1030,1056,1930,1956]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">B.</emphasis>
Idem, abdomen, ventral view. 
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103DFF88FF7CC8E312E4D7CD" bold="true" box="[189,216,1965,1991]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">C.</emphasis>
Idem, palp, ventral view. 
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103DFF88FE39C8E0102FD7C2" bold="true" box="[504,531,1966,1992]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">D.</emphasis>
Idem, retrolateral view. 
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103DFF88FCE3C8E01107D7C2" bold="true" box="[802,827,1966,1992]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">E.</emphasis>
Epigyne, ventral view. 
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103DFF88FB83C8E01668D7C2" bold="true" box="[1090,1108,1966,1992]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">F.</emphasis>
♀, carapace, lateral view. 
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103DFF88FF7CC89E12E5D7E0" bold="true" box="[189,217,2000,2026]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">G.</emphasis>
Ƌ, carapace, lateral view. 
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103DFF88FE3CC89F1025D7E1" bold="true" box="[509,537,2001,2027]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">H.</emphasis>
♀, carapace, dorsal view. Scale bars: A-C, F-H = 0.5 mm, C-E = 0.25 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="B6AE6616103AFF8FFF7CC8C4111CD7E1" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1036698/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" targetBox="[246,1388,703,1877]" targetPageId="28">
<paragraph id="E26E369E103AFF8FFF7CC8C4111CD7E1" blockId="28.[189,1399,1930,2027]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103AFF8FFF7CC8C41327D7AE" bold="true" box="[189,283,1930,1956]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 10.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D103AFF8FFEE5C8C51009D7AE" authority="Jan Bosselaers &amp; Rudy Jocque, 2013" authorityName="Jan Bosselaers &amp; Rudy Jocque" authorityYear="2013" box="[292,565,1930,1957]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Cteniogaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" species="hexomma" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103AFF8FFEE5C8C51009D7AE" box="[292,565,1930,1957]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Cteniogaster hexomma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CB9657F7103AFF8FFDFEC8C510A0D7AF" box="[575,668,1931,1957]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103AFF8FFD64C8C410D4D7AE" bold="true" box="[677,744,1930,1956]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">A. Ƌ,</emphasis>
habitus, dorsal view. 
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103AFF8FFC31C8C41637D7AE" bold="true" box="[1008,1035,1930,1956]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">B.</emphasis>
Idem, abdomen, ventral view. 
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103AFF8FFF7CC8E312E6D7CD" bold="true" box="[189,218,1965,1991]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">C.</emphasis>
Idem, palp, ventral view. 
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103AFF8FFDC4C8E0101DD7C2" bold="true" box="[517,545,1966,1992]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">D.</emphasis>
Idem, retrolateral view. 
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103AFF8FFCFDC8E0116BD7C2" bold="true" box="[828,855,1966,1992]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">E.</emphasis>
Epigyne, ventral view. 
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103AFF8FFBA9C8E0169DD7C2" bold="true" box="[1128,1185,1964,1992]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">F. ♀,</emphasis>
carapace, anterior view. Scale bars: A-B, F = 0.5 mm, C-E = 0.25 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="E26E369E103BFF8EFF7CCEDB1015D235" blockId="29.[189,1399,405,575]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
Clade 2 is interpreted as subfamily Liocraninae and is supported on the preferred tree by the presence of large erectile bristles in the ve scopulae of legs I and II (5:1), ventral scopulae on ti I and II (33:1) and a pl terminal lobe on the male palpal ti (91:1). Clade 4 (
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D103BFF8EFCF2CE931673D1FD" authority=", 1897" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1897" box="[819,1103,477,503]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Mesiotelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" subGenus="Simon">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103BFF8EFCF2CE93118ED1FD" box="[819,946,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Mesiotelus</emphasis>
Simon, 1897
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D103BFF8EFB49CE9012C5D216" authority="L. Koch, 1866" authorityName="L. Koch" authorityYear="1866" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Liocranum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" subGenus="Latreille" subGenus.outerRound="1">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103BFF8EFB49CE901735D1FD" box="[1160,1289,478,503]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Liocranum</emphasis>
L. Koch, 1866
</taxonomicName>
) is further characterised by slender female PMS carrying only a single large spigot (71:0, 72:0, 
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103BFF8EFF7CCD681336D235" box="[189,266,550,575]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">contra</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="86404B6F103BFF8EFED1CD6B13DCD235" author="Wunderlich J." box="[272,480,549,575]" journalOrPublisher="Beitrage Zur Araneologie" pageId="29" pageNumber="40" part="5" title="Fossil and extant spiders" type="journal volume" year="2008">Wunderlich 2008</bibRefCitation>
: 489).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26E369E103BFF8EFF7CCD2916FDD4EF" blockId="29.[189,1399,615,1253]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
Clade 7 is interpreted as subfamily Cybaeodinae and is supported on the preferred tree by the presence of a trochanter notch (3:1, reversed in 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D103BFF8EFD53CDC21137D2AC" box="[658,779,652,678]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Apostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103BFF8EFD53CDC21137D2AC" box="[658,779,652,678]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Apostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), the presence of bent male tarsi (8:1), presence of do spines on ti III (at least in females) and IV (17:1, 18:1), cylindrical ALS in males (65:1, reversed in clade 17), and presence of EPGS in males (69:1, reversed in clade 20). Although present in some 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D103BFF8EFF7CCDB91370D31B" box="[189,332,759,785]" class="Arachnida" family="Clubionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Clubionidae</taxonomicName>
as well (see discussion of character 69, above), the presence of EPGS seems to be an interesting apomorphy for the subfamily Cybaeodinae. The character is lost in the genera 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D103BFF8EFB0CCC52177AD33C" box="[1229,1350,796,822]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Apostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103BFF8EFB0CCC52177AD33C" box="[1229,1350,796,822]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Apostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D103BFF8EFF7CCC0E1329D350" box="[189,277,832,858]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Scotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103BFF8EFF7CCC0E1329D350" box="[189,277,832,858]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Scotina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, most probably due to their small size. 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D103BFF8EFD25CC71163FD353" authority=", 1878" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1878" box="[740,1027,831,857]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Cybaeodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" subGenus="Simon">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103BFF8EFD25CC711159D353" box="[740,869,831,857]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Cybaeodes</emphasis>
Simon, 1878
</taxonomicName>
(clade 8) holds a basal position within Cybaeodinae in the present analysis, supported by two rows of more than Fve large spigots on female PMS (paralleled in 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D103BFF8EFDE6CCC9109ED3AB" box="[551,674,903,929]" class="Arachnida" family="Gallieniellidae" genus="Toxoniella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103BFF8EFDE6CCC9109ED3AB" box="[551,674,903,929]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Toxoniella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and a small dorsal bristle mat on the male palpal cymbium (76:1). 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D103BFF8EFED9CCE513AFD3CF" box="[280,403,939,965]" class="Arachnida" family="Gallieniellidae" genus="Toxoniella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103BFF8EFED9CCE513AFD3CF" box="[280,403,939,965]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Toxoniella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(clade 10) differs from all other members of clade 1 by a number of reversals, being a rebordered sternum (42:1), more than two retromarginal cheliceral teeth (43:1) and absence of a shaggy hair in front of the cheliceral fangs (44:0), but the genus Fts within the clade for all other important characters, including the presence of an epigynal anterior hood (94:1). 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D103BFF8EFBB1CB5916D7D43B" box="[1136,1259,1047,1073]" class="Arachnida" family="Gallieniellidae" genus="Toxoniella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103BFF8EFBB1CB5916D7D43B" box="[1136,1259,1047,1073]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Toxoniella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shares with 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D103BFF8EFF7CCB751302D45F" box="[189,318,1083,1109]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Cybaeodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103BFF8EFF7CCB751302D45F" box="[189,318,1083,1109]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Cybaeodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D103BFF8EFE8ACB72111ED45F" authority="&amp; Platnick, 1991" authorityName="Ubick &amp; Platnick" authorityYear="1991" box="[331,802,1083,1109]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Hesperocranum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" subGenus="Ubick">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103BFF8EFE8ACB72103BD45F" box="[331,519,1084,1109]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Hesperocranum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="86404B6F103BFF8EFDCFCB75111ED45F" author="Ubick D. &amp; Platnick N. I." box="[526,802,1083,1109]" journalOrPublisher="American Museum Novitates" pageId="29" pageNumber="39" pagination="1 - 12" part="3019" title="On Hesperocranum, a new spider genus from Western North America (Araneae, Liocranidae)" type="journal article" year="1991">Ubick &amp; Platnick, 1991</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D103BFF8EFC99CB751669D45C" authority=", 1875" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1875" box="[856,1109,1083,1110]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Sagana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" subGenus="Thorell">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103BFF8EFC99CB75118CD45F" box="[856,944,1083,1109]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Sagana</emphasis>
Thorell, 1875
</taxonomicName>
the laterally compressed female PMS (71:1), and with 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D103BFF8EFDDDCB1110A1D473" box="[540,669,1119,1145]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Cybaeodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103BFF8EFDDDCB1110A1D473" box="[540,669,1119,1145]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Cybaeodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D103BFF8EFD16CB111113D473" box="[727,815,1119,1145]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Sagana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103BFF8EFD16CB111113D473" box="[727,815,1119,1145]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Sagana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
a large number of tarsal tenent hairs (38:2). Both characters appear plesiomorphic within the family. Within Cybaeodinae, 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D103BFF8EFBD2CBCD16B2D497" box="[1043,1166,1155,1181]" class="Arachnida" family="Gallieniellidae" genus="Toxoniella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103BFF8EFBD2CBCD16B2D497" box="[1043,1166,1155,1181]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Toxoniella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shares the presence of EPGS (69:1) with most other genera. 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D103BFF8EFD5DCBE9112BD4CB" box="[668,791,1191,1217]" class="Arachnida" family="Gallieniellidae" genus="Toxoniella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103BFF8EFD5DCBE9112BD4CB" box="[668,791,1191,1217]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Toxoniella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is herewith transferred to 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D103BFF8EFB8ECBE916E3D4CB" box="[1103,1247,1191,1217]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Liocranidae</taxonomicName>
