3002 lines
532 KiB
XML
3002 lines
532 KiB
XML
<document id="BF39675CCB0B26496C59CEEE92D2F02E" ID-CLB-Dataset="21503" ID-DOI="10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0865:HITRIF]2.0.CO;2" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c8d52e0f-8db2-445d-b087-810821e55bf9" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3942994" IM.illustrations_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1594210093215" checkinUser="jeremy" docAuthor="Joshua B. Smith" docDate="2005" docId="20538788D026FFC1FF0BFB51BC11D506" docLanguage="en" docName="Smith2005.pdf.imd" docOrigin="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Tyrannosaurus rex Osborn 1905" docType="treatment" docVersion="14" lastPageNumber="884" masterDocId="DC6AFFF0D024FFD5FFA3FFD8BE03D62F" masterDocTitle="Heterodonty in Tyrannosaurus rex: Implications for the taxonomic and systematic utility of theropod dentitions" masterLastPageNumber="887" masterPageNumber="865" pageNumber="866" updateTime="1698843182622" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="A39E360F85E269DFBB091409EF40295B">
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<mods:title id="3127F82C6EFE8C4629CDCAA3FD5E2A55">Heterodonty in Tyrannosaurus rex: Implications for the taxonomic and systematic utility of theropod dentitions</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="0315D3824782B6A13C16F532DF3253BC" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="EB1BBF6CF6407C45461D8D8E60BB9B0C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="125CC45E40878986714BC918AB733722">Joshua B. Smith</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="B5FC178BC026C59137D5161E158DB9D0">Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Pennsylvania, 240 South 33 rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 - 6316, U. S. A., current address: Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, 1 Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1169, St. Louis, Missouri 63130 - 489, U. S. A.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="55A603F416B3CC5066AB1062D9087C9B" type="email">smithjb@wustl.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="627F6771626FF6ACBE6D2822F5F4FB68">Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="ED51008D2645F043F8CDEE332791C7D6">
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<mods:date id="7D951435CEDCEDA974E6E72F30C2476D">2005</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="18D0413F4217B8840439894D4D489F81" type="pubDate">
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<mods:number id="9EE8FE6C9C5EBC111507F5C66D87BC9F">2005-12-31</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="4FB5C4E160243E799C73A5938F95F562" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="5B05FAEDA911A0D647DA80FB677F5996">25</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="E35F82A10D380A375850BB890CB4C51E" type="issue">
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<mods:classification id="D774D73964939CF8ED466D0164CA205C">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="0E639B88EA0BC30D0459092B9AAB23AA" type="DOI">10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0865:HITRIF]2.0.CO;2</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="20538788D026FFC1FF0BFB51BC11D506" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4323776" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190304174" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4323776" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:20538788D026FFC1FF0BFB51BC11D506" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/20538788D026FFC1FF0BFB51BC11D506" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="884" pageId="2" pageNumber="866">
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<subSubSection id="E0E06515D026FFD6FF0BFB51BC96D1A8" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="867" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" type="description">
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<paragraph id="A845369ED026FFD7FF0BFB51BCA1D052" blockId="2.[144,815,1161,1981]" pageId="2" pageNumber="866">
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||
Most known
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD026FFD7FE99FB51BF7FD2B1" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[314,380,1161,1182]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD026FFD7FE99FB51BF7FD2B1" box="[314,380,1161,1182]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="866">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
crania containing teeth were examined (Supplementary Data 1, available online at www.vertpaleo.org/ jvp/JVPcontents.html).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD026FFD7FE25FB67BC99D2FB" authority="Maleev, 1955" authorityName="Maleev" authorityYear="1955" box="[390,666,1215,1236]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD026FFD7FE25FB67BC0BD2FB" box="[390,520,1215,1236]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="866">Tarbosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD026FFD7FDADFB67BC99D2FB" author="Maleev, E. A." box="[526,666,1215,1236]" firstAuthor="Maleev" journalOrPublisher="Priroda" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" pagination="112 - 115" part="1955" refId="ref21011" refString="Maleev, E. A. 1955. [Carnivorous dinosaurs of Mongolia]. Priroda 1955 (6): 112 - 115. [Russian]" title="Carnivorous dinosaurs of Mongolia" type="journal article" year="1955">Maleev, 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, was excluded as there is no consensus on its taxonomy and it appears to be a distinct species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD026FFD7FE99FB2CBFB6D326" author="Holtz, T. R., Jr." box="[314,437,1268,1289]" editor="D. H. Tanke & K. Carpenter" firstAuthor="Holtz" journalOrPublisher="Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" pagination="64 - 75" refId="ref20050" refString="Holtz, T. R., Jr. 2001. The phylogeny and taxonomy of the Tyrannosauridae; pp. 64 - 75 in D. H. Tanke and K. Carpenter (eds.), Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana." title="The phylogeny and taxonomy of the Tyrannosauridae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Mesozoic Vertebrate Life" year="2001">Holtz, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD026FFD7FE63FB2CBCC5D326" author="Hurum, J. H. & K. Sabath" box="[448,710,1268,1289]" firstAuthor="Hurum" journalOrPublisher="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" pagination="161 - 190" part="48" refId="ref20402" refString="Hurum, J. H., and K. Sabath. 2003. Giant theropod dinosaurs from Asia and North America: Skulls of Tarbosaurus bataar and Tyrannosaurus rex compared. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 48: 161 - 190." title="Giant theropod dinosaurs from Asia and North America: Skulls of Tarbosaurus bataar and Tyrannosaurus rex compared" type="journal article" year="2003">Hurum and Sabath, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD026FFD7FD72FB2CBF49D30C" author="Carr, T. D. & T. E. Williamson" firstAuthor="Carr" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" pagination="479 - 523" part="142" refId="ref18083" refString="Carr, T. D., and T. E. Williamson. 2004. Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142: 479 - 523." title="Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America" type="journal article" year="2004">Carr and Williamson, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Data from
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD026FFD7FE74FAD6BC73D30C" box="[471,624,1294,1315]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="866">Dilophosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD026FFD7FDDAFAD6BD02D30C" author="Welles, S. P." box="[633,769,1294,1315]" firstAuthor="Welles" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Paleontology" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" pagination="989" part="44" refId="ref23306" refString="Welles, S. P. 1970. Dilophosaurus (Reptilia: Saurischia), a new name for a dinosaur. Journal of Paleontology 44: 989." title="Dilophosaurus (Reptilia: Saurischia), a new name for a dinosaur" type="journal article" year="1970">Welles, 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD026FFD7FCADFAD6BEFED311" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="866">Liliensternus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD026FFD7FEA7FAF1BF89D311" author="Welles, S. P." box="[260,394,1321,1342]" firstAuthor="Welles" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontographica Abteilung A" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" pagination="85 - 180" part="185" refId="ref23335" refString="Welles, S. P. 1984. Dilophosaurus wetherilli (Dinosauria, Theropoda). Osteology and comparisons. Palaeontographica Abteilung A 185: 85 - 180." title="Dilophosaurus wetherilli (Dinosauria, Theropoda). Osteology and comparisons" type="journal article" year="1984">Welles, 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD026FFD7FE37FAF1BCA4D311" box="[404,679,1321,1342]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="866">Ceratosaurus dentisulcatus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD026FFD7FD0DFAF1BF1BD376" author="Madsen, J. H., Jr. & S. P. Welles" firstAuthor="Madsen" journalOrPublisher="Utah Geological Survey Miscellaneous Publication" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" pagination="1 - 80" part="00 - 2" refId="ref20968" refString="Madsen, J. H., Jr., and S. P. Welles. 2000. Ceratosaurus (Dinosauria, Theropoda): a revised osteology. Utah Geological Survey Miscellaneous Publication 00 - 2: 1 - 80." title="Ceratosaurus (Dinosauria, Theropoda): a revised osteology" type="journal article" year="2000">Madsen and Welles, 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(?=
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD026FFD7FEFEFA9CBC5AD376" box="[349,601,1348,1369]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="866">Ceratosaurus nasicornis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD026FFD7FDC7FA9CBCEED376" author="Marsh, O. C." box="[612,749,1348,1369]" firstAuthor="Marsh" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Science" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" pagination="161 - 162" part="28" refId="ref21147" refString="Marsh, O. C. 1884. Principal characters of American Jurassic dinosaurs. Part VIII. The Order Theropoda. American Journal of Science (ser. 3) 28: 161 - 162." title="Principal characters of American Jurassic dinosaurs. Part VIII. The Order Theropoda" type="journal article" year="1884">Marsh, 1884</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD026FFD7FCA7FA9CBFF3D35C" authority="Sampson et al. 2001" authorityName="Sampson" authorityYear="2001" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Masiakasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD026FFD7FCA7FA9CBF0BD35C" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="866">Masiakasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD026FFD7FEB1FA86BFF3D35C" author="Sampson, S. D. & M. T. Carrano & C. A. Forster" box="[274,496,1374,1395]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Sampson" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" pagination="504 - 506" part="409" refId="ref22325" refString="Sampson, S. D., M. T. Carrano, and C. A. Forster. 2001. A bizarre predatory dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Nature 409: 504 - 506." title="A bizarre predatory dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar" type="journal article" year="2001">Sampson et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD026FFD7FDA5FA86BC7FD35C" authorityName="von Huene" authorityYear="1932" box="[518,636,1374,1395]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Indosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD026FFD7FDA5FA86BC7FD35C" box="[518,636,1374,1395]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="866">Indosuchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD026FFD7FD37FA86BF81D3A1" authority="Sues and Taquet, 1979" authorityName="Sues and Taquet" authorityYear="1979" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Majungatholus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD026FFD7FD37FA86BD2DD35C" box="[660,814,1374,1395]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="866">Majungatholus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD026FFD7FF33FAA1BF81D3A1" author="Sues, H. - D. & P. Taquet" box="[144,386,1401,1422]" firstAuthor="Sues" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" pagination="633 - 635" part="279" refId="ref23217" refString="Sues, H. - D., and P. Taquet. 1979. A pachycephalosaurid dinosaur from Madagascar and a Laurasia-Gondwanaland connection in the Cretaceous. Nature 279: 633 - 635." title="A pachycephalosaurid dinosaur from Madagascar and a Laurasia-Gondwanaland connection in the Cretaceous" type="journal article" year="1979">Sues and Taquet, 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD026FFD7FE2DFAA1BD03D3A1" authority="Charig and Milner, 1986" authorityName="Charig and Milner" authorityYear="1986" box="[398,768,1401,1422]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Baryonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD026FFD7FE2DFAA1BFF0D3A1" box="[398,499,1401,1422]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="866">Baryonyx</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD026FFD7FE58FAA1BD03D3A1" author="Charig, A. J. & A. C. Milner" box="[507,768,1401,1422]" firstAuthor="Charig" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" pagination="359 - 361" part="324" refId="ref18353" refString="Charig, A. J., and A. C. Milner. 1986. Baryonyx, a remarkable new theropod dinosaur. Nature 324: 359 - 361." title="Baryonyx, a remarkable new theropod dinosaur" type="journal article" year="1986">Charig and Milner, 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD026FFD7FCAFFAA1BFC6D387" authority="Sereno et al., 1998" authorityName="Sereno" authorityYear="1998" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Suchomimus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD026FFD7FCAFFAA1BEF9D387" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="866">Suchomimus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD026FFD7FEA2FA4BBFC6D387" author="Sereno, P. C. & A. L. Beck & D. B. Dutheil & B. Gado & H. C. E. Larsson & G. H. Lyon & J. D. Marcot & O. W. M. Rauhut & R. W. Sadleir & C. A. Sidor & D. J. Varricchio & G. P. Wilson & J. A. Wilson" box="[257,453,1427,1448]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Sereno" journalOrPublisher="Science" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" pagination="1298 - 1302" part="282" refId="ref22629" refString="Sereno, P. C., A. L. Beck, D. B. Dutheil, B. Gado, H. C. E. Larsson, G. H. Lyon, J. D. Marcot, O. W. M. Rauhut, R. W. Sadleir, C. A. Sidor, D. J. Varricchio, G. P. Wilson, and J. A. Wilson. 1998. A long-snouted predatory dinosaur from Africa and the evolution of spinosaurids. Science 282: 1298 - 1302." title="A long-snouted predatory dinosaur from Africa and the evolution of spinosaurids" type="journal article" year="1998">Sereno et al., 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD026FFD7FE73FA4BBCC0D387" authority="Marsh 1877" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[464,707,1427,1448]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD026FFD7FE73FA4BBC43D387" box="[464,576,1427,1448]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="866">Allosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD026FFD7FDE4FA4BBCC0D387" author="Marsh, O. C." box="[583,707,1427,1448]" firstAuthor="Marsh" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Science" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" pagination="514 - 516" part="14" refId="ref21084" refString="Marsh, O. C. 1877 a. Notice of new dinosaurian reptiles from the Jurassic formation. American Journal of Science (series 3) 14: 514 - 516." title="Notice of new dinosaurian reptiles from the Jurassic formation" type="journal article" year="1877">Marsh 1877</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD026FFD7FD6CFA4BBC3BD3EC" authority="Stovall and Langston, 1950" authorityName="Stovall and Langston" authorityYear="1950" class="Reptilia" family="Carcharodontosauridae" genus="Acrocanthosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD026FFD7FD6CFA4BBEF4D3EC" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="866">Acrocanthosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD026FFD7FEA0FA76BC3BD3EC" author="Stovall, J. W. & W. Langston, Jr." box="[259,568,1454,1475]" firstAuthor="Stovall" journalOrPublisher="American Midland Naturalist" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" pagination="696 - 728" part="43" refId="ref22980" refString="Stovall, J. W., and W. Langston, Jr. 1950. Acrocanthosaurus atokensis, a new genus and species of Lower Cretaceous Theropoda from Oklahoma. American Midland Naturalist 43: 696 - 728." title="Acrocanthosaurus atokensis, a new genus and species of Lower Cretaceous Theropoda from Oklahoma" type="journal article" year="1950">Stovall and Langston, 1950</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD026FFD7FDEBFA76BF26D3F1" authority="Stromer, 1931" authorityName="Stromer" authorityYear="1931" class="Reptilia" family="Carcharodontosauridae" genus="Carcharodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD026FFD7FDEBFA76BD2DD3EC" box="[584,814,1454,1475]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="866">Carcharodontosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD026FFD7FF33FA11BF26D3F1" author="Stromer, E." box="[144,293,1481,1502]" firstAuthor="Stromer" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Abteilung N. F" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" pagination="1 - 23" part="9" refId="ref23085" refString="Stromer, E. 1931. Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromers in den Wusten Agyptens. II. Wirbeltier-Reste der Baharije-Stufe (unterstes Cenoman). 10. Ein Skelett-Rest von Carcharodontosaurus nov. gen. Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Abteilung N. F. 9: 1 - 23." title="Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromers in den Wusten Agyptens. II. Wirbeltier-Reste der Baharije-Stufe (unterstes Cenoman). 10. Ein Skelett-Rest von Carcharodontosaurus nov. gen" type="book chapter" year="1931">Stromer, 1931</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD026FFD7FE91FA11BC49D3F1" authority="Lambe, 1914" authorityName="Lambe" authorityYear="1914" box="[306,586,1481,1502]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD026FFD7FE91FA11BFBBD3F1" box="[306,440,1481,1502]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="866">Gorgosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD026FFD7FE63FA11BC49D3F1" author="Lambe, L. M." box="[448,586,1481,1502]" firstAuthor="Lambe" journalOrPublisher="Ottawa Naturalist" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" pagination="13 - 20" part="28" refId="ref20759" refString="Lambe, L. M. 1914. On a new genus and species of carnivorous dinosaur from the Belly River Formation of Alberta, with a description of the skull of Stephanosaurus marginatus from the same horizon. Ottawa Naturalist 28: 13 - 20." title="On a new genus and species of carnivorous dinosaur from the Belly River Formation of Alberta, with a description of the skull of Stephanosaurus marginatus from the same horizon" type="journal article" year="1914">Lambe, 1914</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD026FFD7FDF5FA11BEF6D3D7" authority="Russell, 1970" authorityName="Russell" authorityYear="1970" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD026FFD7FDF5FA11BCF7D3F1" box="[598,756,1481,1502]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="866">Daspletosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD026FFD7FD5EFA11BEF6D3D7" author="Russell, D. A." firstAuthor="Russell" journalOrPublisher="National Museum of Natural Science, Publications in Paleontology" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" pagination="1 - 34" part="1" refId="ref22293" refString="Russell, D. A. 1970. Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada. National Museum of Natural Science, Publications in Paleontology 1: 1 - 34." title="Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada" type="journal article" year="1970">Russell, 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD026FFD7FEA0FA3BBFCAD3D7" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[259,457,1507,1528]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD026FFD7FEA0FA3BBFCAD3D7" box="[259,457,1507,1528]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="866">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD026FFD7FE7AFA3BBCBDD3D7" authority="Leidy, 1856" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1856" box="[473,702,1507,1528]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" genus="Troodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD026FFD7FE7AFA3BBC36D3D7" box="[473,565,1507,1528]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="866">Troodon</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD026FFD7FD9CFA3BBCBDD3D7" author="Leidy, J. P." box="[575,702,1507,1528]" firstAuthor="Leidy" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" pagination="72 - 73" part="8" refId="ref20844" refString="Leidy, J. P. 1856. Notices of the remains of extinct reptiles and fishes discovered by Dr. F. V. Hayden in the badlands of the Judith River, Nebraska Territory. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 8: 72 - 73." title="Notices of the remains of extinct reptiles and fishes discovered by Dr. F. V. Hayden in the badlands of the Judith River, Nebraska Territory" type="journal article" year="1856">Leidy, 1856</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD026FFD7FD6FFA3BBFBCD03C" authority="Barsbold, 1974" authorityName="Barsbold" authorityYear="1974" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" genus="Saurornithoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="junior">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD026FFD7FD6FFA3BBF1ED03C" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="866">Saurornithoides junior</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD026FFD7FE80FA26BFBCD03C" author="Barsbold, R." box="[291,447,1534,1555]" firstAuthor="Barsbold" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Polonica" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" pagination="5 - 22" part="30" refId="ref17458" refString="Barsbold, R. 1974. Saurornithoididae, a new family of small theropod dinosaurs from central Asia and North America. Palaeontologia Polonica 30: 5 - 22." title="Saurornithoididae, a new family of small theropod dinosaurs from central Asia and North America" type="journal article" year="1974">Barsbold, 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD026FFD7FE6BFA26BD29D03C" authority="Burnham et al., 2000" authorityName="Burnham" authorityYear="2000" box="[456,810,1534,1555]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Bambiraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD026FFD7FE6BFA26BC4ED03C" box="[456,589,1534,1555]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="866">Bambiraptor</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD026FFD7FDF0FA26BD29D03C" author="Burnham, D. A. & K. L. Derstler & P. J. Currie & R. T. Bakker & Z. Zhou & J. H. Ostrom" box="[595,810,1534,1555]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Burnham" journalOrPublisher="University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" pagination="1 - 12" part="13" refId="ref17790" refString="Burnham, D. A., K. L. Derstler, P. J. Currie, R. T. Bakker, Z. Zhou, and J. H. Ostrom. 2000. Remarkable new birdlike dinosaur (Theropoda: Maniraptora) from the Upper Cretaceous of Montana. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions 13: 1 - 12." title="Remarkable new birdlike dinosaur (Theropoda: Maniraptora) from the Upper Cretaceous of Montana" type="journal article" year="2000">Burnham et al., 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD026FFD7FF33F9C1BFD2D001" authority="Ostrom, 1969 a" authorityName="Ostrom" authorityYear="1969" box="[144,465,1561,1582]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Deinonychus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD026FFD7FF33F9C1BF1ED001" box="[144,285,1561,1582]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="866">Deinonychus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD026FFD7FE89F9C1BFC6D001" author="Ostrom, J. H." box="[298,453,1561,1582]" firstAuthor="Ostrom" journalOrPublisher="Postilla" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" pagination="1 - 17" part="128" refId="ref22003" refString="Ostrom, J. H. 1969. A new theropod dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Montana. Postilla 128: 1 - 17." title="A new theropod dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Montana" type="journal article" year="1969">Ostrom, 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
a
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD026FFD7FE42F9C1BF14D067" authority="Matthew and Brown, 1922" authorityName="Matthew and Brown" authorityYear="1922" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Dromaeosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD026FFD7FE42F9C1BC8ED001" box="[481,653,1561,1582]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="866">Dromaeosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD026FFD7FD3AF9C1BF14D067" author="Matthew, W. D. & B. Brown" firstAuthor="Matthew" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" pagination="367 - 385" part="46" refId="ref21245" refString="Matthew, W. D., and B. Brown. 1922. The family Deinodontidae, with notice of a new genus from the Cretaceous of Alberta. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 46: 367 - 385." title="The family Deinodontidae, with notice of a new genus from the Cretaceous of Alberta" type="journal article" year="1922">Matthew and Brown, 1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD026FFD7FEF1F9EBBC6AD067" authority="Osborn, 1924" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1924" box="[338,617,1587,1608]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Velociraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD026FFD7FEF1F9EBBFD0D067" box="[338,467,1587,1608]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="866">Velociraptor</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD026FFD7FE7FF9EBBC6AD067" author="Osborn, H. F." box="[476,617,1587,1608]" firstAuthor="Osborn" journalOrPublisher="American Museum Novitates" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" pagination="1 - 12" part="144" refId="ref21955" refString="Osborn, H. F. 1924. Three new Theropoda, Protoceratops zone, central Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 144: 1 - 12." title="Three new Theropoda, Protoceratops zone, central Mongolia" type="journal article" year="1924">Osborn, 1924</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were used to provide context for teeth of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD026FFD7FE2EF996BC4DD04C" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[397,590,1614,1635]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD026FFD7FE2EF996BC4DD04C" box="[397,590,1614,1635]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="866">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
within theropod dental morphospace (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD026FFD7FEDBF9B0BC31D052" author="Smith, J. B. & D. R. Vann & P. Dodson" box="[376,562,1640,1661]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Smith" journalOrPublisher="The Anatomical Record Part A" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" pagination="699 - 736" part="285" refId="ref22863" refString="Smith, J. B., D. R. Vann, and P. Dodson. 2005. Dental morphology and variation in theropod dinosaurs: implications for the taxonomic identification of isolated teeth. The Anatomical Record Part A 285: 699 - 736." title="Dental morphology and variation in theropod dinosaurs: implications for the taxonomic identification of isolated teeth" type="journal article" year="2005">Smith et al., 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, for data).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED026FFD7FF0BF95BBBA2D7B4" blockId="2.[144,815,1161,1981]" lastBlockId="2.[846,1518,177,411]" pageId="2" pageNumber="866">
|
||
Growth-related change is important in paleobiology (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD026FFD7FD5DF95BBEFFD09C" author="Currie, P. J." firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" pagination="651 - 665" part="40" refId="ref18980" refString="Currie, P. J. 2003 b. Allometric growth in tyrannosaurids (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of North America and Asia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 40: 651 - 665." title="Allometric growth in tyrannosaurids (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of North America and Asia" type="journal article" year="2003" yearSuffix="b">Currie, 2003b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, as ontogeny in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD026FFD7FD83F946BCE7D09C" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[544,740,1694,1715]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD026FFD7FD83F946BCE7D09C" box="[544,740,1694,1715]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="866">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is currently poorly understood, data were excluded from problematic specimens (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD026FFD7FE92F90BBC5AD0C7" author="Molnar, R. E. & K. Carpenter" box="[305,601,1747,1768]" firstAuthor="Molnar" journalOrPublisher="Geobios" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" pagination="445 - 454" part="22" refId="ref21517" refString="Molnar, R. E., and K. Carpenter. 1989. The Jordan theropod (Maastrichtian, Montana, U. S. A.) referred to the genus Aublysodon. Geobios 22: 445 - 454." title="The Jordan theropod (Maastrichtian, Montana, U. S. A.) referred to the genus Aublysodon" type="journal article" year="1989">Molnar and Carpenter, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD026FFD7FDC0F90BBCD2D0C7" author="Carr, T. D." box="[611,721,1747,1768]" firstAuthor="Carr" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" pagination="497 - 520" part="19" refId="ref17988" refString="Carr, T. D. 1999. Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19: 497 - 520." title="Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria)" type="journal article" year="1999">Carr, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD026FFD7FD78F90BBEC1D12D" author="Brochu, C. A." firstAuthor="Brochu" journalOrPublisher="Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" pagination="1 - 138" part="7" refId="ref17657" refString="Brochu, C. A. 2002. Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 7: 1 - 138." title="Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull" type="journal article" year="2002">Brochu, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD026FFD7FF68F935BFE7D12D" author="Carr, T. D. & T. E. Williamson" box="[203,484,1773,1794]" firstAuthor="Carr" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" pagination="479 - 523" part="142" refId="ref18083" refString="Carr, T. D., and T. E. Williamson. 2004. Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142: 479 - 523." title="Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America" type="journal article" year="2004">Carr and Williamson, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), such as
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D026FFD7FDE0F935BCD2D12D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374408" box="[579,721,1773,1794]" collectionCode="LACM" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" specimenCode="LACM 28741">LACM 28741</materialsCitation>
|
||
(‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD026FFD7FD45F935BECCD132" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1868" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Aublysodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD026FFD7FD45F935BECCD132" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="866">Aublysodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’) and
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D026FFD7FEBEF8D0BFABD132" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374363" box="[285,424,1800,1821]" collectionCode="CMNH" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" specimenCode="CMNH 7541">CMNH 7541</materialsCitation>
|
||
(‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD026FFD7FE67F8D0BC54D132" box="[452,599,1800,1821]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD026FFD7FE67F8D0BC54D132" box="[452,599,1800,1821]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="866">Nanotyrannus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’), to be dealt with separately. These specimens are likely juveniles of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD026FFD7FD19F8FBBCF9D117" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[698,762,1827,1848]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD026FFD7FD19F8FBBCC9D117" box="[698,714,1827,1848]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="866">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD026FFD7FD79F8FBBCF9D117" box="[730,762,1827,1848]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="866">rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD026FFD7FF33F8E5BF01D17D" author="Carr, T. D." box="[144,258,1853,1874]" firstAuthor="Carr" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" pagination="497 - 520" part="19" refId="ref17988" refString="Carr, T. D. 1999. Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19: 497 - 520." title="Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria)" type="journal article" year="1999">Carr, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD026FFD7FEB3F8E5BF8CD17D" author="Holtz, T. R., Jr." box="[272,399,1853,1874]" editor="D. H. Tanke & K. Carpenter" firstAuthor="Holtz" journalOrPublisher="Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" pagination="64 - 75" refId="ref20050" refString="Holtz, T. R., Jr. 2001. The phylogeny and taxonomy of the Tyrannosauridae; pp. 64 - 75 in D. H. Tanke and K. Carpenter (eds.), Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana." title="The phylogeny and taxonomy of the Tyrannosauridae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Mesozoic Vertebrate Life" year="2001">Holtz, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and have been synonymized as such (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD026FFD7FF34F880BFBCD142" author="Carr, T. D. & T. E. Williamson" box="[151,447,1880,1901]" firstAuthor="Carr" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" pagination="479 - 523" part="142" refId="ref18083" refString="Carr, T. D., and T. E. Williamson. 2004. Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142: 479 - 523." title="Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America" type="journal article" year="2004">Carr and Williamson, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, a consensus is lacking (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD026FFD7FF63F8AABF4ED1A8" author="Currie, P. J." box="[192,333,1906,1927]" firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" pagination="191 - 226" part="48" refId="ref18948" refString="Currie, P. J. 2003 a. Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 48: 191 - 226." title="Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada" type="journal article" year="2003" yearSuffix="a">Currie, 2003a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD026FFD7FEF4F8AABC11D1A8" author="Currie, P. J. & J. H. Hurum & K. Sabath" box="[343,530,1906,1927]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" pagination="227 - 234" part="48" refId="ref19228" refString="Currie, P. J., J. H. Hurum, and K. Sabath. 2003. Skull structure and evolution in tyrannosaurid dinosaurs. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 48: 227 - 234." title="Skull structure and evolution in tyrannosaurid dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2003">Currie et al., 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and there are new data (J. Peterson, pers. comm., 2002) that merit consideration. I am not comfortable coding teeth as pertaining to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD026FFD7FDF3F870BC8CD192" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[592,655,1960,1981]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD026FFD7FDF3F870BC63D192" box="[592,608,1960,1981]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="866">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD026FFD7FDCCF870BC8CD192" box="[623,655,1960,1981]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="866">rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
unless there is general agreement that they are such, nor is it wise to use data from a problematic specimen to support or refute a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD026FFD7FAC1FF14BB9ED6CE" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1378,1437,204,225]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD026FFD7FAC1FF14BB9ED6CE" box="[1378,1437,204,225]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="866">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
affinity for that individual. Therefore, I included only those data that are currently unquestioned as pertaining to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD026FFD7FB4CFED9BB28D739" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1263,1323,257,278]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD026FFD7FB4CFED9BB28D739" box="[1263,1323,257,278]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="866">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. As tyrannosaurid taxonomy becomes clearer, the dentitions of problematic specimens should be compared against those of well-supported taxa. In the absence of this and in the absence of data for proven juvenile teeth for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD026FFD7FBAAFEB3BA45D7AF" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1033,1094,363,384]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD026FFD7FBAAFEB3BA45D7AF" box="[1033,1094,363,384]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="866">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, discussions of ontogenetic change in its dentition are premature (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD026FFD7FB2DFE5EBB95D7B4" author="Senter, P. & J. H. Robins" box="[1166,1430,390,411]" firstAuthor="Senter" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" pagination="961 - 965" part="23" refId="ref22437" refString="Senter, P., and J. H. Robins. 2003. Taxonomic status of the specimens of Archaeopteryx. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 961 - 965." title="Taxonomic status of the specimens of Archaeopteryx" type="journal article" year="2003">Senter and Robins, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED026FFD7FCEDFE6ABA72D7E7" blockId="2.[846,1518,434,1209]" box="[846,1137,434,456]" pageId="2" pageNumber="866">
|
||
<heading id="F30D81F2D026FFD7FCEDFE6ABA72D7E7" bold="true" box="[846,1137,434,456]" fontSize="9" level="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD026FFD7FCEDFE6ABA72D7E7" bold="true" box="[846,1137,434,456]" pageId="2" pageNumber="866">Measurements and Counts</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED026FFD7FCC5FE0EBAE2D570" blockId="2.[846,1518,434,1209]" pageId="2" pageNumber="866">
|
||
Measurements were made directly with electronic calipers or on digital images using SigmaScan®. Denticles were counted with a Hensoldt-Wetzlar 8X lens possessing a mm-scale reticle. Data cases are averages of five replicate measurements (measurement repeatability was assessed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD026FFD7FB4DFD98BB6DD47A" author="Smith, J. B." bookContentInfo="617 pp." box="[1262,1390,576,597]" firstAuthor="Smith" journalOrPublisher="University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" refId="ref22778" refString="Smith, J. B. 2002. An examination of dental morphology and variation in theropod dinosaurs: implications for the identification of isolated teeth. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 617 pp." title="An examination of dental morphology and variation in theropod dinosaurs: implications for the identification of isolated teeth" type="book" year="2002">Smith, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Data were included from teeth regarded as being fully erupted (teeth that are erupting, are reconstructed, or are not accessible because the specimen is on display were omitted). Orientation terminology (
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD026FFD7FCF5FD72BDA5D490" box="[854,934,682,703]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[144,233,854,873]" captionTargetBox="[158,1503,176,836]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[158,1503,176,836]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. A, idealized human dental arcade, in palatal view, showing mesial, distal, labial, and lingual directions (modified from Smith and Dodson, 2003). LM1, left upper first molar. B, photo traces of AMNH 5027 Lmx7–8 (bones are schematic), showing mesiodistal orientations of crown long axes (points A–D were defined by Smith et al., 2005). C, photo trace of the premaxilla of AMNH 5027 (teeth are schematic) in palatal view showing labiolingual orientations of the crown long axes. D, Saurornitholestes Sues, 1978, crown in lateral view showing crown height (CH, measured from the apex to the base of the enamel (̴between points G and B)); crown base length (CBL, measured along the mesiodistal axis of the crown at the base of the enamel, ̴between points A and B); apical length (AL, measured between points A and G); crown angle (CA, angle GAB); mesial apical (MA), mesial mid-crown (MC), and mesial basal (MB) denticle densities (measured along the length of the mesial carina); distal apical (DA), distal mid-crown (DC), and distal basal (DB) denticle densities (measured along the length of the distal carina). E, the crown in D in basal view showing CBL and crown base width (CBW, measured perpendicular to CBL). Crown in D redrawn from Currie et al., (1990). Figure concept after Smith et al. (2005)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3942996" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3942996/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="866">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
|
||
) follows
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD026FFD7FBABFD72BB1AD490" author="Smith, J. B. & P. Dodson" box="[1032,1305,682,703]" firstAuthor="Smith" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" pagination="1 - 14" part="23" refId="ref22823" refString="Smith, J. B., and P. Dodson. 2003. A proposal for a standard terminology of anatomical notation and orientation in fossil vertebrate dentitions. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 1 - 14." title="A proposal for a standard terminology of anatomical notation and orientation in fossil vertebrate dentitions" type="journal article" year="2003">Smith and Dodson (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Studies of tyrannosaurid dentitions must pay particular attention to the premaxillary and first dentary teeth. The basal short axes of these crowns are mesiodistal rather than labiolingual in orientation (as in most theropods), and the long axes (sensu the basoapical axis in human incisors, see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD026FFD7FBA4FCF7BAC9D56B" author="Minagi, S. & T. Hara & T. Sato & N. Natsuaki & Y. - T. Akamatsu" box="[1031,1226,815,836]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Minagi" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Oral Rehabilitation" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" pagination="781 - 785" part="26" refId="ref21331" refString="Minagi, S., T. Hara, T. Sato, N. Natsuaki, and Y. - T. Akamatsu. 1999. Relationship between anterior guidance and mesiodistal inclination of lower incisor in human subject with or without TMJ noise. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation 26: 781 - 785." title="Relationship between anterior guidance and mesiodistal inclination of lower incisor in human subject with or without TMJ noise" type="journal article" year="1999">Minagi et al., 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) are oriented labiolingually rather than mesiodistally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD026FFD7FBC7FC92BAD7D570" box="[1124,1236,842,863]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[144,233,854,873]" captionTargetBox="[158,1503,176,836]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[158,1503,176,836]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. A, idealized human dental arcade, in palatal view, showing mesial, distal, labial, and lingual directions (modified from Smith and Dodson, 2003). LM1, left upper first molar. B, photo traces of AMNH 5027 Lmx7–8 (bones are schematic), showing mesiodistal orientations of crown long axes (points A–D were defined by Smith et al., 2005). C, photo trace of the premaxilla of AMNH 5027 (teeth are schematic) in palatal view showing labiolingual orientations of the crown long axes. D, Saurornitholestes Sues, 1978, crown in lateral view showing crown height (CH, measured from the apex to the base of the enamel (̴between points G and B)); crown base length (CBL, measured along the mesiodistal axis of the crown at the base of the enamel, ̴between points A and B); apical length (AL, measured between points A and G); crown angle (CA, angle GAB); mesial apical (MA), mesial mid-crown (MC), and mesial basal (MB) denticle densities (measured along the length of the mesial carina); distal apical (DA), distal mid-crown (DC), and distal basal (DB) denticle densities (measured along the length of the distal carina). E, the crown in D in basal view showing CBL and crown base width (CBW, measured perpendicular to CBL). Crown in D redrawn from Currie et al., (1990). Figure concept after Smith et al. (2005)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3942996" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3942996/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="866">Fig. 1B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED026FFD7FCC5FCBDBDCFD2AB" blockId="2.[846,1518,434,1209]" pageId="2" pageNumber="866">
|
||
The variables used in this article (
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD026FFD7FB6BFCBDBB3BD555" box="[1224,1336,869,890]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[144,233,854,873]" captionTargetBox="[158,1503,176,836]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[158,1503,176,836]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. A, idealized human dental arcade, in palatal view, showing mesial, distal, labial, and lingual directions (modified from Smith and Dodson, 2003). LM1, left upper first molar. B, photo traces of AMNH 5027 Lmx7–8 (bones are schematic), showing mesiodistal orientations of crown long axes (points A–D were defined by Smith et al., 2005). C, photo trace of the premaxilla of AMNH 5027 (teeth are schematic) in palatal view showing labiolingual orientations of the crown long axes. D, Saurornitholestes Sues, 1978, crown in lateral view showing crown height (CH, measured from the apex to the base of the enamel (̴between points G and B)); crown base length (CBL, measured along the mesiodistal axis of the crown at the base of the enamel, ̴between points A and B); apical length (AL, measured between points A and G); crown angle (CA, angle GAB); mesial apical (MA), mesial mid-crown (MC), and mesial basal (MB) denticle densities (measured along the length of the mesial carina); distal apical (DA), distal mid-crown (DC), and distal basal (DB) denticle densities (measured along the length of the distal carina). E, the crown in D in basal view showing CBL and crown base width (CBW, measured perpendicular to CBL). Crown in D redrawn from Currie et al., (1990). Figure concept after Smith et al. (2005)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3942996" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3942996/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="866">Fig. 1D, E</figureCitation>
|
||
) were derived or discussed in detail by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD026FFD7FB95FCA7BAF8D5BB" author="Smith, J. B. & D. R. Vann & P. Dodson" box="[1078,1275,895,916]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Smith" journalOrPublisher="The Anatomical Record Part A" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" pagination="699 - 736" part="285" refId="ref22863" refString="Smith, J. B., D. R. Vann, and P. Dodson. 2005. Dental morphology and variation in theropod dinosaurs: implications for the taxonomic identification of isolated teeth. The Anatomical Record Part A 285: 699 - 736." title="Dental morphology and variation in theropod dinosaurs: implications for the taxonomic identification of isolated teeth" type="journal article" year="2005">Smith et al. (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; they are noted briefly here. Size was described using crown base length (CBL), crown base width (CBW), crown height (CH), and apical length (AL). CBL and CBW were measured in a horizontal plane referenced approximately to point
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD026FFD7FBE7FC32BA56D5D0" box="[1092,1109,1002,1023]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="866">B</emphasis>
|
||
of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD026FFD7FBDBFC32BB39D5D0" author="Smith, J. B. & D. R. Vann & P. Dodson" box="[1144,1338,1002,1023]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Smith" journalOrPublisher="The Anatomical Record Part A" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" pagination="699 - 736" part="285" refId="ref22863" refString="Smith, J. B., D. R. Vann, and P. Dodson. 2005. Dental morphology and variation in theropod dinosaurs: implications for the taxonomic identification of isolated teeth. The Anatomical Record Part A 285: 699 - 736." title="Dental morphology and variation in theropod dinosaurs: implications for the taxonomic identification of isolated teeth" type="journal article" year="2005">Smith et al. (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Basal shape was described using the crown base ratio (CBR = CBW/CBL); crown “squatness” was assessed using the crown height ratio (CHR = CH/CBL). Apex displacement from the crown base center and crown curvature were described using the crown angle (CA).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="FC856616D026FFD7FCC5FB51BDF0D296" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5178533" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5178533" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5178533/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" startId="2.[1355,1400,1161,1182]" targetBox="[1061,1517,1217,1283]" targetPageId="2">
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED026FFD7FCC5FB51BDF0D296" blockId="2.[846,1518,434,1209]" pageId="2" pageNumber="866">Crown angle values were calculated using the Law of Cosines and solving for:</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED026FFD7FCEDFAC8BAFDD30A" blockId="2.[846,1517,1296,1637]" box="[846,1278,1296,1318]" pageId="2" pageNumber="866">
|
||
where
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD026FFD7FC35FAC8BDA1D30A" box="[918,930,1296,1317]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="866">a</emphasis>
|
||
= CBL,
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD026FFD7FBA9FAC8BA14D30A" box="[1034,1047,1296,1317]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="866">b</emphasis>
|
||
= AL, and
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD026FFD7FB03FAC8BAA8D30A" box="[1184,1195,1296,1317]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="866">c</emphasis>
|
||
= CH.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED026FFD7FCC5FAF3BBE0D04A" blockId="2.[846,1517,1296,1637]" pageId="2" pageNumber="866">
|
||
Denticle size and spacing was quantified by determining the number of denticles per 5 mm of carina length (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD026FFD7FAD6FA9EBDF8D35A" author="Farlow, J. O. & D. L. Brinkman" firstAuthor="Farlow" journalOrPublisher="Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" pagination="151" part="19" refId="ref19518" refString="Farlow, J. O., and D. L. Brinkman. 1987. Serration coarseness and patterns of wear of theropod dinosaur teeth. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 19: 151." title="Serration coarseness and patterns of wear of theropod dinosaur teeth" type="proceedings" year="1987">Farlow and Brinkman, 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), counted as close to the base, mid point, and apex as possible (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD026FFD7FB92FAA3BAD0D3BF" author="Chandler, C. L." bookContentInfo="163 pp." box="[1073,1235,1403,1424]" firstAuthor="Chandler" journalOrPublisher="Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" refId="ref18249" refString="Chandler, C. L. 1990. Taxonomic and functional significance of serrated tooth morphology in theropod dinosaurs. Unpublished M. S. thesis, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 163 pp." title="Taxonomic and functional significance of serrated tooth morphology in theropod dinosaurs" type="book" year="1990">Chandler, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), thus generating the basal (MB and DB), mid-crown (MC and DC), and apical densities (MA and DA). For very small teeth (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD026FFD7FAAEFA68BB91D3EA" authorityName="Burnham" authorityYear="2000" box="[1293,1426,1456,1477]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Bambiraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD026FFD7FAAEFA68BB91D3EA" box="[1293,1426,1456,1477]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="866">Bambiraptor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), counts were taken over 2 mm and then adjusted to 5 mm after
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD026FFD7FA07FA13BDCED3D5" author="Farlow, J. O. & D. L. Brinkman & W. L. Abler & P. J. Currie" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Farlow" journalOrPublisher="Modern Geology" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" pagination="161 - 198" part="16" refId="ref19611" refString="Farlow, J. O., D. L. Brinkman, W. L. Abler, and P. J. Currie. 1991. Size, shape, and serration density of theropod dinosaur lateral teeth. Modern Geology 16: 161 - 198." title="Size, shape, and serration density of theropod dinosaur lateral teeth" type="journal article" year="1991">Farlow et al. (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Five counts of each variable were taken, the means of which yielded average densities for the mesial and distal carinae (MAVG, DAVG, after