. None of the other genera currently included in 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D103BFF8EFD93CB8510C3D4EF" box="[594,767,1227,1253]" class="Arachnida" family="Gallieniellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Gallieniellidae</taxonomicName>
is reported to possess EPGS in males.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26E369E103BFF8EFF7CCA431028D715" blockId="29.[189,1399,1293,1823]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D103BFF8EFF7CCA431369D52D" authority="Jan Bosselaers &amp; Rudy Jocque, 2013" authorityName="Jan Bosselaers &amp; Rudy Jocque" authorityYear="2013" box="[189,341,1293,1319]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Cteniogaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103BFF8EFF7CCA431369D52D" box="[189,341,1293,1319]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Cteniogaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CB9657F7103BFF8EFE9FCA4313F7D52D" box="[350,459,1293,1319]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
also Fts well within Cybaeodinae, but differs from related genera by the wide patellar indentations (6:1, 7:1, paralleled in 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D103BFF8EFD0ECA7F1174D541" box="[719,840,1329,1355]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Apostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103BFF8EFD0ECA7F1174D541" box="[719,840,1329,1355]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Apostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), the presence of one mt IV plv and rlv spine (21:1), two pairs of tenent hairs (38:1), and the presence of ve abdominal setae in males (63:1, paralleled in 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D103BFF8EFF1DCA3710BBD599" authority="(Blackwall, 1833)" authorityName="Blackwall" authorityYear="1833" baseAuthorityName="Blackwall" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[220,647,1401,1427]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Agroeca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" species="brunnea">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103BFF8EFF1DCA371395D599" box="[220,425,1401,1427]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Agroeca brunnea</emphasis>
(Blackwall, 1833)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103BFF8EFD02CA371142D599" box="[707,894,1401,1427]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
Agrocea 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D103BFF8EFCEFCA34161FD599" authority="Menge, 1873" authorityName="Menge" authorityYear="1873" box="[814,1059,1401,1427]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Agroeca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" species="cuprea">cuprea Menge, 1873</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
(clade 19) and in 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D103BFF8EFB3FCA371381D5B2" authority="Westring, 1851" authorityName="Westring" authorityYear="1851" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Apostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" species="fuscus">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103BFF8EFB3FCA37133AD5BD" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Apostenus fuscus</emphasis>
Westring, 1851
</taxonomicName>
). The fact that these male ve abdominal setae occupy a well delimited small oval area (64:1) is an autapomorphy for the genus. Clade 14 is supported by the absence of mt III and IV vt spines (23:0, reversed in clade 20) and the presence of circular PME (57:0). Clade 16 is supported by the presence of a subtegular locking lobe (78:1), complemented in clade 17 (the genera 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D103BFF8EFB4FC94716CCD629" box="[1166,1264,1545,1571]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Agroeca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103BFF8EFB4FC94716CCD629" box="[1166,1264,1545,1571]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Agroeca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D103BFF8EFB3FC947174BD629" box="[1278,1399,1545,1571]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Apostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103BFF8EFB3FC947174BD629" box="[1278,1399,1545,1571]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Apostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D103BFF8EFF2CC9631379D64D" box="[237,325,1581,1607]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Scotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103BFF8EFF2CC9631379D64D" box="[237,325,1581,1607]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Scotina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) by a tegular locking lobe (77:1) and conical ALS in males (65:0). The genus 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D103BFF8EFB06C9631715D64D" box="[1223,1321,1581,1607]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Agroeca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103BFF8EFB06C9631715D64D" box="[1223,1321,1581,1607]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Agroeca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(clade 18) is supported by a biFd MA (84:1, paralleled in 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D103BFF8EFCE7C91F16B2D661" authority="Thorell, 1875" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1875" box="[806,1166,1616,1643]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Sagana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" species="rutilans">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103BFF8EFCE7C91F11DED661" box="[806,994,1617,1643]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Sagana rutilans</emphasis>
Thorell, 1875
</taxonomicName>
) and a Fat, ribbonshaped embolus (87:4). Clade 20, consisting of small, derived Cybaeodinae, is distinguished by plv spines on fe I (9:1), a slanting carapace (50:0), and absence of a conductor (80:0) and of EPGS (69:0). 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D103BFF8EFF7CC9F3130AD6DD" box="[189,310,1725,1751]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Apostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103BFF8EFF7CC9F3130AD6DD" box="[189,310,1725,1751]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Apostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is further characterised by the presence of one pair of tenent hairs (38:0), widely separated PME (59:2) and the absence of ST2 (98:0). Its sister genus 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D103BFF8EFCB5C9AF11F0D6F1" box="[884,972,1761,1787]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Scotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103BFF8EFCB5C9AF11F0D6F1" box="[884,972,1761,1787]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Scotina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
features equidistant PE (59:1) and a whip-shaped embolus (87:5).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26E369E103BFF8EFF7CC8081663D78E" blockId="29.[189,1399,1862,1925]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
While some characters (36:0, 48:0, 58:1, 60:1, 62:0, 70:0, 79:0, 83:1, 89:0, 97:0) are constant throughout 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D103BFF8EFF7CC8241370D78E" box="[189,332,1898,1924]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Liocranidae</taxonomicName>
, others (44:1, 57:1, 65:1, 69:1, 94:1) show reversal in some clades.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26E369E103BFFB3FF7CC8E310C4D312" blockId="29.[189,1399,1965,2027]" lastBlockId="32.[189,1399,267,792]" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
Reversals and secondary losses of characters are particularly common on the preferred tree in the genus 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D103BFF8EFEC8C89F13B8D7E1" box="[265,388,2001,2027]" class="Arachnida" family="Gallieniellidae" genus="Toxoniella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103BFF8EFEC8C89F13B8D7E1" box="[265,388,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Toxoniella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and in clade 20, which groups the genera 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D103BFF8EFCB0C89F11D6D7E1" box="[881,1002,2001,2027]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Apostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103BFF8EFCB0C89F11D6D7E1" box="[881,1002,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Apostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D103BFF8EFBE3C89F1646D7E1" box="[1058,1146,2001,2027]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Scotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C103BFF8EFBE3C89F1646D7E1" box="[1058,1146,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Scotina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Apart from the three reversals mentioned above, 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1038FF8DFDC7CE4510BDD12F" box="[518,641,267,293]" class="Arachnida" family="Gallieniellidae" genus="Toxoniella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1038FF8DFDC7CE4510BDD12F" box="[518,641,267,293]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Toxoniella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has no plv and rlv spines on female ti I (14:0) and has male and female PLS close together (68:0 and 73:0, paralleled in clade 3 and in clade 4, respectively). In clade 20, apart from the already mentioned absence of EPGS (69:0) and a conductor (80:0), the number of mt III plv and rlv spines is reduced (20:0, paralleled in 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1038FF8DFC83CE3B11E6D185" authority="Jan Bosselaers &amp; Rudy Jocque, 2013" authorityName="Jan Bosselaers &amp; Rudy Jocque" authorityYear="2013" box="[834,986,373,399]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Cteniogaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1038FF8DFC83CE3B11E6D185" box="[834,986,373,399]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Cteniogaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CB9657F71038FF8DFC21CE3B1677D185" box="[992,1099,373,399]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
and 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1038FF8DFB42CE381703D185" box="[1155,1343,374,399]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Hesperocranum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1038FF8DFB42CE381703D185" box="[1155,1343,374,399]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Hesperocranum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), mt III and IV have ve terminal spines (23:1), feathery hairs are absent (30:0, paralleled in 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1006FFB3FB72CE421753D12F" box="[1203,1391,268,293]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Hesperocranum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1006FFB3FB72CE421753D12F" box="[1203,1391,268,293]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Hesperocranum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1006FFB3FF7CCE7E136DD143" box="[189,337,304,329]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Liocranoeca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1006FFB3FF7CCE7E136DD143" box="[189,337,304,329]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Liocranoeca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1006FFB3FE55CE611032D143" box="[404,526,303,329]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Agraecina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1006FFB3FE55CE611032D143" box="[404,526,303,329]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Agraecina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), there is no apical maxillar hair tuft (49:0, paralleled in 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1006FFB3FB1ECE61174BD143" authority="Jan Bosselaers &amp; Rudy Jocque, 2013" authorityName="Jan Bosselaers &amp; Rudy Jocque" authorityYear="2013" box="[1247,1399,303,329]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Cteniogaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1006FFB3FB1ECE61174BD143" box="[1247,1399,303,329]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Cteniogaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CB9657F71006FFB3FF7CCE1D1317D167" box="[189,299,339,365]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1006FFB3FEF6CE1D13CFD166" box="[311,499,339,364]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Hesperocranum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1006FFB3FEF6CE1D13CFD166" box="[311,499,339,364]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Hesperocranum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1006FFB3FDEDCE1D10FCD166" box="[556,704,339,364]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Liocranoeca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1006FFB3FDEDCE1D10FCD166" box="[556,704,339,364]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Liocranoeca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and PME and PLE are close to each other (59:1 or 59:2). Moreover, 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1006FFB3FEFECE391384D19B" box="[319,440,375,401]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Apostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1006FFB3FEFECE391384D19B" box="[319,440,375,401]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Apostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has no trochanter notch (3:0) and no ST2 (98:0). The presence of male modiFed ve abdominal setae (63:1) appears to have evolved convergently in 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1006FFB3FC16CED41653D1BE" authority="Jan Bosselaers &amp; Rudy Jocque, 2013" authorityName="Jan Bosselaers &amp; Rudy Jocque" authorityYear="2013" box="[983,1135,410,436]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Cteniogaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1006FFB3FC16CED41653D1BE" box="[983,1135,410,436]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Cteniogaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CB9657F71006FFB3FBB7CED416DDD1BE" box="[1142,1249,410,436]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