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD026FFD7FB03F9C2BB48D000" author="Chandler, C. L." bookContentInfo="163 pp." box="[1184,1355,1562,1583]" firstAuthor="Chandler" journalOrPublisher="Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" refId="ref18249" refString="Chandler, C. L. 1990. Taxonomic and functional significance of serrated tooth morphology in theropod dinosaurs. Unpublished M. S. thesis, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 163 pp." title="Taxonomic and functional significance of serrated tooth morphology in theropod dinosaurs" type="book" year="1990">Chandler, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The ratio of MAVG to DAVG generated the denticle size density index (DSDI), devised and discussed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD026FFD7FB1EF988BBDCD04A" author="Rauhut, O. W. M. & C. Werner" box="[1213,1503,1616,1637]" firstAuthor="Rauhut" journalOrPublisher="Palaontologische Zeitshrift" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" pagination="475 - 489" part="69" refId="ref22244" refString="Rauhut, O. W. M., and C. Werner. 1995. First record of the family Dromaeosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) in the Cretaceous of Gondwana (Wadi Milk Formation, northern Sudan). Palaontologische Zeitshrift 69: 475 - 489." title="First record of the family Dromaeosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) in the Cretaceous of Gondwana (Wadi Milk Formation, northern Sudan)" type="journal article" year="1995">Rauhut and Werner (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED026FFD7FCEDF9A3BDACD0BE" blockId="2.[846,1517,1659,1981]" box="[846,943,1659,1681]" pageId="2" pageNumber="866">
|
||
<heading id="F30D81F2D026FFD7FCEDF9A3BDACD0BE" bold="true" box="[846,943,1659,1681]" fontSize="9" level="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD026FFD7FCEDF9A3BDACD0BE" bold="true" box="[846,943,1659,1681]" pageId="2" pageNumber="866">Analyses</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED026FFD6FCC5F946BC2BD019" blockId="2.[846,1517,1659,1981]" lastBlockId="3.[144,815,1170,1590]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="867" pageId="2" pageNumber="866">
|
||
Statistical analyses were run with SPSS, SigmaStat®, and Stat- View and were illustrated using SigmaPlot®. Factors that might have a significant effect on the variability within the data were examined using analysis of variance (ANOVA). As biogeography (concept after
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD026FFD7FBBEF8D1BACBD131" author="Carrasco, M. A." box="[1053,1224,1801,1822]" firstAuthor="Carrasco" journalOrPublisher="The Southwestern Naturalist" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" pagination="490 - 507" part="45" refId="ref18178" refString="Carrasco, M. A. 2000 a. Variation in the dentition of kangaroo rats (genus Dipodomys) and its implications for the fossil record. The Southwestern Naturalist 45: 490 - 507." title="Variation in the dentition of kangaroo rats (genus Dipodomys) and its implications for the fossil record" type="journal article" year="2000" yearSuffix="a">Carrasco, 2000a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, b;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD026FFD7FB51F8D1BBE4D131" author="Lieberman, D. E. & B. M. McBratney & G. Krovitz" box="[1266,1511,1801,1822]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Lieberman" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" pagination="1134 - 1139" part="99" refId="ref20896" refString="Lieberman, D. E., B. M. McBratney, and G. Krovitz. 2002. The evolution and development of cranial form in Homo sapiens. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99: 1134 - 1139." title="The evolution and development of cranial form in Homo sapiens" type="journal article" year="2002">Lieberman et al., 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) showed no significant effect on the observed variation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD026FFD7FA31F8FBBDABD17C" author="Smith, J. B. & D. R. Vann & P. Dodson" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Smith" journalOrPublisher="The Anatomical Record Part A" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" pagination="699 - 736" part="285" refId="ref22863" refString="Smith, J. B., D. R. Vann, and P. Dodson. 2005. Dental morphology and variation in theropod dinosaurs: implications for the taxonomic identification of isolated teeth. The Anatomical Record Part A 285: 699 - 736." title="Dental morphology and variation in theropod dinosaurs: implications for the taxonomic identification of isolated teeth" type="journal article" year="2005">Smith et al., 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and sexing and aging of tyrannosaurs is problematic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD026FFD7FCF6F880BDE2D142" author="Larson, P. L." box="[853,993,1880,1901]" editor="G. E. Nelson" firstAuthor="Larson" journalOrPublisher="Wyoming Geological Association, Casper" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" pagination="147 - 157" refId="ref20806" refString="Larson, P. L. 1994. Tyrannosaurus sex; pp. 147 - 157 in G. E. Nelson (ed.), The Dinosaurs of Wyoming. Wyoming Geological Association, Casper." title="Tyrannosaurus sex" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="The Dinosaurs of Wyoming" year="1994">Larson, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD026FFD7FC4EF880BACCD142" author="Chapman, R. E. & D. B. Weishampel & G. Hunt & D. Rasskin-Gutman" box="[1005,1231,1880,1901]" editor="D. L. Wolberg & E. Stump & G. D. Rosenberg" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Chapman" journalOrPublisher="Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" pagination="83 - 93" refId="ref18287" refString="Chapman, R. E., D. B. Weishampel, G. Hunt, and D. Rasskin-Gutman. 1997. Sexual dimorphism in dinosaurs; pp. 83 - 93 in D. L. Wolberg, E. Stump, and G. D. Rosenberg (eds.), Dinofest International. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia." title="Sexual dimorphism in dinosaurs" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Dinofest International" year="1997">Chapman et al., 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD026FFD7FB78F880BB64D142" author="Galton, P. M." box="[1243,1383,1880,1901]" firstAuthor="Galton" journalOrPublisher="Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie Abhandlungen" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" pagination="19 - 55" part="213" refId="ref19698" refString="Galton, P. M. 1999. Sex, sacra and Sellosaurus gracilis (Saurischia, Sauropodomorpha, Upper Triassic, Germany) - or why the character ' ' two sacral vertebrae' is plesiomorphic for Dinosauria. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie Abhandlungen 213: 19 - 55." title="Sex, sacra and Sellosaurus gracilis (Saurischia, Sauropodomorpha, Upper Triassic, Germany) - or why the character ' ' two sacral vertebrae' is plesiomorphic for Dinosauria" type="journal article" year="1999">Galton, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), tooth position is the main factor that might account for a significant proportion of the observed variation. ANOVA was employed to test this hypothesis using variability profiles sensu
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD026FFD7FA98F870BBEED192" author="Yablokov, A. V." bookContentInfo="350 pp." box="[1339,1517,1960,1981]" firstAuthor="Yablokov" journalOrPublisher="Amerind, New Delhi, India" pageId="2" pageNumber="866" refId="ref23491" refString="Yablokov, A. V. 1974. Variability of Mammals. Amerind, New Delhi, India, 350 pp." title="Variability of Mammals" type="book" year="1974">Yablokov (1974)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
but modified after
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD027FFD6FEC6FB4ABFF3D288" author="Smith, J. B." bookContentInfo="617 pp." box="[357,496,1170,1191]" firstAuthor="Smith" journalOrPublisher="University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" refId="ref22778" refString="Smith, J. B. 2002. An examination of dental morphology and variation in theropod dinosaurs: implications for the identification of isolated teeth. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 617 pp." title="An examination of dental morphology and variation in theropod dinosaurs: implications for the identification of isolated teeth" type="book" year="2002">Smith (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to show positional variation within tooth rows (sensu
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD027FFD6FE09FB75BC65D2ED" author="Williamson, T. E." box="[426,614,1197,1218]" firstAuthor="Williamson" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" pagination="421 - 431" part="16" refId="ref23364" refString="Williamson, T. E. 1996.? Brachychampsa sealeyi, sp. nov., (Crocodylia, Alligatoroidea) from the Upper Cretaceous (lower Campanian) Menefee Formation, northwestern New Mexico. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 16: 421 - 431." title="Brachychampsa sealeyi, sp. nov., (Crocodylia, Alligatoroidea) from the Upper Cretaceous (lower Campanian) Menefee Formation, northwestern New Mexico" type="journal article" year="1996">Williamson, 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). As the variables were compared with tooth position rather than with coefficients of variation (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD027FFD6FEE9FB3ABFF7D2D8" author="Yablokov, A. V." bookContentInfo="350 pp." box="[330,500,1250,1271]" firstAuthor="Yablokov" journalOrPublisher="Amerind, New Delhi, India" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" refId="ref23491" refString="Yablokov, A. V. 1974. Variability of Mammals. Amerind, New Delhi, India, 350 pp." title="Variability of Mammals" type="book" year="1974">Yablokov, 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), raw data were analyzed instead of following
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD027FFD6FEF3FB24BC7BD33E" author="Sokal, R. R. & C. A. Braumann" box="[336,632,1276,1297]" firstAuthor="Sokal" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Zoology" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" pagination="50 - 66" part="29" refId="ref22911" refString="Sokal, R. R., and C. A. Braumann. 1980. Significance tests for coefficients of variation and variability profiles. Systematic Zoology 29: 50 - 66." title="Significance tests for coefficients of variation and variability profiles" type="journal article" year="1980">Sokal and Braumann (1980)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The results were examined using post-hoc tests that compared the means of the dependent variables with respect to tooth position: Fisher’s PLSD (see Sokal and Rolf, 1995) and Tukey-Kramer (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD027FFD6FD76FA94BEC6D353" author="Kramer, C. Y." firstAuthor="Kramer" journalOrPublisher="Biometrics" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" pagination="307 - 310" part="12" refId="ref20657" refString="Kramer, C. Y. 1956. Extension of multiple range tests to group means with unequal numbers of replications. Biometrics 12: 307 - 310." title="Extension of multiple range tests to group means with unequal numbers of replications" type="journal article" year="1956">Kramer, 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Raw data were used for AL, CA, CBL, CBR, CBW, CH, CHR, MAVG, and DAVG. CA and DAVG were also compared after removing size as a confounding variable (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD027FFD6FD1BFA44BF27D3E3" author="Marko, P. B. & J. B. C. Jackson" firstAuthor="Marko" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Paleontology" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" pagination="590 - 606" part="75" refId="ref21039" refString="Marko, P. B., and J. B. C. Jackson. 2001. Patterns of morphological diversity among and within arcid bivalve species pairs separated by the Isthmus of Panama. Journal of Paleontology 75: 590 - 606." title="Patterns of morphological diversity among and within arcid bivalve species pairs separated by the Isthmus of Panama" type="journal article" year="2001">Marko and Jackson, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD027FFD6FE96FA6FBFF5D3E3" author="Smith, J. B. & D. R. Vann & P. Dodson" box="[309,502,1463,1484]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Smith" journalOrPublisher="The Anatomical Record Part A" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" pagination="699 - 736" part="285" refId="ref22863" refString="Smith, J. B., D. R. Vann, and P. Dodson. 2005. Dental morphology and variation in theropod dinosaurs: implications for the taxonomic identification of isolated teeth. The Anatomical Record Part A 285: 699 - 736." title="Dental morphology and variation in theropod dinosaurs: implications for the taxonomic identification of isolated teeth" type="journal article" year="2005">Smith et al. (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
log-transformed the data and ran a principal-components analysis. The data for DAVG were then regressed on PC1, which explained 84.4% of the observed variation; the residuals from these regressions constitute the sizecorrected variables CA2 and DAVG2.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="FC856616D027FFD6FF33FC8EBF46D26F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3942996" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3942996" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3942996/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" startId="3.[144,233,854,873]" targetBox="[158,1503,176,836]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED027FFD6FF33FC8EBF46D26F" blockId="3.[144,1517,854,1088]" pageId="3" pageNumber="867">
|
||
FIGURE 1.
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD027FFD6FEB5FC8EBF2BD546" bold="true" box="[278,296,854,873]" pageId="3" pageNumber="867">A</emphasis>
|
||
, idealized human dental arcade, in palatal view, showing mesial, distal, labial, and lingual directions (modified from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD027FFD6FA2FFC8EBF11D5AE" author="Smith, J. B. & P. Dodson" firstAuthor="Smith" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" pagination="1 - 14" part="23" refId="ref22823" refString="Smith, J. B., and P. Dodson. 2003. A proposal for a standard terminology of anatomical notation and orientation in fossil vertebrate dentitions. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 1 - 14." title="A proposal for a standard terminology of anatomical notation and orientation in fossil vertebrate dentitions" type="journal article" year="2003">Smith and Dodson, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD027FFD6FE83FCB6BF4DD5AE" bold="true" box="[288,334,878,897]" pageId="3" pageNumber="867">LM1</emphasis>
|
||
, left upper first molar.
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD027FFD6FD81FCB6BC32D5AE" bold="true" box="[546,561,878,897]" pageId="3" pageNumber="867">B</emphasis>
|
||
, photo traces of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D027FFD6FD68FCB6BD40D5AE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374430" box="[715,835,878,897]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47761" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">AMNH 5027</materialsCitation>
|
||
Lmx7–8 (bones are schematic), showing mesiodistal orientations of crown long axes (points
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD027FFD6FE94FC5EBF67D5B6" box="[311,356,902,921]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="867">A–D</emphasis>
|
||
were defined by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD027FFD6FDA9FC5EBCB1D5B6" author="Smith, J. B. & D. R. Vann & P. Dodson" box="[522,690,902,921]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Smith" journalOrPublisher="The Anatomical Record Part A" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" pagination="699 - 736" part="285" refId="ref22863" refString="Smith, J. B., D. R. Vann, and P. Dodson. 2005. Dental morphology and variation in theropod dinosaurs: implications for the taxonomic identification of isolated teeth. The Anatomical Record Part A 285: 699 - 736." title="Dental morphology and variation in theropod dinosaurs: implications for the taxonomic identification of isolated teeth" type="journal article" year="2005">Smith et al., 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD027FFD6FD61FC5EBCD2D5B6" bold="true" box="[706,721,902,921]" pageId="3" pageNumber="867">C</emphasis>
|
||
, photo trace of the premaxilla of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D027FFD6FBB7FC5EBA8CD5B6" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374313" box="[1044,1167,902,921]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47761" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">AMNH 5027</materialsCitation>
|
||
(teeth are schematic) in palatal view showing labiolingual orientations of the crown long axes.
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD027FFD6FD02FC46BCB0D59E" bold="true" box="[673,691,926,945]" pageId="3" pageNumber="867">D</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD027FFD6FD1DFC46BDC0D59E" authority="Sues, 1978" authorityName="Sues" authorityYear="1978" box="[702,963,926,945]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Saurornitholestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD027FFD6FD1DFC46BD58D59E" box="[702,859,926,945]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="867">Saurornitholestes</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD027FFD6FCC2FC46BDC0D59E" author="Sues, H. - D." box="[865,963,926,945]" firstAuthor="Sues" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" pagination="381 - 400" part="62" refId="ref23178" refString="Sues, H. - D. 1978. A new small theropod dinosaur from the Judith River Formation (Campanian) of Alberta, Canada. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 62: 381 - 400." title="A new small theropod dinosaur from the Judith River Formation (Campanian) of Alberta, Canada" type="journal article" year="1978">Sues, 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, crown in lateral view showing crown height (CH, measured from the apex to the base of the enamel (̴between points
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD027FFD6FD1FFC6EBCCDD5E6" box="[700,718,950,969]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="867">G</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD027FFD6FD5DFC6EBD0ED5E6" box="[766,781,950,969]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="867">B</emphasis>
|
||
)); crown base length (CBL, measured along the mesiodistal axis of the crown at the base of the enamel, ̴between points
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD027FFD6FD80FC16BC37D5CE" box="[547,564,974,993]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="867">A</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD027FFD6FDC1FC16BC72D5CE" box="[610,625,974,993]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="867">B</emphasis>
|
||
); apical length (AL, measured between points
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD027FFD6FB85FC16BA34D5CE" box="[1062,1079,974,993]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="867">A</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD027FFD6FBC6FC16BA74D5CE" box="[1125,1143,974,993]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="867">G</emphasis>
|
||
); crown angle (CA, angle
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD027FFD6FACEFC16BB9CD5CE" box="[1389,1439,974,993]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="867">GAB</emphasis>
|
||
); mesial apical (MA), mesial mid-crown (MC), and mesial basal (MB) denticle densities (measured along the length of the mesial carina); distal apical (DA), distal mid-crown (DC), and distal basal (DB) denticle densities (measured along the length of the distal carina).
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD027FFD6FB1DFC25BACED23F" bold="true" box="[1214,1229,1021,1040]" pageId="3" pageNumber="867">E</emphasis>
|
||
, the crown in D in basal view showing CBL and crown base width (CBW, measured perpendicular to CBL). Crown in D redrawn from Currie et al., (1990). Figure concept after
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD027FFD6FF33FBF5BF42D26F" author="Smith, J. B. & D. R. Vann & P. Dodson" box="[144,321,1069,1088]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Smith" journalOrPublisher="The Anatomical Record Part A" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" pagination="699 - 736" part="285" refId="ref22863" refString="Smith, J. B., D. R. Vann, and P. Dodson. 2005. Dental morphology and variation in theropod dinosaurs: implications for the taxonomic identification of isolated teeth. The Anatomical Record Part A 285: 699 - 736." title="Dental morphology and variation in theropod dinosaurs: implications for the taxonomic identification of isolated teeth" type="journal article" year="2005">Smith et al. (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED027FFD6FF1DF980BD02D042" blockId="3.[190,769,1624,1645]" box="[190,769,1624,1645]" pageId="3" pageNumber="867">
|
||
<heading id="F30D81F2D027FFD6FF1DF980BD02D042" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[190,769,1624,1645]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" reason="5">MORPHOLOGY AND POSITIONAL VARIATION</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED027FFD6FF0BF95BBC96D1A8" blockId="3.[144,815,1667,1981]" pageId="3" pageNumber="867">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD027FFD6FF0BF95BBF4CD0B7" author="Osborn, H. F." box="[168,335,1667,1688]" firstAuthor="Osborn's" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" pagination="3 - 30" part="1" refId="ref21865" refString="Osborn, H. F. 1912. Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus. Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 1: 3 - 30." title="Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus" type="journal article" year="1912">Osborn’s (1912)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
study remains the best prior treatment of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD027FFD6FCA9F95BBF13D09D" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD027FFD6FCA9F95BBF13D09D" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="867">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
dentition, although other works have briefly discussed the teeth (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD027FFD6FEDEF960BC08D0E2" author="Brochu, C. A." box="[381,523,1720,1741]" firstAuthor="Brochu" journalOrPublisher="Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" pagination="1 - 138" part="7" refId="ref17657" refString="Brochu, C. A. 2002. Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 7: 1 - 138." title="Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull" type="journal article" year="2002">Brochu, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD027FFD6FDB4F960BD27D0E2" author="Hurum, J. H. & K. Sabath" box="[535,804,1720,1741]" firstAuthor="Hurum" journalOrPublisher="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" pagination="161 - 190" part="48" refId="ref20402" refString="Hurum, J. H., and K. Sabath. 2003. Giant theropod dinosaurs from Asia and North America: Skulls of Tarbosaurus bataar and Tyrannosaurus rex compared. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 48: 161 - 190." title="Giant theropod dinosaurs from Asia and North America: Skulls of Tarbosaurus bataar and Tyrannosaurus rex compared" type="journal article" year="2003">Hurum and Sabath, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD027FFD6FF33F90BBF29D0C7" author="Osborn, H. F." box="[144,298,1747,1768]" firstAuthor="Osborn" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" pagination="3 - 30" part="1" refId="ref21865" refString="Osborn, H. F. 1912. Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus. Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 1: 3 - 30." title="Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus" type="journal article" year="1912">Osborn (1912)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
focused on
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D027FFD6FE13F90BBC10D0C7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374411" box="[432,531,1747,1768]" collectionCode="CM" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=52853" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" specimenCode="CM 9380">CM 9380</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D027FFD6FD83F90BBCAFD0C7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374304" box="[544,684,1747,1768]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47761" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">AMNH 5027</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D027FFD6FD1AF90BBCE8D0C7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374317" box="[697,747,1747,1768]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47861 " pageId="3" pageNumber="867" specimenCode="AMNH 5117">5117</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D027FFD6FD5BF90BBD29D0C7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374386" box="[760,810,1747,1768]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=48673 " pageId="3" pageNumber="867" specimenCode="AMNH 5866">5866</materialsCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D027FFD6FF1FF935BF1FD12D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374389" box="[188,284,1773,1794]" collectionCode="CM" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47763 " pageId="3" pageNumber="867" specimenCode="CM 9379">CM 9379</materialsCitation>
|
||
. He reported a dental formula of 4 premaxillary, 12 maxillary, and 13–14 dentary teeth, for 58–60 total positions.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD027FFD6FF33F8FBBF27D117" author="Molnar, R. E." box="[144,292,1827,1848]" firstAuthor="Molnar" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontographica Abteilung A" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" pagination="137 - 176" part="217" refId="ref21416" refString="Molnar, R. E. 1991. The cranial morphology of Tyrannosaurus rex. Palaeontographica Abteilung A 217: 137 - 176." title="The cranial morphology of Tyrannosaurus rex" type="journal article" year="1991">Molnar (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found 4/11–12/? from these specimens and
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D027FFD6FD41F8FBBECFD17D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374395" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1028446&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="3" pageNumber="867" specimenCode="LACM 23844">LACM 23844</materialsCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D027FFD6FEA7F8E5BF91D17D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374370" box="[260,402,1853,1874]" collectionCode="SDSM" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" specimenCode="SDSM 12047">SDSM 12047</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD027FFD6FE3DF8E5BC6FD17D" author="Currie, P. J. & J. H. Hurum & K. Sabath" box="[414,620,1853,1874]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" pagination="227 - 234" part="48" refId="ref19228" refString="Currie, P. J., J. H. Hurum, and K. Sabath. 2003. Skull structure and evolution in tyrannosaurid dinosaurs. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 48: 227 - 234." title="Skull structure and evolution in tyrannosaurid dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2003">Currie et al. (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported 4/11–12/ 12–14, but from which specimens these data came is not clear.
|
||
<tableCitation id="E5780325D027FFD6FF33F8AABEE3D1A8" box="[144,224,1906,1927]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="4.[846,923,1067,1086]" captionTargetBox="[846,1517,1141,1963]" captionTargetId="graphics@4.[846,1517,1131,1976]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="TABLE 2. Premaxillary, maxillary, and dentary tooth counts of Tyrannosaurus rex." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/FC856616D020FFD1FCEDFBF3BDCAD27A" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" tableUuid="FC856616D020FFD1FCEDFBF3BDCAD27A">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
provides an updated list of tooth counts.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="E0E06515D027FFD6FF0BF855BAD9D034" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED027FFD6FF0BF855BAD9D034" blockId="3.[144,815,1667,1981]" lastBlockId="3.[846,1517,1170,1563]" pageId="3" pageNumber="867">
|
||
Theropods are not usually considered to be heterodont taxa, but this view is too simple (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD027FFD6FE75F870BC58D192" author="Currie, P. J." box="[470,603,1960,1981]" firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" pagination="72 - 81" part="7" refId="ref18729" refString="Currie, P. J. 1987. Bird-like characteristics of the jaws and teeth of troodontid theropods (Dinosauria, Saurischia). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 7: 72 - 81." title="Bird-like characteristics of the jaws and teeth of troodontid theropods (Dinosauria, Saurischia)" type="journal article" year="1987">Currie, 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD027FFD6FDCFF870BD2DD192" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[620,814,1960,1981]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD027FFD6FDCFF870BD2DD192" box="[620,814,1960,1981]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="867">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in particular exhibits as much heterodonty (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD027FFD6FA9BFB4ABBC8D288" author="Stromer, E." box="[1336,1483,1170,1191]" firstAuthor="Stromer" journalOrPublisher="Centralblatt fur Mineralogie, Geologie, und Palaontologie, Arbeit B" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" pagination="74 - 85" part="2" refId="ref23143" refString="Stromer, E. 1934. Die zahne des Compsognathus und bemerkungen uber das gebiss der Theropoda. Centralblatt fur Mineralogie, Geologie, und Palaontologie, Arbeit B 2: 74 - 85." title="Die zahne des Compsognathus und bemerkungen uber das gebiss der Theropoda" type="journal article" year="1934">Stromer, 1934</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) as do taxa acknowledged as having distinctive dentitions, such as
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD027FFD6FCEDFB1FBDAFD2F3" box="[846,940,1223,1244]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="867">Eoraptor</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD027FFD6FC17FB1FBA74D2F3" author="Sereno, P. C. & F. E. Novas" box="[948,1143,1223,1244]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Sereno" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" pagination="451 - 476" part="13" refId="ref22469" refString="Sereno, P. C., and F. E. Novas. 1993. The skull and neck of the basal theropod Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 13: 451 - 476." title="The skull and neck of the basal theropod Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis" type="journal article" year="1993">Sereno et al., 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD027FFD6FB21FB1FBADDD2F3" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1856" box="[1154,1246,1223,1244]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" genus="Troodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD027FFD6FB21FB1FBADDD2F3" box="[1154,1246,1223,1244]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="867">Troodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD027FFD6FABAFB1FBBB0D2F3" authorityName="Sampson" authorityYear="2001" box="[1305,1459,1223,1244]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Masiakasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD027FFD6FABAFB1FBBB0D2F3" box="[1305,1459,1223,1244]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="867">Masiakasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Preliminarily,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD027FFD6FC1CFB3ABDFED2D8" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[959,1021,1250,1271]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD027FFD6FC1CFB3ABDFED2D8" box="[959,1021,1250,1271]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="867">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears to be more heterodont than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD027FFD6FA2AFB3ABD92D33E" authorityName="Russell" authorityYear="1970" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD027FFD6FA2AFB3ABD92D33E" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="867">Daspletosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD027FFD6FC17FB24BA46D33E" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[948,1093,1276,1297]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD027FFD6FC17FB24BA46D33E" box="[948,1093,1276,1297]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="867">Albertosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; it possesses tooth morphologies that we can regard as classes at the element level (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD027FFD6FA93FACFBBA9D303" author="Peyer, B." bookContentInfo="347 pp." box="[1328,1450,1303,1324]" firstAuthor="Peyer" journalOrPublisher="University of Chicago Press, Chicago" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" refId="ref22082" refString="Peyer, B. 1968. Comparative Odontology (translated and edited by R. Zangerl). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 347 pp." title="Comparative Odontology (translated and edited by R. Zangerl)" type="book" year="1968">Peyer, 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD027FFD6FA16FACFBDC0D368" author="Zhao, Z. & K. M. Weiss & D. W. Stock" editor="M. F. Teaford & M. M. Smith & M. J. W. Ferguson" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Zhao" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" pagination="152 - 172" refId="ref23513" refString="Zhao, Z., K. M. Weiss, and D. W. Stock. 2000. Development and evolution of dentition patterns and their genetic basis; pp. 152 - 172 in M. F. Teaford, M. M. Smith, and M. J. W. Ferguson (eds.), Development, Function, and Evolution of Teeth. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England." title="Development and evolution of dentition patterns and their genetic basis" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Development, Function, and Evolution of Teeth" year="2000">Zhao et al., 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and as sets sensu
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD027FFD6FB29FAEABB6BD368" author="Hungerbuhler, A." box="[1162,1384,1330,1351]" firstAuthor="Hungerbuhler" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" pagination="31 - 48" part="20" refId="ref20365" refString="Hungerbuhler, A. 2000. Heterodonty in the European phytosaur Nicrosaurus kapffi and its implications for the taxonomic utility and functional morphology of phytosaur dentitions. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20: 31 - 48." title="Heterodonty in the European phytosaur Nicrosaurus kapffi and its implications for the taxonomic utility and functional morphology of phytosaur dentitions" type="journal article" year="2000">Hungerbühler (2000)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
at the intraelement level. These sets differ in concept from the ontogenetic tooth families of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD027FFD6FC5DFABFBAA2D353" author="Edmund, A. G." box="[1022,1185,1383,1404]" editor="C. Gans & A. d. A. Belairs & T. S. Parsons" firstAuthor="Edmund" journalOrPublisher="Academic Press, London" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" pagination="117 - 200" refId="ref19387" refString="Edmund, A. G. 1969. Dentition; pp. 117 - 200 in C. Gans, A. d. A. Belairs, and T. S. Parsons (eds.), Biology of the Reptilia. Academic Press, London." title="Dentition" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Biology of the Reptilia" year="1969">Edmund (1969)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD027FFD6FB77FABFBB6DD353" author="Osborn, J. W." box="[1236,1390,1383,1404]" firstAuthor="Osborn" journalOrPublisher="American Scientist" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" pagination="548 - 559" part="61" refId="ref21982" refString="Osborn, J. W. 1973. The evolution of dentitions. American Scientist 61: 548 - 559." title="The evolution of dentitions" type="journal article" year="1973">Osborn (1973)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Broadly,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD027FFD6FA74FABFBD6DD3B9" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD027FFD6FA74FABFBBE4D353" box="[1495,1511,1383,1404]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="867">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD027FFD6FCEDFA59BD6DD3B9" box="[846,878,1409,1430]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="867">rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
follows the ‘typical’ theropod pattern (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD027FFD6FA92FA59BDB0D39E" author="Holtz, T. R., Jr. & H. Osmolska" editor="D. B. Weishampel & P. Dodson & H. Osmolska" firstAuthor="Holtz" journalOrPublisher="University of California Press, Berkeley" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" pagination="21 - 24" refId="ref20152" refString="Holtz, T. R., Jr., and H. Osmolska. 2004. Saurischia; pp. 21 - 24 in D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmolska (eds.), The Dinosauria, Second Edition. University of California Press, Berkeley." title="Saurischia" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="The Dinosauria, Second Edition" year="2004">Holtz and Osmólska, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) of ‘recurved’ crowns possessing longer base lengths than widths (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD027FFD6FC43FA6FBB22D3E3" author="Molnar, R. E. & K. Carpenter" box="[992,1313,1463,1484]" firstAuthor="Molnar" journalOrPublisher="Geobios" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" pagination="445 - 454" part="22" refId="ref21517" refString="Molnar, R. E., and K. Carpenter. 1989. The Jordan theropod (Maastrichtian, Montana, U. S. A.) referred to the genus Aublysodon. Geobios 22: 445 - 454." title="The Jordan theropod (Maastrichtian, Montana, U. S. A.) referred to the genus Aublysodon" type="journal article" year="1989">Molnar and Carpenter, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD027FFD6FA09FA6FBBEFD3E3" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1450,1516,1463,1484]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD027FFD6FA09FA6FBBEFD3E3" box="[1450,1516,1463,1484]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="867">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
teeth are less curved than those of many theropods (an obvious exception to this are the dentitions of certain spinosaurids; see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD027FFD6FCEDF9DEBA17D034" author="Sereno, P. C. & A. L. Beck & D. B. Dutheil & B. Gado & H. C. E. Larsson & G. H. Lyon & J. D. Marcot & O. W. M. Rauhut & R. W. Sadleir & C. A. Sidor & D. J. Varricchio & G. P. Wilson & J. A. Wilson" box="[846,1044,1542,1563]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Sereno" journalOrPublisher="Science" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" pagination="1298 - 1302" part="282" refId="ref22629" refString="Sereno, P. C., A. L. Beck, D. B. Dutheil, B. Gado, H. C. E. Larsson, G. H. Lyon, J. D. Marcot, O. W. M. Rauhut, R. W. Sadleir, C. A. Sidor, D. J. Varricchio, G. P. Wilson, and J. A. Wilson. 1998. A long-snouted predatory dinosaur from Africa and the evolution of spinosaurids. Science 282: 1298 - 1302." title="A long-snouted predatory dinosaur from Africa and the evolution of spinosaurids" type="journal article" year="1998">Sereno et al., 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD027FFD6FB83F9DEBACCD034" author="Sues, H. - D. & E. Frey & D. M. Martill & D. M. Scott" box="[1056,1231,1542,1563]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Sues" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" pagination="535 - 547" part="22" refId="ref23252" refString="Sues, H. - D., E. Frey, D. M. Martill, and D. M. Scott. 2002. Irritator challengeri, a spinosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22: 535 - 547." title="Irritator challengeri, a spinosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil" type="journal article" year="2002">Sues et al., 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="E0E06515D027FFDAFCEDF993BBB4D3D7" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="879" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED027FFD6FCEDF993BA7FD04E" blockId="3.[846,1148,1611,1633]" box="[846,1148,1611,1633]" pageId="3" pageNumber="867">
|
||
<heading id="F30D81F2D027FFD6FCEDF993BA7FD04E" bold="true" box="[846,1148,1611,1633]" fontSize="9" level="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" reason="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD027FFD6FCEDF993BA7FD04E" bold="true" box="[846,1148,1611,1633]" pageId="3" pageNumber="867">The Premaxillary Dentition</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED027FFD1FCC5F95BBED3D296" blockId="3.[846,1518,1667,1981]" lastBlockId="4.[144,815,1002,1981]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="868" pageId="3" pageNumber="867">
|
||
There are four teeth in all known premaxillae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD027FFD6FA2CF95BBBD3D0B7" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1423,1488,1667,1688]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD027FFD6FA2CF95BBBD3D0B7" box="[1423,1488,1667,1688]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="867">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a feature that is robust for the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD027FFD6FBD5F945BB24D09D" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1906" box="[1142,1319,1693,1714]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Tyrannosauridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD027FFD6FAFEF945BBEAD09D" author="Osborn, H. F." box="[1373,1513,1693,1714]" firstAuthor="Osborn" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" pagination="259 - 265" part="21" refId="ref21802" refString="Osborn, H. F. 1905. Tyrannosaurus and other Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 21: 259 - 265." title="Tyrannosaurus and other Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1905">Osborn, 1905</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD027FFD6FCEDF960BD83D0E2" author="Osborn, H. F." box="[846,896,1720,1741]" firstAuthor="Osborn" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" pagination="281 - 296" part="22" refId="ref21831" refString="Osborn, H. F. 1906. Tyrannosaurus, Upper Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaur. (Second communication). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 22: 281 - 296." title="Tyrannosaurus, Upper Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaur. (Second communication)" type="journal article" year="1906">1906</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD027FFD6FC2EF960BDBCD0E2" author="Osborn, H. F." box="[909,959,1720,1741]" firstAuthor="Osborn" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" pagination="3 - 30" part="1" refId="ref21865" refString="Osborn, H. F. 1912. Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus. Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 1: 3 - 30." title="Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus" type="journal article" year="1912">1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD027FFD6FC68F960BA75D0E2" author="Carpenter, K." box="[971,1142,1720,1741]" editor="K. Carpenter & P. J. Currie" firstAuthor="Carpenter" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" pagination="141 - 145" refId="ref17894" refString="Carpenter, K. 1990. Variation in Tyrannosaurus rex; pp. 141 - 145 in K. Carpenter and P. J. Currie (eds.), Dinosaur Systematics: Perspectives and Approaches. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England." title="Variation in Tyrannosaurus rex" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Dinosaur Systematics: Perspectives and Approaches" year="1990">Carpenter, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD027FFD6FB21F960BAB7D0E2" author="Carpenter, K." box="[1154,1204,1720,1741]" editor="N. Mateer & P. J. Chen" firstAuthor="Carpenter" journalOrPublisher="Aspects of Nonmarine Cretaceous Geology. China Ocean Press, Beijing" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" pagination="250 - 268" refId="ref17940" refString="Carpenter, K. 1992. Tyrannosaurids (Dinosauria) of Asia and North America; pp. 250 - 268 in N. Mateer and P. J. Chen (eds.), Aspects of Nonmarine Cretaceous Geology. China Ocean Press, Beijing." title="Tyrannosaurids (Dinosauria) of Asia and North America" type="book chapter" year="1992">1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD027FFD6FB62F960BB4CD0E2" author="Molnar, R. E." box="[1217,1359,1720,1741]" firstAuthor="Molnar" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontographica Abteilung A" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" pagination="137 - 176" part="217" refId="ref21416" refString="Molnar, R. E. 1991. The cranial morphology of Tyrannosaurus rex. Palaeontographica Abteilung A 217: 137 - 176." title="The cranial morphology of Tyrannosaurus rex" type="journal article" year="1991">Molnar, 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD027FFD6FAF8F960BBEAD0E2" author="Brochu, C. A." box="[1371,1513,1720,1741]" firstAuthor="Brochu" journalOrPublisher="Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" pagination="1 - 138" part="7" refId="ref17657" refString="Brochu, C. A. 2002. Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 7: 1 - 138." title="Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull" type="journal article" year="2002">Brochu, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD027FFD6FCEDF90BBDE0D0C7" author="Currie, P. J." box="[846,995,1747,1768]" firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" pagination="191 - 226" part="48" refId="ref18948" refString="Currie, P. J. 2003 a. Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 48: 191 - 226." title="Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada" type="journal article" year="2003" yearSuffix="a">Currie, 2003a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD027FFD6FC51F90BBB0FD0C7" author="Hurum, J. H. & K. Sabath" box="[1010,1292,1747,1768]" firstAuthor="Hurum" journalOrPublisher="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" pagination="161 - 190" part="48" refId="ref20402" refString="Hurum, J. H., and K. Sabath. 2003. Giant theropod dinosaurs from Asia and North America: Skulls of Tarbosaurus bataar and Tyrannosaurus rex compared. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 48: 161 - 190." title="Giant theropod dinosaurs from Asia and North America: Skulls of Tarbosaurus bataar and Tyrannosaurus rex compared" type="journal article" year="2003">Hurum and Sabath, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Premaxillary tooth count is constant for most theropods (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD027FFD6FAA4F935BBAFD12D" author="Lamanna, M. C." box="[1287,1452,1773,1794]" editor="D. L. Wolberg & K. Gittis & S. Miller & L. Carey & A. Raynor" firstAuthor="Lamanna" journalOrPublisher="The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" pagination="34" refId="ref20686" refString="Lamanna, M. C. 1998. Addressing uncertainty in theropod dinosaur systematics: an example using premaxillary tooth count; p. 34 in D. L. Wolberg, K. Gittis, S. Miller, L. Carey, and A. Raynor (eds.), The Dinofest ™ Symposium, Abstracts with Program 3. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania." title="Addressing uncertainty in theropod dinosaur systematics: an example using premaxillary tooth count" type="proceedings" volumeTitle="The Dinofest ™ Symposium, Abstracts with Program 3" year="1998">Lamanna, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Currie (pers. comm., 1998; see also
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD027FFD6FB3DF8D0BB36D132" author="Ji, Q. & S. - A. Ji" box="[1182,1333,1800,1821]" firstAuthor="Ji" journalOrPublisher="Chinese Geology" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" pagination="30 - 32" part="242" refId="ref20585" refString="Ji, Q., and S. - A. Ji. 1997. Advance in the study of the avian Sinosauropteryx prima. Chinese Geology 242: 30 - 32." title="Advance in the study of the avian Sinosauropteryx prima" type="journal article" year="1997">Ji and Ji, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) noted a discrepancy in tooth count in a specimen of
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD027FFD6FB7EF8FBBB86D117" box="[1245,1413,1827,1848]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="867">Sinosauropteryx</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD027FFD6FA2EF8FBBD7DD17D" author="Ji, Q. & S. - A. Ji" firstAuthor="Ji" journalOrPublisher="Chinese Geology" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" pagination="30 - 33" part="233" refId="ref20547" refString="Ji, Q., and S. - A. Ji. 1996. On discovery of the earliest bird fossil in China and the origin of birds. Chinese Geology 233: 30 - 33." title="On discovery of the earliest bird fossil in China and the origin of birds" type="journal article" year="1996">Ji and Ji, 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(NIGP 127586), but the lack of variation in other theropods suggests that this might be a specimen-specific or taxon-specific anomaly (assuming the individuals all represent one species).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD027FFD6FCEDF855BA51D18D" author="Currie, P. J. & P. - J. Chen" box="[846,1106,1933,1954]" firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" pagination="1705 - 1727" part="38" refId="ref19117" refString="Currie, P. J., and P. - J. Chen. 2001. Anatomy of Sinosauropteryx prima from Liaoning, northeastern China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 38: 1705 - 1727." title="Anatomy of Sinosauropteryx prima from Liaoning, northeastern China" type="journal article" year="2001">Currie and Chen (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported that preparation issues confound tooth counts in
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD027FFD6FB98F870BAE0D192" box="[1083,1251,1960,1981]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="867">Sinosauropteryx</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD027FFD6FB53F870BB56D192" authorityName="Charig and Milner" authorityYear="1986" box="[1264,1365,1960,1981]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Baryonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="867" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD027FFD6FB53F870BB56D192" box="[1264,1365,1960,1981]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="867">Baryonyx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
might possess six left and seven right premaxillary teeth in BMNH R9951 (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD020FFD1FF33FBDCBF9BD236" author="Charig, A. J. & A. C. Milner" box="[144,408,1028,1049]" firstAuthor="Charig" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Natural History Museum of London" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" pagination="11 - 70" part="53" refId="ref18384" refString="Charig, A. J., and A. C. Milner. 1997. Baryonyx walkeri, a fish-eating dinosaur from the Wealden of Surrey. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum of London 53: 11 - 70." title="Baryonyx walkeri, a fish-eating dinosaur from the Wealden of Surrey" type="journal article" year="1997">Charig and Milner, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, Rpm6 and 7 appear to be crowded into one alveolus, suggesting that BMNH R9951 could also be anomalous. Such anomalies are common in mammals (P. Dodson, pers. comm., 2004) and should not affect the stability of theropod counts. It is also possible that tooth-count variation increases with decreasing crown size (J. D. Harris, pers. comm., 2004).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="FC856616D020FFD1FF33FF69BA55D6DD" ID-Table-UUID="FC856616D020FFD1FF33FF69BA55D6DD" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/FC856616D020FFD1FF33FF69BA55D6DD" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" startId="4.[144,221,177,196]" targetBox="[144,1517,273,937]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED020FFD1FF33FF69BA55D6DD" blockId="4.[144,1518,177,242]" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
TABLE 1.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD020FFD1FEABFF69BFB7D6EB" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[264,436,177,196]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD020FFD1FEABFF69BFB7D6EB" box="[264,436,177,196]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
class-level comparisons for the nine principal variables used in this study. “
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD020FFD1FBD1FF69BA7DD6EB" box="[1138,1150,177,196]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">p</emphasis>
|
||
(Premaxilla)” =
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD020FFD1FA87FF69BB33D6EB" box="[1316,1328,177,196]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">p</emphasis>
|
||
values of ANOVAs for maxilla and dentary values against the premaxillary values; “
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD020FFD1FD4DFF10BCF9D6F4" box="[750,762,200,219]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">p</emphasis>
|
||
(Max-Dent)” =
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD020FFD1FC3CFF10BDA8D6F4" box="[927,939,200,219]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">p</emphasis>
|
||
values of ANOVAs between the maxilla and dentary values. “
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD020FFD1FF39FF07BEA5D6DD" box="[154,166,223,242]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">S</emphasis>
|
||
(P)” and “
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD020FFD1FEAAFF07BF16D6DD" box="[265,277,223,242]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">S</emphasis>
|
||
(M)” = indications of significance (*) or nonsignificance (- -) at 95% for the ANOVAs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED020FFD1FC75FEC9BBEFD586" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<table id="DAFAC43ED020002AFF33FEC9BBEED586" box="[144,1517,273,937]" gridcols="11" gridrows="29" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFF33FEC9BBEED70B" box="[144,1517,273,292]" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFC01FEC9BA15D70B" box="[930,1046,273,292]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">p</th>
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFBF7FEC9BAC7D70B" box="[1108,1220,273,292]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD020FFD1FB25FEC9BA91D70B" box="[1158,1170,273,292]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">p</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFF33FEF0BBEED714" box="[144,1517,296,315]" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFF33FEF0BEF0D714" box="[144,243,296,315]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Bone</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFE92FEF0BF82D714" box="[305,385,296,315]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Variable</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFE1CFEF0BFF7D714" box="[447,500,296,315]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Mean</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFD91FEF0BC61D714" box="[562,610,296,315]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Min.</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFD03FEF0BCD8D714" box="[672,731,296,315]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Max.</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFCBBFEF0BD66D714" box="[792,869,296,315]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">St. Dev.</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFC01FEF0BA15D714" box="[930,1046,296,315]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">(Premaxilla)</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFBF7FEF0BAC7D714" box="[1108,1220,296,315]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">(Max-Dent)</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFAA1FEF0BB28D714" box="[1282,1323,296,315]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD020FFD1FAA1FEF0BB0DD714" box="[1282,1294,296,315]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">S</emphasis>
|
||
(P)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFACAFEF0BB99D714" box="[1385,1434,296,315]" gridcol="9" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD020FFD1FACAFEF0BB76D714" box="[1385,1397,296,315]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">S</emphasis>
|
||
(M)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA74FEF0BBEED714" box="[1495,1517,296,315]" gridcol="10" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD020FFD1FA7FFEF0BBEBD714" box="[1500,1512,296,315]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">n</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFF33FE92BBEED772" box="[144,1517,330,349]" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFF33FE92BEF0D772" box="[144,243,330,349]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Premaxilla</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFE92FE92BF82D772" box="[305,385,330,349]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">CBL</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFE1CFE92BFF7D772" box="[447,500,330,349]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">31.41</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFD91FE92BC61D772" box="[562,610,330,349]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">27.38</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFD03FE92BCD8D772" box="[672,731,330,349]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">36.06</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFCBBFE92BD66D772" box="[792,869,330,349]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">2.666</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA74FE92BBEED772" box="[1495,1517,330,349]" gridcol="10" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">9</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFF33FEB9BBEED75B" box="[144,1517,353,372]" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFF33FEB9BEF0D75B" box="[144,243,353,372]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Premaxilla</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFE92FEB9BF82D75B" box="[305,385,353,372]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">CBW</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFE1CFEB9BFF7D75B" box="[447,500,353,372]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">19.01</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFD91FEB9BC61D75B" box="[562,610,353,372]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">14.27</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFD03FEB9BCD8D75B" box="[672,731,353,372]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">24.00</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFCBBFEB9BD66D75B" box="[792,869,353,372]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">2.992</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA74FEB9BBEED75B" box="[1495,1517,353,372]" gridcol="10" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">9</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFF33FEA0BBEED7A4" box="[144,1517,376,395]" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFF33FEA0BEF0D7A4" box="[144,243,376,395]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Premaxilla</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFE92FEA0BF82D7A4" box="[305,385,376,395]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">CH</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFE1CFEA0BFF7D7A4" box="[447,500,376,395]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">50.63</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFD91FEA0BC61D7A4" box="[562,610,376,395]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">42.55</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFD03FEA0BCD8D7A4" box="[672,731,376,395]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">63.65</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFCBBFEA0BD66D7A4" box="[792,869,376,395]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">7.393</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA74FEA0BBEED7A4" box="[1495,1517,376,395]" gridcol="10" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">9</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFF33FE56BBEED78E" box="[144,1517,398,417]" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFF33FE56BEF0D78E" box="[144,243,398,417]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Premaxilla</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFE92FE56BF82D78E" box="[305,385,398,417]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">AL</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFE1CFE56BFF7D78E" box="[447,500,398,417]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">57.25</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFD91FE56BC61D78E" box="[562,610,398,417]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">50.21</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFD03FE56BCD8D78E" box="[672,731,398,417]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">71.97</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFCBBFE56BD66D78E" box="[792,869,398,417]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">6.640</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA74FE56BBEED78E" box="[1495,1517,398,417]" gridcol="10" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">9</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFF33FE7DBBEED797" box="[144,1517,421,440]" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFF33FE7DBEF0D797" box="[144,243,421,440]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Premaxilla</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFE92FE7DBF82D797" box="[305,385,421,440]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">CBR</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFE1CFE7DBFF7D797" box="[447,500,421,440]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">.60</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFD91FE7DBC61D797" box="[562,610,421,440]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">.52</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFD03FE7DBCD8D797" box="[672,731,421,440]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">.67</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFCBBFE7DBD66D797" box="[792,869,421,440]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">0.052</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA74FE7DBBEED797" box="[1495,1517,421,440]" gridcol="10" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">9</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFF33FE63BBEED7E1" box="[144,1517,443,462]" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFF33FE63BEF0D7E1" box="[144,243,443,462]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Premaxilla</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFE92FE63BF82D7E1" box="[305,385,443,462]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">CHR</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFE1CFE63BFF7D7E1" box="[447,500,443,462]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">1.61</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFD91FE63BC61D7E1" box="[562,610,443,462]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">1.42</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFD03FE63BCD8D7E1" box="[672,731,443,462]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">1.77</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFCBBFE63BD66D7E1" box="[792,869,443,462]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">1.607</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA74FE63BBEED7E1" box="[1495,1517,443,462]" gridcol="10" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">9</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFF33FE0ABBEED7CA" box="[144,1517,466,485]" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFF33FE0ABEF0D7CA" box="[144,243,466,485]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Premaxilla</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFE92FE0ABF82D7CA" box="[305,385,466,485]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">CA</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFE1CFE0ABFF7D7CA" box="[447,500,466,485]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">85.44</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFD91FE0ABC61D7CA" box="[562,610,466,485]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">84.59</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFD03FE0ABCD8D7CA" box="[672,731,466,485]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">86.38</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFCBBFE0ABD66D7CA" box="[792,869,466,485]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">0.715</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA74FE0ABBEED7CA" box="[1495,1517,466,485]" gridcol="10" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">9</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFF33FE31BBEED7D3" box="[144,1517,489,508]" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFF33FE31BEF0D7D3" box="[144,243,489,508]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Premaxilla</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFE92FE31BF82D7D3" box="[305,385,489,508]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">MAVG</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFE1CFE31BFF7D7D3" box="[447,500,489,508]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">9.9</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFD91FE31BC61D7D3" box="[562,610,489,508]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">9.1</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFD03FE31BCD8D7D3" box="[672,731,489,508]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">10.8</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFCBBFE31BD66D7D3" box="[792,869,489,508]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">0.568</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA74FE31BBEED7D3" box="[1495,1517,489,508]" gridcol="10" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">9</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFF33FE27BBEED43D" box="[144,1517,511,530]" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFF33FE27BEF0D43D" box="[144,243,511,530]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Premaxilla</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFE92FE27BF82D43D" box="[305,385,511,530]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">DAVG</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFE1CFE27BFF7D43D" box="[447,500,511,530]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">9.9</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFD91FE27BC61D43D" box="[562,610,511,530]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">8.4</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFD03FE27BCD8D43D" box="[672,731,511,530]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">11.0</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFCBBFE27BD66D43D" box="[792,869,511,530]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">0.831</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA74FE27BBEED43D" box="[1495,1517,511,530]" gridcol="10" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">9</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFF33FDCEBBEED406" box="[144,1517,534,553]" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFF33FDCEBEF0D406" box="[144,243,534,553]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Maxilla</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFE92FDCEBF82D406" box="[305,385,534,553]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">CBL</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFE1CFDCEBFF7D406" box="[447,500,534,553]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">40.37</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFD91FDCEBC61D406" box="[562,610,534,553]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">18.96</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFD03FDCEBCD8D406" box="[672,731,534,553]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">54.88</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFCBBFDCEBD66D406" box="[792,869,534,553]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">8.807</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFC01FDCEBA15D406" box="[930,1046,534,553]" gridcol="6" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">.0059</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFAA1FDCEBB28D406" box="[1282,1323,534,553]" gridcol="8" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">*</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA74FDCEBBEED406" box="[1495,1517,534,553]" gridcol="10" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">59</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFF33FDF5BBEED46F" box="[144,1517,557,576]" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFF33FDF5BEF0D46F" box="[144,243,557,576]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Maxilla</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFE92FDF5BF82D46F" box="[305,385,557,576]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">CBW</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFE1CFDF5BFF7D46F" box="[447,500,557,576]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">27.90</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFD91FDF5BC61D46F" box="[562,610,557,576]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">12.83</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFD03FDF5BCD8D46F" box="[672,731,557,576]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">41.59</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFCBBFDF5BD66D46F" box="[792,869,557,576]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">6.885</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFC01FDF5BA15D46F" box="[930,1046,557,576]" gridcol="6" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">.0004</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFAA1FDF5BB28D46F" box="[1282,1323,557,576]" gridcol="8" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">*</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA74FDF5BBEED46F" box="[1495,1517,557,576]" gridcol="10" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">57</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFF33FD9BBBEED479" box="[144,1517,579,598]" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFF33FD9BBEF0D479" box="[144,243,579,598]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Maxilla</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFE92FD9BBF82D479" box="[305,385,579,598]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">CH</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFE1CFD9BBFF7D479" box="[447,500,579,598]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">78.62</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFD91FD9BBC61D479" box="[562,610,579,598]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">27.02</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFD03FD9BBCD8D479" box="[672,731,579,598]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">117.10</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFCBBFD9BBD66D479" box="[792,869,579,598]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">24.364</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFC01FD9BBA15D479" box="[930,1046,579,598]" gridcol="6" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">.0011</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFAA1FD9BBB28D479" box="[1282,1323,579,598]" gridcol="8" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">*</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA74FD9BBBEED479" box="[1495,1517,579,598]" gridcol="10" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">52</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFF33FD82BBEED442" box="[144,1517,602,621]" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFF33FD82BEF0D442" box="[144,243,602,621]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Maxilla</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFE92FD82BF82D442" box="[305,385,602,621]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">AL</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFE1CFD82BFF7D442" box="[447,500,602,621]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">86.21</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFD91FD82BC61D442" box="[562,610,602,621]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">32.14</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFD03FD82BCD8D442" box="[672,731,602,621]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">138.94</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFCBBFD82BD66D442" box="[792,869,602,621]" gridcol="5" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">26.201</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFC01FD82BA15D442" box="[930,1046,602,621]" gridcol="6" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">.0016</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFAA1FD82BB28D442" box="[1282,1323,602,621]" gridcol="8" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">*</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA74FD82BBEED442" box="[1495,1517,602,621]" gridcol="10" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">52</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFF33FDA8BBEED4AC" box="[144,1517,624,643]" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFF33FDA8BEF0D4AC" box="[144,243,624,643]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Maxilla</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFE92FDA8BF82D4AC" box="[305,385,624,643]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">CBR</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFE1CFDA8BFF7D4AC" box="[447,500,624,643]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">.69</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFD91FDA8BC61D4AC" box="[562,610,624,643]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">.57</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFD03FDA8BCD8D4AC" box="[672,731,624,643]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">.86</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFCBBFDA8BD66D4AC" box="[792,869,624,643]" gridcol="5" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">0.073</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFC01FDA8BA15D4AC" box="[930,1046,624,643]" gridcol="6" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">.0001</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFAA1FDA8BB28D4AC" box="[1282,1323,624,643]" gridcol="8" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">*</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA74FDA8BBEED4AC" box="[1495,1517,624,643]" gridcol="10" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">57</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFF33FD5FBBEED4B5" box="[144,1517,647,666]" gridrow="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFF33FD5FBEF0D4B5" box="[144,243,647,666]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Maxilla</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFE92FD5FBF82D4B5" box="[305,385,647,666]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">CHR</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFE1CFD5FBFF7D4B5" box="[447,500,647,666]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">1.97</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFD91FD5FBC61D4B5" box="[562,610,647,666]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">1.43</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFD03FD5FBCD8D4B5" box="[672,731,647,666]" gridcol="4" gridrow="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">2.55</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFCBBFD5FBD66D4B5" box="[792,869,647,666]" gridcol="5" gridrow="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">.269</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFC01FD5FBA15D4B5" box="[930,1046,647,666]" gridcol="6" gridrow="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">.0005</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFAA1FD5FBB28D4B5" box="[1282,1323,647,666]" gridcol="8" gridrow="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">*</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA74FD5FBBEED4B5" box="[1495,1517,647,666]" gridcol="10" gridrow="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">52</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFF33FD46BBEED49E" box="[144,1517,670,689]" gridrow="17" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFF33FD46BEF0D49E" box="[144,243,670,689]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Maxilla</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFE92FD46BF82D49E" box="[305,385,670,689]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">CA</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFE1CFD46BFF7D49E" box="[447,500,670,689]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">86.67</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFD91FD46BC61D49E" box="[562,610,670,689]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">81.45</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFD03FD46BCD8D49E" box="[672,731,670,689]" gridcol="4" gridrow="17" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">88.11</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFCBBFD46BD66D49E" box="[792,869,670,689]" gridcol="5" gridrow="17" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">1.491</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFC01FD46BA15D49E" box="[930,1046,670,689]" gridcol="6" gridrow="17" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">.0945</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFAA1FD46BB28D49E" box="[1282,1323,670,689]" gridcol="8" gridrow="17" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">- -</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA74FD46BBEED49E" box="[1495,1517,670,689]" gridcol="10" gridrow="17" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">52</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFF33FD6CBBEED4E8" box="[144,1517,692,711]" gridrow="18" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFF33FD6CBEF0D4E8" box="[144,243,692,711]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Maxilla</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFE92FD6CBF82D4E8" box="[305,385,692,711]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">MAVG</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFE1CFD6CBFF7D4E8" box="[447,500,692,711]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">9.1</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFD91FD6CBC61D4E8" box="[562,610,692,711]" gridcol="3" gridrow="18" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">6.8</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFD03FD6CBCD8D4E8" box="[672,731,692,711]" gridcol="4" gridrow="18" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">13.4</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFCBBFD6CBD66D4E8" box="[792,869,692,711]" gridcol="5" gridrow="18" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">1.316</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFC01FD6CBA15D4E8" box="[930,1046,692,711]" gridcol="6" gridrow="18" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">.1135</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFAA1FD6CBB28D4E8" box="[1282,1323,692,711]" gridcol="8" gridrow="18" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">- -</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA74FD6CBBEED4E8" box="[1495,1517,692,711]" gridcol="10" gridrow="18" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">49</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFF33FD13BBEED4F1" box="[144,1517,715,734]" gridrow="19" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFF33FD13BEF0D4F1" box="[144,243,715,734]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Maxilla</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFE92FD13BF82D4F1" box="[305,385,715,734]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">DAVG</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFE1CFD13BFF7D4F1" box="[447,500,715,734]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">9.4</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFD91FD13BC61D4F1" box="[562,610,715,734]" gridcol="3" gridrow="19" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">7.2</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFD03FD13BCD8D4F1" box="[672,731,715,734]" gridcol="4" gridrow="19" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">13.2</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFCBBFD13BD66D4F1" box="[792,869,715,734]" gridcol="5" gridrow="19" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">1.368</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFC01FD13BA15D4F1" box="[930,1046,715,734]" gridcol="6" gridrow="19" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">.3214</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFAA1FD13BB28D4F1" box="[1282,1323,715,734]" gridcol="8" gridrow="19" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">- -</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA74FD13BBEED4F1" box="[1495,1517,715,734]" gridcol="10" gridrow="19" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">48</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFF33FD39BBEED4DB" box="[144,1517,737,756]" gridrow="20" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFF33FD39BEF0D4DB" box="[144,243,737,756]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Dentary</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFE92FD39BF82D4DB" box="[305,385,737,756]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">CBL</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFE1CFD39BFF7D4DB" box="[447,500,737,756]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">36.05</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFD91FD39BC61D4DB" box="[562,610,737,756]" gridcol="3" gridrow="20" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">15.01</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFD03FD39BCD8D4DB" box="[672,731,737,756]" gridcol="4" gridrow="20" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">52.07</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFCBBFD39BD66D4DB" box="[792,869,737,756]" gridcol="5" gridrow="20" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">9.586</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFC01FD39BA15D4DB" box="[930,1046,737,756]" gridcol="6" gridrow="20" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">.1487</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFBF7FD39BAC7D4DB" box="[1108,1220,737,756]" gridcol="7" gridrow="20" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">.0089</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFAA1FD39BB28D4DB" box="[1282,1323,737,756]" gridcol="8" gridrow="20" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">- -</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFACAFD39BB99D4DB" box="[1385,1434,737,756]" gridcol="9" gridrow="20" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">*</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA74FD39BBEED4DB" box="[1495,1517,737,756]" gridcol="10" gridrow="20" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">62</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFF33FD20BBEED524" box="[144,1517,760,779]" gridrow="21" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFF33FD20BEF0D524" box="[144,243,760,779]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Dentary</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFE92FD20BF82D524" box="[305,385,760,779]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">CBW</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFE1CFD20BFF7D524" box="[447,500,760,779]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">25.92</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFD91FD20BC61D524" box="[562,610,760,779]" gridcol="3" gridrow="21" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">9.22</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFD03FD20BCD8D524" box="[672,731,760,779]" gridcol="4" gridrow="21" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">38.57</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFCBBFD20BD66D524" box="[792,869,760,779]" gridcol="5" gridrow="21" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">7.192</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFC01FD20BA15D524" box="[930,1046,760,779]" gridcol="6" gridrow="21" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">.0056</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFBF7FD20BAC7D524" box="[1108,1220,760,779]" gridcol="7" gridrow="21" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">.1175</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFAA1FD20BB28D524" box="[1282,1323,760,779]" gridcol="8" gridrow="21" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">*</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFACAFD20BB99D524" box="[1385,1434,760,779]" gridcol="9" gridrow="21" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">- -</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA74FD20BBEED524" box="[1495,1517,760,779]" gridcol="10" gridrow="21" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">62</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFF33FCD7BBEED50D" box="[144,1517,783,802]" gridrow="22" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFF33FCD7BEF0D50D" box="[144,243,783,802]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Dentary</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFE92FCD7BF82D50D" box="[305,385,783,802]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">CH</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFE1CFCD7BFF7D50D" box="[447,500,783,802]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">64.87</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFD91FCD7BC61D50D" box="[562,610,783,802]" gridcol="3" gridrow="22" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">15.85</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFD03FCD7BCD8D50D" box="[672,731,783,802]" gridcol="4" gridrow="22" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">105.61</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFCBBFCD7BD66D50D" box="[792,869,783,802]" gridcol="5" gridrow="22" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">23.538</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFC01FCD7BA15D50D" box="[930,1046,783,802]" gridcol="6" gridrow="22" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">.0890</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFBF7FCD7BAC7D50D" box="[1108,1220,783,802]" gridcol="7" gridrow="22" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">.0024</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFAA1FCD7BB28D50D" box="[1282,1323,783,802]" gridcol="8" gridrow="22" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">- -</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFACAFCD7BB99D50D" box="[1385,1434,783,802]" gridcol="9" gridrow="22" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">*</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA74FCD7BBEED50D" box="[1495,1517,783,802]" gridcol="10" gridrow="22" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">58</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFF33FCFDBBEED517" box="[144,1517,805,824]" gridrow="23" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFF33FCFDBEF0D517" box="[144,243,805,824]" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Dentary</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFE92FCFDBF82D517" box="[305,385,805,824]" gridcol="1" gridrow="23" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">AL</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFE1CFCFDBFF7D517" box="[447,500,805,824]" gridcol="2" gridrow="23" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">70.62</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFD91FCFDBC61D517" box="[562,610,805,824]" gridcol="3" gridrow="23" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">17.41</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFD03FCFDBCD8D517" box="[672,731,805,824]" gridcol="4" gridrow="23" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">115.88</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFCBBFCFDBD66D517" box="[792,869,805,824]" gridcol="5" gridrow="23" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">25.160</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFC01FCFDBA15D517" box="[930,1046,805,824]" gridcol="6" gridrow="23" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">.1352</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFBF7FCFDBAC7D517" box="[1108,1220,805,824]" gridcol="7" gridrow="23" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">.0013</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFAA1FCFDBB28D517" box="[1282,1323,805,824]" gridcol="8" gridrow="23" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">- -</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFACAFCFDBB99D517" box="[1385,1434,805,824]" gridcol="9" gridrow="23" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">*</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA74FCFDBBEED517" box="[1495,1517,805,824]" gridcol="10" gridrow="23" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">58</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFF33FCE4BBEED560" box="[144,1517,828,847]" gridrow="24" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFF33FCE4BEF0D560" box="[144,243,828,847]" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Dentary</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFE92FCE4BF82D560" box="[305,385,828,847]" gridcol="1" gridrow="24" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">CBR</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFE1CFCE4BFF7D560" box="[447,500,828,847]" gridcol="2" gridrow="24" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">.72</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFD91FCE4BC61D560" box="[562,610,828,847]" gridcol="3" gridrow="24" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">.56</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFD03FCE4BCD8D560" box="[672,731,828,847]" gridcol="4" gridrow="24" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">.88</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFCBBFCE4BD66D560" box="[792,869,828,847]" gridcol="5" gridrow="24" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">0.056</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFC01FCE4BA15D560" box="[930,1046,828,847]" gridcol="6" gridrow="24" pageId="4" pageNumber="868"><.0001</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFBF7FCE4BAC7D560" box="[1108,1220,828,847]" gridcol="7" gridrow="24" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">.0450</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFAA1FCE4BB28D560" box="[1282,1323,828,847]" gridcol="8" gridrow="24" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">*</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFACAFCE4BB99D560" box="[1385,1434,828,847]" gridcol="9" gridrow="24" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">*</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA74FCE4BBEED560" box="[1495,1517,828,847]" gridcol="10" gridrow="24" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">62</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFF33FC8BBBEED549" box="[144,1517,851,870]" gridrow="25" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFF33FC8BBEF0D549" box="[144,243,851,870]" gridcol="0" gridrow="25" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Dentary</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFE92FC8BBF82D549" box="[305,385,851,870]" gridcol="1" gridrow="25" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">CHR</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFE1CFC8BBFF7D549" box="[447,500,851,870]" gridcol="2" gridrow="25" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">1.7</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFD91FC8BBC61D549" box="[562,610,851,870]" gridcol="3" gridrow="25" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">1.06</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFD03FC8BBCD8D549" box="[672,731,851,870]" gridcol="4" gridrow="25" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">2.36</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFCBBFC8BBD66D549" box="[792,869,851,870]" gridcol="5" gridrow="25" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">0.297</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFC01FC8BBA15D549" box="[930,1046,851,870]" gridcol="6" gridrow="25" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">.1071</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFBF7FC8BBAC7D549" box="[1108,1220,851,870]" gridcol="7" gridrow="25" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">.0003</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFAA1FC8BBB28D549" box="[1282,1323,851,870]" gridcol="8" gridrow="25" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">- -</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFACAFC8BBB99D549" box="[1385,1434,851,870]" gridcol="9" gridrow="25" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">*</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA74FC8BBBEED549" box="[1495,1517,851,870]" gridcol="10" gridrow="25" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">58</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFF33FCB1BBEED553" box="[144,1517,873,892]" gridrow="26" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFF33FCB1BEF0D553" box="[144,243,873,892]" gridcol="0" gridrow="26" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Dentary</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFE92FCB1BF82D553" box="[305,385,873,892]" gridcol="1" gridrow="26" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">CA</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFE1CFCB1BFF7D553" box="[447,500,873,892]" gridcol="2" gridrow="26" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">85.75</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFD91FCB1BC61D553" box="[562,610,873,892]" gridcol="3" gridrow="26" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">76.45</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFD03FCB1BCD8D553" box="[672,731,873,892]" gridcol="4" gridrow="26" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">87.76</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFCBBFCB1BD66D553" box="[792,869,873,892]" gridcol="5" gridrow="26" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">2.495</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFC01FCB1BA15D553" box="[930,1046,873,892]" gridcol="6" gridrow="26" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">.6733</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFBF7FCB1BAC7D553" box="[1108,1220,873,892]" gridcol="7" gridrow="26" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">.0182</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFAA1FCB1BB28D553" box="[1282,1323,873,892]" gridcol="8" gridrow="26" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">- -</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFACAFCB1BB99D553" box="[1385,1434,873,892]" gridcol="9" gridrow="26" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">*</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA74FCB1BBEED553" box="[1495,1517,873,892]" gridcol="10" gridrow="26" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">58</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFF33FC58BBEED5BC" box="[144,1517,896,915]" gridrow="27" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFF33FC58BEF0D5BC" box="[144,243,896,915]" gridcol="0" gridrow="27" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Dentary</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFE92FC58BF82D5BC" box="[305,385,896,915]" gridcol="1" gridrow="27" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">MAVG</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFE1CFC58BFF7D5BC" box="[447,500,896,915]" gridcol="2" gridrow="27" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">9.6</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFD91FC58BC61D5BC" box="[562,610,896,915]" gridcol="3" gridrow="27" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">7.0</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFD03FC58BCD8D5BC" box="[672,731,896,915]" gridcol="4" gridrow="27" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">14.4</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFCBBFC58BD66D5BC" box="[792,869,896,915]" gridcol="5" gridrow="27" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">1.479</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFC01FC58BA15D5BC" box="[930,1046,896,915]" gridcol="6" gridrow="27" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">.5833</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFBF7FC58BAC7D5BC" box="[1108,1220,896,915]" gridcol="7" gridrow="27" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">.0604</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFAA1FC58BB28D5BC" box="[1282,1323,896,915]" gridcol="8" gridrow="27" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">- -</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFACAFC58BB99D5BC" box="[1385,1434,896,915]" gridcol="9" gridrow="27" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">- -</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA74FC58BBEED5BC" box="[1495,1517,896,915]" gridcol="10" gridrow="27" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">51</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFF33FC4EBBEED586" box="[144,1517,918,937]" gridrow="28" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFF33FC4EBEF0D586" box="[144,243,918,937]" gridcol="0" gridrow="28" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Dentary</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFE92FC4EBF82D586" box="[305,385,918,937]" gridcol="1" gridrow="28" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">DAVG</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFE1CFC4EBFF7D586" box="[447,500,918,937]" gridcol="2" gridrow="28" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">10.0</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFD91FC4EBC61D586" box="[562,610,918,937]" gridcol="3" gridrow="28" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">7.5</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFD03FC4EBCD8D586" box="[672,731,918,937]" gridcol="4" gridrow="28" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">15.7</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFCBBFC4EBD66D586" box="[792,869,918,937]" gridcol="5" gridrow="28" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">1.803</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFC01FC4EBA15D586" box="[930,1046,918,937]" gridcol="6" gridrow="28" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">.8725</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFBF7FC4EBAC7D586" box="[1108,1220,918,937]" gridcol="7" gridrow="28" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">.0383</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFAA1FC4EBB28D586" box="[1282,1323,918,937]" gridcol="8" gridrow="28" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">- -</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFACAFC4EBB99D586" box="[1385,1434,918,937]" gridcol="9" gridrow="28" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">*</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA74FC4EBBEED586" box="[1495,1517,918,937]" gridcol="10" gridrow="28" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">52</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="FC856616D020FFD1FCEDFBF3BDCAD27A" ID-Table-UUID="FC856616D020FFD1FCEDFBF3BDCAD27A" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/FC856616D020FFD1FCEDFBF3BDCAD27A" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" startId="4.[846,923,1067,1086]" targetBox="[846,1517,1141,1963]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED020FFD1FCEDFBF3BDCAD27A" blockId="4.[846,1517,1067,1109]" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
TABLE 2. Premaxillary, maxillary, and dentary tooth counts of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD020FFD1FA0DFBF3BDC7D27A" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD020FFD1FA0DFBF3BDC7D27A" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED020FFD1FCC9FBADBBD0D184" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<table id="DAFAC43ED020002AFCEDFBADBBEED184" box="[846,1517,1141,1963]" gridcols="4" gridrows="36" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFCEDFBADBBEED2A7" box="[846,1517,1141,1160]" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFCEDFBADBDE2D2A7" box="[846,993,1141,1160]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Specimen</th>
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFBE2FBADBAA7D2A7" box="[1089,1188,1141,1160]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Element</th>
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFAA7FBADBB3BD2A7" box="[1284,1336,1141,1160]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Side</th>
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFA3AFBADBBEED2A7" box="[1433,1517,1141,1160]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Positions</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFCEDFB4FBBEED285" box="[846,1517,1175,1194]" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFCEDFB4FBDE2D285" box="[846,993,1175,1194]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D020FFD1FCEDFB4FBDCBD285" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374424" box="[846,968,1175,1194]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47761" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">AMNH 5027</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFBE2FB4FBAA7D285" box="[1089,1188,1175,1194]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Premaxilla</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFAA7FB4FBB3BD285" box="[1284,1336,1175,1194]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Left</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA3AFB4FBBEED285" box="[1433,1517,1175,1194]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFCEDFB76BBEED2EE" box="[846,1517,1198,1217]" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFCEDFB76BDE2D2EE" box="[846,993,1198,1217]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D020FFD1FCEDFB76BDCBD2EE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374355" box="[846,968,1198,1217]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47761" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">AMNH 5027</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFBE2FB76BAA7D2EE" box="[1089,1188,1198,1217]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Premaxilla</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFAA7FB76BB3BD2EE" box="[1284,1336,1198,1217]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Right</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA3AFB76BBEED2EE" box="[1433,1517,1198,1217]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFCEDFB1CBBEED2F8" box="[846,1517,1220,1239]" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFCEDFB1CBDE2D2F8" box="[846,993,1220,1239]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D020FFD1FCEDFB1CBDA9D2F8" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374312" box="[846,938,1220,1239]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" specimenCode="BHI 3033">BHI 3033</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFBE2FB1CBAA7D2F8" box="[1089,1188,1220,1239]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Premaxilla</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFAA7FB1CBB3BD2F8" box="[1284,1336,1220,1239]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Left</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA3AFB1CBBEED2F8" box="[1433,1517,1220,1239]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFCEDFB03BBEED2C1" box="[846,1517,1243,1262]" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFCEDFB03BDE2D2C1" box="[846,993,1243,1262]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D020FFD1FCEDFB03BDA9D2C1" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374327" box="[846,938,1243,1262]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" specimenCode="BHI 3033">BHI 3033</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFBE2FB03BAA7D2C1" box="[1089,1188,1243,1262]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Premaxilla</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFAA7FB03BB3BD2C1" box="[1284,1336,1243,1262]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Right</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA3AFB03BBEED2C1" box="[1433,1517,1243,1262]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFCEDFB2ABBEED32A" box="[846,1517,1266,1285]" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFCEDFB2ABDE2D32A" box="[846,993,1266,1285]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D020FFD1FCEDFB2ABDE2D32A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374368" box="[846,993,1266,1285]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" specimenCode="FMNH PR2081">FMNH PR2081</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFBE2FB2ABAA7D32A" box="[1089,1188,1266,1285]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Premaxilla</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFAA7FB2ABB3BD32A" box="[1284,1336,1266,1285]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Left</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA3AFB2ABBEED32A" box="[1433,1517,1266,1285]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFCEDFAD0BBEED334" box="[846,1517,1288,1307]" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFCEDFAD0BDE2D334" box="[846,993,1288,1307]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D020FFD1FCEDFAD0BDE2D334" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374361" box="[846,993,1288,1307]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" specimenCode="FMNH PR2081">FMNH PR2081</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFBE2FAD0BAA7D334" box="[1089,1188,1288,1307]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Premaxilla</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFAA7FAD0BB3BD334" box="[1284,1336,1288,1307]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Right</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA3AFAD0BBEED334" box="[1433,1517,1288,1307]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFCEDFAC7BBEED31D" box="[846,1517,1311,1330]" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFCEDFAC7BDE2D31D" box="[846,993,1311,1330]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D020FFD1FCEDFAC7BDCDD31D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374347" box="[846,974,1311,1330]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1028446&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="4" pageNumber="868" specimenCode="LACM 23844">LACM 23844</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFBE2FAC7BAA7D31D" box="[1089,1188,1311,1330]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Premaxilla</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFAA7FAC7BB3BD31D" box="[1284,1336,1311,1330]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Right</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA3AFAC7BBEED31D" box="[1433,1517,1311,1330]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFCEDFAEDBBEED367" box="[846,1517,1333,1352]" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFCEDFAEDBDE2D367" box="[846,993,1333,1352]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D020FFD1FCEDFAEDBDCBD367" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374423" box="[846,968,1333,1352]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47761" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">AMNH 5027</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFBE2FAEDBAA7D367" box="[1089,1188,1333,1352]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Maxilla</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFAA7FAEDBB3BD367" box="[1284,1336,1333,1352]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Left</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA3AFAEDBBEED367" box="[1433,1517,1333,1352]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">12</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFCEDFA94BBEED370" box="[846,1517,1356,1375]" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFCEDFA94BDE2D370" box="[846,993,1356,1375]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D020FFD1FCEDFA94BDCBD370" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374378" box="[846,968,1356,1375]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47761" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">AMNH 5027</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFBE2FA94BAA7D370" box="[1089,1188,1356,1375]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Maxilla</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFAA7FA94BB3BD370" box="[1284,1336,1356,1375]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Right</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA3AFA94BBEED370" box="[1433,1517,1356,1375]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">12</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFCEDFABBBBEED359" box="[846,1517,1379,1398]" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFCEDFABBBDE2D359" box="[846,993,1379,1398]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D020FFD1FCEDFABBBDA9D359" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374346" box="[846,938,1379,1398]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" specimenCode="BHI 3033">BHI 3033</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFBE2FABBBAA7D359" box="[1089,1188,1379,1398]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Maxilla</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFAA7FABBBB3BD359" box="[1284,1336,1379,1398]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Left</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA3AFABBBBEED359" box="[1433,1517,1379,1398]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">11</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFCEDFAA1BBEED3A3" box="[846,1517,1401,1420]" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFCEDFAA1BDE2D3A3" box="[846,993,1401,1420]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D020FFD1FCEDFAA1BDA9D3A3" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374419" box="[846,938,1401,1420]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" specimenCode="BHI 3033">BHI 3033</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFBE2FAA1BAA7D3A3" box="[1089,1188,1401,1420]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Maxilla</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFAA7FAA1BB3BD3A3" box="[1284,1336,1401,1420]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Right</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA3AFAA1BBEED3A3" box="[1433,1517,1401,1420]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">11</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFCEDFA48BBEED38C" box="[846,1517,1424,1443]" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFCEDFA48BDE2D38C" box="[846,993,1424,1443]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D020FFD1FCEDFA48BDA7D38C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374353" box="[846,932,1424,1443]" collectionCode="CM" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=52853" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" specimenCode="CM 9380">CM 9380</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFBE2FA48BAA7D38C" box="[1089,1188,1424,1443]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Maxilla</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFAA7FA48BB3BD38C" box="[1284,1336,1424,1443]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Left</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA3AFA48BBEED38C" box="[1433,1517,1424,1443]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">12</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFCEDFA7FBBEED395" box="[846,1517,1447,1466]" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFCEDFA7FBDE2D395" box="[846,993,1447,1466]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D020FFD1FCEDFA7FBDE2D395" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374443" box="[846,993,1447,1466]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" specimenCode="FMNH