and in some 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1006FFB3FF7CCEF01323D1D2" box="[189,287,446,472]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Agroeca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1006FFB3FF7CCEF01323D1D2" box="[189,287,446,472]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Agroeca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1006FFB3FEA2CEF0112DD1DD" authority="2008: 489)" authorityName="Wunderlich" authorityPageNumber="489" authorityYear="2008" box="[355,785,445,472]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Apostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" subGenus="Wunderlich">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1006FFB3FEA2CEF013E0D1D2" box="[355,476,446,472]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Apostenus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="86404B6F1006FFB3FE31CEF31134D1DD" author="Wunderlich J." box="[496,776,445,471]" journalOrPublisher="Beitrage Zur Araneologie" pageId="32" pageNumber="40" part="5" title="Fossil and extant spiders" type="journal volume" year="2008">Wunderlich 2008: 489</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The character was already present in the eocene 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1006FFB3FF7CCEAF13FAD1F1" box="[189,454,481,507]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Apostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" species="spinimanus">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1006FFB3FF7CCEAF13FAD1F1" box="[189,454,481,507]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Apostenus spinimanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The presence of tenent hairs (37:1) also shows a peculiar distribution on the preferred tree, being restricted to the genera 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1006FFB3FD7CCD4B1129D215" box="[701,789,517,543]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Sagana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1006FFB3FD7CCD4B1129D215" box="[701,789,517,543]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Sagana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1006FFB3FCE3CD4A119FD214" box="[802,931,516,542]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Cybaeodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1006FFB3FCE3CD4A119FD214" box="[802,931,516,542]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Cybaeodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1006FFB3FC71CD4A1617D214" box="[944,1067,516,542]" class="Arachnida" family="Gallieniellidae" genus="Toxoniella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1006FFB3FC71CD4A1617D214" box="[944,1067,516,542]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Toxoniella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1006FFB3FBF9CD4B16ECD215" authority="Jan Bosselaers &amp; Rudy Jocque, 2013" authorityName="Jan Bosselaers &amp; Rudy Jocque" authorityYear="2013" box="[1080,1232,517,543]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Cteniogaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1006FFB3FBF9CD4B16ECD215" box="[1080,1232,517,543]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Cteniogaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CB9657F71006FFB3FB17CD4B177ED215" box="[1238,1346,517,543]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1006FFB3FF7CCD67130AD249" box="[189,310,553,579]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Apostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1006FFB3FF7CCD67130AD249" box="[189,310,553,579]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Apostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. While 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1006FFB3FE54CD6713D1D249" box="[405,493,553,579]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Sagana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1006FFB3FE54CD6713D1D249" box="[405,493,553,579]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Sagana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has 9 and 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1006FFB3FDAFCD6610D3D248" box="[622,751,552,578]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Cybaeodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1006FFB3FDAFCD6610D3D248" box="[622,751,552,578]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Cybaeodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see 
<bibRefCitation id="86404B6F1006FFB3FCEFCD6611CCD248" author="Bosselaers J." box="[814,1008,552,578]" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="32" pageNumber="37" pagination="37 - 55" part="2141" title="Studies in Liocranidae (Araneae): redescriptions and transfers in Apostenus Westring and Brachyanillus Simon, as well as description of a new genus" type="journal article" year="2009">Bosselaers 2009</bibRefCitation>
) and 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1006FFB3FBF2CD661692D248" box="[1075,1198,552,578]" class="Arachnida" family="Gallieniellidae" genus="Toxoniella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1006FFB3FBF2CD661692D248" box="[1075,1198,552,578]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Toxoniella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
5 pairs of tenent hairs, 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1006FFB3FEC5CD0213A0D26C" authority="Jan Bosselaers &amp; Rudy Jocque, 2013" authorityName="Jan Bosselaers &amp; Rudy Jocque" authorityYear="2013" box="[260,412,588,614]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Cteniogaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1006FFB3FEC5CD0213A0D26C" box="[260,412,588,614]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Cteniogaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CB9657F71006FFB3FE63CD021031D26C" box="[418,525,588,614]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
has only two pairs (
<figureCitation id="7AEA2A1B1006FFB3FD36CD021146D26C" box="[759,890,588,614]" captionStart="Fig. 11" captionStartId="30.[189,230,1824,1850]" captionTargetBox="[206,1377,462,1779]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[189,1398,443,1786]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Fig. 11. A. Cteniogaster toxarchus gen. et sp. nov. Tip of male palp, ventral view. B-D. Cteniogaster hexomma sp. nov. B. Tip of male palp, ventral view. C. Tip of male tarsus IV, retrolateral view. D. Bent male tarsus IV. E. Cteniogaster toxarchus gen. et sp. nov., tip of male tarsus IV. F. Apostenus spinimanus (Koch &amp; Berendt, 1854), tip of male tarsus IV. G. Apostenus fuscus Westring, 1851, tip of male tarsus IV. H. Arabelia pheidoleicomes Bosselaers, 2009, tip of female tarsus IV. Scale bars: D = 200 μm; A-C, E-G = 100 μm. Abbreviations: C = conductor; E = embolus; MA = median apophysis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1036700/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Fig. 11C-E</figureCitation>
) and recent 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1006FFB3FBC8CD0216BED26C" box="[1033,1154,588,614]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Apostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1006FFB3FBC8CD0216BED26C" box="[1033,1154,588,614]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Apostenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
only one (
<figureCitation id="7AEA2A1B1006FFB3FB3FCD021755D26C" box="[1278,1385,588,614]" captionStart="Fig. 11" captionStartId="30.[189,230,1824,1850]" captionTargetBox="[206,1377,462,1779]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[189,1398,443,1786]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Fig. 11. A. Cteniogaster toxarchus gen. et sp. nov. Tip of male palp, ventral view. B-D. Cteniogaster hexomma sp. nov. B. Tip of male palp, ventral view. C. Tip of male tarsus IV, retrolateral view. D. Bent male tarsus IV. E. Cteniogaster toxarchus gen. et sp. nov., tip of male tarsus IV. F. Apostenus spinimanus (Koch &amp; Berendt, 1854), tip of male tarsus IV. G. Apostenus fuscus Westring, 1851, tip of male tarsus IV. H. Arabelia pheidoleicomes Bosselaers, 2009, tip of female tarsus IV. Scale bars: D = 200 μm; A-C, E-G = 100 μm. Abbreviations: C = conductor; E = embolus; MA = median apophysis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1036700/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Fig. 11G</figureCitation>
). However, the extinct 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1006FFB3FE7ECD3E10FBD283" box="[447,711,624,650]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Apostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" species="spinimanus">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1006FFB3FE7ECD3E10FBD283" box="[447,711,624,650]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Apostenus spinimanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, most probably congeneric with recent species, has three pairs (
<figureCitation id="7AEA2A1B1006FFB3FEC6CDDD1350D2A7" box="[263,364,659,685]" captionStart="Fig. 11" captionStartId="30.[189,230,1824,1850]" captionTargetBox="[206,1377,462,1779]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[189,1398,443,1786]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Fig. 11. A. Cteniogaster toxarchus gen. et sp. nov. Tip of male palp, ventral view. B-D. Cteniogaster hexomma sp. nov. B. Tip of male palp, ventral view. C. Tip of male tarsus IV, retrolateral view. D. Bent male tarsus IV. E. Cteniogaster toxarchus gen. et sp. nov., tip of male tarsus IV. F. Apostenus spinimanus (Koch &amp; Berendt, 1854), tip of male tarsus IV. G. Apostenus fuscus Westring, 1851, tip of male tarsus IV. H. Arabelia pheidoleicomes Bosselaers, 2009, tip of female tarsus IV. Scale bars: D = 200 μm; A-C, E-G = 100 μm. Abbreviations: C = conductor; E = embolus; MA = median apophysis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1036700/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Fig. 11F</figureCitation>
, 
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1006FFB3FEBBCDDA13FBD2A7" box="[378,455,660,685]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">contra</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="86404B6F1006FFB3FE0FCDDD10A3D2A7" author="Wunderlich J." box="[462,671,659,685]" journalOrPublisher="Beitrage zur Araneologie" pageId="32" pageNumber="40" part="3 A" title="Fossil spiders in amber and copal" type="journal volume" year="2004">Wunderlich 2004</bibRefCitation>
: 1627). Based on the presence of tenent hairs, modiFed male ve abdominal setae, an epigynal anterior hood and the other characters listed above for clade 1 (with the exception of a sclerotised conductor for 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1006FFB3FD7FCD951184D2FE" authority="Jan Bosselaers &amp; Rudy Jocque, 2013" authorityName="Jan Bosselaers &amp; Rudy Jocque" authorityYear="2013" box="[702,952,731,757]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Cteniogaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" species="conviva" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1006FFB3FD7FCD951184D2FE" box="[702,952,731,757]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Cteniogaster conviva</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CB9657F71006FFB3FC7ECD951620D2FF" box="[959,1052,731,757]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
), the new genus 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1006FFB3FB1ECD95174BD2FF" authority="Jan Bosselaers &amp; Rudy Jocque, 2013" authorityName="Jan Bosselaers &amp; Rudy Jocque" authorityYear="2013" box="[1247,1399,731,757]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Cteniogaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1006FFB3FB1ECD95174BD2FF" box="[1247,1399,731,757]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Cteniogaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CB9657F71006FFB3FF7CCDB01314D312" box="[189,296,766,792]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
is placed in 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1006FFB3FE7DCDB010C4D312" authority="." authorityName="Cybaeodinae." box="[444,760,766,792]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Liocranidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" subGenus="Cybaeodinae">Liocranidae, Cybaeodinae.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<caption id="B6AE66161038FF8DFF7CC86E1601D7E1" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1036700/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" targetBox="[206,1377,462,1779]" targetPageId="30">
<paragraph id="E26E369E1038FF8DFF7CC86E1601D7E1" blockId="30.[189,1399,1824,2027]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1038FF8DFF7CC86E1303D730" bold="true" box="[189,319,1824,1851]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 11. A.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1038FF8DFE8AC86F1064D731" box="[331,600,1825,1851]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Cteniogaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" species="toxarchus">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1038FF8DFE8AC86F1064D731" box="[331,600,1825,1851]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Cteniogaster toxarchus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
gen. et sp. nov. Tip of male palp, ventral view. 
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1038FF8DFB61C86F16E4D731" bold="true" box="[1184,1240,1825,1851]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">B-D.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1038FF8DFB25C86F1316D754" authority="Jan Bosselaers &amp; Rudy Jocque, 2013" authorityName="Jan Bosselaers &amp; Rudy Jocque" authorityYear="2013" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Cteniogaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" species="hexomma" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1038FF8DFB25C86F1316D754" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Cteniogaster hexomma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CB9657F71038FF8DFEF2C80A13B1D754" box="[307,397,1860,1886]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1038FF8DFE57C80A138CD754" bold="true" box="[406,432,1860,1886]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">B.</emphasis>
Tip of male palp, ventral view. 
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1038FF8DFCE6C80A117FD754" bold="true" box="[807,835,1860,1886]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">C.</emphasis>
Tip of male tarsus IV, retrolateral view. 
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1038FF8DFADDC80A1704D754" bold="true" box="[1308,1336,1860,1886]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">D.</emphasis>
Bent male tarsus IV. 
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1038FF8DFEB1C82913B6D78B" bold="true" box="[368,394,1895,1921]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">E.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1038FF8DFE53C82610A7D78B" box="[402,667,1895,1922]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Cteniogaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" species="toxarchus">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1038FF8DFE53C82610A7D78B" box="[402,667,1895,1922]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Cteniogaster toxarchus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
gen. et sp. nov., tip of male tarsus IV. 
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1038FF8DFB9BC8291651D78B" bold="true" box="[1114,1133,1895,1921]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">F.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1038FF8DFBB9C82613EBD7AF" authority="(Koch &amp; Berendt, 1854)" authorityName="Koch &amp; Berendt" authorityYear="1854" baseAuthorityName="Koch &amp; Berendt" baseAuthorityYear="1854" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Apostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" species="spinimanus">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1038FF8DFBB9C826174AD78B" box="[1144,1398,1896,1922]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Apostenus spinimanus</emphasis>
(Koch &amp; Berendt, 1854)
</taxonomicName>
, tip of male tarsus IV. 
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1038FF8DFD1AC8C410C4D7AE" bold="true" box="[731,760,1930,1956]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">G.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1038FF8DFCC1C8C51646D7AF" authority="Westring, 1851" authorityName="Westring" authorityYear="1851" box="[768,1146,1930,1957]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Apostenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" species="fuscus">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1038FF8DFCC1C8C511FFD7AE" box="[768,963,1930,1957]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Apostenus fuscus</emphasis>
Westring, 1851
</taxonomicName>
, tip of male tarsus IV. 
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1038FF8DFF7CC8E012E6D7C2" bold="true" box="[189,218,1966,1992]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">H.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1038FF8DFF20C8E310F9D7C2" authority="Bosselaers, 2009" authorityName="Bosselaers" authorityYear="2009" box="[225,709,1965,1992]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Arabelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" species="pheidoleicomes">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1038FF8DFF20C8E313C7D7CD" box="[225,507,1965,1991]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Arabelia pheidoleicomes</emphasis>
Bosselaers, 2009
</taxonomicName>
, tip of female tarsus IV. Scale bars: D = 200 μm; A-C, E-G = 100 μm. Abbreviations: C = conductor; E = embolus; MA = median apophysis.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="B6AE66161039FF8CFF7CC86E1075D7E1" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<paragraph id="E26E369E1039FF8CFF7CC86E1075D7E1" blockId="31.[189,1399,1824,2027]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1039FF8CFF7CC86E1359D730" bold="true" box="[189,357,1824,1851]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Fig. 12. A-E.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1039FF8CFEB2C86F104ED731" authority="Jan Bosselaers &amp; Rudy Jocque, 2013" authorityName="Jan Bosselaers &amp; Rudy Jocque" authorityYear="2013" box="[371,626,1825,1851]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Cteniogaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" species="conviva" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1039FF8CFEB2C86F104ED731" box="[371,626,1825,1851]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Cteniogaster conviva</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CB9657F71039FF8CFD41C86F10DCD731" box="[640,736,1825,1851]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1039FF8CFD2CC86E1136D730" bold="true" box="[749,778,1824,1850]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">A.</emphasis>
Ƌ, palp, ventral view. 
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1039FF8CFBF3C86F1671D731" bold="true" box="[1074,1101,1825,1851]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">B.</emphasis>
Idem, retrolateral view. 
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1039FF8CFF7CC80A12E6D754" bold="true" box="[189,218,1860,1886]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">C.</emphasis>
Epigyne, ventral view. 
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1039FF8CFDCBC80A101BD754" bold="true" box="[522,551,1860,1886]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">D.</emphasis>
Idem, other specimen. 
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1039FF8CFC94C80A114CD754" bold="true" box="[853,880,1860,1886]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">E.</emphasis>
Eye region of male, anterior view. 
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1039FF8CFAFCC80A174AD754" bold="true" box="[1341,1398,1860,1886]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">F-G.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1039FF8CFF7CC82613E1D78B" authority="Jan Bosselaers &amp; Rudy Jocque, 2013" authorityName="Jan Bosselaers &amp; Rudy Jocque" authorityYear="2013" box="[189,477,1896,1922]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Cteniogaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" species="sangarawe" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1039FF8CFF7CC82613E1D78B" box="[189,477,1896,1922]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Cteniogaster sangarawe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CB9657F71039FF8CFE25C8261002D788" box="[484,574,1896,1922]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1039FF8CFD84C8291067D78B" bold="true" box="[581,603,1895,1921]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">F.</emphasis>
Epigyne, ventral view. 
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1039FF8CFCB0C82911B3D78B" bold="true" box="[881,911,1895,1921]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">G.</emphasis>
Idem, other specimen. 
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1039FF8CFB60C82916EBD78B" bold="true" box="[1185,1239,1895,1921]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">H-J.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1039FF8CFB1EC82612C4D7AE" authority="Jan Bosselaers &amp; Rudy Jocque, 2013" authorityName="Jan Bosselaers &amp; Rudy Jocque" authorityYear="2013" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Cteniogaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" species="nana" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1039FF8CFB1EC82612C4D7AE" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Cteniogaster nana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CB9657F71039FF8CFEC1C8C51367D7AF" box="[256,347,1931,1957]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1039FF8CFEA2C8C413BDD7AE" bold="true" box="[355,385,1930,1956]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">H.</emphasis>
Ƌ, palp, ventral view. 
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1039FF8CFD51C8C4109ED7AE" bold="true" box="[656,674,1930,1956]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">I.</emphasis>
Idem, retrolateral view. 
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1039FF8CFC04C8C411E0D7AE" bold="true" box="[965,988,1930,1956]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">J.</emphasis>
Eye region of male, anterior view. 
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1039FF8CFF7CC8E012E0D7C2" bold="true" box="[189,220,1966,1992]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">K.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1039FF8CFF22C8E013D2D7CD" authority="Jan Bosselaers &amp; Rudy Jocque, 2013" authorityName="Jan Bosselaers &amp; Rudy Jocque" authorityYear="2013" box="[227,494,1965,1992]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Cteniogaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" species="taxorchis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1039FF8CFF22C8E013D2D7CD" box="[227,494,1965,1992]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Cteniogaster taxorchis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CB9657F71039FF8CFE34C8E0106CD7C2" box="[501,592,1966,1992]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Epigyne, ventral view. 