PR2081">FMNH PR2081</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFBE2FA7FBAA7D395" box="[1089,1188,1447,1466]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Maxilla</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFAA7FA7FBB3BD395" box="[1284,1336,1447,1466]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Left</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA3AFA7FBBEED395" box="[1433,1517,1447,1466]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">12</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFCEDFA65BBEED3FF" box="[846,1517,1469,1488]" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFCEDFA65BDE2D3FF" box="[846,993,1469,1488]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D020FFD1FCEDFA65BDE2D3FF" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374360" box="[846,993,1469,1488]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" specimenCode="FMNH PR2081">FMNH PR2081</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFBE2FA65BAA7D3FF" box="[1089,1188,1469,1488]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Maxilla</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFAA7FA65BB3BD3FF" box="[1284,1336,1469,1488]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Right</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA3AFA65BBEED3FF" box="[1433,1517,1469,1488]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">12</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFCEDFA0CBBEED3C8" box="[846,1517,1492,1511]" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFCEDFA0CBDE2D3C8" box="[846,993,1492,1511]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D020FFD1FCEDFA0CBDCDD3C8" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374432" box="[846,974,1492,1511]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1028446&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="4" pageNumber="868" specimenCode="LACM 23844">LACM 23844</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFBE2FA0CBAA7D3C8" box="[1089,1188,1492,1511]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Maxilla</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFAA7FA0CBB3BD3C8" box="[1284,1336,1492,1511]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Right</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA3AFA0CBBEED3C8" box="[1433,1517,1492,1511]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">11</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFCEDFA32BBEED3D2" box="[846,1517,1514,1533]" gridrow="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFCEDFA32BDE2D3D2" box="[846,993,1514,1533]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D020FFD1FCEDFA32BDAFD3D2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374390" box="[846,940,1514,1533]" collectionCode="MOR" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" specimenCode="MOR 555">MOR 555</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFBE2FA32BAA7D3D2" box="[1089,1188,1514,1533]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Maxilla</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFAA7FA32BB3BD3D2" box="[1284,1336,1514,1533]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Left</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA3AFA32BBEED3D2" box="[1433,1517,1514,1533]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">12</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFCEDF9D9BBEED03B" box="[846,1517,1537,1556]" gridrow="17" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFCEDF9D9BDE2D03B" box="[846,993,1537,1556]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D020FFD1FCEDF9D9BDB4D03B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374405" box="[846,951,1537,1556]" collectionCode="MOR" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" specimenCode="MOR 1125">MOR 1125</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFBE2F9D9BAA7D03B" box="[1089,1188,1537,1556]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Maxilla</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFAA7F9D9BB3BD03B" box="[1284,1336,1537,1556]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Right</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA3AF9D9BBEED03B" box="[1433,1517,1537,1556]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">12</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFCEDF9C0BBEED004" box="[846,1517,1560,1579]" gridrow="18" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFCEDF9C0BDE2D004" box="[846,993,1560,1579]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D020FFD1FCEDF9C0BDCBD004" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374328" box="[846,968,1560,1579]" collectionCode="SDSM" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" specimenCode="SDSM 12047">SDSM 12047</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFBE2F9C0BAA7D004" box="[1089,1188,1560,1579]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Maxilla</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFAA7F9C0BB3BD004" box="[1284,1336,1560,1579]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Left</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA3AF9C0BBEED004" box="[1433,1517,1560,1579]" gridcol="3" gridrow="18" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">12</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFCEDF9F6BBEED06E" box="[846,1517,1582,1601]" gridrow="19" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFCEDF9F6BDE2D06E" box="[846,993,1582,1601]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D020FFD1FCEDF9F6BDCBD06E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374403" box="[846,968,1582,1601]" collectionCode="SDSM" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" specimenCode="SDSM 12047">SDSM 12047</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFBE2F9F6BAA7D06E" box="[1089,1188,1582,1601]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Maxilla</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFAA7F9F6BB3BD06E" box="[1284,1336,1582,1601]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Right</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA3AF9F6BBEED06E" box="[1433,1517,1582,1601]" gridcol="3" gridrow="19" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">12</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFCEDF99DBBEED077" box="[846,1517,1605,1624]" gridrow="20" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFCEDF99DBDE2D077" box="[846,993,1605,1624]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D020FFD1FCEDF99DBDD4D077" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374356" box="[846,983,1605,1624]" collectionCode="UCMP" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" specimenCode="UCMP 118742">UCMP 118742</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFBE2F99DBAA7D077" box="[1089,1188,1605,1624]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Maxilla</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFAA7F99DBB3BD077" box="[1284,1336,1605,1624]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Right</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA3AF99DBBEED077" box="[1433,1517,1605,1624]" gridcol="3" gridrow="20" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">12</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFCEDF983BBEED041" box="[846,1517,1627,1646]" gridrow="21" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFCEDF983BDE2D041" box="[846,993,1627,1646]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D020FFD1FCEDF983BDCBD041" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374371" box="[846,968,1627,1646]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47761" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">AMNH 5027</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFBE2F983BAA7D041" box="[1089,1188,1627,1646]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Dentary</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFAA7F983BB3BD041" box="[1284,1336,1627,1646]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Left</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA3AF983BBEED041" box="[1433,1517,1627,1646]" gridcol="3" gridrow="21" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">14</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFCEDF9AABBEED0AA" box="[846,1517,1650,1669]" gridrow="22" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFCEDF9AABDE2D0AA" box="[846,993,1650,1669]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D020FFD1FCEDF9AABDCBD0AA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374362" box="[846,968,1650,1669]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47761" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">AMNH 5027</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFBE2F9AABAA7D0AA" box="[1089,1188,1650,1669]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Dentary</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFAA7F9AABB3BD0AA" box="[1284,1336,1650,1669]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Right</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA3AF9AABBEED0AA" box="[1433,1517,1650,1669]" gridcol="3" gridrow="22" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">14</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFCEDF951BBEED0B3" box="[846,1517,1673,1692]" gridrow="23" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFCEDF951BDE2D0B3" box="[846,993,1673,1692]" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D020FFD1FCEDF951BDA9D0B3" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374342" box="[846,938,1673,1692]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" specimenCode="BHI 3033">BHI 3033</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFBE2F951BAA7D0B3" box="[1089,1188,1673,1692]" gridcol="1" gridrow="23" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Dentary</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFAA7F951BB3BD0B3" box="[1284,1336,1673,1692]" gridcol="2" gridrow="23" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Left</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA3AF951BBEED0B3" box="[1433,1517,1673,1692]" gridcol="3" gridrow="23" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">13</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFCEDF947BBEED09D" box="[846,1517,1695,1714]" gridrow="24" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFCEDF947BDE2D09D" box="[846,993,1695,1714]" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D020FFD1FCEDF947BDA9D09D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374422" box="[846,938,1695,1714]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" specimenCode="BHI 3033">BHI 3033</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFBE2F947BAA7D09D" box="[1089,1188,1695,1714]" gridcol="1" gridrow="24" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Dentary</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFAA7F947BB3BD09D" box="[1284,1336,1695,1714]" gridcol="2" gridrow="24" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Right</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA3AF947BBEED09D" box="[1433,1517,1695,1714]" gridcol="3" gridrow="24" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">13</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFCEDF96EBBEED0E6" box="[846,1517,1718,1737]" gridrow="25" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFCEDF96EBDE2D0E6" box="[846,993,1718,1737]" gridcol="0" gridrow="25" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D020FFD1FCEDF96EBDC5D0E6" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374354" box="[846,966,1718,1737]" collectionCode="BMNH" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" preparations="left dentary" specimenCode="BMNH 5863">BMNH 5863</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFBE2F96EBAA7D0E6" box="[1089,1188,1718,1737]" gridcol="1" gridrow="25" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Dentary</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFAA7F96EBB3BD0E6" box="[1284,1336,1718,1737]" gridcol="2" gridrow="25" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Left</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA3AF96EBBEED0E6" box="[1433,1517,1718,1737]" gridcol="3" gridrow="25" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">14</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFCEDF915BBEED0CF" box="[846,1517,1741,1760]" gridrow="26" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFCEDF915BDE2D0CF" box="[846,993,1741,1760]" gridcol="0" gridrow="26" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D020FFD1FCEDF915BDA7D0CF" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374337" box="[846,932,1741,1760]" collectionCode="CM" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=52853" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" specimenCode="CM 9380">CM 9380</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFBE2F915BAA7D0CF" box="[1089,1188,1741,1760]" gridcol="1" gridrow="26" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Dentary</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFAA7F915BB3BD0CF" box="[1284,1336,1741,1760]" gridcol="2" gridrow="26" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Left</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA3AF915BBEED0CF" box="[1433,1517,1741,1760]" gridcol="3" gridrow="26" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">13</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFCEDF93BBBEED0D9" box="[846,1517,1763,1782]" gridrow="27" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFCEDF93BBDE2D0D9" box="[846,993,1763,1782]" gridcol="0" gridrow="27" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D020FFD1FCEDF93BBDA7D0D9" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374380" box="[846,932,1763,1782]" collectionCode="CM" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=52853" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" specimenCode="CM 9380">CM 9380</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFBE2F93BBAA7D0D9" box="[1089,1188,1763,1782]" gridcol="1" gridrow="27" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Dentary</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFAA7F93BBB3BD0D9" box="[1284,1336,1763,1782]" gridcol="2" gridrow="27" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Right</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA3AF93BBBEED0D9" box="[1433,1517,1763,1782]" gridcol="3" gridrow="27" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">13</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFCEDF922BBEED122" box="[846,1517,1786,1805]" gridrow="28" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFCEDF922BDE2D122" box="[846,993,1786,1805]" gridcol="0" gridrow="28" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D020FFD1FCEDF922BDE2D122" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374436" box="[846,993,1786,1805]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" specimenCode="FMNH PR2081">FMNH PR2081</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFBE2F922BAA7D122" box="[1089,1188,1786,1805]" gridcol="1" gridrow="28" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Dentary</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFAA7F922BB3BD122" box="[1284,1336,1786,1805]" gridcol="2" gridrow="28" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Left</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA3AF922BBEED122" box="[1433,1517,1786,1805]" gridcol="3" gridrow="28" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">13</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFCEDF8C8BBEED10C" box="[846,1517,1808,1827]" gridrow="29" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFCEDF8C8BDE2D10C" box="[846,993,1808,1827]" gridcol="0" gridrow="29" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D020FFD1FCEDF8C8BDE2D10C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374396" box="[846,993,1808,1827]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" specimenCode="FMNH PR2081">FMNH PR2081</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFBE2F8C8BAA7D10C" box="[1089,1188,1808,1827]" gridcol="1" gridrow="29" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Dentary</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFAA7F8C8BB3BD10C" box="[1284,1336,1808,1827]" gridcol="2" gridrow="29" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Right</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA3AF8C8BBEED10C" box="[1433,1517,1808,1827]" gridcol="3" gridrow="29" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">14</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFCEDF8FFBBEED115" box="[846,1517,1831,1850]" gridrow="30" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFCEDF8FFBDE2D115" box="[846,993,1831,1850]" gridcol="0" gridrow="30" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D020FFD1FCEDF8FFBDCDD115" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374376" box="[846,974,1831,1850]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1028446&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="4" pageNumber="868" specimenCode="LACM 23844">LACM 23844</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFBE2F8FFBAA7D115" box="[1089,1188,1831,1850]" gridcol="1" gridrow="30" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Dentary</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFAA7F8FFBB3BD115" box="[1284,1336,1831,1850]" gridcol="2" gridrow="30" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Right</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA3AF8FFBBEED115" box="[1433,1517,1831,1850]" gridcol="3" gridrow="30" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">11</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFCEDF8E6BBEED17E" box="[846,1517,1854,1873]" gridrow="31" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFCEDF8E6BDE2D17E" box="[846,993,1854,1873]" gridcol="0" gridrow="31" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D020FFD1FCEDF8E6BDCDD17E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374406" box="[846,974,1854,1873]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/Display.php?irn=1028446&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2F&BackRef=ResultsList.php " pageId="4" pageNumber="868" specimenCode="LACM 23844">LACM 23844</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFBE2F8E6BAA7D17E" box="[1089,1188,1854,1873]" gridcol="1" gridrow="31" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Dentary</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFAA7F8E6BB3BD17E" box="[1284,1336,1854,1873]" gridcol="2" gridrow="31" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Left</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA3AF8E6BBEED17E" box="[1433,1517,1854,1873]" gridcol="3" gridrow="31" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">11</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFCEDF88CBBEED148" box="[846,1517,1876,1895]" gridrow="32" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFCEDF88CBDE2D148" box="[846,993,1876,1895]" gridcol="0" gridrow="32" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D020FFD1FCEDF88CBDDAD148" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374404" box="[846,985,1876,1895]" collectionCode="LACM" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" preparations="right dentary" specimenCode="LACM 150167">LACM 150167</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFBE2F88CBAA7D148" box="[1089,1188,1876,1895]" gridcol="1" gridrow="32" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Dentary</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFAA7F88CBB3BD148" box="[1284,1336,1876,1895]" gridcol="2" gridrow="32" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Right</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA3AF88CBBEED148" box="[1433,1517,1876,1895]" gridcol="3" gridrow="32" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">12</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFCEDF8B3BBEED151" box="[846,1517,1899,1918]" gridrow="33" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFCEDF8B3BDE2D151" box="[846,993,1899,1918]" gridcol="0" gridrow="33" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D020FFD1FCEDF8B3BDB4D151" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374383" box="[846,951,1899,1918]" collectionCode="MOR" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" specimenCode="MOR 1125">MOR 1125</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFBE2F8B3BAA7D151" box="[1089,1188,1899,1918]" gridcol="1" gridrow="33" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Dentary</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFAA7F8B3BB3BD151" box="[1284,1336,1899,1918]" gridcol="2" gridrow="33" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Right</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA3AF8B3BBEED151" box="[1433,1517,1899,1918]" gridcol="3" gridrow="33" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">14</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFCEDF85ABBEED1BA" box="[846,1517,1922,1941]" gridrow="34" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFCEDF85ABDE2D1BA" box="[846,993,1922,1941]" gridcol="0" gridrow="34" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D020FFD1FCEDF85ABDCBD1BA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374433" box="[846,968,1922,1941]" collectionCode="SDSM" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" specimenCode="SDSM 12047">SDSM 12047</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFBE2F85ABAA7D1BA" box="[1089,1188,1922,1941]" gridcol="1" gridrow="34" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Dentary</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFAA7F85ABB3BD1BA" box="[1284,1336,1922,1941]" gridcol="2" gridrow="34" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Left</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA3AF85ABBEED1BA" box="[1433,1517,1922,1941]" gridcol="3" gridrow="34" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">14</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD020002AFCEDF840BBEED184" box="[846,1517,1944,1963]" gridrow="35" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D020002AFCEDF840BDE2D184" box="[846,993,1944,1963]" gridcol="0" gridrow="35" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D020FFD1FCEDF840BDCBD184" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374343" box="[846,968,1944,1963]" collectionCode="SDSM" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" specimenCode="SDSM 12047">SDSM 12047</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFBE2F840BAA7D184" box="[1089,1188,1944,1963]" gridcol="1" gridrow="35" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Dentary</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFAA7F840BB3BD184" box="[1284,1336,1944,1963]" gridcol="2" gridrow="35" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Right</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D020002AFA3AF840BBEED184" box="[1433,1517,1944,1963]" gridcol="3" gridrow="35" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">?15</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED020FFD1FF0BFB67BC39D067" blockId="4.[144,815,1002,1981]" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD020FFD1FF0BFB67BF24D2FA" bold="true" box="[168,295,1215,1237]" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Crown Size</emphasis>
|
||
—The premaxillary class is significantly smaller than the maxillary class in CBL, CBW, CH, and AL (
|
||
<tableCitation id="E5780325D020FFD1FD76FB01BD2BD2C1" box="[725,808,1241,1262]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[144,221,177,196]" captionTargetBox="[144,1517,273,937]" captionTargetId="graphics@4.[144,1517,263,949]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="TABLE 1. Tyrannosaurus rex class-level comparisons for the nine principal variables used in this study. “p (Premaxilla)” = p values of ANOVAs for maxilla and dentary values against the premaxillary values; “p (Max-Dent)” = p values of ANOVAs between the maxilla and dentary values. “S(P)” and “S(M)” = indications of significance (*) or nonsignificance (- -) at 95% for the ANOVAs." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/FC856616D020FFD1FF33FF69BA55D6DD" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" tableUuid="FC856616D020FFD1FF33FF69BA55D6DD">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD020FFD1FF33FB2CBECCD326" box="[144,207,1268,1289]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[144,233,1481,1500]" captionTargetBox="[160,1501,176,1464]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[160,1501,176,1464]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Crown size (in mm) variability profiles, with respect to tooth position, for CBL (A), CBW (B), CH (C), and AL (D) of Tyrannosaurus rex. E, crown size (CBL, CBW, CH, and AL, in mm) comparisons for T. rex tooth classes. See Supplementary Data 1, www.vertpaleo.org/jvp/ JVPcontents.html, for data. Error bars = +/− 1 standard deviation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3942998" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3942998/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
), as in other tyrannosaurids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD020FFD1FDB3FB2CBCA3D326" author="Russell, D. A." box="[528,672,1268,1289]" firstAuthor="Russell" journalOrPublisher="National Museum of Natural Science, Publications in Paleontology" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" pagination="1 - 34" part="1" refId="ref22293" refString="Russell, D. A. 1970. Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada. National Museum of Natural Science, Publications in Paleontology 1: 1 - 34." title="Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada" type="journal article" year="1970">Russell, 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD020FFD1FD0DFB2CBD29D326" author="Holtz, T. R., Jr." box="[686,810,1268,1289]" editor="D. H. Tanke & K. Carpenter" firstAuthor="Holtz" journalOrPublisher="Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" pagination="64 - 75" refId="ref20050" refString="Holtz, T. R., Jr. 2001. The phylogeny and taxonomy of the Tyrannosauridae; pp. 64 - 75 in D. H. Tanke and K. Carpenter (eds.), Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana." title="The phylogeny and taxonomy of the Tyrannosauridae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Mesozoic Vertebrate Life" year="2001">Holtz, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD020FFD1FF33FAD6BF23D30C" author="Currie, P. J." box="[144,288,1294,1315]" firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" pagination="191 - 226" part="48" refId="ref18948" refString="Currie, P. J. 2003 a. Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 48: 191 - 226." title="Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada" type="journal article" year="2003" yearSuffix="a">Currie, 2003a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD020FFD1FE8EFAD6BC3AD30C" author="Hurum, J. H. & K. Sabath" box="[301,569,1294,1315]" firstAuthor="Hurum" journalOrPublisher="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" pagination="161 - 190" part="48" refId="ref20402" refString="Hurum, J. H., and K. Sabath. 2003. Giant theropod dinosaurs from Asia and North America: Skulls of Tarbosaurus bataar and Tyrannosaurus rex compared. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 48: 161 - 190." title="Giant theropod dinosaurs from Asia and North America: Skulls of Tarbosaurus bataar and Tyrannosaurus rex compared" type="journal article" year="2003">Hurum and Sabath, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and some ceratosaurs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD020FFD1FF34FAF1BF2ED311" author="Rauhut, O. W. M." box="[151,301,1321,1342]" firstAuthor="Rauhut" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" pagination="894 - 902" part="24" refId="ref22206" refString="Rauhut, O. W. M. 2004. Provenance and antomy of Genyodectes serus, a large-toothed ceratosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from Patagonaia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24: 894 - 902." title="Provenance and antomy of Genyodectes serus, a large-toothed ceratosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from Patagonaia" type="journal article" year="2004">Rauhut, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). There are trends of increasing size along the tooth row for CBL, CBW, CH, and AL (
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD020FFD1FDE2FA9CBC82D376" box="[577,641,1348,1369]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[144,233,1481,1500]" captionTargetBox="[160,1501,176,1464]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[160,1501,176,1464]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Crown size (in mm) variability profiles, with respect to tooth position, for CBL (A), CBW (B), CH (C), and AL (D) of Tyrannosaurus rex. E, crown size (CBL, CBW, CH, and AL, in mm) comparisons for T. rex tooth classes. See Supplementary Data 1, www.vertpaleo.org/jvp/ JVPcontents.html, for data. Error bars = +/− 1 standard deviation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3942998" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3942998/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). The first tooth (mean pm1 CBL = 28.61 mm) is significantly smaller than that for pm3 (pm3 CBL = 33.96; ANOVA with pm1: F = 2.92,
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD020FFD1FF33FA4BBE9ED387" box="[144,157,1427,1448]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">p</emphasis>
|
||
.0346), but the remaining teeth are not significantly different from each other in size. The fourth tooth is slightly smaller than pm3 in all size variables, but the differences are not significant. A similar decrease in size toward the premaxillary-maxillary suture (premaxilla-maxilla joint sensu
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD020FFD1FE42FA26BC6CD03C" author="Molnar, R. E." box="[481,623,1534,1555]" firstAuthor="Molnar" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontographica Abteilung A" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" pagination="137 - 176" part="217" refId="ref21416" refString="Molnar, R. E. 1991. The cranial morphology of Tyrannosaurus rex. Palaeontographica Abteilung A 217: 137 - 176." title="The cranial morphology of Tyrannosaurus rex" type="journal article" year="1991">Molnar, 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) occurs in
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD020FFD1FD4AFA26BED3D001" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Coelophysis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD020FFD1FF7BF9C1BF53D001" author="Cope, E. D." box="[216,336,1561,1582]" firstAuthor="Cope" journalOrPublisher="American Naturalist" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" pagination="626" part="23" refId="ref18675" refString="Cope, E. D. 1889. On a new species of Triassic Dinosauria. American Naturalist 23: 626." title="On a new species of Triassic Dinosauria" type="journal article" year="1889">Cope, 1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD020FFD1FEFEF9C1BFF5D001" box="[349,502,1561,1582]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Dilophosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD020FFD1FD90F9C1BC92D001" box="[563,657,1561,1582]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Eoraptor</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD020FFD1FD02F9C1BD29D001" author="Welles, S. P." box="[673,810,1561,1582]" firstAuthor="Welles" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontographica Abteilung A" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" pagination="85 - 180" part="185" refId="ref23335" refString="Welles, S. P. 1984. Dilophosaurus wetherilli (Dinosauria, Theropoda). Osteology and comparisons. Palaeontographica Abteilung A 185: 85 - 180." title="Dilophosaurus wetherilli (Dinosauria, Theropoda). Osteology and comparisons" type="journal article" year="1984">Welles, 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD020FFD1FF33F9EBBF1CD067" author="Colbert, E. H." box="[144,287,1587,1608]" firstAuthor="Colbert" journalOrPublisher="Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" pagination="1 - 160" part="57" refId="ref18651" refString="Colbert, E. H. 1989. The Triassic dinosaur Coelophysis. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin 57: 1 - 160." title="The Triassic dinosaur Coelophysis" type="journal article" year="1989">Colbert, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD020FFD1FE88F9EBBC2CD067" author="Sereno, P. C. & F. E. Novas" box="[299,559,1587,1608]" firstAuthor="Sereno" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" pagination="451 - 476" part="13" refId="ref22469" refString="Sereno, P. C., and F. E. Novas. 1993. The skull and neck of the basal theropod Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 13: 451 - 476." title="The skull and neck of the basal theropod Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis" type="journal article" year="1993">Sereno and Novas, 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED020FFD0FF0BF996BF13D09D" blockId="4.[144,815,1002,1981]" lastBlockId="5.[144,815,1640,1980]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="869" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD020FFD1FF0BF996BC60D04B" bold="true" box="[168,611,1614,1636]" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Crown Shape and Carina Morphologies</emphasis>
|
||
—Theropod crown basal cross sections are often ovals that taper to points corresponding to the locations of the carinae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD020FFD1FD96F95BBC87D0B7" box="[565,644,1667,1688]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[144,233,854,873]" captionTargetBox="[158,1503,176,836]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[158,1503,176,836]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. A, idealized human dental arcade, in palatal view, showing mesial, distal, labial, and lingual directions (modified from Smith and Dodson, 2003). LM1, left upper first molar. B, photo traces of AMNH 5027 Lmx7–8 (bones are schematic), showing mesiodistal orientations of crown long axes (points A–D were defined by Smith et al., 2005). C, photo trace of the premaxilla of AMNH 5027 (teeth are schematic) in palatal view showing labiolingual orientations of the crown long axes. D, Saurornitholestes Sues, 1978, crown in lateral view showing crown height (CH, measured from the apex to the base of the enamel (̴between points G and B)); crown base length (CBL, measured along the mesiodistal axis of the crown at the base of the enamel, ̴between points A and B); apical length (AL, measured between points A and G); crown angle (CA, angle GAB); mesial apical (MA), mesial mid-crown (MC), and mesial basal (MB) denticle densities (measured along the length of the mesial carina); distal apical (DA), distal mid-crown (DC), and distal basal (DB) denticle densities (measured along the length of the distal carina). E, the crown in D in basal view showing CBL and crown base width (CBW, measured perpendicular to CBL). Crown in D redrawn from Currie et al., (1990). Figure concept after Smith et al. (2005)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3942996" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3942996/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The basal long axis (generally oriented mesiodistally) can be twice the length of the short axis (usually oriented labiolingually). In the premaxilla of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD020FFD1FF0DF90BBEEED0C7" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[174,237,1747,1768]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD020FFD1FF0DF90BBEEED0C7" box="[174,237,1747,1768]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
however, although the crown bases are narrow ovals, the long axes are oriented labiolingually (
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD020FFD1FDF4F935BCA8D12D" box="[599,683,1773,1794]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[144,233,854,873]" captionTargetBox="[158,1503,176,836]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[158,1503,176,836]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. A, idealized human dental arcade, in palatal view, showing mesial, distal, labial, and lingual directions (modified from Smith and Dodson, 2003). LM1, left upper first molar. B, photo traces of AMNH 5027 Lmx7–8 (bones are schematic), showing mesiodistal orientations of crown long axes (points A–D were defined by Smith et al., 2005). C, photo trace of the premaxilla of AMNH 5027 (teeth are schematic) in palatal view showing labiolingual orientations of the crown long axes. D, Saurornitholestes Sues, 1978, crown in lateral view showing crown height (CH, measured from the apex to the base of the enamel (̴between points G and B)); crown base length (CBL, measured along the mesiodistal axis of the crown at the base of the enamel, ̴between points A and B); apical length (AL, measured between points A and G); crown angle (CA, angle GAB); mesial apical (MA), mesial mid-crown (MC), and mesial basal (MB) denticle densities (measured along the length of the mesial carina); distal apical (DA), distal mid-crown (DC), and distal basal (DB) denticle densities (measured along the length of the distal carina). E, the crown in D in basal view showing CBL and crown base width (CBW, measured perpendicular to CBL). Crown in D redrawn from Currie et al., (1990). Figure concept after Smith et al. (2005)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3942996" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3942996/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
|
||
). The labial faces are ovals that are convex toward the rostral end of the snout (
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD020FFD1FF7EF8FBBF35D117" box="[221,310,1827,1848]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[144,233,1492,1511]" captionTargetBox="[232,726,176,1475]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[232,726,176,1475]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Premaxillary crown morphologies in Tyrannosaurus rex. A, Lpm2 of AMNH 5027 in labial view. B, Rpm1 and Rpm3 of BHI 3033 in lingual view. Scale bar equals 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943000" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943000/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
). The lingual faces form very weakly convex curves (e.g.,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D020FFD1FEB7F8E5BFA3D17D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374329" box="[276,416,1853,1874]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47761" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">AMNH 5027</materialsCitation>
|
||
), which are more pronounced basally, creating a shallow wide ridge (contra
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD020FFD1FD97F880BEC7D1A8" author="Molnar, R. E. & K. Carpenter" firstAuthor="Molnar" journalOrPublisher="Geobios" pageId="4" pageNumber="868" pagination="445 - 454" part="22" refId="ref21517" refString="Molnar, R. E., and K. Carpenter. 1989. The Jordan theropod (Maastrichtian, Montana, U. S. A.) referred to the genus Aublysodon. Geobios 22: 445 - 454." title="The Jordan theropod (Maastrichtian, Montana, U. S. A.) referred to the genus Aublysodon" type="journal article" year="1989">Molnar and Carpenter, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); apically the faces are almost flat (
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD020FFD1FD9AF8AABC89D1A8" box="[569,650,1906,1927]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[144,233,1492,1511]" captionTargetBox="[232,726,176,1475]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[232,726,176,1475]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Premaxillary crown morphologies in Tyrannosaurus rex. A, Lpm2 of AMNH 5027 in labial view. B, Rpm1 and Rpm3 of BHI 3033 in lingual view. Scale bar equals 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943000" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943000/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="868">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The curves of the lingual faces flatten out proximal to the carinae, which are located at the mesiolingual and distolingual corners of the crowns. The flattening is more pronounced distal to pm1 where the very slightly convex mesial and distal faces curve into the lingual face.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="FC856616D021FFD0FF33FA11BD09D023" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3942998" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3942998" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3942998/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="869" startId="5.[144,233,1481,1500]" targetBox="[160,1501,176,1464]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED021FFD0FF33FA11BD09D023" blockId="5.[144,1517,1481,1548]" pageId="5" pageNumber="869">
|
||
FIGURE 2. Crown size (in mm) variability profiles, with respect to tooth position, for CBL (
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD021FFD0FC5AFA11BA08D3F3" bold="true" box="[1017,1035,1481,1500]" pageId="5" pageNumber="869">A</emphasis>
|
||
), CBW (
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD021FFD0FBC3FA11BA6CD3F3" bold="true" box="[1120,1135,1481,1500]" pageId="5" pageNumber="869">B</emphasis>
|
||
), CH (
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD021FFD0FB11FA11BAC2D3F3" bold="true" box="[1202,1217,1481,1500]" pageId="5" pageNumber="869">C</emphasis>
|
||
), and AL (
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD021FFD0FA89FA11BB3FD3F3" bold="true" box="[1322,1340,1481,1500]" pageId="5" pageNumber="869">D</emphasis>
|
||
) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD021FFD0FAC0FA11BEAFD3DB" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="869" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD021FFD0FAC0FA11BEAFD3DB" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="869">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD021FFD0FF19FA39BECAD3DB" bold="true" box="[186,201,1505,1524]" pageId="5" pageNumber="869">E</emphasis>
|
||
, crown size (CBL, CBW, CH, and AL, in mm) comparisons for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD021FFD0FCE3FA39BD7BD3DB" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[832,888,1505,1524]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="869" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD021FFD0FCE3FA39BD7BD3DB" box="[832,888,1505,1524]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="869">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
tooth classes. See Supplementary Data 1, www.vertpaleo.org/jvp/ JVPcontents.html, for data. Error bars = +/− 1 standard deviation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED021FFD3FF0BF960BCDCD0C7" blockId="5.[144,815,1640,1980]" lastBlockId="6.[144,815,1640,1981]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="870" pageId="5" pageNumber="869">
|
||
A number of theropods exhibit positional variation with respect to carina placement.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD021FFD0FE0EF90ABC72D0C8" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[429,625,1746,1767]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="869" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD021FFD0FE0EF90ABC72D0C8" box="[429,625,1746,1767]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="869">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
exhibits dramatic changes in this feature along the maxillary and dentary tooth rows, but virtually none within the premaxilla: the carinae are all located at the corners of the teeth, as in other tyrannosaurids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD021FFD0FF34F8E5BF25D17D" author="Russell, D. A." box="[151,294,1853,1874]" firstAuthor="Russell" journalOrPublisher="National Museum of Natural Science, Publications in Paleontology" pageId="5" pageNumber="869" pagination="1 - 34" part="1" refId="ref22293" refString="Russell, D. A. 1970. Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada. National Museum of Natural Science, Publications in Paleontology 1: 1 - 34." title="Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada" type="journal article" year="1970">Russell, 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD021FFD0FE90F8E5BFC4D17D" author="Currie, P. J." box="[307,455,1853,1874]" firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica" pageId="5" pageNumber="869" pagination="191 - 226" part="48" refId="ref18948" refString="Currie, P. J. 2003 a. Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 48: 191 - 226." title="Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada" type="journal article" year="2003" yearSuffix="a">Currie, 2003a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In labial view, the denticles are often just visible along the mesial and distal edges of the labial faces. The carinae start from lingual points on the apices and extend basally along the mesial and distal faces to the bases, exhibiting slight labial convexity. They cross the apices with a surface expression of one carina wrapping over the tip rather than two distinct carinae, although each is discussed separately here. The mesial carinae are ̴2–5 mm shorter than the distal and often do not extend to the bases. Both carinae in pm3 of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D021FFD0FA1DF960BD7DD0C8" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374315" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="5" pageNumber="869" specimenCode="BHI 3033">BHI 3033</materialsCitation>
|
||
terminate before reaching the base. Often premaxillary mesial carinae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD021FFD0FC4AF935BA24D12D" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1001,1063,1773,1794]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="869" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD021FFD0FC4AF935BA24D12D" box="[1001,1063,1773,1794]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="869">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are slightly shorter than the distal carinae, so it might be possible to discriminate left and right crowns by identifying the distal carina. Similar morphologies occur in the premaxillae of other tyrannosaurids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD021FFD0FB7FF8E5BB68D17D" author="Russell, D. A." box="[1244,1387,1853,1874]" firstAuthor="Russell" journalOrPublisher="National Museum of Natural Science, Publications in Paleontology" pageId="5" pageNumber="869" pagination="1 - 34" part="1" refId="ref22293" refString="Russell, D. A. 1970. Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada. National Museum of Natural Science, Publications in Paleontology 1: 1 - 34." title="Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada" type="journal article" year="1970">Russell, 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD021FFD0FADBF8E5BBEAD17D" author="Carr, T. D." box="[1400,1513,1853,1874]" firstAuthor="Carr" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="5" pageNumber="869" pagination="497 - 520" part="19" refId="ref17988" refString="Carr, T. D. 1999. Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19: 497 - 520." title="Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria)" type="journal article" year="1999">Carr, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD021FFD0FCEDF88FBDDED143" author="Currie, P. J." box="[846,989,1879,1900]" firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica" pageId="5" pageNumber="869" pagination="191 - 226" part="48" refId="ref18948" refString="Currie, P. J. 2003 a. Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 48: 191 - 226." title="Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada" type="journal article" year="2003" yearSuffix="a">Currie, 2003a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), leading to the premaxillary crowns being referred to as ‘incisiform,’ ‘U-shaped,’ or ‘D-shaped in cross section’ (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD021FFD0FCEDF855BDD8D18D" author="Russell, D. A." box="[846,987,1933,1954]" firstAuthor="Russell" journalOrPublisher="National Museum of Natural Science, Publications in Paleontology" pageId="5" pageNumber="869" pagination="1 - 34" part="1" refId="ref22293" refString="Russell, D. A. 1970. Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada. National Museum of Natural Science, Publications in Paleontology 1: 1 - 34." title="Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada" type="journal article" year="1970">Russell, 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD021FFD0FC44F855BAA9D18D" author="Currie, P. J. & J. K. Rigby, Jr. & R. E. Sloan" box="[999,1194,1933,1954]" editor="K. Carpenter & P. J. Currie" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England" pageId="5" pageNumber="869" pagination="107 - 125" refId="ref19155" refString="Currie, P. J., J. K. Rigby, Jr., and R. E. Sloan. 1990. Theropod teeth from the Judith River Formation of southern Alberta, Canada; pp. 107 - 125 in K. Carpenter and P. J. Currie (eds.), Dinosaur Systematics: Perspectives and Approaches. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England." title="Theropod teeth from the Judith River Formation of southern Alberta, Canada" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Dinosaur Systematics: Perspectives and Approaches" year="1990">Currie et al., 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD021FFD0FB15F855BB62D18D" author="Carpenter, K." box="[1206,1377,1933,1954]" editor="N. Mateer & P. J. Chen" firstAuthor="Carpenter" journalOrPublisher="Aspects of Nonmarine Cretaceous Geology. China Ocean Press, Beijing" pageId="5" pageNumber="869" pagination="250 - 268" refId="ref17940" refString="Carpenter, K. 1992. Tyrannosaurids (Dinosauria) of Asia and North America; pp. 250 - 268 in N. Mateer and P. J. Chen (eds.), Aspects of Nonmarine Cretaceous Geology. China Ocean Press, Beijing." title="Tyrannosaurids (Dinosauria) of Asia and North America" type="book chapter" year="1992">Carpenter, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD021FFD0FACDF855BBEAD18D" author="Holtz, T. R., Jr." box="[1390,1513,1933,1954]" firstAuthor="Holtz" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Paleontology" pageId="5" pageNumber="869" pagination="1100 - 1117" part="68" refId="ref19948" refString="Holtz, T. R., Jr. 1994. The phylogenetic position of the Tyrannosauridae: implications for theropod systematics. Journal of Paleontology 68: 1100 - 1117." title="The phylogenetic position of the Tyrannosauridae: implications for theropod systematics" type="journal article" year="1994">Holtz, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD021FFD0FCEDF87FBD83D193" author="Holtz, T. R., Jr." box="[846,896,1959,1980]" editor="B. P. Perez-Moreno & T. Holtz & J. L. Sanz & J. J. Moratalla" firstAuthor="Holtz" journalOrPublisher="Aspects of Theropod Paleobiology. Museu Nacional de Historia Natural, Lisbon, Portugal" pageId="5" pageNumber="869" pagination="5 - 61" part="15" refId="ref19980" refString="Holtz, T. R., Jr. 1998. A new phylogeny of the carnivorous dinosaurs; pp. 5 - 61 in B. P. Perez-Moreno, T. Holtz, J. L. Sanz, and J. J. Moratalla (eds.), Gaia 15: Aspects of Theropod Paleobiology. Museu Nacional de Historia Natural, Lisbon, Portugal." title="A new phylogeny of the carnivorous dinosaurs" type="book chapter" year="1998">1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD021FFD0FC2EF87FBDFCD193" author="Carr, T. D." box="[909,1023,1959,1980]" firstAuthor="Carr" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="5" pageNumber="869" pagination="497 - 520" part="19" refId="ref17988" refString="Carr, T. D. 1999. Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19: 497 - 520." title="Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria)" type="journal article" year="1999">Carr, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD021FFD0FBAFF87FBAF9D193" author="Ford, T. L. & D. J. Chure" box="[1036,1274,1959,1980]" firstAuthor="Ford" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="5" pageNumber="869" pagination="50 A- 51 A" part="21" refId="ref19660" refString="Ford, T. L., and D. J. Chure. 2001. Ghost lineages and the paleogeographic and temporal distribution of tyrannosaurids. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21: 50 A- 51 A." title="Ghost lineages and the paleogeographic and temporal distribution of tyrannosaurids" type="journal article" year="2001">Ford and Chure, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD021FFD0FAA4F87FBB95D193" author="Brochu, C. A." box="[1287,1430,1959,1980]" firstAuthor="Brochu" journalOrPublisher="Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir" pageId="5" pageNumber="869" pagination="1 - 138" part="7" refId="ref17657" refString="Brochu, C. A. 2002. Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 7: 1 - 138." title="Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull" type="journal article" year="2002">Brochu, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD021FFD3FA00F87FBECDD052" author="Currie, P. J." firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="870" pageId="5" pageNumber="869" pagination="191 - 226" part="48" refId="ref18948" refString="Currie, P. J. 2003 a. Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 48: 191 - 226." title="Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada" type="journal article" year="2003" yearSuffix="a">Currie, 2003a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD022FFD3FF79F9B0BFFED052" author="Carr, T. D. & T. E. Williamson" box="[218,509,1640,1661]" firstAuthor="Carr" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="6" pageNumber="870" pagination="479 - 523" part="142" refId="ref18083" refString="Carr, T. D., and T. E. Williamson. 2004. Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142: 479 - 523." title="Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America" type="journal article" year="2004">Carr and Williamson, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Given the convexity of the lingual face and the oval shapes of the crown bases, these descriptors are somewhat inaccurate, but do get the general meaning across (at least colloquially; better descriptions might be desired when using this feature as a systematic character).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="FC856616D022FFD3FF33FA0CBC02D038" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943000" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3943000" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943000/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="870" startId="6.[144,233,1492,1511]" targetBox="[232,726,176,1475]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED022FFD3FF33FA0CBC02D038" blockId="6.[144,815,1492,1559]" pageId="6" pageNumber="870">
|
||
FIGURE 3. Premaxillary crown morphologies in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD022FFD3FDDAFA0CBD2AD3C8" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[633,809,1492,1511]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="870" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD022FFD3FDDAFA0CBD2AD3C8" box="[633,809,1492,1511]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="870">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD022FFD3FF33FA34BEA1D3D0" bold="true" box="[144,162,1516,1535]" pageId="6" pageNumber="870">A</emphasis>
|
||
, Lpm2 of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D022FFD3FEA3FA34BF7BD3D0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374441" box="[256,376,1516,1535]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47761" pageId="6" pageNumber="870" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">AMNH 5027</materialsCitation>
|
||
in labial view.