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1039FF8CFCA7C8E011BDD7C2" bold="true" box="[870,897,1966,1992]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">L.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1039FF8CFC48C8E01698D7CD" authority="Jan Bosselaers &amp; Rudy Jocque, 2013" authorityName="Jan Bosselaers &amp; Rudy Jocque" authorityYear="2013" box="[905,1188,1965,1992]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Cteniogaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" species="lampropus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1039FF8CFC48C8E01698D7CD" box="[905,1188,1965,1992]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Cteniogaster lampropus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CB9657F71039FF8CFB6DC8E0173AD7C2" box="[1196,1286,1966,1992]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Epigyne, ventral view. Scale bar = 250 μm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="E26E369E1006FFB3FF7CCC711321D6D9" blockId="32.[189,1399,831,1747]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
The present phylogenetic analysis does not produce an unequivocal autapomorphy for 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1006FFB3FB22CC71174FD353" box="[1251,1395,831,857]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Liocranidae</taxonomicName>
. However, a combination of a number of non-homoplasious character changes mentioned above for clade 
<quantity id="25299B7B1006FFB3FEC4CCC91309D3AB" box="[261,309,903,929]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity>
the discussion of phylogenetic Fndings, offers signiFcant potential for recognising genera as 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1006FFB3FF23CCE4134ED3CE" box="[226,370,938,964]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Liocranidae</taxonomicName>
. No doubt, most of these character states (11:0, 27:1, 42:0, 43:0, 44:1, 48:0, 57:1, 58:1, 60:1, 89:0, 97:0) are not unique to 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1006FFB3FD6ACC80110BD3E2" box="[683,823,974,1000]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Liocranidae</taxonomicName>
and probably plesiomorphic on a wide scale or only apomorphic to a larger clade in which 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1006FFB3FD09CCBF1168D401" box="[712,852,1009,1035]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Liocranidae</taxonomicName>
will prove to be embedded. Nevertheless, we consider a combination of a sizable number of these character states as the best approach available to date towards recognising 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1006FFB3FE28CB771046D459" box="[489,634,1081,1107]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Liocranidae</taxonomicName>
: the absence of true claw tufts (36:0), the presence of tenent hairs (37:1), the absence of extensive abdominal ve sclerotisation, at least in females (70:0), the presence of a simple, membranous conductor as well as a MA in the male palp (81:1, 82:0, 83:1) and an epigyne with an anterior hood (94:1). The attribution of the liocranid genera included in the present analysis to subfamilies Liocraninae and Cybaeodinae can be considered robust, as both supraspeciFc taxa are supported by apomorphies within 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1006FFB3FD97CBA410DED50E" box="[598,738,1258,1284]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Liocranidae</taxonomicName>
(5:1, 91:1 and 3:1, 8:1, 17:1, 18:1, 69:1, respectively). The presence of EPGS in males (69:1) is the main character on which the transfer of 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1006FFB3FB1BCA401769D522" box="[1242,1365,1294,1320]" class="Arachnida" family="Gallieniellidae" genus="Toxoniella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1006FFB3FB1BCA401769D522" box="[1242,1365,1294,1320]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Toxoniella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1006FFB3FF7CCA7C13CCD546" authority="Cybaeodinae" authorityName="Cybaeodinae" box="[189,496,1330,1356]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Liocranidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" subGenus="Cybaeodinae">Liocranidae, Cybaeodinae</taxonomicName>
is based. The family 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1006FFB3FD2ACA7C11A4D546" box="[747,920,1330,1356]" class="Arachnida" family="Gallieniellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Gallieniellidae</taxonomicName>
is poorly deFned: porrect chelicerae, the only synapomorphy found in Platnick’s cladogram (
<bibRefCitation id="86404B6F1006FFB3FCEACA1B1157D565" author="Platnick N. I." box="[811,875,1365,1391]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of theAmerican Museum of Natural History" pageId="32" pageNumber="38" part="271" title="A revision of the Australasian ground spiders of the families Ammoxenidae, Cithaeronidae, Gallieniellidae, and Trochanteriidae (Araneae: Gnaphosoidea)" type="journal volume" year="2002">2002</bibRefCitation>
: 9), also occur in other araneomorph spider families, such as 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1006FFB3FE4CCA371020D599" box="[397,540,1401,1427]" class="Arachnida" family="Clubionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Clubionidae</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1006FFB3FD98CA371192D599" authority=", 1833" authorityName="Sundevall" authorityYear="1833" box="[601,942,1401,1427]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Theridiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" subGenus="Sundevall">Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833</taxonomicName>
. In addition, 
<bibRefCitation id="86404B6F1006FFB3FB8FCA37177ED599" author="Haddad C. R. &amp; Lyle R. &amp; Bosselaers J. &amp; Ramirez M. J." box="[1102,1346,1401,1427]" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="32" pageNumber="38" pagination="1 - 38" part="2296" title="A revision of the endemic South African spider genus Austrachelas, with its transfer to the Gallieniellidae (Arachnida: Araneae)" type="journal article" year="2009">Haddad et al. (2009</bibRefCitation>
: 16) mention small male AME, a recurved PER, conical ALS and a short cymbium tip, but most of these characters reverse somewhere within the 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1006FFB3FD71CA8E1161D5D0" box="[688,861,1472,1498]" class="Arachnida" family="Gallieniellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Gallieniellidae</taxonomicName>
clade and none is unique to the family. The presence of tenent hairs (37:1), a character found in the majority of 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1006FFB3FC35CAAA16BFD5F4" box="[1012,1155,1508,1534]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Liocranidae</taxonomicName>
, is also encountered in the gallieniellid genera 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1006FFB3FE3FC94916A1D62B" authority=", 1916 (Warui &amp; Jocque 2002: 314)" authorityName="Hewitt, 1916 (Warui &amp; Jocque" authorityPageNumber="314" authorityYear="2002" box="[510,1181,1543,1569]" class="Arachnida" family="Gallieniellidae" genus="Drassodella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" subGenus="Hewitt">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1006FFB3FE3FC94910B1D62B" box="[510,653,1543,1569]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Drassodella</emphasis>
Hewitt, 1916 (
<bibRefCitation id="86404B6F1006FFB3FC86C94916A9D62B" author="Warui C. &amp; Jocque R." box="[839,1173,1543,1569]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Arachnology" pageId="32" pageNumber="39" pagination="307 - 315" part="30" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.1636/0161-8202(2002)030[0307:TFGAFE]2.0.CO;2" title="The Frst Gallieniellidae (Araneae) from eastern Africa" type="journal article" year="2002">Warui &amp; Jocqué 2002: 314</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1006FFB3FB1CC9491341D64F" authority=", 1938" authorityName="Lawrence" authorityYear="1938" class="Arachnida" family="Gallieniellidae" genus="Austrachelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" subGenus="Lawrence">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1006FFB3FB1CC949174AD62B" box="[1245,1398,1543,1569]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Austrachelas</emphasis>
Lawrence, 1938
</taxonomicName>
, although in the latter they are only present on the posterior two pairs of legs, similar to what is described in 
<bibRefCitation id="86404B6F1006FFB3FE0CC90110C8D663" author="Raven R. J. &amp; Stumkat K. S." box="[461,756,1614,1641]" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Queensland Museum" pageId="32" pageNumber="39" pagination="199 - 206" part="48" title="Pteroneta Deeleman-Reinhold and a remarkable sympatric Clubiona (Clubionidae: Araneomorphae: Arachnida) in northern Australia" type="journal article" year="2002">Raven &amp; Stumkat (2002)</bibRefCitation>
for some 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1006FFB3FCAAC90011C2D662" box="[875,1022,1614,1640]" class="Arachnida" family="Clubionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Clubionidae</taxonomicName>
. However, no other gallieniellid has cylindrical ALS provided with EPGS in males, and this character, in combination with the above mentioned set of characters commonly encountered in 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1006FFB3FC93C9D811DDD6BA" box="[850,993,1686,1712]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Liocranidae</taxonomicName>
, is judged sufFcient to justify the transfer.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26E369E1006FFB0FF7CC9B510DAD385" blockId="32.[189,1399,1787,2027]" lastBlockId="35.[189,1399,267,911]" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
As far as the other liocranid genera listed in 
<bibRefCitation id="86404B6F1006FFB3FD16C9B511B2D71F" author="Platnick N. I." box="[727,910,1787,1813]" journalOrPublisher="American Museum of Natural History, New-York. Available from" pageId="32" pageNumber="39" publicationUrl="http://research.amnh.org/iz/spiders/catalog" title="The World Spider Catalog, version 13.0" type="journal article" year="2012">Platnick (2012)</bibRefCitation>
are concerned, some conclusions can be drawn and a few transfers proposed. 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1006FFB3FDB3C851114CD733" authority=", 1897" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1897" box="[626,880,1823,1849]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Argistes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" subGenus="Simon">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1006FFB3FDB3C85110EDD733" box="[626,721,1823,1849]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Argistes</emphasis>
Simon, 1897
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1006FFB3FC6BC85116F9D733" authority=", 1890" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1890" box="[938,1221,1823,1849]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Sphingius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" subGenus="Thorell">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1006FFB3FC6BC8511622D733" box="[938,1054,1823,1849]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Sphingius</emphasis>
Thorell, 1890
</taxonomicName>
most probably belong in 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1006FFB3FEF0C80C13FCD756" box="[305,448,1858,1884]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Liocranidae</taxonomicName>
, given the presence of tenent hairs (
<bibRefCitation id="86404B6F1006FFB3FCA0C80C1377D78B" author="Deeleman-Reinhold C." journalOrPublisher="Brill, Leiden" pageId="32" pageNumber="37" title="Forest spiders of South East Asia" type="book" year="2001">Deeleman-Reinhold 2001: Fgs. 639; personal observation</bibRefCitation>
), a simple conductor and a MA. As long as the conspeciFcity of the male described by 
<bibRefCitation id="86404B6F1006FFB3FF7CC8C4100FD7AE" author="Bosmans R." box="[189,563,1929,1956]" journalOrPublisher="Arachnologische Mitteilungen" pageId="32" pageNumber="37" pagination="15 - 22" part="40" publicationUrl="http:// dx.doi.org/10.5431/aramit4003" title="On some new or rare spider species from Lesbos, Greece (Araneae: Agelenidae, Amaurobiidae, Corinnidae, Gnaphosidae, Liocranidae)" type="journal article" year="2011">Bosmans (2011: 20, Fgs. 15-16)</bibRefCitation>
with females of 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1006FFB3FD37C8C71616D7AE" authority=", 2009" authorityName="Bosselaers" authorityYear="2009" box="[758,1066,1929,1956]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Arabelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" subGenus="Bosselaers">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1006FFB3FD37C8C71161D7A9" box="[758,861,1929,1955]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Arabelia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="86404B6F1006FFB3FCA5C8C71616D7AE" author="Bosselaers J." box="[868,1066,1929,1956]" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="32" pageNumber="37" pagination="37 - 55" part="2141" title="Studies in Liocranidae (Araneae): redescriptions and transfers in Apostenus Westring and Brachyanillus Simon, as well as description of a new genus" type="journal article" year="2009">Bosselaers, 2009</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
is not proved beyond doubt, it seems better to keep the genus as 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1006FFB3FD98C8E310D9D7CD" box="[601,741,1965,1991]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Liocranidae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1006FFB3FD2DC8E011B1D7CD" box="[748,909,1965,1991]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">incertae sedis</emphasis>
, due to the presence of Fve pairs of tenent hairs and an anterior epigynal hood, as well as the complete absence of abdominal sclerotisation. Pending a generic revision, the same classiFcation is defended for 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1007FFB2FCA1CE4516A6D12F" authority=", 1897" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1897" box="[864,1178,267,293]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Rhaeboctesis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" subGenus="Simon">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1007FFB2FCA1CE4511C7D12F" box="[864,1019,267,293]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Rhaeboctesis</emphasis>
Simon, 1897
</taxonomicName>
, given the absence of true claw tufts and abdominal sclerotisation, as well as the presence of a simple conductor and a MA. 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1007FFB2FF7CCE1C13E6D166" authority=", 1893" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1893" box="[189,474,338,364]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Andromma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" subGenus="Simon">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1007FFB2FF7CCE1C1302D166" box="[189,318,338,364]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Andromma</emphasis>
Simon, 1893
</taxonomicName>
does not Ft well in 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1007FFB2FD7ACE1C117BD166" box="[699,839,338,364]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Liocranidae</taxonomicName>
as deFned here, due to the presence of true claw tufts and the absence of a MA and anterior epigynal hood. It is likely to belong in 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1007FFB2FBAACE3B16CCD185" box="[1131,1264,373,399]" class="Arachnida" family="Corinnidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Corinnidae</taxonomicName>
, but since a comprehensive cladistic analysis of a larger number of liocranid and corinnid genera is not yet available, it is best to keep it in 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1007FFB2FE7DCEF51074D1DF" box="[444,584,443,469]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Liocranidae</taxonomicName>
as 
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1007FFB2FDB0CEF21128D1DF" box="[625,788,443,469]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">incertae sedis</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1007FFB2FCE3CEF2161CD1DF" authority=", 1898" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1898" box="[802,1056,443,469]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Paratus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" subGenus="Simon">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1007FFB2FCE3CEF21143D1DF" box="[802,895,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Paratus</emphasis>
Simon, 1898
</taxonomicName>
, which lacks a MA (
<bibRefCitation id="86404B6F1007FFB2FAD2CEF5137ED1F3" author="Marusik Y. M. &amp; Zheng G. &amp; Li S. Q." journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="33" pageNumber="38" pagination="50 - 60" part="1965" title="A review of the genus Paratus Simon (Araneae, Dionycha)" type="journal article" year="2008">Marusik et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="86404B6F1007FFB2FE91CE91104FD1F3" author="Zapata L. V. &amp; Ramirez M. J." box="[336,627,479,505]" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="33" pageNumber="40" pagination="65 - 68" part="2418" title="A new species of the genus Paratus Simon (Araneae: Liocranidae) from Thailand" type="journal article" year="2010">Zapata &amp; Ramírez 2010</bibRefCitation>
) was placed in a subfamily of its own by Marusik et al., based, apart from the general character states already mentioned above for clade 1, on an insufFent number of characters (
<bibRefCitation id="86404B6F1007FFB2FE84CD6B13B9D235" author="Agnarsson I. &amp; Miller J. A." box="[325,389,549,575]" journalOrPublisher="Cladistics" pageId="33" pageNumber="37" pagination="1032 - 1038" part="24" publicationUrl="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00229.x" title="Is ACCTRAN better than DELTRAN?" type="journal article" year="2008">2008</bibRefCitation>
: 51), such as absence of a retrocoxal hymen (also absent in 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1007FFB2FB8ACD6B16F0D235" box="[1099,1228,549,575]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Cybaeodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1007FFB2FB8ACD6B16F0D235" box="[1099,1228,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Cybaeodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1007FFB2FB1ACD681753D235" box="[1243,1391,550,575]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Liocranoeca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1007FFB2FB1ACD681753D235" box="[1243,1391,550,575]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Liocranoeca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1007FFB2FF7CCD06134ED268" box="[189,370,584,610]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Neoanagraphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1007FFB2FF7CCD06134ED268" box="[189,370,584,610]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Neoanagraphis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1007FFB2FE74CD071031D269" box="[437,525,585,611]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Sagana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1007FFB2FE74CD071031D269" box="[437,525,585,611]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Sagana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, see Appendix 3), embolus inserted centrally on tegulum, very simple epigyne and abdomen with guanine spots. It seems best to keep the genus as 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1007FFB2FB80CD2516F1D28F" box="[1089,1229,619,645]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Liocranidae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1007FFB2FB15CD22174BD28F" box="[1236,1399,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">incertae sedis</emphasis>
until a thorough analysis has been performed. 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1007FFB2FD2ECDC11689D2A3" authority=", 2001" authorityName="Deeleman-Reinhold" authorityYear="2001" box="[751,1205,654,681]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Sudharmia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" subGenus="Deeleman-Reinhold">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1007FFB2FD2ECDC1114CD2A3" box="[751,880,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Sudharmia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="86404B6F1007FFB2FCBBCDC01689D2A3" author="Deeleman-Reinhold C." box="[890,1205,654,681]" journalOrPublisher="Brill, Leiden" pageId="33" pageNumber="37" title="Forest spiders of South East Asia" type="book" year="2001">Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, with its almost unsclerotised female abdomen and male palp with pl subtegulum and simple, membranous conductor (but lacking MA) is also considered 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1007FFB2FDACCD9B10C5D2E5" box="[621,761,725,751]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Liocranidae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1007FFB2FCC1CD98119FD2E5" box="[768,931,725,751]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">incertae sedis</emphasis>
here. Literature data on 
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1007FFB2FB07CD9B174AD2E5" box="[1222,1398,725,751]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Heterochemnis</emphasis>
F.O.P. Cambridge, 1900, 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1007FFB2FE1CCDB610D3D318" authority=", 1941" authorityName="Gertsch" authorityYear="1941" box="[477,751,760,786]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Laudetia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" subGenus="Gertsch">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1007FFB2FE1CCDB61079D318" box="[477,581,760,786]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Laudetia</emphasis>
Gertsch, 1941
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1007FFB2FD39CDB6160FD318" authority=", 1909" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1909" box="[760,1075,760,786]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Liparochrysis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" subGenus="Simon">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1007FFB2FD39CDB611A6D318" box="[760,922,760,786]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Liparochrysis</emphasis>
Simon, 1909
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1007FFB2FBA7CDB6174DD318" authority=", 1897" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1897" box="[1126,1393,760,786]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Mesobria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" subGenus="Simon">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1007FFB2FBA7CDB616EAD318" box="[1126,1238,760,786]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Mesobria</emphasis>
Simon, 1897
</taxonomicName>
, genera that have never been thorougly diagnosed or revised, are insufFcient to judge on their afFnities: these four genera are best kept in 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1005FFB0FD88CE7C10E9D146" box="[585,725,306,332]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Liocranidae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1005FFB0FD1DCE7D1143D146" box="[732,895,306,332]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">incertae sedis</emphasis>
for the time being. 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1005FFB0FBA7CE7C174DD146" authority=", 1897" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1897" box="[1126,1393,306,332]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Sesieutes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" subGenus="Simon">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1005FFB0FBA7CE7C16EED146" box="[1126,1234,306,332]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Sesieutes</emphasis>
Simon, 1897
</taxonomicName>
, will be transferred to 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1005FFB0FE7DCE1611A9D179" authority="Simon, 1903" authorityName="Phrurolithinae Simon" authorityYear="1903" box="[444,917,344,371]" class="Arachnida" family="Corinnidae" genus="Corinnidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" subGenus="Phrurolithinae">Corinnidae, Phrurolithinae Simon, 1903</taxonomicName>