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD022FFD3FDA3FA34BC0CD3D0" bold="true" box="[512,527,1516,1535]" pageId="6" pageNumber="870">B</emphasis>
|
||
, Rpm1 and Rpm3 of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D022FFD3FD76FA34BD2CD3D0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374393" box="[725,815,1516,1535]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="6" pageNumber="870" specimenCode="BHI 3033">BHI 3033</materialsCitation>
|
||
in lingual view. Scale bar equals 5 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED022FFD3FF0BF935BB10D739" blockId="6.[144,815,1640,1981]" lastBlockId="6.[846,1518,177,1981]" pageId="6" pageNumber="870">
|
||
Although theropod teeth in general tend to be more circular mesially and more bladelike distally (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD022FFD3FDEBF8D0BD06D132" author="Smith, J. B. & D. R. Vann & P. Dodson" box="[584,773,1800,1821]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Smith" journalOrPublisher="The Anatomical Record Part A" pageId="6" pageNumber="870" pagination="699 - 736" part="285" refId="ref22863" refString="Smith, J. B., D. R. Vann, and P. Dodson. 2005. Dental morphology and variation in theropod dinosaurs: implications for the taxonomic identification of isolated teeth. The Anatomical Record Part A 285: 699 - 736." title="Dental morphology and variation in theropod dinosaurs: implications for the taxonomic identification of isolated teeth" type="journal article" year="2005">Smith et al., 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD022FFD3FCBBF8D0BEB3D118" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="870" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD022FFD3FCBBF8D0BEB3D118" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="870">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
exhibits a reverse trend. The premaxillary teeth are significantly more blade-like than those in the maxilla or dentary (
|
||
<tableCitation id="E5780325D022FFD3FF34F880BEEAD142" box="[151,233,1880,1901]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[144,221,177,196]" captionTargetBox="[144,1517,273,937]" captionTargetId="graphics@4.[144,1517,263,949]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="TABLE 1. Tyrannosaurus rex class-level comparisons for the nine principal variables used in this study. “p (Premaxilla)” = p values of ANOVAs for maxilla and dentary values against the premaxillary values; “p (Max-Dent)” = p values of ANOVAs between the maxilla and dentary values. “S(P)” and “S(M)” = indications of significance (*) or nonsignificance (- -) at 95% for the ANOVAs." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/FC856616D020FFD1FF33FF69BA55D6DD" pageId="6" pageNumber="870" tableUuid="FC856616D020FFD1FF33FF69BA55D6DD">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD022FFD3FF54F880BF48D142" box="[247,331,1880,1901]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[144,233,1649,1668]" captionTargetBox="[230,1429,176,1632]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[230,1429,176,1632]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Crown shape comparisons and variability profiles, with respect to tooth position, for CBR (A), CHR (B), and CA (C) of Tyrannosaurus rex. See methods for units. See Supplementary Data 1, www.vertpaleo.org/jvp/JVPcontents.html, for data. Error bars equal +/− 1 standard deviation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943002" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943002/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="870">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
|
||
). This might be initially surprising, but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD022FFD3FD53F880BD2DD142" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[752,814,1880,1901]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="870" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD022FFD3FD53F880BD2DD142" box="[752,814,1880,1901]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="870">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
premaxillary crown bases are very elongate. The first two teeth are significantly less circular than are than are pm3 and 4 (pm2 CBR = 0.57; pm3 = 0.64, F = 14.06,
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD022FFD3FDBFF87FBC2AD193" box="[540,553,1959,1980]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="870">p</emphasis>
|
||
.0128). The premaxillary teeth are more ‘squat’ than in the maxilla or dentary (
|
||
<tableCitation id="E5780325D022FFD3FA37FF69BBE4D6E9" box="[1428,1511,177,198]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[144,221,177,196]" captionTargetBox="[144,1517,273,937]" captionTargetId="graphics@4.[144,1517,263,949]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="TABLE 1. Tyrannosaurus rex class-level comparisons for the nine principal variables used in this study. “p (Premaxilla)” = p values of ANOVAs for maxilla and dentary values against the premaxillary values; “p (Max-Dent)” = p values of ANOVAs between the maxilla and dentary values. “S(P)” and “S(M)” = indications of significance (*) or nonsignificance (- -) at 95% for the ANOVAs." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/FC856616D020FFD1FF33FF69BA55D6DD" pageId="6" pageNumber="870" tableUuid="FC856616D020FFD1FF33FF69BA55D6DD">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD022FFD3FCEDFF14BD9DD6CE" box="[846,926,204,225]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[144,233,1649,1668]" captionTargetBox="[230,1429,176,1632]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[230,1429,176,1632]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Crown shape comparisons and variability profiles, with respect to tooth position, for CBR (A), CHR (B), and CA (C) of Tyrannosaurus rex. See methods for units. See Supplementary Data 1, www.vertpaleo.org/jvp/JVPcontents.html, for data. Error bars equal +/− 1 standard deviation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943002" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943002/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="870">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Along the tooth row, the crowns become increasingly, but not significantly, more elongated (CHR values of 1.52, 1.52, 1.64, and 1.74, from p1–pm4, respectively).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED022FFD3FCC5FEC3BD95D520" blockId="6.[846,1518,177,1981]" pageId="6" pageNumber="870">
|
||
The rostral end of the snout in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD022FFD3FB08FEC3BAE4D71F" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1195,1255,283,304]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="870" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD022FFD3FB08FEC3BAE4D71F" box="[1195,1255,283,304]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="870">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is more squared off than in many theropods (
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD022FFD3FB81FEEEBA76D764" box="[1058,1141,310,331]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[144,233,1488,1507]" captionTargetBox="[227,730,176,1471]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[227,730,176,1471]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Premaxillary tooth morphology in Tyrannosaurus rex. A, idealized skulls of T. rex and Dromaeosaurus in palatal view, showing variation in snout shape (after Molnar, 1998, and Currie, 1995). B, photo trace of AMNH 5027 in palatal view showing labiolingual crown longaxis orientations (teeth are schematic; dashed line is sagittal plane). C, photo trace of Allosaurus (YPM 1333) in palatal view, showing morphology and carinae of Rpm2–5. D, right premaxilla of Majungatholus (FMNH PR 2100) in occlusal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943004" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943004/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="870">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
|
||
), so that the tooth row curves away from the midline. This, along with the derived crown shapes, produces the distinctive tyrannosaurid premaxillary dentition. Carina placement and lingual face morphology in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD022FFD3FADDFE5EBBC3D7B4" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1406,1472,390,411]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="870" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD022FFD3FADDFE5EBBC3D7B4" box="[1406,1472,390,411]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="870">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are similar to those of pm1 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD022FFD3FBC0FE78BAD0D79A" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[1123,1235,416,437]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="870" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD022FFD3FBC0FE78BAD0D79A" box="[1123,1235,416,437]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="870">Allosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g., YPM 1333 and 4933, MOR 693, and UMNH 1251) and pm1–3 in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD022FFD3FABAFE63BBB0D7FF" authorityName="Sues and Taquet" authorityYear="1979" box="[1305,1459,443,464]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Majungatholus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="870" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD022FFD3FABAFE63BBB0D7FF" box="[1305,1459,443,464]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="870">Majungatholus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g., FMNH PR2100). In all three taxa the carinae form the mesial and distal edges of the lingual faces in lingual view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD022FFD3FACBFE28BBAFD42A" box="[1384,1452,496,517]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[144,233,1488,1507]" captionTargetBox="[227,730,176,1471]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[227,730,176,1471]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Premaxillary tooth morphology in Tyrannosaurus rex. A, idealized skulls of T. rex and Dromaeosaurus in palatal view, showing variation in snout shape (after Molnar, 1998, and Currie, 1995). B, photo trace of AMNH 5027 in palatal view showing labiolingual crown longaxis orientations (teeth are schematic; dashed line is sagittal plane). C, photo trace of Allosaurus (YPM 1333) in palatal view, showing morphology and carinae of Rpm2–5. D, right premaxilla of Majungatholus (FMNH PR 2100) in occlusal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943004" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943004/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="870">Figs. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
B–D). However, this resemblance of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD022FFD3FB01FDD3BB11D40F" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[1186,1298,523,544]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="870" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD022FFD3FB01FDD3BB11D40F" box="[1186,1298,523,544]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="870">Allosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD022FFD3FAF1FDD3BBEED40F" authorityName="Sues and Taquet" authorityYear="1979" box="[1362,1517,523,544]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Majungatholus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="870" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD022FFD3FAF1FDD3BBEED40F" box="[1362,1517,523,544]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="870">Majungatholus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
premaxillary teeth with those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD022FFD3FB06FDFDBAE1D415" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1189,1250,549,570]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="870" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD022FFD3FB06FDFDBAE1D415" box="[1189,1250,549,570]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="870">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is only valid mesially. By the distal ends of the tooth rows in both of these taxa, the crowns are distinctly different from the premaxillary condition in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD022FFD3FA09FD83BBE4D45F" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1450,1511,603,624]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="870" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD022FFD3FA09FD83BBE4D45F" box="[1450,1511,603,624]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="870">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. By pm4 in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD022FFD3FC66FDADBA36D4A5" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[965,1077,629,650]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="870" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD022FFD3FC66FDADBA36D4A5" box="[965,1077,629,650]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="870">Allosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(YPM 1333), the mesial carina, in mesial view, begins at the apex and curves lingually such that it forms the lingual edge of the mesial face at about the mid-crown point. In pm5 the distal carina essentially defines the distal keel of the crown, showing only a very slight labial convexity along its length.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED022FFD3FCC5FCCDBB62D2FB" blockId="6.[846,1518,177,1981]" pageId="6" pageNumber="870">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD022FFD3FCC5FCCDBA29D504" bold="true" box="[870,1066,789,811]" pageId="6" pageNumber="870">Crown Curvature</emphasis>
|
||
—That crown curvature is taxonomically variable in theropods has been suggested (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD022FFD3FAB7FCF7BBACD56B" author="Gilmore, C. W." box="[1300,1455,815,836]" firstAuthor="Gilmore" journalOrPublisher="United States National Museum Bulletin" pageId="6" pageNumber="870" pagination="1 - 159" part="110" refId="ref19827" refString="Gilmore, C. W. 1920. Osteology of the carnivorous Dinosauria in the United States National Museum, with special reference to the genera Antrodemus (Allosaurus) and Ceratosaurus. United States National Museum Bulletin 110: 1 - 159." title="Osteology of the carnivorous Dinosauria in the United States National Museum, with special reference to the genera Antrodemus (Allosaurus) and Ceratosaurus" type="journal article" year="1920">Gilmore, 1920</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD022FFD3FA1FFCF7BDB3D570" author="Russell, D. A." firstAuthor="Russell" journalOrPublisher="National Museum of Natural Science, Publications in Paleontology" pageId="6" pageNumber="870" pagination="1 - 34" part="1" refId="ref22293" refString="Russell, D. A. 1970. Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada. National Museum of Natural Science, Publications in Paleontology 1: 1 - 34." title="Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada" type="journal article" year="1970">Russell, 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD022FFD3FC19FC92BA4CD570" author="Madsen, J. H., Jr." box="[954,1103,842,863]" firstAuthor="Madsen" journalOrPublisher="Utah Geological Survey Bulletin" pageId="6" pageNumber="870" pagination="1 - 163" part="109" refId="ref20940" refString="Madsen, J. H., Jr. 1976. Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology. Utah Geological Survey Bulletin 109: 1 - 163." title="Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology" type="journal article" year="1976">Madsen, 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Within-taxon variation takes the form of increasingly curved crowns along the length of the tooth row (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD022FFD3FCDDFCA7BDF6D5BB" author="Smith, J. B." bookContentInfo="617 pp." box="[894,1013,895,916]" firstAuthor="Smith" journalOrPublisher="University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania" pageId="6" pageNumber="870" refId="ref22778" refString="Smith, J. B. 2002. An examination of dental morphology and variation in theropod dinosaurs: implications for the identification of isolated teeth. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 617 pp." title="An examination of dental morphology and variation in theropod dinosaurs: implications for the identification of isolated teeth" type="book" year="2002">Smith 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), often accompanied by a decrease in size (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD022FFD3FA08FCA7BDB8D580" author="Chandler, C. L." bookContentInfo="163 pp." firstAuthor="Chandler" journalOrPublisher="Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut" pageId="6" pageNumber="870" refId="ref18249" refString="Chandler, C. L. 1990. Taxonomic and functional significance of serrated tooth morphology in theropod dinosaurs. Unpublished M. S. thesis, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 163 pp." title="Taxonomic and functional significance of serrated tooth morphology in theropod dinosaurs" type="book" year="1990">Chandler, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, some taxa, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD022FFD3FAA8FC42BD83D5E5" authority="Stromer, 1915" authorityName="Stromer" authorityYear="1915" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Spinosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="870" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD022FFD3FAA8FC42BB8AD580" box="[1291,1417,922,943]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="870">Spinosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD022FFD3FA31FC42BD83D5E5" author="Stromer, E." firstAuthor="Stromer" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen der Koniglich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-physikalische Classe" pageId="6" pageNumber="870" pagination="1 - 32" part="28" refId="ref23020" refString="Stromer, E. 1915. Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromers in den Wusten Agyptens. II. Wirbeltier-Reste der Baharije-Stufe (unterstes Cenoman). 3. Das Original des Theropoden Spinosaurus aegyptiacus nov. gen., nov. spec. Abhandlungen der Koniglich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-physikalische Classe 28 (3): 1 - 32." title="Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromers in den Wusten Agyptens. II. Wirbeltier-Reste der Baharije-Stufe (unterstes Cenoman). 3. Das Original des Theropoden Spinosaurus aegyptiacus nov. gen., nov. spec" type="journal article" year="1915">Stromer, 1915</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD022FFD3FC1FFC6DBADDD5E5" authority="Martill et al., 1996" authorityName="Martill" authorityYear="1996" box="[956,1246,949,970]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Irritator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="870" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD022FFD3FC1FFC6DBA0CD5E5" box="[956,1039,949,970]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="870">Irritator</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD022FFD3FBB4FC6DBADDD5E5" author="Martill, D. M. & A. R. I. Cruickshank & E. Frey & P. G. Small & M. Clarke" box="[1047,1246,949,970]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Martill" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Geological Society of London" pageId="6" pageNumber="870" pagination="5 - 8" part="153" refId="ref21184" refString="Martill, D. M., A. R. I. Cruickshank, E. Frey, P. G. Small, and M. Clarke. 1996. A new crested maniraptoran dinosaur from the Santana Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of Brazil. Journal of the Geological Society of London 153: 5 - 8." title="A new crested maniraptoran dinosaur from the Santana Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of Brazil" type="journal article" year="1996">Martill et al., 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, exhibit very little mesial curvature (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD022FFD3FC50FC17BAAED5CB" author="Sues, H. - D. & E. Frey & D. M. Martill & D. M. Scott" box="[1011,1197,975,996]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Sues" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="6" pageNumber="870" pagination="535 - 547" part="22" refId="ref23252" refString="Sues, H. - D., E. Frey, D. M. Martill, and D. M. Scott. 2002. Irritator challengeri, a spinosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22: 535 - 547." title="Irritator challengeri, a spinosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil" type="journal article" year="2002">Sues et al., 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This curvature can be seen indirectly in the CA data generated by equation (1). In general, CA values closer to 90° indicate more centrally positioned apices, a condition that usually correlates with less curved mesial profiles. Lower CA values usually correlate with more strongly curved mesial profiles. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD022FFD3FBF4FB8CBA90D246" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1111,1171,1108,1129]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="870" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD022FFD3FBF4FB8CBA90D246" box="[1111,1171,1108,1129]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="870">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, curvature decreases from pm1–4 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD022FFD3FCF5FBB7BDA4D2AB" box="[854,935,1135,1156]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[144,233,1649,1668]" captionTargetBox="[230,1429,176,1632]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[230,1429,176,1632]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Crown shape comparisons and variability profiles, with respect to tooth position, for CBR (A), CHR (B), and CA (C) of Tyrannosaurus rex. See methods for units. See Supplementary Data 1, www.vertpaleo.org/jvp/JVPcontents.html, for data. Error bars equal +/− 1 standard deviation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943002" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943002/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="870">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
|
||
), but the differences are not significant (mean CA values of 84.7°, 85.1°, 85.9°, and 85.9° from pm1–4). The CA values in the premaxillary dentition versus those in the maxilla and dentary are also not significant (
|
||
<tableCitation id="E5780325D022FFD3FB06FB67BAF4D2FB" box="[1189,1271,1215,1236]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[144,221,177,196]" captionTargetBox="[144,1517,273,937]" captionTargetId="graphics@4.[144,1517,263,949]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="TABLE 1. Tyrannosaurus rex class-level comparisons for the nine principal variables used in this study. “p (Premaxilla)” = p values of ANOVAs for maxilla and dentary values against the premaxillary values; “p (Max-Dent)” = p values of ANOVAs between the maxilla and dentary values. “S(P)” and “S(M)” = indications of significance (*) or nonsignificance (- -) at 95% for the ANOVAs." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/FC856616D020FFD1FF33FF69BA55D6DD" pageId="6" pageNumber="870" tableUuid="FC856616D020FFD1FF33FF69BA55D6DD">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD022FFD3FAA7FB67BB56D2FB" box="[1284,1365,1215,1236]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[144,233,1649,1668]" captionTargetBox="[230,1429,176,1632]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[230,1429,176,1632]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Crown shape comparisons and variability profiles, with respect to tooth position, for CBR (A), CHR (B), and CA (C) of Tyrannosaurus rex. See methods for units. See Supplementary Data 1, www.vertpaleo.org/jvp/JVPcontents.html, for data. Error bars equal +/− 1 standard deviation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943002" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943002/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="870">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED022FFD3FCC5FB01BB3FD18D" blockId="6.[846,1518,177,1981]" pageId="6" pageNumber="870">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD022FFD3FCC5FB01BDCFD2C0" bold="true" box="[870,972,1241,1263]" pageId="6" pageNumber="870">Denticles</emphasis>
|
||
—The mesial premaxillary denticles range in size from ̴9–̴11/5 mm (
|
||
<tableCitation id="E5780325D022FFD3FBBFFB2CBA68D326" box="[1052,1131,1268,1289]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[144,221,177,196]" captionTargetBox="[144,1517,273,937]" captionTargetId="graphics@4.[144,1517,263,949]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="TABLE 1. Tyrannosaurus rex class-level comparisons for the nine principal variables used in this study. “p (Premaxilla)” = p values of ANOVAs for maxilla and dentary values against the premaxillary values; “p (Max-Dent)” = p values of ANOVAs between the maxilla and dentary values. “S(P)” and “S(M)” = indications of significance (*) or nonsignificance (- -) at 95% for the ANOVAs." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/FC856616D020FFD1FF33FF69BA55D6DD" pageId="6" pageNumber="870" tableUuid="FC856616D020FFD1FF33FF69BA55D6DD">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
), with a weak trend of increasing size along the tooth row (
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD022FFD3FB9CFAD6BA94D30C" box="[1087,1175,1294,1315]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[144,233,1648,1667]" captionTargetBox="[230,1429,176,1631]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[230,1429,176,1631]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Denticle size comparisons and variability profiles, with respect to tooth position, for MAVG (A), DAVG (B), and DSDI (C) of Tyrannosaurus rex. See methods for units. See Supplementary Data 1, www.vertpaleo.org/jvp/JVPcontents.html, for data. Error bars equal +/− 1 standard deviation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943006" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943006/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="870">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
|
||
), although differences between adjacent teeth are mostly not significant. Premaxillary MAVG values are not significantly larger than those of the maxillary or dentary teeth (
|
||
<tableCitation id="E5780325D022FFD3FC50FA86BA49D35C" box="[1011,1098,1374,1395]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[144,221,177,196]" captionTargetBox="[144,1517,273,937]" captionTargetId="graphics@4.[144,1517,263,949]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="TABLE 1. Tyrannosaurus rex class-level comparisons for the nine principal variables used in this study. “p (Premaxilla)” = p values of ANOVAs for maxilla and dentary values against the premaxillary values; “p (Max-Dent)” = p values of ANOVAs between the maxilla and dentary values. “S(P)” and “S(M)” = indications of significance (*) or nonsignificance (- -) at 95% for the ANOVAs." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/FC856616D020FFD1FF33FF69BA55D6DD" pageId="6" pageNumber="870" tableUuid="FC856616D020FFD1FF33FF69BA55D6DD">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). In examining the components from which MAVG is generated, the MA data range from 8.4–10.9/5 mm, the MC data from 7–9.5/5 mm, and the MB data from 9–12.5/5 mm. There is no significant size trend along the tooth row in the apical denticles, but the mid-crown denticles show a very weak increasing trend. The MB data show no clear trends. The apical mesial denticles (10.3/5 mm) are significantly smaller than those of the maxilla (7.9/5 mm,
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD022FFD3FB6AF9C1BAD5D001" box="[1225,1238,1561,1582]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="870">p</emphasis>
|
||
<.0001) and dentary (8.5/5 mm,
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD022FFD3FC24F9EBBD97D067" box="[903,916,1587,1608]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="870">p</emphasis>
|
||
.0245), but the mid-crown and basal denticles are not. Overall, the components of MAVG and DAVG mimic the trends illustrated in
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD022FFD3FB83F9B0BA7BD052" box="[1056,1144,1640,1661]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[144,233,1648,1667]" captionTargetBox="[230,1429,176,1631]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[230,1429,176,1631]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Denticle size comparisons and variability profiles, with respect to tooth position, for MAVG (A), DAVG (B), and DSDI (C) of Tyrannosaurus rex. See methods for units. See Supplementary Data 1, www.vertpaleo.org/jvp/JVPcontents.html, for data. Error bars equal +/− 1 standard deviation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943006" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943006/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="870">Figure 6</figureCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD022FFD3FB21F9B0BB2FD052" author="Smith, J. B." bookContentInfo="617 pp." box="[1154,1324,1640,1661]" firstAuthor="As Smith" journalOrPublisher="University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania" pageId="6" pageNumber="870" refId="ref22778" refString="Smith, J. B. 2002. An examination of dental morphology and variation in theropod dinosaurs: implications for the identification of isolated teeth. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 617 pp." title="An examination of dental morphology and variation in theropod dinosaurs: implications for the identification of isolated teeth" type="book" year="2002">As Smith (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provided variability plots of these variables and they are not substantially more informative for understanding the dentition of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD022FFD3FA9FF946BB79D09C" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1340,1402,1694,1715]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="870" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD022FFD3FA9FF946BB79D09C" box="[1340,1402,1694,1715]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="870">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, MA, MC, MB, DA, DC, and DB plots have been omitted here. The distal denticles display similar patterns of variation to that seen in MAVG data (
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD022FFD3FC47F935BA36D12D" box="[996,1077,1773,1794]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[144,233,1648,1667]" captionTargetBox="[230,1429,176,1631]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[230,1429,176,1631]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Denticle size comparisons and variability profiles, with respect to tooth position, for MAVG (A), DAVG (B), and DSDI (C) of Tyrannosaurus rex. See methods for units. See Supplementary Data 1, www.vertpaleo.org/jvp/JVPcontents.html, for data. Error bars equal +/− 1 standard deviation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943006" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943006/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="870">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
|
||
); premaxillary DAVG values are not significantly different in size from those of the maxilla or dentary (
|
||
<tableCitation id="E5780325D022FFD3FCF6F8FBBDA8D117" box="[853,939,1827,1848]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[144,221,177,196]" captionTargetBox="[144,1517,273,937]" captionTargetId="graphics@4.[144,1517,263,949]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="TABLE 1. Tyrannosaurus rex class-level comparisons for the nine principal variables used in this study. “p (Premaxilla)” = p values of ANOVAs for maxilla and dentary values against the premaxillary values; “p (Max-Dent)” = p values of ANOVAs between the maxilla and dentary values. “S(P)” and “S(M)” = indications of significance (*) or nonsignificance (- -) at 95% for the ANOVAs." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/FC856616D020FFD1FF33FF69BA55D6DD" pageId="6" pageNumber="870" tableUuid="FC856616D020FFD1FF33FF69BA55D6DD">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). The apical distal denticles (10.3/5 mm) are significantly smaller than those of the maxilla (8.3/5 mm,
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD022FFD3FACAF8E5BB75D17D" box="[1385,1398,1853,1874]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="870">p</emphasis>
|
||
.0003), but not those of the dentary (9.4/5 mm,
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD022FFD3FB71F880BADCD142" box="[1234,1247,1880,1901]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="870">p</emphasis>
|
||
.0890). There are no significant differences in size between the dentigerous bones of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD022FFD3FA74F8AABD6DD18D" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="870" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD022FFD3FA74F8AABD6DD18D" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="870">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for the mid-crown or basal distal denticles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED022FFD2FCC5F870BC00D192" blockId="6.[846,1518,177,1981]" lastBlockId="7.[144,815,1773,1981]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="871" pageId="6" pageNumber="870">
|
||
When premaxillary DSDI data are examined for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD022FFD3FACCF870BBAED192" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1391,1453,1960,1981]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="870" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD022FFD3FACCF870BBAED192" box="[1391,1453,1960,1981]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="870">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, posi- tional variation in the denticles largely disappears (
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD023FFD2FD00F935BCF0D12D" box="[675,755,1773,1794]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[144,233,1648,1667]" captionTargetBox="[230,1429,176,1631]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[230,1429,176,1631]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Denticle size comparisons and variability profiles, with respect to tooth position, for MAVG (A), DAVG (B), and DSDI (C) of Tyrannosaurus rex. See methods for units. See Supplementary Data 1, www.vertpaleo.org/jvp/JVPcontents.html, for data. Error bars equal +/− 1 standard deviation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943006" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943006/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="871">Fig. 6C</figureCitation>
|
||
). The range of premaxillary DSDI variation is well within the range of DSDI variability for the mouth as a whole. Indeed, while there is some noise within the data, there is little positional influence for this feature in any of three tooth classes. Thus, DSDI does not appear to be particularly useful in examining
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD023FFD2FDCDF8AABCA8D1A8" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[622,683,1906,1927]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="871" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD023FFD2FDCDF8AABC7DD1A8" box="[622,638,1906,1927]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="871">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD023FFD2FD28F8AABCA8D1A8" box="[651,683,1906,1927]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="871">rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
teeth. However, the lack of positional variation suggests that DSDI data might have some systematic utility.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="FC856616D023FFD2FF33F9A9BBEDD0B3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943002" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3943002" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943002/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="871" startId="7.[144,233,1649,1668]" targetBox="[230,1429,176,1632]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED023FFD2FF33F9A9BBEDD0B3" blockId="7.[144,1518,1649,1692]" pageId="7" pageNumber="871">
|
||
FIGURE 4. Crown shape comparisons and variability profiles, with respect to tooth position, for CBR (
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD023FFD2FBF7F9A9BA65D0AB" bold="true" box="[1108,1126,1649,1668]" pageId="7" pageNumber="871">A</emphasis>
|
||
), CHR (
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD023FFD2FB14F9A9BAC5D0AB" bold="true" box="[1207,1222,1649,1668]" pageId="7" pageNumber="871">B</emphasis>
|
||
), and CA (
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD023FFD2FA8DF9A9BB3ED0AB" bold="true" box="[1326,1341,1649,1668]" pageId="7" pageNumber="871">C</emphasis>
|
||
) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD023FFD2FAC0F9A9BEAFD0B3" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="871" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD023FFD2FAC0F9A9BEAFD0B3" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="871">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. See methods for units. See Supplementary Data 1, www.vertpaleo.org/jvp/JVPcontents.html, for data. Error bars equal +/− 1 standard deviation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED023FFD2FCEDF935BA5BD12C" blockId="7.[846,1112,1773,1795]" box="[846,1112,1773,1795]" pageId="7" pageNumber="871">
|
||
<heading id="F30D81F2D023FFD2FCEDF935BA5BD12C" bold="true" box="[846,1112,1773,1795]" fontSize="9" level="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="871" reason="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD023FFD2FCEDF935BA5BD12C" bold="true" box="[846,1112,1773,1795]" pageId="7" pageNumber="871">The Maxillary Dentition</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED023FFDDFCC5F8FABEF0D142" blockId="7.[846,1517,1826,1981]" lastBlockId="8.[144,815,1747,1981]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="872" pageId="7" pageNumber="871">
|
||
The maxillary class of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD023FFD2FBF5F8FABA97D118" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1110,1172,1826,1847]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="871" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD023FFD2FBF5F8FABA97D118" box="[1110,1172,1826,1847]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="871">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
contains an average of 12 teeth, including the largest in the dental arcade and some of the smallest (
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD023FFD2FCDEF880BDBDD142" box="[893,958,1880,1901]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[144,233,1481,1500]" captionTargetBox="[160,1501,176,1464]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[160,1501,176,1464]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Crown size (in mm) variability profiles, with respect to tooth position, for CBL (A), CBW (B), CH (C), and AL (D) of Tyrannosaurus rex. E, crown size (CBL, CBW, CH, and AL, in mm) comparisons for T. rex tooth classes. See Supplementary Data 1, www.vertpaleo.org/jvp/ JVPcontents.html, for data. Error bars = +/− 1 standard deviation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3942998" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3942998/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="871">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). It is significantly larger than the premaxillary and dentary classes in CBL, CH, and AL and significantly larger than the premaxillary class in CBW (
|
||
<tableCitation id="E5780325D023FFD2FB3CF855BAF2D18D" box="[1183,1265,1933,1954]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[144,221,177,196]" captionTargetBox="[144,1517,273,937]" captionTargetId="graphics@4.[144,1517,263,949]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="TABLE 1. Tyrannosaurus rex class-level comparisons for the nine principal variables used in this study. “p (Premaxilla)” = p values of ANOVAs for maxilla and dentary values against the premaxillary values; “p (Max-Dent)” = p values of ANOVAs between the maxilla and dentary values. “S(P)” and “S(M)” = indications of significance (*) or nonsignificance (- -) at 95% for the ANOVAs." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/FC856616D020FFD1FF33FF69BA55D6DD" pageId="7" pageNumber="871" tableUuid="FC856616D020FFD1FF33FF69BA55D6DD">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). Indeed, mx3 and mx4 are large enough that it might be possible to distinguish them from dentary crowns using CH (mx3: 111.30 mm; mx4: 105.34 mm versus d4: 90.14 mm). The teeth in the maxillary dentition are different from those in the premaxillary class in terms of shape and size. Crown size and shape change enough within the maxilla that the dentition can be discussed in terms of two distinct sets.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="FC856616D02CFFDDFF33FA08BFD8D0A4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943004" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3943004" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943004/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="872" startId="8.[144,233,1488,1507]" targetBox="[227,730,176,1471]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED02CFFDDFF33FA08BFD8D0A4" blockId="8.[144,815,1488,1675]" pageId="8" pageNumber="872">
|
||
FIGURE 5. Premaxillary tooth morphology in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD02CFFDDFDFFFA08BD09D3CC" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[604,778,1488,1507]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="872" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02CFFDDFDFFFA08BD09D3CC" box="[604,778,1488,1507]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="872">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02CFFDDFCB4FA08BD2AD3CC" bold="true" box="[791,809,1488,1507]" pageId="8" pageNumber="872">A</emphasis>
|
||
, idealized skulls of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD02CFFDDFEE0FA30BF78D3D4" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[323,379,1512,1531]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="872" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02CFFDDFEE0FA30BF78D3D4" box="[323,379,1512,1531]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="872">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD02CFFDDFE0DFA30BC42D3D4" authorityName="Matthew and Brown" authorityYear="1922" box="[430,577,1512,1531]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Dromaeosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="872" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02CFFDDFE0DFA30BC42D3D4" box="[430,577,1512,1531]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="872">Dromaeosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in palatal view, showing variation in snout shape (after
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD02CFFDDFE0FF9D8BC2BD03C" author="Molnar, R. E." box="[428,552,1536,1555]" editor="B. P. Perez- Moreno & T. Holtz & J. L. Sanz & J. J. Moratalla" firstAuthor="Molnar" journalOrPublisher="Aspects of Theropod Paleobiology. Museu Nacional de Historia Natural, Lisbon, Portugal" pageId="8" pageNumber="872" pagination="193 - 218" part="15" refId="ref21440" refString="Molnar, R. E. 1998. Mechanical factors in the design of the skull of Tyrannosaurus rex (Osborn, 1905); pp. 193 - 218 in B. P. Perez- Moreno, T. Holtz, J. L. Sanz, and J. J. Moratalla (eds.), Gaia 15: Aspects of Theropod Paleobiology. Museu Nacional de Historia Natural, Lisbon, Portugal." title="Mechanical factors in the design of the skull of Tyrannosaurus rex (Osborn, 1905)" type="book" year="1998">Molnar, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD02CFFDDFDFAF9D8BCCCD03C" author="Currie, P. J." box="[601,719,1536,1555]" firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="8" pageNumber="872" pagination="576 - 591" part="15" refId="ref18763" refString="Currie, P. J. 1995. New information on the anatomy and relationships of Dromaeosaurus albertensis (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 15: 576 - 591." title="New information on the anatomy and relationships of Dromaeosaurus albertensis (Dinosauria: Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="1995">Currie, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02CFFDDFD7EF9D8BCEFD03C" bold="true" box="[733,748,1536,1555]" pageId="8" pageNumber="872">B</emphasis>
|
||
, photo trace of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02CFFDDFF42F9C0BF5FD004" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374438" box="[225,348,1560,1579]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47761" pageId="8" pageNumber="872" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">AMNH 5027</materialsCitation>
|
||
in palatal view showing labiolingual crown longaxis orientations (teeth are schematic; dashed line is sagittal plane).
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02CFFDDFCBAF9E8BD2BD06C" bold="true" box="[793,808,1584,1603]" pageId="8" pageNumber="872">C</emphasis>
|
||
, photo trace of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD02CFFDDFEB4F990BF79D074" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[279,378,1608,1627]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="872" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02CFFDDFEB4F990BF79D074" box="[279,378,1608,1627]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="872">Allosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(YPM 1333) in palatal view, showing morphology and carinae of Rpm2–5.