by Dankittipakul &amp; Deeleman-Reinhold (in press), and we propose the same transfer for the genera 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1005FFB0FCB4CECE16BCD193" authority=", 1897" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1897" box="[885,1152,383,409]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Jacaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" subGenus="Thorell">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1005FFB0FCB4CECE11EBD193" box="[885,983,384,409]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Jacaena</emphasis>
Thorell, 1897
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1005FFB0FB4DCE3116D2D193" box="[1164,1262,383,409]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Plynnon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1005FFB0FB4DCE3116D2D193" box="[1164,1262,383,409]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Plynnon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="86404B6F1005FFB0FF7CCEE8134ED1CA" author="Deeleman-Reinhold C." box="[189,370,422,448]" journalOrPublisher="Brill, Leiden" pageId="35" pageNumber="37" title="Forest spiders of South East Asia" type="book" year="2001">Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001</bibRefCitation>
and 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1005FFB0FE6ACEE910F8D1CA" authority=", 1890" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1890" box="[427,708,422,448]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Teutamus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" subGenus="Thorell">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1005FFB0FE6ACEE91026D1CA" box="[427,538,423,448]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Teutamus</emphasis>
Thorell, 1890
</taxonomicName>
, based on their inFated tegulum, absence of MA, modiFed male palpal fe, simple epigyne without anterior hood and abdominal sclerotisation (
<bibRefCitation id="86404B6F1005FFB0FB49CE8212C0D207" author="Deeleman-Reinhold C." journalOrPublisher="Brill, Leiden" pageId="35" pageNumber="37" title="Forest spiders of South East Asia" type="book" year="2001">Deeleman-Reinhold 2001</bibRefCitation>
). A comparison of Simon’s specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1005FFB0FD27CEBD11D0D207" box="[742,1004,499,525]" class="Arachnida" family="Miturgidae" genus="Prochora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" species="lycosiformis">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1005FFB0FD27CEBD11D0D207" box="[742,1004,499,525]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Prochora lycosiformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(O.P.-Cambridge, 1872) with the published illustrations of the male and female copulatory organs of 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1005FFB0FC34CD541361D251" authority="(Bosenberg &amp; Strand, 1906)" authorityName="Bosenberg &amp; Strand" authorityYear="1906" baseAuthorityName="Bosenberg &amp; Strand" baseAuthorityYear="1906" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Itatsina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" species="praticola">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1005FFB0FC34CD5416F9D23E" box="[1013,1221,538,564]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Itatsina praticola</emphasis>
(Bösenberg &amp; Strand, 1906)
</taxonomicName>
clearly shows that the monospeciFc genus 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1005FFB0FCA3CD0F1655D250" authority=", 1930" authorityName="Kishida" authorityYear="1930" box="[866,1129,576,602]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Itatsina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" subGenus="Kishida">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1005FFB0FCA3CD0F1180D250" box="[866,956,577,602]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Itatsina</emphasis>
Kishida, 1930
</taxonomicName>
is congeneric with the equally monospeciFc 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1005FFB0FE04CD2910E7D28B" authority=", 1886" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1886" box="[453,731,615,641]" class="Arachnida" family="Miturgidae" genus="Prochora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" subGenus="Simon">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1005FFB0FE04CD291008D28B" box="[453,564,615,641]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Prochora</emphasis>
Simon, 1886
</taxonomicName>
, although both species are not identical. Consequently, 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1005FFB0FF7CCDC3139CD2AD" authorityName="Jan Bosselaers &amp; Rudy Jocque" authorityYear="2013" box="[189,416,653,679]" class="Arachnida" family="Miturgidae" genus="Prochora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" species="praticola" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1005FFB0FF7CCDC3139CD2AD" box="[189,416,653,679]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Prochora praticola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CB9657F71005FFB0FE67CDC31014D2A2" box="[422,552,653,680]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
is transferred to 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1005FFB0FD2FCDC31631D2A2" authority=", 1885" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1885" box="[750,1037,653,680]" class="Arachnida" family="Miturgidae" genus="Miturgidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" subGenus="Simon">Miturgidae Simon, 1885</taxonomicName>
here, because of its biFd RTA, combined with a cymbium with a rl groove lined with a fringe of setae and a basally inserted embolus encircling the tegulum (
<bibRefCitation id="86404B6F1005FFB0FE1BCD951099D2FF" author="Song D. X. &amp; Zhu M. S. &amp; Chen J." box="[474,677,731,757]" journalOrPublisher="Hebei Science and Technology Publishing House, Shijiazhuang" pageId="35" pageNumber="39" title="The Spiders of China" type="book" year="1999">Song et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
: Fg. 238J-L). 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1005FFB0FC8FCD9516BCD2FF" authority=", 1903" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1903" box="[846,1152,730,757]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Coryssiphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" subGenus="Simon">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1005FFB0FC8FCD9511E3D2FF" box="[846,991,731,757]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Coryssiphus</emphasis>
Simon, 1903
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1005FFB0FB7CCD9512C4D311" authority=", 1932" authorityName="Strand" authorityYear="1932" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Donuea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" subGenus="Strand">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1005FFB0FB7CCD951726D2FE" box="[1213,1306,731,756]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Donuea</emphasis>
Strand, 1932
</taxonomicName>
will be transferred to other families in forthcoming publications. The 
<typeStatus id="3D6A883C1005FFB0FBDACC4F16BED311" box="[1051,1154,769,795]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">holotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1005FFB0FB64CC4F1377D348" authority="Hogg, 1914" authorityName="Hogg" authorityYear="1914" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Montebello" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" species="tenuis">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1005FFB0FB64CC4F174AD311" box="[1189,1398,769,795]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Montebello tenuis</emphasis>
Hogg, 1914
</taxonomicName>
was studied by Ovtsharenko (personal communication) and turned out to be a juvenile, damaged specimen with eyes and spinnerets reminiscent of 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1005FFB0FC4BCC0016EED362" authority=", 1898" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1898" box="[906,1234,846,872]" class="Arachnida" family="Gnaphosidae" genus="Gnaphosidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" subGenus="Pocock">Gnaphosidae Pocock, 1898</taxonomicName>
. The genus is transferred to 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1005FFB0FEA3CC3B13C7D385" box="[354,507,885,911]" class="Arachnida" family="Gnaphosidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Gnaphosidae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1005FFB0FDC3CC381098D385" box="[514,676,885,911]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">incertae sedis</emphasis>
here.
</paragraph>
<caption id="B6AE66161007FFB2FF7CC8E311A3D7E1" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1036704/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" targetBox="[241,1326,890,1878]" targetPageId="33">
<paragraph id="E26E369E1007FFB2FF7CC8E311A3D7E1" blockId="33.[189,1399,1965,2027]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1007FFB2FF7CC8E3131DD7CD" bold="true" box="[189,289,1965,1991]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Fig. 13.</emphasis>
Map showing all localities of georeferenced 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1007FFB2FCADC8E311C4D7CD" box="[876,1016,1965,1991]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Liocranidae</taxonomicName>
in the collections of MRAC: 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1007FFB2FF7CC89F1369D7E1" authority="Jan Bosselaers &amp; Rudy Jocque, 2013" authorityName="Jan Bosselaers &amp; Rudy Jocque" authorityYear="2013" box="[189,341,2001,2027]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Cteniogaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1007FFB2FF7CC89F1369D7E1" box="[189,341,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Cteniogaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CB9657F71007FFB2FE9DC89F13FBD7E1" box="[348,455,2001,2027]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(●), all other 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1007FFB2FDABC89F10CAD7E1" box="[618,758,2001,2027]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Liocranidae</taxonomicName>
(Ǫ) (n = 315).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="B6AE66161004FFB1FF7CC8C410D2D7E1" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1036706/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" targetBox="[501,1086,296,1879]" targetPageId="34">
<paragraph id="E26E369E1004FFB1FF7CC8C410D2D7E1" blockId="34.[189,1399,1929,2027]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1004FFB1FF7CC8C41320D7AE" bold="true" box="[189,284,1930,1956]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 14.</emphasis>
Distribution maps. 
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1004FFB1FDCAC8C41014D7AE" bold="true" box="[523,552,1930,1956]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">A.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1004FFB1FDF0C8C5117FD7AE" authority="Jan Bosselaers &amp; Rudy Jocque, 2013" authorityName="Jan Bosselaers &amp; Rudy Jocque" authorityYear="2013" box="[561,835,1930,1957]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Cteniogaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" species="hexomma" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1004FFB1FDF0C8C5117FD7AE" box="[561,835,1930,1957]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Cteniogaster hexomma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CB9657F71004FFB1FC8CC8C51196D7AF" box="[845,938,1931,1957]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(●), 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1004FFB1FC2BC8C516BED7AE" box="[1002,1154,1930,1957]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Cteniogaster" genus.bestMatchDistance="480" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" species="toxarchus">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1004FFB1FC2BC8C516BED7AE" box="[1002,1154,1930,1957]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">C. toxarchus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
gen. et sp. nov. (*). 
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1004FFB1FF7CC8E012E4D7C2" bold="true" box="[189,216,1966,1992]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">B.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1004FFB1FF1FC8E013C5D7CD" authority="Jan Bosselaers &amp; Rudy Jocque, 2013" authorityName="Jan Bosselaers &amp; Rudy Jocque" authorityYear="2013" box="[222,505,1965,1992]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Cteniogaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" species="lampropus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1004FFB1FF1FC8E013C5D7CD" box="[222,505,1965,1992]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Cteniogaster lampropus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CB9657F71004FFB1FDC1C8E01066D7C2" box="[512,602,1966,1992]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(▲), 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1004FFB1FD5FC8E010C7D7CD" authority="Jan Bosselaers &amp; Rudy Jocque, 2013" authorityName="Jan Bosselaers &amp; Rudy Jocque" authorityYear="2013" box="[670,763,1966,1992]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Cteniogaster" genus.bestMatchDistance="3139" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" species="nana" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1004FFB1FD5FC8E010C7D7CD" box="[670,763,1966,1992]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">C. nana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CB9657F71004FFB1FCC0C8E01167D7C2" box="[769,859,1966,1992]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(Ǫ). 
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1004FFB1FC55C8E3118DD7CD" bold="true" box="[916,945,1965,1991]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">C.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1004FFB1FC76C8E016FED7CD" authority="Jan Bosselaers &amp; Rudy Jocque, 2013" authorityName="Jan Bosselaers &amp; Rudy Jocque" authorityYear="2013" box="[951,1218,1965,1992]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Cteniogaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" species="taxorchis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1004FFB1FC76C8E016FED7CD" box="[951,1218,1965,1992]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Cteniogaster taxorchis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CB9657F71004FFB1FB09C8E0171ED7C2" box="[1224,1314,1966,1992]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(□), 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1004FFB1FA9DC8E01324D7E1" authority="Jan Bosselaers &amp; Rudy Jocque, 2013" authorityName="Jan Bosselaers &amp; Rudy Jocque" authorityYear="2013" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Cteniogaster" genus.bestMatchDistance="3152" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" species="conviva" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1004FFB1FA9DC8E01324D7E1" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">C. conviva</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CB9657F71004FFB1FEE1C89F1346D7E1" box="[288,378,2001,2027]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(■), 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1004FFB1FE74C89F1064D7E1" authority="Jan Bosselaers &amp; Rudy Jocque, 2013" authorityName="Jan Bosselaers &amp; Rudy Jocque" authorityYear="2013" box="[437,600,2001,2027]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Cteniogaster" genus.bestMatchDistance="3179" genus.bestMatchVote="2" genus.innerRound="1" genus.outerRound="1" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" species="sangarawe" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1004FFB1FE74C89F1064D7E1" box="[437,600,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">C. sangarawe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CB9657F71004FFB1FD9EC89F1086D7E1" box="[607,698,2001,2027]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(Δ).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="E26E369E1005FFB0FF7CCCF41777D502" blockId="35.[189,1399,954,1289]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
Wunderlich’s (
<bibRefCitation id="86404B6F1005FFB0FEA9CCF4139BD3DE" author="Wunderlich J." box="[360,423,954,980]" journalOrPublisher="Beitrage zur Araneologie" pageId="35" pageNumber="40" part="6" title="Extant and fossil spiders (Araneae)" type="journal volume" year="2011">2011</bibRefCitation>
: 108) proposal to include 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1005FFB0FD10CCF41161D3DE" box="[721,861,954,980]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Liocranidae</taxonomicName>
in 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1005FFB0FC41CCF411E7D3DE" box="[896,987,954,980]" class="Arachnida" family="Zoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Zoridae</taxonomicName>
O.P.-Cambridge, 1893 and transfer 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1005FFB0FF7CCCAE1302D3F0" box="[189,318,992,1018]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Cybaeodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1005FFB0FF7CCCAE1302D3F0" box="[189,318,992,1018]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Cybaeodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1005FFB0FEA5CCAE13C1D3F0" box="[356,509,992,1018]" class="Arachnida" family="Gnaphosidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Gnaphosidae</taxonomicName>
is rejected because it is based on insufFcient data and is not supported by a cladistic analysis. Moreover, the four zorid species studied by the authors, 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1005FFB0FBECCB461338D442" authority="(Sundevall, 1833)" authorityName="Sundevall" authorityYear="1833" baseAuthorityName="Sundevall" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Arachnida" family="Zoridae" genus="Zora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" species="spinimana">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1005FFB0FBECCB4616D4D42B" box="[1069,1256,1032,1057]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Zora spinimana</emphasis>
(Sundevall, 1833)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1005FFB0FECFCB6010A4D442" authority="Raven, 2008" authorityName="Raven" authorityYear="2008" box="[270,664,1070,1096]" class="Arachnida" family="Zoridae" genus="Tuxoctenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" species="gloverae">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1005FFB0FECFCB6013C2D442" box="[270,510,1070,1096]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Tuxoctenus gloverae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="86404B6F1005FFB0FDC2CB6010A4D442" author="Raven R." box="[515,664,1070,1096]" journalOrPublisher="Records of the Western Australian Museum" pageId="35" pageNumber="39" pagination="351 - 361" part="24" title="Revisions of Australian ground-hunting spiders: III. Tuxoctenus (Araneomorphae: Zoridae)" type="journal article" year="2008">Raven, 2008</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1005FFB0FD60CB60111AD442" box="[673,806,1070,1096]" class="Arachnida" family="Zoridae" genus="Argoctenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1005FFB0FD60CB60111AD442" box="[673,806,1070,1096]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Argoctenus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. and 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1005FFB0FC40CB60161ED442" box="[897,1058,1070,1096]" class="Arachnida" family="Zoridae" genus="Hestimodema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1005FFB0FC40CB60161ED442" box="[897,1058,1070,1096]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Hestimodema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp., apart from lacking tenent hairs and male EPGS, all share a set of characters not encountered in 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1005FFB0FC1FCB1A1653D464" box="[990,1135,1108,1134]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Liocranidae</taxonomicName>
: a PER with large eyes in two rows, as in 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1005FFB0FE5ECB35103BD49F" box="[415,519,1147,1173]" class="Arachnida" family="Ctenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ctenidae</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1005FFB0FD85CB3511BBD49F" authority=", 1833" authorityName="Sundevall" authorityYear="1833" box="[580,903,1147,1173]" class="Arachnida" family="Lycosidae" genus="Lycosidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" subGenus="Sundevall">Lycosidae Sundevall, 1833</taxonomicName>
, PME close together, thick claw tufts, an anteriorly strongly narrowed carapace, a male palpal cymbial tip with modiFed thick setae as described in 
<bibRefCitation id="86404B6F1005FFB0FF1BCB861384D4E9" author="Raven R." box="[218,440,1224,1251]" journalOrPublisher="Records of the Western Australian Museum" pageId="35" pageNumber="39" pagination="351 - 361" part="24" title="Revisions of Australian ground-hunting spiders: III. Tuxoctenus (Araneomorphae: Zoridae)" type="journal article" year="2008">Raven (2008: 352)</bibRefCitation>
, a RTA with a Fattened basal membranous wing, an epigyne without anterior hood and a vulva without ST2 and with posterior globular ST1 connected to tortuous insemination ducts.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E26E369E1005FFB0FF7CCA7D16A3D5E2" blockId="35.[189,1399,1331,1512]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
The proposals formulated here limit 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1005FFB0FD4CCA7D1125D547" box="[653,793,1331,1357]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Liocranidae</taxonomicName>
to 25 genera, including 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1005FFB0FB99CA7A16CCD544" authority="Jan Bosselaers &amp; Rudy Jocque, 2013" authorityName="Jan Bosselaers &amp; Rudy Jocque" authorityYear="2013" box="[1112,1264,1332,1358]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Cteniogaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1005FFB0FB99CA7A16CCD544" box="[1112,1264,1332,1358]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Cteniogaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CB9657F71005FFB0FB3FCA7A174ED544" box="[1278,1394,1332,1358]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1005FFB0FF7CCA141304D57E" box="[189,312,1370,1396]" class="Arachnida" family="Gallieniellidae" genus="Toxoniella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1005FFB0FF7CCA141304D57E" box="[189,312,1370,1396]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Toxoniella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the recently described genus 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1005FFB0FD1DCA141617D57E" authority=", 2012" authorityName="Bosselaers" authorityYear="2012" box="[732,1067,1370,1396]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" genus="Vankeeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" subGenus="Bosselaers">
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1005FFB0FD1DCA14116DD57E" box="[732,849,1370,1396]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Vankeeria</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="86404B6F1005FFB0FC9CCA141617D57E" author="Bosselaers J." box="[861,1067,1370,1396]" journalOrPublisher="Serket" pageId="35" pageNumber="37" pagination="83 - 90" part="13" title="Two interesting new ground spiders (Araneae) from the Canary Islands and Greece" type="journal article" year="2012">Bosselaers, 2012</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, of which the latter can be considered 
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1005FFB0FE84CACF13D5D591" box="[325,489,1409,1435]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">incertae sedis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="86404B6F1005FFB0FE38CACE10FDD591" author="Bosselaers J." box="[505,705,1408,1435]" journalOrPublisher="Serket" pageId="35" pageNumber="37" pagination="83 - 90" part="13" title="Two interesting new ground spiders (Araneae) from the Canary Islands and Greece" type="journal article" year="2012">Bosselaers 2012</bibRefCitation>
). Of these genera, four belong in Liocraninae, nine can be attributed to Cybaeodinae, and twelve remain 
<emphasis id="D0A5EA8C1005FFB0FD1DCAE61143D5CB" box="[732,895,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">incertae sedis</emphasis>
, stressing the need for additional revisions and a more thourough analysis of 
<taxonomicName id="25D14D1D1005FFB0FD8DCA8010E4D5E2" box="[588,728,1486,1512]" class="Arachnida" family="Liocranidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Liocranidae</taxonomicName>
and related dionychan ground spiders.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>