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02CFFDDFE1AF9B8BFC8D05C" bold="true" box="[441,459,1632,1651]" pageId="8" pageNumber="872">D</emphasis>
|
||
, right premaxilla of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD02CFFDDFD01F9B8BD2CD05C" authorityName="Sues and Taquet" authorityYear="1979" box="[674,815,1632,1651]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Majungatholus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="872" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02CFFDDFD01F9B8BD2CD05C" box="[674,815,1632,1651]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="872">Majungatholus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(FMNH PR 2100) in occlusal view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED02CFFDDFF0BF8ABBBA1D570" blockId="8.[144,815,1747,1981]" lastBlockId="8.[846,1518,177,1981]" pageId="8" pageNumber="872">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02CFFDDFF0BF8ABBF20D1A6" bold="true" box="[168,291,1907,1929]" pageId="8" pageNumber="872">Crown Size</emphasis>
|
||
—The mesial set (mx1–mx3) consists of very large crowns (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD02CFFDDFEB1F855BF9DD18D" author="Molnar, R. E." box="[274,414,1933,1954]" firstAuthor="Molnar" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontographica Abteilung A" pageId="8" pageNumber="872" pagination="137 - 176" part="217" refId="ref21416" refString="Molnar, R. E. 1991. The cranial morphology of Tyrannosaurus rex. Palaeontographica Abteilung A 217: 137 - 176." title="The cranial morphology of Tyrannosaurus rex" type="journal article" year="1991">Molnar, 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) with oval bases and moderate mesial curvature (
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD02CFFDDFEA0F870BF49D192" box="[259,330,1960,1981]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[144,233,1481,1500]" captionTargetBox="[160,1501,176,1464]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[160,1501,176,1464]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Crown size (in mm) variability profiles, with respect to tooth position, for CBL (A), CBW (B), CH (C), and AL (D) of Tyrannosaurus rex. E, crown size (CBL, CBW, CH, and AL, in mm) comparisons for T. rex tooth classes. See Supplementary Data 1, www.vertpaleo.org/jvp/ JVPcontents.html, for data. Error bars = +/− 1 standard deviation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3942998" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3942998/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="872">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A–D). The first tooth is not ‘small’ as in
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02CFFDDFD5FF870BDA9D6E9" box="[764,938,177,1981]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="872">Gor- gosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD02CFFDDFC7FFF69BB22D6E9" authority="(Currie, 2003 a)" baseAuthorityName="Currie" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[988,1313,177,198]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="872" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02CFFDDFC7FFF69BA79D6E9" box="[988,1146,177,198]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="872">Daspletosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD02CFFDDFB24FF69BB1AD6E9" author="Currie, P. J." box="[1159,1305,177,198]" firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica" pageId="8" pageNumber="872" pagination="191 - 226" part="48" refId="ref18948" refString="Currie, P. J. 2003 a. Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 48: 191 - 226." title="Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada" type="journal article" year="2003" yearSuffix="a">Currie, 2003a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Rather, mx1 is one of the largest crowns in the mouth, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD02CFFDDFAAFFF14BA15D6D4" authority="(Hurum and Sabath, 2003)" baseAuthorityName="Hurum and Sabath" baseAuthorityYear="2003" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="872" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02CFFDDFAAFFF14BB8DD6CE" box="[1292,1422,204,225]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="872">Tarbosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD02CFFDDFA3CFF14BA0CD6D4" author="Hurum, J. H. & K. Sabath" firstAuthor="Hurum" journalOrPublisher="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica" pageId="8" pageNumber="872" pagination="161 - 190" part="48" refId="ref20402" refString="Hurum, J. H., and K. Sabath. 2003. Giant theropod dinosaurs from Asia and North America: Skulls of Tarbosaurus bataar and Tyrannosaurus rex compared. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 48: 161 - 190." title="Giant theropod dinosaurs from Asia and North America: Skulls of Tarbosaurus bataar and Tyrannosaurus rex compared" type="journal article" year="2003">Hurum and Sabath, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. True, mx1 is the smallest member of the mesial maxillary set, but it is roughly the same size as the largest crown in the dentary (mx1 CH: 90.04 mm; d4 CH: 90.14 mm). Crown size increases from mx1–mx3. There is an inflection point at ̴mx4 beyond which size decreases to the end of the tooth row. It is between mx3 and mx4, on the basis of size, that the break between the mesial and distal sets was placed. The distal set (mx4–mx12) mostly contains smaller teeth with rather straight distal curvature profiles and long base lengths as compared to widths (although mx4 and 5 are large teeth). In the mesial set, mx1 is significantly smaller than mx3 in CH and AL (mx3 CH: 111.30 mm,
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02CFFDDFC69FDD3BDD4D40F" box="[970,983,523,544]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="872">p</emphasis>
|
||
.0030). These are the only significant differences in size in the mesial set. In the distal set, size decreases from mx4– mx12 for all size variables (recognized by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD02CFFDDFAACFD98BBA2D47A" author="Osborn, H. F." box="[1295,1441,576,597]" firstAuthor="Osborn" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="8" pageNumber="872" pagination="3 - 30" part="1" refId="ref21865" refString="Osborn, H. F. 1912. Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus. Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 1: 3 - 30." title="Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus" type="journal article" year="1912">Osborn, 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). As in the premaxilla, few teeth are significantly larger than adjacent crowns but the mesial teeth in the set are significantly larger than the more distal crowns (mx5 CBL: 46.19 mm; mx7 CBL: 39.17 mm,
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02CFFDDFC20FD72BD93D490" box="[899,912,682,703]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="872">p</emphasis>
|
||
.0065). A noticeable outlier is mx10, which is significantly taller than mx11 (mx10 CH: 70.98; mx11 CH: 42.98,
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02CFFDDFAC5FD1DBB70D4F5" box="[1382,1395,709,730]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="872">p</emphasis>
|
||
.0004). The reason this tooth is an outlier is because Lmx10 of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02CFFDDFAC6FD38BBEED4DA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374400" box="[1381,1517,736,757]" collectionCode="SDSM" pageId="8" pageNumber="872" specimenCode="SDSM 12047">SDSM 12047</materialsCitation>
|
||
is larger (CH: 91.27 mm) than Rmx10 of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02CFFDDFAA9FD22BBB3D520" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374340" box="[1290,1456,762,783]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="8" pageNumber="872" specimenCode="FMNH PR2081">FMNH PR2081</materialsCitation>
|
||
(CH: 61.04 mm), or Rmx10 of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02CFFDDFBF7FCCDBACBD505" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374326" box="[1108,1224,789,810]" collectionCode="MOR" pageId="8" pageNumber="872" specimenCode="MOR 1125">MOR 1125</materialsCitation>
|
||
(CH: 88.82 mm). The tooth does not appear to be anomalous, however, as
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02CFFDDFA98FCF7BBC0D56B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374330" box="[1339,1475,815,836]" collectionCode="SDSM" pageId="8" pageNumber="872" specimenCode="SDSM 12047">SDSM 12047</materialsCitation>
|
||
has a number of very large crowns (Supplementary Data 1).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED02CFFDDFCC5FCBDBB24D21B" blockId="8.[846,1518,177,1981]" pageId="8" pageNumber="872">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02CFFDDFCC5FCBDBB14D554" bold="true" box="[870,1303,869,891]" pageId="8" pageNumber="872">Crown Shape and Carina Morphologies</emphasis>
|
||
—The mesial maxillary tooth bases are more circular than the distal crowns (
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD02CFFDDFA67FCA7BD72D580" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[144,233,1649,1668]" captionTargetBox="[230,1429,176,1632]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[230,1429,176,1632]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Crown shape comparisons and variability profiles, with respect to tooth position, for CBR (A), CHR (B), and CA (C) of Tyrannosaurus rex. See methods for units. See Supplementary Data 1, www.vertpaleo.org/jvp/JVPcontents.html, for data. Error bars equal +/− 1 standard deviation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943002" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943002/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="872">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
|
||
), as in most tyrannosaurids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD02CFFDDFB09FC42BB3DD580" author="Brochu, C. A." box="[1194,1342,922,943]" firstAuthor="Brochu" journalOrPublisher="Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir" pageId="8" pageNumber="872" pagination="1 - 138" part="7" refId="ref17657" refString="Brochu, C. A. 2002. Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 7: 1 - 138." title="Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull" type="journal article" year="2002">Brochu, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but few of the adjacent teeth are significantly different from each other. The maxillary teeth become increasingly elongated along the mesial set (mx3 is the most elongated crown in the mouth) and become increasingly ‘squat’ distally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD02CFFDDFBD9FBDCBAC8D236" box="[1146,1227,1028,1049]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[144,233,1649,1668]" captionTargetBox="[230,1429,176,1632]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[230,1429,176,1632]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Crown shape comparisons and variability profiles, with respect to tooth position, for CBR (A), CHR (B), and CA (C) of Tyrannosaurus rex. See methods for units. See Supplementary Data 1, www.vertpaleo.org/jvp/JVPcontents.html, for data. Error bars equal +/− 1 standard deviation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943002" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943002/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="872">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The most distal maxillary teeth are roughly equivalent in CHR to ̴d9.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED02CFFDDFCC5FBE2BDBED30C" blockId="8.[846,1518,177,1981]" pageId="8" pageNumber="872">
|
||
In the maxilla, the carinae, which in the premaxilla are situated at the linguomesial and linguodistal corners of the crowns, are in more obvious mesiodistal positions. In the first maxillary teeth, carina morphologies, orientations, and positions all begin to change, becoming increasingly mesiodistally positioned along the tooth row (
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD02CFFDDFC4EFB67BA2FD2FB" box="[1005,1068,1215,1236]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[144,233,1818,1837]" captionTargetBox="[230,728,327,1800]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[230,728,327,1800]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7. Positional variation in carina placement and orientation of Tyrannosaurus rex. Right maxilla (A) and left dentary (B) in palatal view (composite photo traces of AMNH 5027). C, the mesial right maxillary dentition of LACM 23844 in labial view (arrows indicate distal carinae, which are forming the distal edges of the labial faces of the teeth by mx3). D, the mesial left dentary dentition of FMNH PR2081 in labial view (arrows indicate distal carinae)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943008" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943008/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="872">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
). By the middle of the row, the teeth have distinctly different shapes than those in the premaxilla, and have carina positions that remain fairly constant to the end of the tooth row.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED02CFFDDFCC5FAF1BDA1D12D" blockId="8.[846,1518,177,1981]" pageId="8" pageNumber="872">
|
||
The change in morphology from pm4 to mx1 is more dramatic than those between mx1 and the rest of the mesial set. Although mx1 might be described as a transitional form between the two tooth types, it is more similar in form to the maxillary than the premaxillary dentition. If the premaxillary crowns are described as ‘incisiform’ sensu
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD02CFFDDFB8BFA76BABCD3EC" author="Brochu, C. A." box="[1064,1215,1454,1475]" firstAuthor="Brochu" journalOrPublisher="Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir" pageId="8" pageNumber="872" pagination="1 - 138" part="7" refId="ref17657" refString="Brochu, C. A. 2002. Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 7: 1 - 138." title="Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull" type="journal article" year="2002">Brochu (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD02CFFDDFB56FA76BB8FD3EC" author="Russell, D. A." box="[1269,1420,1454,1475]" firstAuthor="Russell" journalOrPublisher="National Museum of Natural Science, Publications in Paleontology" pageId="8" pageNumber="872" pagination="1 - 34" part="1" refId="ref22293" refString="Russell, D. A. 1970. Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada. National Museum of Natural Science, Publications in Paleontology 1: 1 - 34." title="Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada" type="journal article" year="1970">Russell (1970)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, then using this terminology for mx1 (as for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD02CFFDDFB6EFA11BB68D3F1" baseAuthorityName="Currie" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[1229,1387,1481,1502]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="872" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02CFFDDFB6EFA11BB68D3F1" box="[1229,1387,1481,1502]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="872">Daspletosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD02CFFDDFA02FA11BD92D3D7" authorityName="Lambe" authorityYear="1914" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="872" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02CFFDDFA02FA11BD92D3D7" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="872">Gorgosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD02CFFDDFC72FA3BBA44D3D7" author="Carr, T. D." box="[977,1095,1507,1528]" firstAuthor="Carr" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="8" pageNumber="872" pagination="497 - 520" part="19" refId="ref17988" refString="Carr, T. D. 1999. Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19: 497 - 520." title="Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria)" type="journal article" year="1999">Carr, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD02CFFDDFBF4FA3BBAE2D3D7" author="Currie, P. J." box="[1111,1249,1507,1528]" firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica" pageId="8" pageNumber="872" pagination="191 - 226" part="48" refId="ref18948" refString="Currie, P. J. 2003 a. Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 48: 191 - 226." title="Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada" type="journal article" year="2003">Currie, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD02CFFDDFAB7FA3BBBD3D3D7" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1300,1488,1507,1528]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="872" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02CFFDDFAB7FA3BBBD3D3D7" box="[1300,1488,1507,1528]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="872">Tyrannosaurs rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is clearly inaccurate. The basal long axis of pm4 is roughly labiolingual with respect to the upper jaw and the mesial and distal faces are almost flat (
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD02CFFDDFB8DF9EBBA6FD067" box="[1070,1132,1587,1608]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[144,233,1300,1319]" captionTargetBox="[158,1502,176,1283]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[158,1502,176,1283]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Morphologies of pmx4 and mx1 in Tyrannosaurus rex. A, photo traces of distal right premaxilla and mesial right maxilla in palatal view (AMNH 5027); note differences between the classes. B, Lpm4 and Lmx1 (AMNH 5027) in mesiolabial view. C, mx1 (AMNH 5027) in mesial view; note the mesial carina visible on the lingual edge (circle). Rmx1 of FMNH PR2081 in labial (D) and (E) lingual views; note sizes of mx1 and pm4, the flattened shape of the lingual face of pm4, and the placement of the carinae (circle). F, Rpm4 and Rmx1 of BHI 3033 in mesiolabial view; note size differences, carina placement (arrows), and the slight increase in mesial curvature in mx1 (scale bars equal 1cm). G, the teeth in mesiolingual view (image reflected)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943010" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943010/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="872">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
). However, in mx1 the mesial face is narrow and curved (convex rostrally) and the labial and lingual faces are more elongate and flat than in the premaxilla. The carina that is at the linguomesial corner of pm4 is positioned on mx1 such that, in lingual view, its base is at the middle of the lingual face; the carina situated at the linguodistal corner of pm4 is, in labial view, located in the distal third of the labial face (
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD02CFFDDFCF5F935BD96D12D" box="[854,917,1773,1794]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[144,233,1300,1319]" captionTargetBox="[158,1502,176,1283]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[158,1502,176,1283]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Morphologies of pmx4 and mx1 in Tyrannosaurus rex. A, photo traces of distal right premaxilla and mesial right maxilla in palatal view (AMNH 5027); note differences between the classes. B, Lpm4 and Lmx1 (AMNH 5027) in mesiolabial view. C, mx1 (AMNH 5027) in mesial view; note the mesial carina visible on the lingual edge (circle). Rmx1 of FMNH PR2081 in labial (D) and (E) lingual views; note sizes of mx1 and pm4, the flattened shape of the lingual face of pm4, and the placement of the carinae (circle). F, Rpm4 and Rmx1 of BHI 3033 in mesiolabial view; note size differences, carina placement (arrows), and the slight increase in mesial curvature in mx1 (scale bars equal 1cm). G, the teeth in mesiolingual view (image reflected)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943010" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943010/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="872">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED02CFFDCFCC5F8D0BBBED142" blockId="8.[846,1518,177,1981]" lastBlockId="9.[846,1517,1800,1980]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="873" pageId="8" pageNumber="872">
|
||
As maxillary position increases, what was the linguomesial carina on pm4 becomes increasingly mesially positioned on the lingual face; it is clearly recognizable as the mesial carina by mx2. The linguodistal carina of pm4 simultaneously becomes increasingly distally located on the labiodistal faces of the maxillary teeth. It is recognizable as the distal carina in mx1 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD02CFFDDFAC5F855BBE3D18D" box="[1382,1504,1933,1954]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="12.[144,233,727,746]" captionTargetBox="[254,1406,176,709]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[254,1406,176,709]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 9. Mesial set morphology in Tyrannosaurus rex. A, Rmx1–3 of FMNH PR2081 in labial view. B, Lmx1 of SDSM 12047 in distal view. C, Lmx3 of AMNH 5027 in mesial view. Arrows show carinae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943012/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="872">Figs. 9A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The second and third maxillary teeth possess the ‘classic’ image of crowns of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD02DFFDCFEB5F8D0BF51D132" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[278,338,1800,1821]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="873" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02DFFDCFEB5F8D0BF51D132" box="[278,338,1800,1821]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="873">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02DFFDCFE31F8D0BC39D132" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374382" box="[402,570,1800,1821]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="9" pageNumber="873" specimenCode="FMNH PR2081">FMNH PR2081</materialsCitation>
|
||
). The mesial carinae, in mesial view, start at the middle of the apex and curve lingually such that at the base of the crown, they are completely on the lingual sides of the bases. They terminate slightly apical from the crown bases where the distal carinae extend to the bases of the enamel. Similar morphologies occur in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD02DFFDCFD93F855BCB5D18D" authorityName="Lambe" authorityYear="1914" box="[560,694,1933,1954]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="873" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02DFFDCFD93F855BCB5D18D" box="[560,694,1933,1954]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="873">Gorgosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD02DFFDCFD4EF855BF10D193" authorityName="Lambe" authorityYear="2005" class="Reptilia" genus="Appalachiosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="873" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02DFFDCFD4EF855BF10D193" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="873">Appalachiosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD02DFFDCFEBCF87FBFD8D193" author="Carr, T. D. & T. E. Williamson & D. R. Schwimmer" box="[287,475,1959,1980]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Carr" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="9" pageNumber="873" pagination="119 - 143" part="25" refId="ref18126" refString="Carr, T. D., T. E. Williamson, and D. R. Schwimmer. 2005. A new genus and species of tyrannosauroid from the Late Cretaceous (Middle Campanian) Demopolis Formation of Alabama. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25: 119 - 143." title="A new genus and species of tyrannosauroid from the Late Cretaceous (Middle Campanian) Demopolis Formation of Alabama" type="journal article" year="2005">Carr et al., 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The mesial carina is variably placed in mx3. In mesial view, it is located on the lingual side of the apex and largely forms the lingual edge of the mesial face at its terminus ̴20 mm apical from the base of the enamel (
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02DFFDCFA1FF8E5BD81D142" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374349" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="9" pageNumber="873" specimenCode="BHI 3033">BHI 3033</materialsCitation>
|
||
), or it is more labially placed (
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02DFFDCFB6BF880BB56D142" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374414" box="[1224,1365,1880,1901]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47761" pageId="9" pageNumber="873" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">AMNH 5027</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD02DFFDCFAC2F880BBB2D142" box="[1377,1457,1880,1901]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="12.[144,233,727,746]" captionTargetBox="[254,1406,176,709]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[254,1406,176,709]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 9. Mesial set morphology in Tyrannosaurus rex. A, Rmx1–3 of FMNH PR2081 in labial view. B, Lmx1 of SDSM 12047 in distal view. C, Lmx3 of AMNH 5027 in mesial view. Arrows show carinae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943012/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="873">Fig. 9C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="FC856616D02DFFDCFF33F9A8BF47D09C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943006" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3943006" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943006/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="873" startId="9.[144,233,1648,1667]" targetBox="[230,1429,176,1631]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED02DFFDCFF33F9A8BF47D09C" blockId="9.[144,1517,1648,1715]" pageId="9" pageNumber="873">
|
||
FIGURE 6. Denticle size comparisons and variability profiles, with respect to tooth position, for MAVG (
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02DFFDCFB02F9A8BAB0D0AC" bold="true" box="[1185,1203,1648,1667]" pageId="9" pageNumber="873">A</emphasis>
|
||
), DAVG (
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02DFFDCFA83F9A8BB2CD0AC" bold="true" box="[1312,1327,1648,1667]" pageId="9" pageNumber="873">B</emphasis>
|
||
), and DSDI (
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02DFFDCFA1AF9A8BBCBD0AC" bold="true" box="[1465,1480,1648,1667]" pageId="9" pageNumber="873">C</emphasis>
|
||
) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD02DFFDCFF33F950BF3DD0B4" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[144,318,1672,1691]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="873" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02DFFDCFF33F950BF3DD0B4" box="[144,318,1672,1691]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="873">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. See methods for units. See Supplementary Data 1, www.vertpaleo.org/jvp/JVPcontents.html, for data. Error bars equal +/− 1 standard deviation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED02DFFDFFCC5F8AABBD2D761" blockId="9.[846,1517,1800,1980]" lastBlockId="10.[846,1518,177,1981]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="874" pageId="9" pageNumber="873">
|
||
Distally, crown shapes do not change dramatically except for size and length/width relationships, and the carinae are more parallel with the basal long axes. While the mesial teeth are more rounded than those distally, the overall shapes of mx5–6 are not that dissimilar from the overall shapes of mx11–12 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD02EFFDFFD0BFF14BCF7D6CE" box="[680,756,204,225]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="13.[144,233,1256,1275]" captionTargetBox="[158,1502,176,1239]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[158,1502,176,1239]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 10. Distal set morphology in Tyrannosaurus rex. A, Rmx5 of AMNH 5027 in mesial view. B, Rmx5 of LACM 23844 in labial view. C, Lmx5–7 of CM 9380 in lingual view. D, Rmx6 of SDSM 12047 in lingual view. E, Lmx7 of MOR 555 in labial view. F, Lmx8 of MOR 555 in mesial view. G, Lmx9 of BHI 3033 in distal view. H, Rmx10–12 of FMNH PR2081 in labial view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943014" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943014/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="874">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
). The labiolingual faces of the more mesial teeth (mx4–6) are more rounded (e.g.,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02EFFDFFE8EFED9BF92D739" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374428" box="[301,401,257,278]" collectionCode="CM" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=52853" pageId="10" pageNumber="874" specimenCode="CM 9380">CM 9380</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02EFFDFFE3DFED9BC45D739" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374332" box="[414,582,257,278]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="10" pageNumber="874" specimenCode="FMNH PR2081">FMNH PR2081</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02EFFDFFDF0FED9BCE1D739" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374352" box="[595,738,257,278]" collectionCode="SDSM" pageId="10" pageNumber="874" specimenCode="SDSM 12047">SDSM 12047</materialsCitation>
|
||
), while these faces in mx7–8 (e.g.,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02EFFDFFBC7FF69BACDD6E9" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374324" box="[1124,1230,177,198]" collectionCode="MOR" pageId="10" pageNumber="874" specimenCode="MOR 555">MOR 555</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02EFFDFFB7BFF69BB61D6E9" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374310" box="[1240,1378,177,198]" collectionCode="SDSM" pageId="10" pageNumber="874" specimenCode="SDSM 12047">SDSM 12047</materialsCitation>
|
||
) are ‘subparallel’ and just slightly convex. The mesial faces are round in all of the teeth (more strongly so in the distal teeth), but the distal faces of the mesial teeth are more rounded than they are distally. In Lmx9 of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02EFFDFFC6EFEC6BA36D71C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374431" box="[973,1077,286,307]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="10" pageNumber="874" specimenCode="BHI 3033">BHI 3033</materialsCitation>
|
||
, the distal face is basically flat and slopes from the labial edge of the face towards the carina (
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD02EFFDFFADBFEE1BBC6D761" box="[1400,1477,313,334]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="13.[144,233,1256,1275]" captionTargetBox="[158,1502,176,1239]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[158,1502,176,1239]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 10. Distal set morphology in Tyrannosaurus rex. A, Rmx5 of AMNH 5027 in mesial view. B, Rmx5 of LACM 23844 in labial view. C, Lmx5–7 of CM 9380 in lingual view. D, Rmx6 of SDSM 12047 in lingual view. E, Lmx7 of MOR 555 in labial view. F, Lmx8 of MOR 555 in mesial view. G, Lmx9 of BHI 3033 in distal view. H, Rmx10–12 of FMNH PR2081 in labial view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943014" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943014/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="874">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED02EFFDFFCC5FE8DBA91D0B7" blockId="10.[846,1518,177,1981]" pageId="10" pageNumber="874">
|
||
In a mesial view of mx4 and mx5 (e.g.,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02EFFDFFA86FE8DBBB6D745" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374418" box="[1317,1461,341,362]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47761" pageId="10" pageNumber="874" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">AMNH 5027</materialsCitation>
|
||
), the mesial carinae begin at the apices and extend basally in the middle or labial thirds of the faces in a slight labial curve, terminating ̴20 mm apical from the bases (
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD02EFFDFFB58FE7EBB44D794" box="[1275,1351,422,443]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="13.[144,233,1256,1275]" captionTargetBox="[158,1502,176,1239]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[158,1502,176,1239]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 10. Distal set morphology in Tyrannosaurus rex. A, Rmx5 of AMNH 5027 in mesial view. B, Rmx5 of LACM 23844 in labial view. C, Lmx5–7 of CM 9380 in lingual view. D, Rmx6 of SDSM 12047 in lingual view. E, Lmx7 of MOR 555 in labial view. F, Lmx8 of MOR 555 in mesial view. G, Lmx9 of BHI 3033 in distal view. H, Rmx10–12 of FMNH PR2081 in labial view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943014" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943014/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="874">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
). In distal view, the distal carinae begin just lingual from the apices and extend basally in the lingual quarters of the distal faces. In mx6, the mesial carina begins at the apex and almost immediately begins to curve lingually. This twist becomes slightly sharper at its base. The carina terminates ̴25 mm apical from the base of the enamel. The carina does not ‘fade’ into the mesial face, but rather terminates in a final small denticle. This occurs in all of the observed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD02EFFDFFC17FD59BDF2D4B9" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[948,1009,641,662]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="874" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02EFFDFFC17FD59BDF2D4B9" box="[948,1009,641,662]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="874">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens except for
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02EFFDFFB78FD59BB52D4B9" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374435" box="[1243,1361,641,662]" collectionCode="MOR" pageId="10" pageNumber="874" specimenCode="MOR 1125">MOR 1125</materialsCitation>
|
||
, where several mesial carinae appear to continue past where the denticles terminate (e.g., cf. Lmx2). The mesial carinae in Lmx7–8 of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02EFFDFFA13FD6FBD71D4C8" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374322" collectionCode="MOR" pageId="10" pageNumber="874" specimenCode="MOR 555">MOR 555</materialsCitation>
|
||
extend basally in the midline of the mesial faces in mesial view; they begin curving lingually ̴25 mm basally from the apices (
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD02EFFDFFCD8FCD1BDC5D531" box="[891,966,777,798]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="13.[144,233,1256,1275]" captionTargetBox="[158,1502,176,1239]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[158,1502,176,1239]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 10. Distal set morphology in Tyrannosaurus rex. A, Rmx5 of AMNH 5027 in mesial view. B, Rmx5 of LACM 23844 in labial view. C, Lmx5–7 of CM 9380 in lingual view. D, Rmx6 of SDSM 12047 in lingual view. E, Lmx7 of MOR 555 in labial view. F, Lmx8 of MOR 555 in mesial view. G, Lmx9 of BHI 3033 in distal view. H, Rmx10–12 of FMNH PR2081 in labial view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943014" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943014/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="874">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
). In Lmx7, this twist is stronger basally and, in mesial view, the carina terminates ̴9 mm apically from the base in the lingual quarter of the mesial face. In Lmx6 of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02EFFDFFAF1FCE7BBBED57B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374303" box="[1362,1469,831,852]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="10" pageNumber="874" specimenCode="BHI 3033">BHI 3033</materialsCitation>
|
||
, the mesial carina does not appear to have a substantial lingual curve for ̴25 mm basally from the apex, although the carina is difficult to observe as this crown is not fully erupted. In both Lmx6 and Lmx7 of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02EFFDFFC17FC75BA1CD5ED" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374357" box="[948,1055,941,962]" collectionCode="MOR" pageId="10" pageNumber="874" specimenCode="MOR 555">MOR 555</materialsCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02EFFDFFBF9FC75BABCD5ED" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374426" box="[1114,1215,941,962]" collectionCode="CM" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=52853" pageId="10" pageNumber="874" specimenCode="CM 9380">CM 9380</materialsCitation>
|
||
, the distal carinae, in distal view, begin at the apices and extend basally in the distal faces, terminating just labial to the midline at the bases. In Lmx7 of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02EFFDFFCEDFC26BDB4D23C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374399" box="[846,951,1022,1043]" collectionCode="MOR" pageId="10" pageNumber="874" specimenCode="MOR 555">MOR 555</materialsCitation>
|
||
, the distal carina appears to extend to the enamel base, although poor preservation confounds the observation. The mesial carina of Lmx8 clearly terminates ̴22–24 mm from the base of the mesial face. In mesial view, it starts from the apex in the middle of the mesial face and extends basally in the face, but there is a slight lingual curve ̴11 mm apically from its terminus. In distal view, the distal carina starts at the apex in the middle of the face and extends basally, curving slightly labially at the base. The labial and lingual faces of mx7–8 are basically flat and parallel to each other. In Lmx9 of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02EFFDFFB15FB2CBB21D326" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374429" box="[1206,1314,1268,1289]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="10" pageNumber="874" specimenCode="BHI 3033">BHI 3033</materialsCitation>
|
||
, the mesial carina begins at the apex and curves labially toward the base, ending at about the crown midpoint. This labial curve is more distinct in Lmx9 of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02EFFDFFC14FA9CBA24D376" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374321" box="[951,1063,1348,1369]" collectionCode="MOR" pageId="10" pageNumber="874" specimenCode="MOR 555">MOR 555</materialsCitation>
|
||
, where the carina extends basally in the middle of the face for ̴23 mm before kinking lingually, continuing for ̴13 mm and ending. In distal view of Lmx9 in
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02EFFDFFA24FAA1BBEED3A1" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374420" box="[1415,1517,1401,1422]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="10" pageNumber="874" specimenCode="BHI 3033">BHI 3033</materialsCitation>
|
||
and Lmx8 of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02EFFDFFC7FFA4BBA45D387" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374341" box="[988,1094,1427,1448]" collectionCode="MOR" pageId="10" pageNumber="874" specimenCode="MOR 555">MOR 555</materialsCitation>
|
||
, the distal carinae start just labial to the apices and extend basally in the lingual quarters of the faces to the bases of the enamel (
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD02EFFDFFBF6FA11BAA2D3F1" box="[1109,1185,1481,1502]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="13.[144,233,1256,1275]" captionTargetBox="[158,1502,176,1239]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[158,1502,176,1239]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 10. Distal set morphology in Tyrannosaurus rex. A, Rmx5 of AMNH 5027 in mesial view. B, Rmx5 of LACM 23844 in labial view. C, Lmx5–7 of CM 9380 in lingual view. D, Rmx6 of SDSM 12047 in lingual view. E, Lmx7 of MOR 555 in labial view. F, Lmx8 of MOR 555 in mesial view. G, Lmx9 of BHI 3033 in distal view. H, Rmx10–12 of FMNH PR2081 in labial view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943014" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943014/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="874">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
). However, in Lmx10 of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02EFFDFFA0BFA11BD8FD3D7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374377" collectionCode="SDSM" pageId="10" pageNumber="874" specimenCode="SDSM 12047">SDSM 12047</materialsCitation>
|
||
, the distal carina is located several mm more labially. In
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02EFFDFFCEDFA26BDB4D03C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374437" box="[846,951,1534,1555]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="10" pageNumber="874" specimenCode="BHI 3033">BHI 3033</materialsCitation>
|
||
, there is a slight lingual curve that starts at about the crown midpoint and continues to the base. In
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02EFFDFFAECF9C1BBBED001" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374415" box="[1359,1469,1561,1582]" collectionCode="MOR" pageId="10" pageNumber="874" specimenCode="MOR 555">MOR 555</materialsCitation>
|
||
, the curve begins closer to the apex. Distal to mx9, the carinae are roughly aligned with the mesiodistal axes of the crowns, but are not as closely tied to the long axes as they are in some other theropods (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD02EFFDFFC59F95BBA81D0B7" authorityName="Ostrom" authorityYear="1969" box="[1018,1154,1667,1688]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Deinonychus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="874" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02EFFDFFC59F95BBA81D0B7" box="[1018,1154,1667,1688]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="874">Deinonychus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED02EFFDEFCC5F946BF0DD12D" blockId="10.[846,1518,177,1981]" lastBlockId="11.[144,815,1534,1981]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="875" pageId="10" pageNumber="874">
|
||
In contrast to the condition in some theropods (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD02EFFDFFA36F946BD6DD0E2" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="874" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02EFFDFFA36F946BD6DD0E2" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="874">Allosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD02EFFDFFCD9F960BA01D0E2" authorityName="Ostrom" authorityYear="1969" box="[890,1026,1720,1741]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Deinonychus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="874" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02EFFDFFCD9F960BA01D0E2" box="[890,1026,1720,1741]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="874">Deinonychus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD02EFFDFFBAEF960BAB1D0E2" authorityName="Matthew and Brown" authorityYear="1922" box="[1037,1202,1720,1741]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Dromaeosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="874" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02EFFDFFBAEF960BAB1D0E2" box="[1037,1202,1720,1741]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="874">Dromaeosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), the mesial maxillary teeth of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD02EFFDFFCEDF90BBD88D0C7" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[846,907,1747,1768]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="874" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02EFFDFFCEDF90BBD88D0C7" box="[846,907,1747,1768]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="874">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02EFFDFFC6EF90BBA34D0C7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374381" box="[973,1079,1747,1768]" collectionCode="MOR" pageId="10" pageNumber="874" specimenCode="MOR 008">MOR 008</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02EFFDFFBE1F90BBACFD0C7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374358" box="[1090,1228,1747,1768]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47761" pageId="10" pageNumber="874" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">AMNH 5027</materialsCitation>
|
||
) are not set in the jaw with their long axes lined up mesiodistally. Instead, there is an angle of ̴30º between the crown long axes and the alveolar margin of the maxillae, away from the premaxillary symphysis (
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD02EFFDFFA31F8FBBBE2D117" box="[1426,1505,1827,1848]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="13.[846,935,1914,1933]" captionTargetBox="[881,1483,1444,1895]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[881,1483,1444,1895]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 11. Maxillary teeth (?5–7) of Tyrannosaurus rex (MOR 008) in apical view; note orientation with respect to lateral side of the bone (crowns are broken; view is of the cross sections of the teeth)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943016" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943016/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="874">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
). This en echelon tooth emplacement results in the apices not lining up in particular along a mesiodistal line (see discussion). The characteristic occurs in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD02EFFDFFBD5F8AABB31D1A8" authorityName="Stovall and Langston" authorityYear="1950" box="[1142,1330,1906,1927]" class="Reptilia" family="Carcharodontosauridae" genus="Acrocanthosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="874" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02EFFDFFBD5F8AABB31D1A8" box="[1142,1330,1906,1927]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="874">Acrocanthosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD02EFFDFFACBF8AABD68D18D" authorityName="Sues and Taquet" authorityYear="1979" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Majungatholus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="874" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02EFFDFFACBF8AABD68D18D" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="874">Majungatholus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but does not appear to occur in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD02EFFDFFB79F855BB63D18D" authorityName="Lambe" authorityYear="1914" box="[1242,1376,1933,1954]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="874" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02EFFDFFB79F855BB63D18D" box="[1242,1376,1933,1954]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="874">Gorgosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD02EFFDFFA2AF855BD92D192" baseAuthorityName="Currie" baseAuthorityYear="2003" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="874" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02EFFDFFA2AF855BD92D192" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="874">Daspletosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It varies within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD02EFFDFFBEDF870BA8DD192" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1102,1166,1960,1981]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="874" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02EFFDFFBEDF870BA8DD192" box="[1102,1166,1960,1981]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="874">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, being more clearly observed in
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02FFFDEFF33FA26BF14D03C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374366" box="[144,279,1534,1555]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47761" pageId="11" pageNumber="875" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">AMNH 5027</materialsCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02FFFDEFEEAFA26BFEFD03C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374434" box="[329,492,1534,1555]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="11" pageNumber="875" specimenCode="FMNH PR2081">FMNH PR2081</materialsCitation>
|
||
than in
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02FFFDEFDE2FA26BCC8D03C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374320" box="[577,715,1534,1555]" collectionCode="SDSM" pageId="11" pageNumber="875" specimenCode="SDSM 12047">SDSM 12047</materialsCitation>
|
||
. It can be seen in the left mesial alveoli of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02FFFDEFE42F9C0BC87D002" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374442" box="[481,644,1560,1581]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="11" pageNumber="875" specimenCode="FMNH PR2081">FMNH PR2081</materialsCitation>
|
||
in figure 4a and the CT data of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD02FFFDEFE9BF9EBBFD0D067" author="Brochu, C. A." box="[312,467,1587,1608]" firstAuthor="Brochu" journalOrPublisher="Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir" pageId="11" pageNumber="875" pagination="1 - 138" part="7" refId="ref17657" refString="Brochu, C. A. 2002. Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 7: 1 - 138." title="Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull" type="journal article" year="2002">Brochu (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD02FFFDEFE7CF9EBBC7BD067" author="Brochu, C. A." box="[479,632,1587,1608]" firstAuthor="Brochu" journalOrPublisher="Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir" pageId="11" pageNumber="875" pagination="1 - 138" part="7" refId="ref17657" refString="Brochu, C. A. 2002. Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 7: 1 - 138." title="Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull" type="journal article" year="2002">Brochu (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also reveals that while the tooth bases are angled ̴40° away from the sagittal plane (in
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02FFFDEFF51F9B0BF59D052" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374387" box="[242,346,1640,1661]" collectionCode="MOR" pageId="11" pageNumber="875" specimenCode="MOR 008">MOR 008</materialsCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02FFFDEFE2EF9B0BC37D052" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374318" box="[397,564,1640,1661]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="11" pageNumber="875" specimenCode="FMNH PR2081">FMNH PR2081</materialsCitation>
|
||
), the crowns themselves twist slightly so as to be more or less in a mesiodistal orientation (seen in Rmx3 and Rmx5 of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02FFFDEFE1FF945BC67D09D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374385" box="[444,612,1693,1714]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="11" pageNumber="875" specimenCode="FMNH PR2081">FMNH PR2081</materialsCitation>
|
||
). This is in contrast to the situation in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD02FFFDEFEF7F960BFEDD0E2" authorityName="Sues and Taquet" authorityYear="1979" box="[340,494,1720,1741]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Majungatholus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="11" pageNumber="875" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02FFFDEFEF7F960BFEDD0E2" box="[340,494,1720,1741]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="875">Majungatholus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD02FFFDEFD86F960BCE2D0E2" authorityName="Stovall and Langston" authorityYear="1950" box="[549,737,1720,1741]" class="Reptilia" family="Carcharodontosauridae" genus="Acrocanthosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="11" pageNumber="875" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02FFFDEFD86F960BCE2D0E2" box="[549,737,1720,1741]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="875">Acrocanthosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, where the crowns do not twist and the teeth actually angle away from the midline.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="FC856616D02EFFDFFF33F8C2BFBAD193" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943008" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3943008" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943008/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="874" startId="10.[144,233,1818,1837]" targetBox="[230,728,327,1800]" targetPageId="10">
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED02EFFDFFF33F8C2BFBAD193" blockId="10.[144,815,1818,1980]" pageId="10" pageNumber="874">
|
||
FIGURE 7. Positional variation in carina placement and orientation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD02EFFDFFF33F8EABF38D16A" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[144,315,1842,1861]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="10" pageNumber="874" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02EFFDFFF33F8EABF38D16A" box="[144,315,1842,1861]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="874">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Right maxilla (
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02EFFDFFE6CF8EABFE2D16A" bold="true" box="[463,481,1842,1861]" pageId="10" pageNumber="874">A</emphasis>
|
||
) and left dentary (
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02EFFDFFD2EF8EABC9FD16A" bold="true" box="[653,668,1842,1861]" pageId="10" pageNumber="874">B</emphasis>
|
||
) in palatal view (composite photo traces of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02EFFDFFE30F892BC12D172" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374359" box="[403,529,1866,1885]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47761" pageId="10" pageNumber="874" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">AMNH 5027</materialsCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02EFFDFFD81F892BC32D172" bold="true" box="[546,561,1866,1885]" pageId="10" pageNumber="874">C</emphasis>
|
||
, the mesial right maxillary dentition of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02EFFDFFEA7F8BABF87D15A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374365" box="[260,388,1890,1909]" collectionCode="LACM" pageId="10" pageNumber="874" specimenCode="LACM 23844">LACM 23844</materialsCitation>
|
||
in labial view (arrows indicate distal carinae, which are forming the distal edges of the labial faces of the teeth by mx3).
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02EFFDFFF33F849BEA1D18B" bold="true" box="[144,162,1937,1956]" pageId="10" pageNumber="874">D</emphasis>
|
||
, the mesial left dentary dentition of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02EFFDFFDADF849BCA0D18B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374345" box="[526,675,1937,1956]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="10" pageNumber="874" specimenCode="FMNH PR2081">FMNH PR2081</materialsCitation>
|
||
in labial view (arrows indicate distal carinae).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="FC856616D02FFFDEFF33FACCBF6AD3B0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943010" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3943010" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943010/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="875" startId="11.[144,233,1300,1319]" targetBox="[158,1502,176,1283]" targetPageId="11">
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED02FFFDEFF33FACCBF6AD3B0" blockId="11.[144,1518,1300,1439]" pageId="11" pageNumber="875">
|
||
FIGURE 8. Morphologies of pmx4 and mx1 in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD02FFFDEFDF7FACCBD03D308" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[596,768,1300,1319]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="11" pageNumber="875" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02FFFDEFDF7FACCBD03D308" box="[596,768,1300,1319]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="875">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02FFFDEFCA8FACCBD1ED308" bold="true" box="[779,797,1300,1319]" pageId="11" pageNumber="875">A</emphasis>
|
||
, photo traces of distal right premaxilla and mesial right maxilla in palatal view (
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02FFFDEFF35FAF4BF16D310" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374314" box="[150,277,1324,1343]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47761" pageId="11" pageNumber="875" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">AMNH 5027</materialsCitation>
|
||
); note differences between the classes.
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02FFFDEFD21FAF4BC92D310" bold="true" box="[642,657,1324,1343]" pageId="11" pageNumber="875">B</emphasis>
|
||
, Lpm4 and Lmx1 (
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02FFFDEFCE7FAF4BDC2D310" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374417" box="[836,961,1324,1343]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47761" pageId="11" pageNumber="875" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">AMNH 5027</materialsCitation>
|
||
) in mesiolabial view.
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02FFFDEFB28FAF4BA99D310" bold="true" box="[1163,1178,1324,1343]" pageId="11" pageNumber="875">C</emphasis>
|
||
, mx1 (
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02FFFDEFB79FAF4BB54D310" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374402" box="[1242,1367,1324,1343]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47761" pageId="11" pageNumber="875" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">AMNH 5027</materialsCitation>
|
||
) in mesial view; note the mesial carina visible on the lingual edge (circle). Rmx1 of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02FFFDEFCA4FA9CBD9AD378" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374350" box="[775,921,1348,1367]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="11" pageNumber="875" specimenCode="FMNH PR2081">FMNH PR2081</materialsCitation>
|
||
in labial (
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02FFFDEFC5AFA9CBA08D378" bold="true" box="[1017,1035,1348,1367]" pageId="11" pageNumber="875">D</emphasis>
|
||
) and (
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02FFFDEFBE8FA9CBA59D378" bold="true" box="[1099,1114,1348,1367]" pageId="11" pageNumber="875">E</emphasis>
|
||
) lingual views; note sizes of mx1 and pm4, the flattened shape of the lingual face of pm4, and the placement of the carinae (circle).
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02FFFDEFC6FFA84BDDAD340" bold="true" box="[972,985,1372,1391]" pageId="11" pageNumber="875">F</emphasis>
|
||
, Rpm4 and Rmx1 of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02FFFDEFB06FA84BAFCD340" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374305" box="[1189,1279,1372,1391]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="11" pageNumber="875" specimenCode="BHI 3033">BHI 3033</materialsCitation>
|
||
in mesiolabial view; note size differences, carina placement (arrows), and the slight increase in mesial curvature in mx1 (scale bars equal 1cm).
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02FFFDEFB45FAACBAFBD3A8" bold="true" box="[1254,1272,1396,1415]" pageId="11" pageNumber="875">G</emphasis>
|
||
, the teeth in mesiolingual view (image reflected).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED02FFFDEFF0BF8D0BA6DD132" blockId="11.[144,815,1534,1981]" lastBlockId="11.[846,1517,1534,1981]" pageId="11" pageNumber="875">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02FFFDEFF0BF8D0BF66D131" bold="true" box="[168,357,1800,1822]" pageId="11" pageNumber="875">Crown Curvature</emphasis>
|
||
—Distally in the maxilla, apices become increasingly displaced from where they would be located in true cones, accompanied by an increase in curvature (
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD02FFFDEFD2CF8E5BCE3D17D" box="[655,736,1853,1874]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[144,233,1649,1668]" captionTargetBox="[230,1429,176,1632]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[230,1429,176,1632]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Crown shape comparisons and variability profiles, with respect to tooth position, for CBR (A), CHR (B), and CA (C) of Tyrannosaurus rex. See methods for units. See Supplementary Data 1, www.vertpaleo.org/jvp/JVPcontents.html, for data. Error bars equal +/− 1 standard deviation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943002" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943002/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="875">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Mean crown angle values are fairly constant (̴88°) in the mesial set (mx1–mx5), although mx5 (87.6°) and mx6 (87.3°) are slightly different. They decrease slightly across the mesial part of the distal set to mx10 (86.6°), and then drop to mx12 (82.3°). The CA data reflect the moderate increase in mesial curvature in the maxilla and the dramatic increase in the last few teeth. In the distal maxilla, the mesial faces rise with very gentle curves apically from the base (the basal portions of some of the faces are almost straight), to or just apical to the mid crown. Here the slopes become more sharply curved. The first maxillary crown possesses a straighter mesial profile (similar to those of the mesial premaxilla) than do the rest of the mesial-set teeth. Unlike in other taxa, (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD02FFFDEFBAFF90BBA97D0C7" authorityName="Ostrom" authorityYear="1969" box="[1036,1172,1747,1768]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Deinonychus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="11" pageNumber="875" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02FFFDEFBAFF90BBA97D0C7" box="[1036,1172,1747,1768]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="875">Deinonychus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD02FFFDEFB06F90BBB16D0C7" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[1189,1301,1747,1768]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="11" pageNumber="875" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02FFFDEFB06F90BBB16D0C7" box="[1189,1301,1747,1768]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="875">Allosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), the distal profiles become more straightened in the distal maxilla rather than simply increasing in curvature.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED02FFFD9FCC5F8FABEE1D279" blockId="11.[846,1517,1534,1981]" lastBlockId="12.[144,815,849,1243]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="876" pageId="11" pageNumber="875">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02FFFDEFCC5F8FABDCFD117" bold="true" box="[870,972,1826,1848]" pageId="11" pageNumber="875">Denticles</emphasis>
|
||
—There is a weak trend in decreasing denticle size along the maxillary tooth row for both carinae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD02FFFDEFA94F8E5BB76D17D" box="[1335,1397,1853,1874]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[144,233,1648,1667]" captionTargetBox="[230,1429,176,1631]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[230,1429,176,1631]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Denticle size comparisons and variability profiles, with respect to tooth position, for MAVG (A), DAVG (B), and DSDI (C) of Tyrannosaurus rex. See methods for units. See Supplementary Data 1, www.vertpaleo.org/jvp/JVPcontents.html, for data. Error bars equal +/− 1 standard deviation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943006" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943006/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="875">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
). The trend correlates with the increase in crown size observed across the maxilla and is expected given the relationship between tooth and denticle size (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD02FFFDEFC40F855BAB7D18D" author="Farlow, J. O. & D. L. Brinkman & W. L. Abler & P. J. Currie" box="[995,1204,1933,1954]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Farlow" journalOrPublisher="Modern Geology" pageId="11" pageNumber="875" pagination="161 - 198" part="16" refId="ref19611" refString="Farlow, J. O., D. L. Brinkman, W. L. Abler, and P. J. Currie. 1991. Size, shape, and serration density of theropod dinosaur lateral teeth. Modern Geology 16: 161 - 198." title="Size, shape, and serration density of theropod dinosaur lateral teeth" type="journal article" year="1991">Farlow et al., 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Mean densities range from 6.8–13.4/5 mm (MAVG) and from 7.2–13.2/5 mm (DAVG). For both carinae, position is a significant factor in explaining the observed variation, but there is no significant separation, in either carina, between the mesial and distal sets. Contrary to the reports of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD028FFD9FF5CFC79BC34D599" author="Molnar, R. E. & K. Carpenter" box="[255,567,929,950]" firstAuthor="Molnar" journalOrPublisher="Geobios" pageId="12" pageNumber="876" pagination="445 - 454" part="22" refId="ref21517" refString="Molnar, R. E., and K. Carpenter. 1989. The Jordan theropod (Maastrichtian, Montana, U. S. A.) referred to the genus Aublysodon. Geobios 22: 445 - 454." title="The Jordan theropod (Maastrichtian, Montana, U. S. A.) referred to the genus Aublysodon" type="journal article" year="1989">Molnar and Carpenter (1989)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD028FFD9FDCDFC79BF03D5FE" author="Carr, T. D. & T. E. Williamson" firstAuthor="Carr" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="12" pageNumber="876" pagination="479 - 523" part="142" refId="ref18083" refString="Carr, T. D., and T. E. Williamson. 2004. Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142: 479 - 523." title="Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America" type="journal article" year="2004">Carr and Williamson (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, there is no significant difference in denticle size between the mesial and distal carinae (MAVG = 9.1/5 mm; DAVG = 9.4/5 mm,
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD028FFD9FEC8FC29BF7BD229" box="[363,376,1009,1030]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="876">p</emphasis>
|
||
.3470). The DSDI data roughly mirror the MAVG and DAVG numbers (
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD028FFD9FE6CFBD4BC1DD20E" box="[463,542,1036,1057]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[144,233,1648,1667]" captionTargetBox="[230,1429,176,1631]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[230,1429,176,1631]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Denticle size comparisons and variability profiles, with respect to tooth position, for MAVG (A), DAVG (B), and DSDI (C) of Tyrannosaurus rex. See methods for units. See Supplementary Data 1, www.vertpaleo.org/jvp/JVPcontents.html, for data. Error bars equal +/− 1 standard deviation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943006" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943006/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="876">Fig. 6C</figureCitation>
|
||
), but, as in the premaxilla, tooth position only slightly influences DSDI variation in the maxilla.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="FC856616D028FFD9FF33FD0FBCC5D52D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943012" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3943012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943012/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="876" startId="12.[144,233,727,746]" targetBox="[254,1406,176,709]" targetPageId="12">
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED028FFD9FF33FD0FBCC5D52D" blockId="12.[144,1517,727,770]" pageId="12" pageNumber="876">
|
||
FIGURE 9. Mesial set morphology in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD028FFD9FDA6FD0FBCB1D4C5" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[517,690,727,746]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="12" pageNumber="876" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD028FFD9FDA6FD0FBCB1D4C5" box="[517,690,727,746]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="876">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD028FFD9FD1EFD0FBCCCD4C5" bold="true" box="[701,719,727,746]" pageId="12" pageNumber="876">A</emphasis>
|
||
, Rmx1–3 of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D028FFD9FCE4FD0FBDDBD4C5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374309" box="[839,984,727,746]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="12" pageNumber="876" specimenCode="FMNH PR2081">FMNH PR2081</materialsCitation>
|
||
in labial view.
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD028FFD9FBC6FD0FBA77D4C5" bold="true" box="[1125,1140,727,746]" pageId="12" pageNumber="876">B</emphasis>
|
||
, Lmx1 of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D028FFD9FB77FD0FBB4FD4C5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374391" box="[1236,1356,727,746]" collectionCode="SDSM" pageId="12" pageNumber="876" specimenCode="SDSM 12047">SDSM 12047</materialsCitation>
|
||
in distal view.
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD028FFD9FA7BFD0FBBE4D4C5" bold="true" box="[1496,1511,727,746]" pageId="12" pageNumber="876">C</emphasis>
|
||
, Lmx3 of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D028FFD9FF45FD37BF63D52D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374427" box="[230,352,751,770]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47761" pageId="12" pageNumber="876" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">AMNH 5027</materialsCitation>
|
||
in mesial view. Arrows show carinae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED028FFD9FF0BFB83BCA4D2F4" blockId="12.[144,815,849,1243]" pageId="12" pageNumber="876">Tooth position is not a significant factor in MA, MC, or MB variation. The MC and MB data mirror the MAVG data and there is a decrease in MA size mesially. Position within the tooth row is significant in explaining the observed variation in DA, DC, and DB, all of which decrease in size distally.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED028FFD9FF33FB26BF8FD33B" blockId="12.[144,396,1278,1300]" box="[144,396,1278,1300]" pageId="12" pageNumber="876">
|
||
<heading id="F30D81F2D028FFD9FF33FB26BF8FD33B" bold="true" box="[144,396,1278,1300]" fontSize="9" level="5" pageId="12" pageNumber="876" reason="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD028FFD9FF33FB26BF8FD33B" bold="true" box="[144,396,1278,1300]" pageId="12" pageNumber="876">The Dentary Dentition</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED028FFD9FF0BFAF1BC20D3F1" blockId="12.[144,815,1321,1980]" pageId="12" pageNumber="876">
|
||
There are 12–14 dentary teeth in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD028FFD9FDB2FAF1BC53D311" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[529,592,1321,1342]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="12" pageNumber="876" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD028FFD9FDB2FAF1BC53D311" box="[529,592,1321,1342]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="876">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation id="E5780325D028FFD9FDFCFAF1BCB6D311" box="[607,693,1321,1342]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="4.[846,923,1067,1086]" captionTargetBox="[846,1517,1141,1963]" captionTargetId="graphics@4.[846,1517,1131,1976]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="TABLE 2. Premaxillary, maxillary, and dentary tooth counts of Tyrannosaurus rex." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/FC856616D020FFD1FCEDFBF3BDCAD27A" pageId="12" pageNumber="876" tableUuid="FC856616D020FFD1FCEDFBF3BDCAD27A">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
). As in the maxilla, tooth size and shape variation is qualitatively greater than for many theropods (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD028FFD9FE0FFA86BC3CD35C" author="Currie, P. J." box="[428,575,1374,1395]" editor="J. O. Farlow & M. K. Brett-Surman" firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Indiana University Press, Bloomington" pageId="12" pageNumber="876" pagination="216 - 233" refId="ref18797" refString="Currie, P. J. 1997 a. Theropods; pp. 216 - 233 in J. O. Farlow and M. K. Brett-Surman (eds.), The Complete Dinosaur. Indiana University Press, Bloomington." title="Theropods" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="The Complete Dinosaur" year="1997" yearSuffix="a">Currie, 1997a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, b). There are several distinct morphologies within the dentary class, and it is possible to divide the dentition into three sets on the basis of size and gross morphology: a set containing d1, a mesial dentary set (d2– d4), and a distal dentary set (d5–d14).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED028FFD9FF0BFA3BBF50D118" blockId="12.[144,815,1321,1980]" pageId="12" pageNumber="876">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD028FFD9FF0BFA3BBF27D3D6" bold="true" box="[168,292,1507,1529]" pageId="12" pageNumber="876">Crown Size</emphasis>
|
||
—The dentary contains very large crowns as well as the smallest in the mouth. Tooth position has a significant effect on the observed variation in size. There is an increase in size from d1 to d4 and then a decrease from ̴d5 to d13 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD028FFD9FD40F9EBBD21D067" box="[739,802,1587,1608]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[144,233,1481,1500]" captionTargetBox="[160,1501,176,1464]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[160,1501,176,1464]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Crown size (in mm) variability profiles, with respect to tooth position, for CBL (A), CBW (B), CH (C), and AL (D) of Tyrannosaurus rex. E, crown size (CBL, CBW, CH, and AL, in mm) comparisons for T. rex tooth classes. See Supplementary Data 1, www.vertpaleo.org/jvp/ JVPcontents.html, for data. Error bars = +/− 1 standard deviation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3942998" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3942998/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="876">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). The first tooth is significantly smaller in terms of CBL, CBW, CH, and AL than the teeth mesial to ̴d9 (e.g., d1 CBL = 25.9 mm; d2 CBL = 39.9 mm,
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD028FFD9FE08F95BBFBBD0B7" box="[427,440,1667,1688]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="876">p</emphasis>
|
||
<.0001; d9 CBL = 32.56,
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD028FFD9FD70F95BBCE3D0B7" box="[723,736,1667,1688]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="876">p</emphasis>
|
||
.0268).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD028FFD9FF33F945BFB2D09D" author="Carr, T. D. & T. E. Williamson" box="[144,433,1693,1714]" firstAuthor="Carr" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="12" pageNumber="876" pagination="479 - 523" part="142" refId="ref18083" refString="Carr, T. D., and T. E. Williamson. 2004. Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142: 479 - 523." title="Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America" type="journal article" year="2004">Carr and Williamson (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported that d1 in tyrannosaurids is the smallest tooth in the dentary. This is not the case in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD028FFD9FD53F960BD2DD0E2" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[752,814,1720,1741]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="12" pageNumber="876" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD028FFD9FD53F960BD03D0E2" box="[752,768,1720,1741]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="876">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD028FFD9FCADF960BD2DD0E2" box="[782,814,1720,1741]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="876">rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(contrary to Carr and Williamson’s results, this is also not true for dromaeosaurids) as the last dentary teeth are significantly smaller than d1 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD028FFD9FEE1F8D0BF83D132" box="[322,384,1800,1821]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[144,233,1481,1500]" captionTargetBox="[160,1501,176,1464]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[160,1501,176,1464]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Crown size (in mm) variability profiles, with respect to tooth position, for CBL (A), CBW (B), CH (C), and AL (D) of Tyrannosaurus rex. E, crown size (CBL, CBW, CH, and AL, in mm) comparisons for T. rex tooth classes. See Supplementary Data 1, www.vertpaleo.org/jvp/ JVPcontents.html, for data. Error bars = +/− 1 standard deviation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3942998" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3942998/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="876">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
; e.g., d
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD028FFD9FE6EF8D0BFD4D132" box="[461,471,1800,1821]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[144,233,854,873]" captionTargetBox="[158,1503,176,836]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[158,1503,176,836]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. A, idealized human dental arcade, in palatal view, showing mesial, distal, labial, and lingual directions (modified from Smith and Dodson, 2003). LM1, left upper first molar. B, photo traces of AMNH 5027 Lmx7–8 (bones are schematic), showing mesiodistal orientations of crown long axes (points A–D were defined by Smith et al., 2005). C, photo trace of the premaxilla of AMNH 5027 (teeth are schematic) in palatal view showing labiolingual orientations of the crown long axes. D, Saurornitholestes Sues, 1978, crown in lateral view showing crown height (CH, measured from the apex to the base of the enamel (̴between points G and B)); crown base length (CBL, measured along the mesiodistal axis of the crown at the base of the enamel, ̴between points A and B); apical length (AL, measured between points A and G); crown angle (CA, angle GAB); mesial apical (MA), mesial mid-crown (MC), and mesial basal (MB) denticle densities (measured along the length of the mesial carina); distal apical (DA), distal mid-crown (DC), and distal basal (DB) denticle densities (measured along the length of the distal carina). E, the crown in D in basal view showing CBL and crown base width (CBW, measured perpendicular to CBL). Crown in D redrawn from Currie et al., (1990). Figure concept after Smith et al. (2005)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3942996" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3942996/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="876">1</figureCitation>
|
||
CBW = 18.2 mm; d13 CBW = 10.2 mm,
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD028FFD9FF54F8FABF07D118" box="[247,260,1826,1847]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="876">p</emphasis>
|
||
.0089).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED028FFD9FF0BF8E5BB70D2E6" blockId="12.[144,815,1321,1980]" lastBlockId="12.[846,1518,849,1980]" pageId="12" pageNumber="876">
|
||
The teeth of the mesial dentary set are significantly larger than d1. The CBL difference between d1 and d2 is 14 mm, so although they are similar in morphology and carina orientations (see below), size might be enough to distinguish d2 from d1 (the difference is not obvious in
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D028FFD9FEDAF87FBC02D193" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374369" box="[377,513,1959,1980]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47761" pageId="12" pageNumber="876" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">AMNH 5027</materialsCitation>
|
||
but is in
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D028FFD9FDC0F87FBD0FD193" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374373" box="[611,780,1959,1980]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="12" pageNumber="876" specimenCode="FMNH PR2081">FMNH PR2081</materialsCitation>
|
||
). It should also be difficult to confuse the mesial-set teeth with those in the premaxilla as the size and morphologies of the sets are different. In terms of CBL and CBW, d4 is the largest tooth in the dentary. This crown is designated as the last tooth in the mesial set because it marks an inflection point beyond which size decreases to the end of the tooth row in CBL, CBW, and AL (
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD028FFD9FCF5FC2DBD90D225" box="[854,915,1013,1034]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[144,233,1481,1500]" captionTargetBox="[160,1501,176,1464]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[160,1501,176,1464]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Crown size (in mm) variability profiles, with respect to tooth position, for CBL (A), CBW (B), CH (C), and AL (D) of Tyrannosaurus rex. E, crown size (CBL, CBW, CH, and AL, in mm) comparisons for T. rex tooth classes. See Supplementary Data 1, www.vertpaleo.org/jvp/ JVPcontents.html, for data. Error bars = +/− 1 standard deviation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3942998" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3942998/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="876">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). The fifth tooth is not significantly different from d4 or in some cases d3, but for all size variables, d5 is smaller than d4. There is heterodonty within the distal set, but the changes are subtle and the teeth become increasingly smaller to the end of the tooth row. Distal to d7, the distal set teeth are significantly smaller than those in the mesial set. The thirteenth and fourteenth dentary teeth are the smallest in the mouth of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD028FFD9FAD8FB41BBBBD281" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1403,1464,1177,1198]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="12" pageNumber="876" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD028FFD9FAD8FB41BBBBD281" box="[1403,1464,1177,1198]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="876">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(d12 CBL = 22.29 mm; d13 CBL = 16.53 mm,
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD028FFD9FABBFB6CBB26D2E6" box="[1304,1317,1204,1225]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="876">p</emphasis>
|
||
.0485).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED028FFD9FCC5FB17BA83D03F" blockId="12.[846,1518,849,1980]" pageId="12" pageNumber="876">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD028FFD9FCC5FB17BB32D2CA" bold="true" box="[870,1329,1231,1253]" pageId="12" pageNumber="876">Crown Shape and Carina Morphologies</emphasis>
|
||
—Tooth position does not have a significant effect on CBR variation in the dentary and there are no real trends of basal shape across the tooth row (
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD028FFD9FC20FAF9BDD7D319" box="[899,980,1313,1334]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[144,233,1649,1668]" captionTargetBox="[230,1429,176,1632]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[230,1429,176,1632]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Crown shape comparisons and variability profiles, with respect to tooth position, for CBR (A), CHR (B), and CA (C) of Tyrannosaurus rex. See methods for units. See Supplementary Data 1, www.vertpaleo.org/jvp/JVPcontents.html, for data. Error bars equal +/− 1 standard deviation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943002" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943002/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="876">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
|
||
), although d13 is an outlier that is significantly more lance shaped than the more mesial teeth. There is a trend towards increasingly squat teeth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD028FFD9FB05FA8FBAFBD343" box="[1190,1272,1367,1388]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[144,233,1649,1668]" captionTargetBox="[230,1429,176,1632]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[230,1429,176,1632]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Crown shape comparisons and variability profiles, with respect to tooth position, for CBR (A), CHR (B), and CA (C) of Tyrannosaurus rex. See methods for units. See Supplementary Data 1, www.vertpaleo.org/jvp/JVPcontents.html, for data. Error bars equal +/− 1 standard deviation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943002" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943002/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="876">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
|
||
) and tooth position is significant for CHR. There is a significant difference in ‘squatness’ between d1 and the mesial dentary set. The mesial-set teeth exhibit similar degrees of elongation. Distal to d4, the teeth become increasingly ‘squat.’ The most distal teeth possess significantly lower CHR values than those in the rest of the mouth (d12 = 1.45; d13 = 1.23,
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD028FFD9FB88FA23BA3BD03F" box="[1067,1080,1531,1552]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="876">p</emphasis>
|
||
0366).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED028FFD8FCC5F9CEBFF9D3F1" blockId="12.[846,1518,849,1980]" lastBlockId="13.[144,815,1401,1981]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="877" pageId="12" pageNumber="876">
|
||
As in the maxilla, the location and orientation of the carinae change with position from mesial to distal in the dentary (
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD028FFD9FA67F9EABD93D04D" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[144,233,1818,1837]" captionTargetBox="[230,728,327,1800]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[230,728,327,1800]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7. Positional variation in carina placement and orientation of Tyrannosaurus rex. Right maxilla (A) and left dentary (B) in palatal view (composite photo traces of AMNH 5027). C, the mesial right maxillary dentition of LACM 23844 in labial view (arrows indicate distal carinae, which are forming the distal edges of the labial faces of the teeth by mx3). D, the mesial left dentary dentition of FMNH PR2081 in labial view (arrows indicate distal carinae)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943008" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943008/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="876">Fig. 7B, D</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD028FFD9FC00F995BA3FD04D" author="Osborn, H. F." box="[931,1084,1613,1634]" firstAuthor="Osborn" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="12" pageNumber="876" pagination="3 - 30" part="1" refId="ref21865" refString="Osborn, H. F. 1912. Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus. Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 1: 3 - 30." title="Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus" type="journal article" year="1912">Osborn (1912)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported that the basolingual surfaces of the teeth have a pronounced concavity that is wider root apically (sensu
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD028FFD9FC3BF95BBA98D0B7" author="Smith, J. B. & P. Dodson" box="[920,1179,1667,1688]" firstAuthor="Smith" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="12" pageNumber="876" pagination="1 - 14" part="23" refId="ref22823" refString="Smith, J. B., and P. Dodson. 2003. A proposal for a standard terminology of anatomical notation and orientation in fossil vertebrate dentitions. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 1 - 14." title="A proposal for a standard terminology of anatomical notation and orientation in fossil vertebrate dentitions" type="journal article" year="2003">Smith and Dodson, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) than basally, where it tapers to a foramen for the dental artery. This structure is obvious in some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD028FFD9FCEDF960BD8ED0E2" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[846,909,1720,1741]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="12" pageNumber="876" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD028FFD9FCEDF960BD8ED0E2" box="[846,909,1720,1741]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="876">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
teeth, but it is not always congruent with the dental foramina. Mesially, crown shape is distinct from that of the distal set; d1 in particular resembles the premaxillary class more than the dentary sets (
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD028FFD9FC5DF8D0BA4AD132" box="[1022,1097,1800,1821]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="14.[144,233,656,675]" captionTargetBox="[158,1502,176,639]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[158,1502,176,639]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 12. Morphology of d1 in Tyrannosaurus rex. A, first dentary teeth of AMNH 5027 in labial view. B, Rd1 of BHI 3033 in mesial and distal views. C, Rd1 of CM 9380 in mesial view. D, Rd1 of BHI 3033 in occlusal view. E, Ld1 of AMNH 5027 in distolabial view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943018" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943018/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="876">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
). The labial face of d1 is convex rostrally and the mesial and distal faces are flattened and elongated. However, unlike in the premaxilla, the basal long axis of d1 is mesiodistally oriented. The tooth is more conical than are those in the premaxilla. The lingual face is more rounded than in the premaxilla, although apically it is very similar to that of the premaxillary crowns. The carinae are linguomesially and linguodistally positioned, although the bases are more labially positioned than in the premaxilla.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD029FFD8FEC0FA4CBC00D386" author="Molnar, R. E." box="[355,515,1428,1449]" firstAuthor="Molnar" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Paleontology" pageId="13" pageNumber="877" pagination="73 - 82" part="52" refId="ref21387" refString="Molnar, R. E. 1978. A new theropod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of central Montana. Journal of Paleontology 52: 73 - 82." title="A new theropod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of central Montana" type="journal article" year="1978">Molnar (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD029FFD8FDE0FA4CBED1D3EC" author="Carr, T. D. & T. E. Williamson" firstAuthor="Carr" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="13" pageNumber="877" pagination="479 - 523" part="142" refId="ref18083" refString="Carr, T. D., and T. E. Williamson. 2004. Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142: 479 - 523." title="Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America" type="journal article" year="2004">Carr and Williamson (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted this general morphology in the putative juvenile specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD029FFD8FEB5FA11BF54D3F1" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[278,343,1481,1502]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="13" pageNumber="884" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD029FFD8FEB5FA11BF2FD3F1" box="[278,300,1481,1502]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="877">T.</emphasis>
|
||
rex
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, LACM 28741.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="FC856616D029FFD8FF33FB30BDE5D304" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943014" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3943014" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943014/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="877" startId="13.[144,233,1256,1275]" targetBox="[158,1502,176,1239]" targetPageId="13">
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED029FFD8FF33FB30BDE5D304" blockId="13.[144,1517,1256,1323]" pageId="13" pageNumber="877">
|
||
FIGURE 10. Distal set morphology in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD029FFD8FDACFB30BCBED2D4" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[527,701,1256,1275]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="13" pageNumber="877" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD029FFD8FDACFB30BCBED2D4" box="[527,701,1256,1275]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="877">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD029FFD8FD6AFB30BCD8D2D4" bold="true" box="[713,731,1256,1275]" pageId="13" pageNumber="877">A</emphasis>
|
||
, Rmx5 of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D029FFD8FCE3FB30BDB9D2D4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374311" box="[832,954,1256,1275]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47761" pageId="13" pageNumber="877" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">AMNH 5027</materialsCitation>
|
||
in mesial view.
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD029FFD8FBF0FB30BA61D2D4" bold="true" box="[1107,1122,1256,1275]" pageId="13" pageNumber="877">B</emphasis>
|
||
, Rmx5 of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D029FFD8FB64FB30BB44D2D4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374407" box="[1223,1351,1256,1275]" collectionCode="LACM" pageId="13" pageNumber="877" specimenCode="LACM 23844">LACM 23844</materialsCitation>
|
||
in labial view.
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD029FFD8FA7BFB30BBE4D2D4" bold="true" box="[1496,1511,1256,1275]" pageId="13" pageNumber="877">C</emphasis>
|
||
, Lmx5–7 of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D029FFD8FF59FAD8BF4DD33C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374351" box="[250,334,1280,1299]" collectionCode="CM" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=52853" pageId="13" pageNumber="877" specimenCode="CM 9380">CM 9380</materialsCitation>
|
||
in lingual view.
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD029FFD8FE4BFAD8BFF9D33C" bold="true" box="[488,506,1280,1299]" pageId="13" pageNumber="877">D</emphasis>
|
||
, Rmx6 of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D029FFD8FDFFFAD8BCD6D33C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374307" box="[604,725,1280,1299]" collectionCode="SDSM" pageId="13" pageNumber="877" specimenCode="SDSM 12047">SDSM 12047</materialsCitation>
|
||
in lingual view.
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD029FFD8FCCCFAD8BD7DD33C" bold="true" box="[879,894,1280,1299]" pageId="13" pageNumber="877">E</emphasis>
|
||
, Lmx7 of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D029FFD8FC7CFAD8BA38D33C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374308" box="[991,1083,1280,1299]" collectionCode="MOR" pageId="13" pageNumber="877" specimenCode="MOR 555">MOR 555</materialsCitation>
|
||
in labial view.
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD029FFD8FB6AFAD8BAD5D33C" bold="true" box="[1225,1238,1280,1299]" pageId="13" pageNumber="877">F</emphasis>
|
||
, Lmx8 of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D029FFD8FA94FAD8BB90D33C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374331" box="[1335,1427,1280,1299]" collectionCode="MOR" pageId="13" pageNumber="877" specimenCode="MOR 555">MOR 555</materialsCitation>
|
||
in mesial view.
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD029FFD8FF64FAC0BEDAD304" bold="true" box="[199,217,1304,1323]" pageId="13" pageNumber="877">G</emphasis>
|
||
, Lmx9 of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D029FFD8FE98FAC0BF94D304" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374421" box="[315,407,1304,1323]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="13" pageNumber="877" specimenCode="BHI 3033">BHI 3033</materialsCitation>
|
||
in distal view.
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD029FFD8FD85FAC0BC3BD304" bold="true" box="[550,568,1304,1323]" pageId="13" pageNumber="877">H</emphasis>
|
||
, Rmx10–12 of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D029FFD8FD6BFAC0BD58D304" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374394" box="[712,859,1304,1323]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="13" pageNumber="877" specimenCode="FMNH PR2081">FMNH PR2081</materialsCitation>
|
||
in labial view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED029FFDBFF0BFA3BBFE5D56B" blockId="13.[144,815,1401,1981]" lastBlockId="14.[144,815,788,1980]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="878" pageId="13" pageNumber="877">
|
||
The second crown (the first in the mesial set) is a transitional form between d1 and the more distal dentary teeth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD029FFD8FD77FA26BD21D03C" box="[724,802,1534,1555]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="15.[144,233,1189,1208]" captionTargetBox="[233,1426,176,1171]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[233,1426,176,1171]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 13. Mesial dentary set morphology in Tyrannosaurus rex. Ld2 of FMNH PR2081 (A), Rd2 of AMNH 5027 (B), Ld3 (C), and Ld4 (D) of FMNH PR2081, all in mesial view. E, Ld2 and Rd4 of BHI 3033 in labial and lingual views (arrows mark ends of distal (Ld2) and mesial (Rd4) carinae)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943020/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="877">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD029FFD8FF33F9C1BF25D001" author="Osborn, H. F." box="[144,294,1561,1582]" firstAuthor="Osborn" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="13" pageNumber="877" pagination="3 - 30" part="1" refId="ref21865" refString="Osborn, H. F. 1912. Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus. Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 1: 3 - 30." title="Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus" type="journal article" year="1912">Osborn (1912)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted correctly that the mesial crowns distal to d1 are morphologically dissimilar from the premaxillary teeth, and recognized that the dentary series changed in a similar manner to the maxilla, with the carinae changing from the labial and lingual surfaces mesially to the mesial and distal surfaces distally. The mesial carina of d2 is positioned mesially as compared to that of d1. It begins at the apex and extends basally along the lingual edge of the mesial face, such that denticles can be seen on the lingual edge in mesial view. The distal carina of d2 remains close to where it is in d1, such that its base is located in the distal quarter of the labial face. By d3, the mesial carina is positioned such that it in mesial view, it begins just lingual to the apex and extends basally in the lingual quarter of the mesial face. The distal carina is located such that its base is in the distal quarter of the labial face, similar to that of d2. Carina orientations in d4 are very similar to d3. The labial faces of the mesial set are almost flat (e.g.,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02AFFDBFF55FCCCBF5DD506" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374375" box="[246,350,788,809]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="14" pageNumber="878" specimenCode="BHI 3033">BHI 3033</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02AFFDBFEC9FCCCBC12D506" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374338" box="[362,529,788,809]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="14" pageNumber="878" specimenCode="FMNH PR2081">FMNH PR2081</materialsCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02AFFDBFDEFFCCCBCB9D506" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374379" box="[588,698,788,809]" collectionCode="MOR" pageId="14" pageNumber="878" specimenCode="MOR 008">MOR 008</materialsCitation>
|
||
), while the lingual faces are slightly convex.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="FC856616D029FFD8FCEDF8A2BB99D193" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943016" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3943016" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943016/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="877" startId="13.[846,935,1914,1933]" targetBox="[881,1483,1444,1895]" targetPageId="13">
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED029FFD8FCEDF8A2BB99D193" blockId="13.[846,1517,1914,1980]" pageId="13" pageNumber="877">
|
||
FIGURE 11. Maxillary teeth (?5–7) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD029FFD8FB6FF8A2BB7AD1A2" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1228,1401,1914,1933]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="13" pageNumber="877" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD029FFD8FB6FF8A2BB7AD1A2" box="[1228,1401,1914,1933]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="877">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D029FFD8FA25F8A2BBE4D1A2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374301" box="[1414,1511,1914,1933]" collectionCode="MOR" pageId="13" pageNumber="877" specimenCode="MOR 008">MOR 008</materialsCitation>
|
||
) in apical view; note orientation with respect to lateral side of the bone (crowns are broken; view is of the cross sections of the teeth).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="FC856616D02AFFDBFF33FD48BB1DD494" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943018" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3943018" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943018/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="878" startId="14.[144,233,656,675]" targetBox="[158,1502,176,639]" targetPageId="14">
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED02AFFDBFF33FD48BB1DD494" blockId="14.[144,1517,656,699]" pageId="14" pageNumber="878">
|
||
FIGURE 12. Morphology of d1 in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD02AFFDBFE41FD48BC8DD48C" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[482,654,656,675]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="878" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02AFFDBFE41FD48BC8DD48C" box="[482,654,656,675]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="878">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02AFFDBFD3AFD48BCA8D48C" bold="true" box="[665,683,656,675]" pageId="14" pageNumber="878">A</emphasis>
|
||
, first dentary teeth of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02AFFDBFCD9FD48BDF0D48C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374334" box="[890,1011,656,675]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47761" pageId="14" pageNumber="878" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">AMNH 5027</materialsCitation>
|
||
in labial view.
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02AFFDBFBDEFD48BA8FD48C" bold="true" box="[1149,1164,656,675]" pageId="14" pageNumber="878">B</emphasis>
|
||
, Rd1 of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02AFFDBFB7FFD48BB35D48C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374339" box="[1244,1334,656,675]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="14" pageNumber="878" specimenCode="BHI 3033">BHI 3033</materialsCitation>
|
||
in mesial and distal views.
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02AFFDBFF6CFD70BEDDD494" bold="true" box="[207,222,680,699]" pageId="14" pageNumber="878">C</emphasis>
|
||
, Rd1 of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02AFFDBFE90FD70BF8AD494" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374344" box="[307,393,680,699]" collectionCode="CM" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=52853" pageId="14" pageNumber="878" specimenCode="CM 9380">CM 9380</materialsCitation>
|
||
in mesial view.
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02AFFDBFD82FD70BC30D494" bold="true" box="[545,563,680,699]" pageId="14" pageNumber="878">D</emphasis>
|
||
, Rd1 of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02AFFDBFD2BFD70BCE0D494" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374323" box="[648,739,680,699]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="14" pageNumber="878" specimenCode="BHI 3033">BHI 3033</materialsCitation>
|
||
in occlusal view.
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02AFFDBFC29FD70BD9AD494" bold="true" box="[906,921,680,699]" pageId="14" pageNumber="878">E</emphasis>
|
||
, Ld1 of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02AFFDBFC4FFD70BA65D494" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374306" box="[1004,1126,680,699]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47761" pageId="14" pageNumber="878" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">AMNH 5027</materialsCitation>
|
||
in distolabial view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED02AFFDBFF0BFC92BC23D246" blockId="14.[144,815,788,1980]" pageId="14" pageNumber="878">
|
||
In the distal set, carina orientations become increasingly mesiodistally aligned, the long axes of which largely parallel the edge of the dentary (
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD02AFFDBFEC7FCA7BFB8D5BB" box="[356,443,895,916]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[144,233,1818,1837]" captionTargetBox="[230,728,327,1800]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[230,728,327,1800]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7. Positional variation in carina placement and orientation of Tyrannosaurus rex. Right maxilla (A) and left dentary (B) in palatal view (composite photo traces of AMNH 5027). C, the mesial right maxillary dentition of LACM 23844 in labial view (arrows indicate distal carinae, which are forming the distal edges of the labial faces of the teeth by mx3). D, the mesial left dentary dentition of FMNH PR2081 in labial view (arrows indicate distal carinae)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943008" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943008/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="878">Figs. 7B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD02AFFDBFE67FCA7BFE3D5BB" box="[452,480,895,916]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="16.[144,233,1256,1275]" captionTargetBox="[158,1502,176,1239]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[158,1502,176,1239]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 14. Distal dentary set morphology in Tyrannosaurus rex. A, Rd4–5 of SDSM 12047 in labial view (arrow indicates carina location). B, Ld6–9 of FMNH PR2081 in labial view. C, Ld7 of BMNH R5863 in mesial view. D, Ld6 of FMNH PR2081 in distal view. E, Ld10 of SDSM 12047 in mesial view. F, Rd12 of AMNH 5027 in labial view. G, Ld13 of BHI 3033 in labial view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943022/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="878">14</figureCitation>
|
||
). Mesially in the set (d5–d8), the teeth resemble the mesial maxillary teeth, except that they are narrower. The distal-most teeth (>d12) are different from all other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD02AFFDBFF76FC17BF14D5CB" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[213,279,975,996]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="878" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02AFFDBFF76FC17BF14D5CB" box="[213,279,975,996]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="878">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
crowns; they are small, very narrow, and have strongly curved mesial curvature profiles and almost straight distal profiles that in some cases (Ld13 of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02AFFDBFD93FBDCBC94D236" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374335" box="[560,663,1028,1049]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="14" pageNumber="878" specimenCode="BHI 3033">BHI 3033</materialsCitation>
|
||
) angle toward the apex. Even in the last few teeth, however, the mesial carinae exhibit a basal lingual twist and the distal carinae are labially placed (e.g., Rd13 of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02AFFDBFED7FB8CBC16D246" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374439" box="[372,533,1108,1129]" collectionCode="LACM" pageId="14" pageNumber="878" preparations="right dentary" specimenCode="LACM 150167">LACM 150167</materialsCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED02AFFDBFF0BFBB6BD1FD377" blockId="14.[144,815,788,1980]" pageId="14" pageNumber="878">
|
||
As in the maxilla and in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD02AFFDBFE0DFBB6BC69D2AC" authorityName="Stovall and Langston" authorityYear="1950" box="[430,618,1134,1155]" class="Reptilia" family="Carcharodontosauridae" genus="Acrocanthosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="878" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02AFFDBFE0DFBB6BC69D2AC" box="[430,618,1134,1155]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="878">Acrocanthosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but in contrast to the condition in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD02AFFDBFE9BFB51BFCAD2B1" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[312,457,1161,1182]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="878" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02AFFDBFE9BFB51BFCAD2B1" box="[312,457,1161,1182]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="878">Albertosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD02AFFDBFE77FB51BC47D2B1" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[468,580,1161,1182]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="878" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02AFFDBFE77FB51BC47D2B1" box="[468,580,1161,1182]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="878">Allosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD02AFFDBFDD8FB51BD02D2B1" authorityName="Lambe" authorityYear="1914" box="[635,769,1161,1182]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="878" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02AFFDBFDD8FB51BD02D2B1" box="[635,769,1161,1182]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="878">Gorgosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the mesial dentary teeth (e.g.,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02AFFDBFE02FB7CBC0AD296" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374409" box="[417,521,1188,1209]" collectionCode="MOR" pageId="14" pageNumber="878" specimenCode="MOR 008">MOR 008</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02AFFDBFDB0FB7CBC9FD296" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374302" box="[531,668,1188,1209]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47761" pageId="14" pageNumber="878" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">AMNH 5027</materialsCitation>
|
||
) are not set in the jaw with their long axes lined up mesiodistally. Rather, the crowns are oriented such that there is an angle of ̴30° between the long axes and the alveolar margin. Thus, the apices do not line up with each other along the tooth row and the surface area the teeth can contact during a bite is greater in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD02AFFDBFD28FAF1BCCAD311" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[651,713,1321,1342]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="878" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02AFFDBFD28FAF1BC98D311" box="[651,667,1321,1342]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="878">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02AFFDBFD0AFAF1BCCAD311" box="[681,713,1321,1342]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="878">rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than it is in other tyrannosaurids such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD02AFFDBFE41FA9BBC6BD377" authorityName="Lambe" authorityYear="1914" box="[482,616,1347,1368]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="878" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02AFFDBFE41FA9BBC6BD377" box="[482,616,1347,1368]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="878">Gorgosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see discussion).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED02AFFDBFF0BFA86BC66D0E2" blockId="14.[144,815,788,1980]" pageId="14" pageNumber="878">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02AFFDBFF0BFA86BF6FD35B" bold="true" box="[168,364,1374,1396]" pageId="14" pageNumber="878">Crown Curvature</emphasis>
|
||
—As in the maxilla, curvature increases across the dentary and position is a significant factor in explaining the observed variation (
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD02AFFDBFE15FA4BBC0BD387" box="[438,520,1427,1448]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[144,233,1649,1668]" captionTargetBox="[230,1429,176,1632]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[230,1429,176,1632]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Crown shape comparisons and variability profiles, with respect to tooth position, for CBR (A), CHR (B), and CA (C) of Tyrannosaurus rex. See methods for units. See Supplementary Data 1, www.vertpaleo.org/jvp/JVPcontents.html, for data. Error bars equal +/− 1 standard deviation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943002" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943002/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="878">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
|
||
). The CA for d1 (84.44°) is significantly different from those of the distal teeth (d11= 82.68°,
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02AFFDBFF7FFA10BEEAD3F2" box="[220,233,1480,1501]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="878">p</emphasis>
|
||
.0357). Whereas d1 might be successfully distinguished from pm1 using CBW, it is not distinct from pm1 in terms of apex displacement (pm1 = 84.72°,
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02AFFDBFE60FA25BFD3D03D" box="[451,464,1533,1554]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="878">p</emphasis>
|
||
.7154). However, pm1 has a more strongly curved mesial profile than does d1 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD02AFFDBFDDDF9C0BCCED002" box="[638,717,1560,1581]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="17.[144,233,653,672]" captionTargetBox="[154,804,176,635]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[154,804,176,635]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 15. Curvature profiles in pm1 and d1 of Tyrannosaurus rex. A, Lpm1 of BHI 3033 in mesial view. B, Ld1 of BHI 3033 in labiodistal view. C, Mesial profiles derived from A and B, scaled to the same size. Scale bars equal 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943024/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="878">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
). As the crowns become more elongated in the mesial dentary, their apices become more centrally positioned and there is a weak trend of increasing CA in the set (
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD02AFFDBFE1BF9B0BC0AD052" box="[440,521,1640,1661]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[144,233,1649,1668]" captionTargetBox="[230,1429,176,1632]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[230,1429,176,1632]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Crown shape comparisons and variability profiles, with respect to tooth position, for CBR (A), CHR (B), and CA (C) of Tyrannosaurus rex. See methods for units. See Supplementary Data 1, www.vertpaleo.org/jvp/JVPcontents.html, for data. Error bars equal +/− 1 standard deviation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943002" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943002/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="878">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
|
||
). However, in the distal set, CA values decrease steadily to the end of the row. The last dentary teeth have the most displaced apices in the dentition (d13 CA = 78.17°; d12 = 82.93°,
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02AFFDBFE58F960BC0BD0E2" box="[507,520,1720,1741]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="878">p</emphasis>
|
||
<.0001).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED02AFFDBFF0BF90ABDBED5BB" blockId="14.[144,815,788,1980]" lastBlockId="14.[846,1517,788,916]" pageId="14" pageNumber="878">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02AFFDBFF0BF90ABF0DD0C7" bold="true" box="[168,270,1746,1768]" pageId="14" pageNumber="878">Denticles</emphasis>
|
||
—As in the rest of the mouth, denticle sizes in the dentary are reciprocals of crown size, and denticle density increases distally along the tooth row (
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD02AFFDBFD8AF8DFBC6FD133" box="[553,620,1799,1820]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[144,233,1648,1667]" captionTargetBox="[230,1429,176,1631]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[230,1429,176,1631]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Denticle size comparisons and variability profiles, with respect to tooth position, for MAVG (A), DAVG (B), and DSDI (C) of Tyrannosaurus rex. See methods for units. See Supplementary Data 1, www.vertpaleo.org/jvp/JVPcontents.html, for data. Error bars equal +/− 1 standard deviation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943006" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943006/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="878">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
). Mesial densities range from 7–14.4/5 mm and distal densities range from 7.5– 15.7/5 mm; d4 has the largest mesial denticles (7.8/5 mm) and d3 has the largest distal denticles (8.8/5 mm). The distal dentary teeth have the smallest denticles in the entire dentition (d13 DAVG: 14.9/5 mm; d12: 12/5 mm,
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02AFFDBFE56F855BC01D18D" box="[501,514,1933,1954]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="878">p</emphasis>
|
||
.0006). Contrary to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD02AFFDBFD71F855BF50D193" author="Carr, T. D. & T. E. Williamson" firstAuthor="Carr" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="14" pageNumber="878" pagination="479 - 523" part="142" refId="ref18083" refString="Carr, T. D., and T. E. Williamson. 2004. Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142: 479 - 523." title="Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America" type="journal article" year="2004">Carr and Williamson (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, there is no significant difference in denticle size between the mesial and distal carinae (MAVG = 9.6/5 mm; DAVG = 10/5 mm,
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02AFFDBFB90FCF7BA43D56B" box="[1075,1088,815,836]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="878">p</emphasis>
|
||
.5100). The DSDI data for the dentary (
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD02AFFDBFCF5FC92BDA6D570" box="[854,933,842,863]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[144,233,1648,1667]" captionTargetBox="[230,1429,176,1631]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[230,1429,176,1631]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Denticle size comparisons and variability profiles, with respect to tooth position, for MAVG (A), DAVG (B), and DSDI (C) of Tyrannosaurus rex. See methods for units. See Supplementary Data 1, www.vertpaleo.org/jvp/JVPcontents.html, for data. Error bars equal +/− 1 standard deviation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943006" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943006/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="878">Fig. 6C</figureCitation>
|
||
) exhibit a similar trend to that observed in the maxilla; DSDI values do not increase or decrease substantially along the tooth row.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED02AFFDBFC7CFC67BB5FD5FB" blockId="14.[991,1372,959,980]" box="[991,1372,959,980]" pageId="14" pageNumber="878">
|
||
<heading id="F30D81F2D02AFFDBFC7CFC67BB5FD5FB" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[991,1372,959,980]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="4" pageId="14" pageNumber="878" reason="2">NON-POSITIONAL VARIATION</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED02AFFDBFCC5FC31BA0DD3EC" blockId="14.[846,1518,1001,1980]" pageId="14" pageNumber="878">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02AFFDBFCC5FC31BA1DD5D0" bold="true" box="[870,1054,1001,1023]" pageId="14" pageNumber="878">Apical Denticles</emphasis>
|
||
—Carinae can be isolated or can cross the apex as one entity. For theropods with ‘single’ carinae, the denticles can terminate prior to or can cross the apex. This latter condition, apical denticulation, has been described in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD02AFFDBFA2EFBE1BAFCD246" authority=", Alectrosaurus Gilmore, 1933" authorityName=", Alectrosaurus Gilmore" authorityYear="1933" class="Reptilia" family="Carcharodontosauridae" genus="Acrocanthosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="878" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02AFFDBFA2EFBE1BDB0D246" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="878">Acrocanthosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02AFFDBFC66FB8CBA56D246" box="[965,1109,1108,1129]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="878">Alectrosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD02AFFDBFBC2FB8CBAFCD246" author="Gilmore, C. W." box="[1121,1279,1108,1129]" firstAuthor="Gilmore" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="14" pageNumber="878" pagination="23 - 78" part="67" refId="ref19871" refString="Gilmore, C. W. 1933. On the dinosaurian fauna of the Iren Dabasu Formation. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 67: 23 - 78." title="On the dinosaurian fauna of the Iren Dabasu Formation" type="journal article" year="1933">Gilmore, 1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02AFFDBFAACFB8CBB9DD246" box="[1295,1438,1108,1129]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="878">Dryptosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD02AFFDBFA09FB8CBD83D2AC" author="Marsh, O. C." firstAuthor="Marsh" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Science" pageId="14" pageNumber="878" pagination="514 - 516" part="14" refId="ref21084" refString="Marsh, O. C. 1877 a. Notice of new dinosaurian reptiles from the Jurassic formation. American Journal of Science (series 3) 14: 514 - 516." title="Notice of new dinosaurian reptiles from the Jurassic formation" type="journal article" year="1877">Marsh 1877</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02AFFDBFC28FBB6BA00D2AC" box="[907,1027,1134,1155]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="878">Eotyrannus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD02AFFDBFBA9FBB6BAB6D2AC" author="Hutt, S. & D. Naish & D. M. Martill & M. J. Barker & P. Newberry" box="[1034,1205,1134,1155]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Hutt" journalOrPublisher="Cretaceous Research" pageId="14" pageNumber="878" pagination="227 - 242" part="22" refId="ref20491" refString="Hutt, S., D. Naish, D. M. Martill, M. J. Barker, and P. Newberry. 2001. A preliminary account of a new tyrannosaurid theropod from the Wessex Formation (Early Cretaceous) of southern England. Cretaceous Research 22: 227 - 242." title="A preliminary account of a new tyrannosaurid theropod from the Wessex Formation (Early Cretaceous) of southern England" type="journal article" year="2001">Hutt et al., 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD02AFFDBFB1CFBB6BBEAD2AC" authority="Hutt et al., 1996" authorityName="Hutt" authorityYear="1996" box="[1215,1513,1134,1155]" class="Reptilia" family="Neovenatoridae" genus="Neovenator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="878" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02AFFDBFB1CFBB6BB34D2AC" box="[1215,1335,1134,1155]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="878">Neovenator</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD02AFFDBFA9DFBB6BBEAD2AC" author="Hutt, S. & D. M. Martill & M. J. Barker" box="[1342,1513,1134,1155]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Hutt" journalOrPublisher="Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie Monatschefte" pageId="14" pageNumber="878" pagination="635 - 644" part="1996" refId="ref20443" refString="Hutt, S., D. M. Martill, and M. J. Barker. 1996. The first European allosaurid dinosaur (Lower Cretaceous, Wealden Group, England). Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie Monatschefte 1996: 635 - 644." title="The first European allosaurid dinosaur (Lower Cretaceous, Wealden Group, England)" type="journal article" year="1996">Hutt et al., 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02AFFDBFCDFFB51BA13D2B1" box="[892,1040,1161,1182]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="878">Ricardoestesia</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD02AFFDBFBB5FB51BAD7D2B1" author="Currie, P. J. & J. K. Rigby, Jr. & R. E. Sloan" box="[1046,1236,1161,1182]" editor="K. Carpenter & P. J. Currie" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England" pageId="14" pageNumber="878" pagination="107 - 125" refId="ref19155" refString="Currie, P. J., J. K. Rigby, Jr., and R. E. Sloan. 1990. Theropod teeth from the Judith River Formation of southern Alberta, Canada; pp. 107 - 125 in K. Carpenter and P. J. Currie (eds.), Dinosaur Systematics: Perspectives and Approaches. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England." title="Theropod teeth from the Judith River Formation of southern Alberta, Canada" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Dinosaur Systematics: Perspectives and Approaches" year="1990">Currie et al., 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and is considered unusual (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD02AFFDBFCDCFB7BBA03D297" author="Harris, J. D." box="[895,1024,1187,1208]" firstAuthor="Harris" journalOrPublisher="New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin" pageId="14" pageNumber="878" pagination="1 - 75" part="13" refId="ref19903" refString="Harris, J. D. 1998. A reanalysis of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis, its phylogenetic status, and paleobiogeographic implications, based on a new specimen from Texas. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 13: 1 - 75." title="A reanalysis of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis, its phylogenetic status, and paleobiogeographic implications, based on a new specimen from Texas" type="journal article" year="1998">Harris, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD02AFFDBFBA9FB7BBAB5D297" author="Hutt, S. & D. Naish & D. M. Martill & M. J. Barker & P. Newberry" box="[1034,1206,1187,1208]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Hutt" journalOrPublisher="Cretaceous Research" pageId="14" pageNumber="878" pagination="227 - 242" part="22" refId="ref20491" refString="Hutt, S., D. Naish, D. M. Martill, M. J. Barker, and P. Newberry. 2001. A preliminary account of a new tyrannosaurid theropod from the Wessex Formation (Early Cretaceous) of southern England. Cretaceous Research 22: 227 - 242." title="A preliminary account of a new tyrannosaurid theropod from the Wessex Formation (Early Cretaceous) of southern England" type="journal article" year="2001">Hutt et al., 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, I have observed it in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD02AFFDBFCCDFB66BA09D2FC" authorityName="Sues and Taquet" authorityYear="1979" box="[878,1034,1214,1235]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Majungatholus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="878" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02AFFDBFCCDFB66BA09D2FC" box="[878,1034,1214,1235]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="878">Majungatholus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD02AFFDBFBBFFB66BA8ED2FC" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[1052,1165,1214,1235]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="878" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02AFFDBFBBFFB66BA8ED2FC" box="[1052,1165,1214,1235]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="878">Allosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD02AFFDBFB3CFB66BB83D2FC" authorityName="Stromer" authorityYear="1931" box="[1183,1408,1214,1235]" class="Reptilia" family="Carcharodontosauridae" genus="Carcharodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="878" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02AFFDBFB3CFB66BB83D2FC" box="[1183,1408,1214,1235]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="878">Carcharodontosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, tyrannosaurids, and dromaeosaurids, a distribution similar to that reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD02AFFDBFC1CFB2BBAF7D327" author="Currie, P. J. & K. Carpenter" box="[959,1268,1267,1288]" firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Geodiversitas" pageId="14" pageNumber="878" pagination="207 - 246" part="22" refId="ref19019" refString="Currie, P. J., and K. Carpenter. 2000. A new specimen of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis (Theropoda, Dinosauria) from the Lower Cretaceous Antlers Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Aptian) of Oklahoma, USA. Geodiversitas 22: 207 - 246." title="A new specimen of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis (Theropoda, Dinosauria) from the Lower Cretaceous Antlers Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Aptian) of Oklahoma, USA" type="journal article" year="2000">Currie and Carpenter (2000)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. I agree with these authors that apical denticulation in and of itself is not a particularly useful character. However, recording whether or not the denticles cross the carinae (with possible taphonomic modification acknowledged) in theropod descriptions is still useful as I suspect that possession of apical denticulation is likely to be the plesiomorphic theropod state, while a lack of apical denticles is the derived condition.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED02AFFDBFCC5FA10BBD0D118" blockId="14.[846,1518,1001,1980]" pageId="14" pageNumber="878">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02AFFDBFCC5FA10BA59D3F1" bold="true" box="[870,1114,1480,1502]" pageId="14" pageNumber="878">Crown Ornamentation</emphasis>
|
||
—‘Enamel wrinkles’ are considered diagnostic for carcharodontosaurids (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD02AFFDBFB49FA3BBB7DD3D7" author="Stromer, E." box="[1258,1406,1507,1528]" firstAuthor="Stromer" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Abteilung N. F" pageId="14" pageNumber="878" pagination="1 - 23" part="9" refId="ref23085" refString="Stromer, E. 1931. Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromers in den Wusten Agyptens. II. Wirbeltier-Reste der Baharije-Stufe (unterstes Cenoman). 10. Ein Skelett-Rest von Carcharodontosaurus nov. gen. Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Abteilung N. F. 9: 1 - 23." title="Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromers in den Wusten Agyptens. II. Wirbeltier-Reste der Baharije-Stufe (unterstes Cenoman). 10. Ein Skelett-Rest von Carcharodontosaurus nov. gen" type="book chapter" year="1931">Stromer, 1931</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD02AFFDBFA2AFA3BBDA4D03D" author="Sereno, P. C. & D. B. Dutheil & M. Iarochene & H. C. E. Larsson & G. H. Lyon & P. M. Magwene & C. A. Sidor & D. J. Varricchio & J. A. Wilson" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Sereno" journalOrPublisher="Science" pageId="14" pageNumber="878" pagination="986 - 991" part="272" refId="ref22553" refString="Sereno, P. C., D. B. Dutheil, M. Iarochene, H. C. E. Larsson, G. H. Lyon, P. M. Magwene, C. A. Sidor, D. J. Varricchio, and J. A. Wilson. 1996. Predatory dinosaurs from the Sahara and Late Cretaceous faunal differentiation. Science 272: 986 - 991." title="Predatory dinosaurs from the Sahara and Late Cretaceous faunal differentiation" type="journal article" year="1996">Sereno et al., 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD02AFFDBFC17FA25BA75D03D" author="Chure, D. J. & M. Manabe & M. Tanimoto & Y. Tomida" box="[948,1142,1533,1554]" editor="Y. Tomida & T. H. Rich & P. Vickers-Rich" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Chure" journalOrPublisher="National Science Museum, Tokyo, Tokyo" pageId="14" pageNumber="878" pagination="291 - 296" refId="ref18568" refString="Chure, D. J., M. Manabe, M. Tanimoto, and Y. Tomida. 1999. An unusual theropod tooth from the Mifune Group (late Cenomanian to early Turonian), Kumamoto, Japan; pp. 291 - 296 in Y. Tomida, T. H. Rich, and P. Vickers-Rich (eds.), Proceedings of the Second Gondwana Dinosaur Symposium. National Science Museum, Tokyo, Tokyo." title="An unusual theropod tooth from the Mifune Group (late Cenomanian to early Turonian), Kumamoto, Japan" type="proceedings" volumeTitle="Proceedings of the Second Gondwana Dinosaur Symposium" year="1999">Chure et al., 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Evaluating the distribution of the feature is beyond the scope of this paper, but observations made during this study indicate that the distribution of ‘enamel wrinkles’ extends beyond
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD02AFFDBFBCAF995BB4AD04D" authorityName="Stromer" authorityYear="1931" box="[1129,1353,1613,1634]" class="Reptilia" family="Carcharodontosauridae" genus="Carcharodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="878" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02AFFDBFBCAF995BB4AD04D" box="[1129,1353,1613,1634]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="878">Carcharodontosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD02AFFDBFA27F995BAA5D052" authority="Coria and Salgado, 1995" authorityName="Coria and Salgado" authorityYear="1995" class="Reptilia" family="Carcharodontosauridae" genus="Giganotosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="878" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02AFFDBFA27F995BD92D052" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="878">Giganotosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD02AFFDBFC38F9B0BAA5D052" author="Coria, R. A. & L. Salgado" box="[923,1190,1640,1661]" firstAuthor="Coria" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="14" pageNumber="878" pagination="224 - 226" part="377" refId="ref18697" refString="Coria, R. A., and L. Salgado. 1995. A new giant carnivorous dinosaur from the Cretaceous of Patagonia. Nature 377: 224 - 226." title="A new giant carnivorous dinosaur from the Cretaceous of Patagonia" type="journal article" year="1995">Coria and Salgado, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as similar structures occur in tyrannosaurids (including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD02AFFDBFBCAF95ABAA8D0B8" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1129,1195,1666,1687]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="878" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02AFFDBFBCAF95ABAA8D0B8" box="[1129,1195,1666,1687]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="878">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), allosaurids,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD02AFFDBFAEBF95ABBEED0B8" authorityName="Matthew and Brown" authorityYear="1922" box="[1352,1517,1666,1687]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Dromaeosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="878" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02AFFDBFAEBF95ABBEED0B8" box="[1352,1517,1666,1687]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="878">Dromaeosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(AMNH 5356), and (very weakly) in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD02AFFDBFB4FF945BB3CD09D" box="[1260,1343,1693,1714]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Irritator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="878" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02AFFDBFB4FF945BB3CD09D" box="[1260,1343,1693,1714]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="878">Irritator</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(SMNS 58022). They are more strongly developed and exhibit slightly different morphologies in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD02AFFDBFBA9F90ABAE8D0C8" authorityName="Stromer" authorityYear="1931" box="[1034,1259,1746,1767]" class="Reptilia" family="Carcharodontosauridae" genus="Carcharodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="878" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02AFFDBFBA9F90ABAE8D0C8" box="[1034,1259,1746,1767]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="878">Carcharodontosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(SGM Din-1) as compared to other theropods, but ‘enamel wrinkles’ (broadly defined) are not restricted to this group, especially as there is no consensus as to what exactly constitutes an ‘enamel wrinkle.’
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED02AFFDAFCC5F8E5BEC1D12D" blockId="14.[846,1518,1001,1980]" lastBlockId="15.[144,815,1347,1980]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="879" pageId="14" pageNumber="878">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02AFFDBFCC5F8E5BDF8D17C" bold="true" box="[870,1019,1853,1875]" pageId="14" pageNumber="878">Split Carinae</emphasis>
|
||
—This feature and its implications were discussed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD02AFFDBFC1AF88FBA5CD143" author="Erickson, G. M." box="[953,1119,1879,1900]" firstAuthor="Erickson" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="14" pageNumber="878" pagination="268 - 274" part="15" refId="ref19436" refString="Erickson, G. M. 1995. Split carinae on tyrannosaurid teeth and implications of their development. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 15: 268 - 274." title="Split carinae on tyrannosaurid teeth and implications of their development" type="journal article" year="1995">Erickson (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and will not be restated here. Rather,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD02AFFDBFCEDF8AABA2AD1A8" author="Erickson, G. M." box="[846,1065,1906,1927]" firstAuthor="as Erickson's" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="14" pageNumber="878" pagination="268 - 274" part="15" refId="ref19436" refString="Erickson, G. M. 1995. Split carinae on tyrannosaurid teeth and implications of their development. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 15: 268 - 274." title="Split carinae on tyrannosaurid teeth and implications of their development" type="journal article" year="1995">as Erickson’s (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
work focused on an assemblage of shed tyrannosaurid teeth, I will simply note the instances of in situ split carinae observed during this study. The first occurs in Rd2 of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02BFFDAFF08FA9BBF36D377" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374348" box="[171,309,1347,1368]" collectionCode="SDSM" pageId="15" pageNumber="879" specimenCode="SDSM 12047">SDSM 12047</materialsCitation>
|
||
, where an additional mesial carina occurs on the mesial face. It begins ̴12–13 mm from the apex, ̴1–2 mm labial of center, and extends down the labial quarter of the face. It is denticulate along its entire length; the denticles are smaller than those on the principal carina (̴10/5 mm apically; ̴9/5 mm basally). The second occurs in CM 1400, a partial left maxilla from the Lance Formation of Wyoming (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD02BFFDAFDE0FA3BBCE8D3D7" author="McIntosh, J. S." box="[579,747,1507,1528]" firstAuthor="McIntosh" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History" pageId="15" pageNumber="879" pagination="1 - 67" part="18" refId="ref21289" refString="McIntosh, J. S. 1981. Annotated catalog of the dinosaurs (Reptilia, Archosauria) in the collections of Carnegie Musuem of Natural History. Bulletin of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History 18: 1 - 67." title="Annotated catalog of the dinosaurs (Reptilia, Archosauria) in the collections of Carnegie Musuem of Natural History" type="journal article" year="1981">McIntosh, 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This bone possesses six complete alveoli and preserves four teeth. The third tooth back from the rostral margin (Lmx3?) has a secondary carina labial to the principal keel apically on the crown. These are the only instances of in situ split carinae in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD02BFFDAFCBBF995BEB3D052" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="15" pageNumber="879" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02BFFDAFCBBF995BD2BD04D" box="[792,808,1613,1634]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="879">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02BFFDAFF33F9B0BEB3D052" box="[144,176,1640,1661]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="879">rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that I have observed. A third possible occurrence exists on the basal margin of the distal carina of Ld2 on
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02BFFDAFD2CF95BBD28D0B7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374410" box="[655,811,1667,1688]" collectionCode="BMNH" pageId="15" pageNumber="879" preparations="left dentary" specimenCode="BMNH R5863">BMNH R5863</materialsCitation>
|
||
. However, there is a crack in the crown enamel between the two serrated ridges and it is possible that the crack runs through the distal carina, separating it and giving it the appearance of being split.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="FC856616D02BFFDAFF33FB7DBEE1D2C7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943020" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3943020" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943020/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="879" startId="15.[144,233,1189,1208]" targetBox="[233,1426,176,1171]" targetPageId="15">
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED02BFFDAFF33FB7DBEE1D2C7" blockId="15.[144,1517,1189,1256]" pageId="15" pageNumber="879">
|
||
FIGURE 13. Mesial dentary set morphology in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD02BFFDAFDC1FB7DBD0CD297" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[610,783,1189,1208]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="15" pageNumber="879" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02BFFDAFDC1FB7DBD0CD297" box="[610,783,1189,1208]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="879">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Ld2 of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02BFFDAFCC2FB7DBDF7D297" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374336" box="[865,1012,1189,1208]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="15" pageNumber="879" specimenCode="FMNH PR2081">FMNH PR2081</materialsCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02BFFDAFBA0FB7DBA16D297" bold="true" box="[1027,1045,1189,1208]" pageId="15" pageNumber="879">A</emphasis>
|
||
), Rd2 of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02BFFDAFBD2FB7DBAE8D297" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374319" box="[1137,1259,1189,1208]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47761" pageId="15" pageNumber="879" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">AMNH 5027</materialsCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02BFFDAFB59FB7DBB0AD297" bold="true" box="[1274,1289,1189,1208]" pageId="15" pageNumber="879">B</emphasis>
|
||
), Ld3 (
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02BFFDAFAF2FB7DBB63D297" bold="true" box="[1361,1376,1189,1208]" pageId="15" pageNumber="879">C</emphasis>
|
||
), and Ld4 (
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02BFFDAFA70FB7DBBE6D297" bold="true" box="[1491,1509,1189,1208]" pageId="15" pageNumber="879">D</emphasis>
|
||
) of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02BFFDAFF0AFB65BF3DD2FF" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374367" box="[169,318,1213,1232]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="15" pageNumber="879" specimenCode="FMNH PR2081">FMNH PR2081</materialsCitation>
|
||
, all in mesial view.
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02BFFDAFE56FB65BC07D2FF" bold="true" box="[501,516,1213,1232]" pageId="15" pageNumber="879">E</emphasis>
|
||
, Ld2 and Rd4 of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D02BFFDAFD0FFB65BD04D2FF" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374401" box="[684,775,1213,1232]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="15" pageNumber="879" specimenCode="BHI 3033">BHI 3033</materialsCitation>
|
||
in labial and lingual views (arrows mark ends of distal (Ld2) and mesial (Rd4) carinae).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED02BFFDAFF0BF8D0BBB4D3D7" blockId="15.[144,815,1347,1980]" lastBlockId="15.[846,1517,1347,1528]" pageId="15" pageNumber="879">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02BFFDAFF0BF8D0BF63D131" bold="true" box="[168,352,1800,1822]" pageId="15" pageNumber="879">Denticle Curves</emphasis>
|
||
—Theropod denticle morphology has recently begun to be addressed (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD02BFFDAFE6BF8FABC80D118" author="Currie, P. J. & J. K. Rigby, Jr. & R. E. Sloan" box="[456,643,1826,1847]" editor="K. Carpenter & P. J. Currie" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England" pageId="15" pageNumber="879" pagination="107 - 125" refId="ref19155" refString="Currie, P. J., J. K. Rigby, Jr., and R. E. Sloan. 1990. Theropod teeth from the Judith River Formation of southern Alberta, Canada; pp. 107 - 125 in K. Carpenter and P. J. Currie (eds.), Dinosaur Systematics: Perspectives and Approaches. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England." title="Theropod teeth from the Judith River Formation of southern Alberta, Canada" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Dinosaur Systematics: Perspectives and Approaches" year="1990">Currie et al., 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD02BFFDAFD2EF8FABEC1D17D" author="Slaughter, R. W. & W. J. Hickerson & W. R. Hammer" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Slaughter" journalOrPublisher="Geological Society of America Abstracts with Program" pageId="15" pageNumber="879" pagination="61 A" part="26" refId="ref22732" refString="Slaughter, R. W., W. J. Hickerson, and W. R. Hammer. 1994. Analysis of Antarctic theropod teeth based on serration densities and patterns. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Program 26: 61 A." title="Analysis of Antarctic theropod teeth based on serration densities and patterns" type="journal article" year="1994">Slaughter et al., 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD02BFFDAFF68F8E5BF4DD17D" author="Baszio, S." box="[203,334,1853,1874]" firstAuthor="Baszio" journalOrPublisher="Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg" pageId="15" pageNumber="879" pagination="33 - 77" part="196" refId="ref17521" refString="Baszio, S. 1997. Investigations on Canadian dinosaurs: systematic palaeontology of isolated dinosaur teeth from the Latest Cretaceous of south Alberta, Canada. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 196: 33 - 77." title="Investigations on Canadian dinosaurs: systematic palaeontology of isolated dinosaur teeth from the Latest Cretaceous of south Alberta, Canada" type="journal article" year="1997">Baszio, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD02BFFDAFEF4F8E5BFD3D17D" author="Holtz, T. R., Jr." box="[343,464,1853,1874]" editor="B. P. Perez-Moreno & T. Holtz & J. L. Sanz & J. J. Moratalla" firstAuthor="Holtz" journalOrPublisher="Aspects of Theropod Paleobiology. Museu Nacional de Historia Natural, Lisbon, Portugal" pageId="15" pageNumber="879" pagination="5 - 61" part="15" refId="ref19980" refString="Holtz, T. R., Jr. 1998. A new phylogeny of the carnivorous dinosaurs; pp. 5 - 61 in B. P. Perez-Moreno, T. Holtz, J. L. Sanz, and J. J. Moratalla (eds.), Gaia 15: Aspects of Theropod Paleobiology. Museu Nacional de Historia Natural, Lisbon, Portugal." title="A new phylogeny of the carnivorous dinosaurs" type="book chapter" year="1998">Holtz, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD02BFFDAFE7AF8E5BC8FD17D" author="Holtz, T. R., Jr. & D. L. Brinkman & C. L. Chandler" box="[473,652,1853,1874]" editor="B. P. Perez-Moreno & T. Holtz & J. L. Sanz & J. J. Moratalla" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Holtz" journalOrPublisher="Aspects of Theropod Paleobiology. Museu Nacional de Historia Natural, Lisbon, Portugal" pageId="15" pageNumber="879" pagination="159 - 166" part="15" refId="ref20209" refString="Holtz, T. R., Jr., D. L. Brinkman, and C. L. Chandler. 1998. Denticle morphometrics and a possibly omnivorous feeding habit for the theropod dinosaur Troodon; pp. 159 - 166 in B. P. Perez-Moreno, T. Holtz, J. L. Sanz, and J. J. Moratalla (eds.), Gaia 15: Aspects of Theropod Paleobiology. Museu Nacional de Historia Natural, Lisbon, Portugal." title="Denticle morphometrics and a possibly omnivorous feeding habit for the theropod dinosaur Troodon" type="book chapter" year="1998">Holtz et al., 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Chisel-shaped denticles are said to be distinctive dromaeosaurid characters (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD02BFFDAFF34F8AABF63D1A8" author="Currie, P. J. & J. K. Rigby, Jr. & R. E. Sloan" box="[151,352,1906,1927]" editor="K. Carpenter & P. J. Currie" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England" pageId="15" pageNumber="879" pagination="107 - 125" refId="ref19155" refString="Currie, P. J., J. K. Rigby, Jr., and R. E. Sloan. 1990. Theropod teeth from the Judith River Formation of southern Alberta, Canada; pp. 107 - 125 in K. Carpenter and P. J. Currie (eds.), Dinosaur Systematics: Perspectives and Approaches. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England." title="Theropod teeth from the Judith River Formation of southern Alberta, Canada" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Dinosaur Systematics: Perspectives and Approaches" year="1990">Currie et al., 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), pointed denticles that hook apically have been cited as characteristic for tyrannosaurids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD02BFFDAFD3EF855BEC1D193" author="Currie, P. J. & J. K. Rigby, Jr. & R. E. Sloan" editor="K. Carpenter & P. J. Currie" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England" pageId="15" pageNumber="879" pagination="107 - 125" refId="ref19155" refString="Currie, P. J., J. K. Rigby, Jr., and R. E. Sloan. 1990. Theropod teeth from the Judith River Formation of southern Alberta, Canada; pp. 107 - 125 in K. Carpenter and P. J. Currie (eds.), Dinosaur Systematics: Perspectives and Approaches. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England." title="Theropod teeth from the Judith River Formation of southern Alberta, Canada" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Dinosaur Systematics: Perspectives and Approaches" year="1990">Currie et al., 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD02BFFDAFF6FF87FBF4BD193" author="Abler, W. L." box="[204,328,1959,1980]" firstAuthor="Abler" journalOrPublisher="Paleobiology" pageId="15" pageNumber="879" pagination="161 - 183" part="18" refId="ref17213" refString="Abler, W. L. 1992. The serrated teeth of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs, and biting structures in other animals. Paleobiology 18: 161 - 183." title="The serrated teeth of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs, and biting structures in other animals" type="journal article" year="1992">Abler, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and for troodontids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD02BFFDAFD93F87FBCBBD193" author="Currie, P. J." box="[560,696,1959,1980]" firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="15" pageNumber="879" pagination="72 - 81" part="7" refId="ref18729" refString="Currie, P. J. 1987. Bird-like characteristics of the jaws and teeth of troodontid theropods (Dinosauria, Saurischia). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 7: 72 - 81." title="Bird-like characteristics of the jaws and teeth of troodontid theropods (Dinosauria, Saurischia)" type="journal article" year="1987">Currie, 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In reality, denticle morphology has only been examined at very basic levels (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD02BFFDAFC2BFA86BA47D35C" author="Currie, P. J. & J. K. Rigby, Jr. & R. E. Sloan" box="[904,1092,1374,1395]" editor="K. Carpenter & P. J. Currie" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England" pageId="15" pageNumber="879" pagination="107 - 125" refId="ref19155" refString="Currie, P. J., J. K. Rigby, Jr., and R. E. Sloan. 1990. Theropod teeth from the Judith River Formation of southern Alberta, Canada; pp. 107 - 125 in K. Carpenter and P. J. Currie (eds.), Dinosaur Systematics: Perspectives and Approaches. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England." title="Theropod teeth from the Judith River Formation of southern Alberta, Canada" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Dinosaur Systematics: Perspectives and Approaches" year="1990">Currie et al., 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and variation in denticle shapes has not yet been examined. The true taxonomic and systematic utility of denticle shapes is currently unknown and applications of these shapes are premature. It might be profitable in the future to mathematically model the curved shapes of denticles as was discussed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD02BFFDAFC18FA3BBA7CD3D7" author="Smith, J. B. & D. R. Vann & P. Dodson" box="[955,1151,1507,1528]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Smith" journalOrPublisher="The Anatomical Record Part A" pageId="15" pageNumber="879" pagination="699 - 736" part="285" refId="ref22863" refString="Smith, J. B., D. R. Vann, and P. Dodson. 2005. Dental morphology and variation in theropod dinosaurs: implications for the taxonomic identification of isolated teeth. The Anatomical Record Part A 285: 699 - 736." title="Dental morphology and variation in theropod dinosaurs: implications for the taxonomic identification of isolated teeth" type="journal article" year="2005">Smith et al. (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for crown curvature profiles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="E0E06515D02BFFC1FBF3F9C7BC11D506" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="884" pageId="15" pageNumber="879" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED02BFFDAFBF3F9C7BAE9D01B" blockId="15.[1104,1258,1567,1588]" box="[1104,1258,1567,1588]" pageId="15" pageNumber="879">
|
||
<heading id="F30D81F2D02BFFDAFBF3F9C7BAE9D01B" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1104,1258,1567,1588]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="879" reason="2">DISCUSSION</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED02BFFC5FCC5F995BC47D3C5" blockId="15.[846,1517,1613,1980]" lastBlockId="16.[144,815,1414,1514]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="880" pageId="15" pageNumber="879">
|
||
Teeth of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD02BFFDAFC68F995BA09D04D" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[971,1034,1613,1634]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="15" pageNumber="879" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02BFFDAFC68F995BA09D04D" box="[971,1034,1613,1634]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="879">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
possess several theropod plesiomorphies, including ‘sharp’ and ‘not closely packed’ crowns (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD02BFFDAFAE4F9B0BBE5D052" author="Gauthier, J." box="[1351,1510,1640,1661]" editor="K. Padian" firstAuthor="Gauthier" journalOrPublisher="California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California" pageId="15" pageNumber="879" pagination="1 - 55" refId="ref19779" refString="Gauthier, J. 1986. Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds; pp. 1 - 55 in K. Padian (ed.), The Origin of Birds and the Evolution of Flight. California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California." title="Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="The Origin of Birds and the Evolution of Flight" year="1986">Gauthier, 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) with serrated carinae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD02BFFDAFBEAF95BBAC9D0B7" author="Holtz, T. R., Jr." box="[1097,1226,1667,1688]" editor="B. P. Perez-Moreno & T. Holtz & J. L. Sanz & J. J. Moratalla" firstAuthor="Holtz" journalOrPublisher="Aspects of Theropod Paleobiology. Museu Nacional de Historia Natural, Lisbon, Portugal" pageId="15" pageNumber="879" pagination="5 - 61" part="15" refId="ref19980" refString="Holtz, T. R., Jr. 1998. A new phylogeny of the carnivorous dinosaurs; pp. 5 - 61 in B. P. Perez-Moreno, T. Holtz, J. L. Sanz, and J. J. Moratalla (eds.), Gaia 15: Aspects of Theropod Paleobiology. Museu Nacional de Historia Natural, Lisbon, Portugal." title="A new phylogeny of the carnivorous dinosaurs" type="book chapter" year="1998">Holtz, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and significant curvature (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD02BFFDAFCF6F945BA22D09D" author="Sereno, P. C. & A. L. Beck & D. B. Dutheil & B. Gado & H. C. E. Larsson & G. H. Lyon & J. D. Marcot & O. W. M. Rauhut & R. W. Sadleir & C. A. Sidor & D. J. Varricchio & G. P. Wilson & J. A. Wilson" box="[853,1057,1693,1714]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Sereno" journalOrPublisher="Science" pageId="15" pageNumber="879" pagination="1298 - 1302" part="282" refId="ref22629" refString="Sereno, P. C., A. L. Beck, D. B. Dutheil, B. Gado, H. C. E. Larsson, G. H. Lyon, J. D. Marcot, O. W. M. Rauhut, R. W. Sadleir, C. A. Sidor, D. J. Varricchio, G. P. Wilson, and J. A. Wilson. 1998. A long-snouted predatory dinosaur from Africa and the evolution of spinosaurids. Science 282: 1298 - 1302." title="A long-snouted predatory dinosaur from Africa and the evolution of spinosaurids" type="journal article" year="1998">Sereno et al., 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, accounting for positional variation,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD02BFFDAFC2AF960BDC9D0E2" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[905,970,1720,1741]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="15" pageNumber="879" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD02BFFDAFC2AF960BDC9D0E2" box="[905,970,1720,1741]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="879">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
displays features distinct from the teeth of other tyrannosaurids and non-tyrannosaurids that might hold promise for taxonomy and systematics. It is important to assess the distribution of these features within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD02BFFDAFB47F8D0BB5BD132" authorityName="Marsb" authorityYear="1881" box="[1252,1368,1800,1821]" order="Theropoda" pageId="15" pageNumber="886" rank="order">Theropoda</taxonomicName>
|
||
to gauge systematic potential (as is true for non-dental traits), and the strength of the analysis presented here is reduced without detailed comparisons of other dentitions. The discussion must begin somewhere, however, and the length of this article illustrates that the process of accounting for variation in theropod dentitions is involved enough to make the simultaneous study of nu- merous taxa impractical, especially those with heterodont dentitions. The discussion of putative characters given below is thus a very preliminary step that awaits detailed examinations of the dental arcades of other theropod species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="FC856616D034FFC5FF33FB30BDEDD304" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943022" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3943022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943022/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="880" startId="16.[144,233,1256,1275]" targetBox="[158,1502,176,1239]" targetPageId="16">
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED034FFC5FF33FB30BDEDD304" blockId="16.[144,1517,1256,1323]" pageId="16" pageNumber="880">
|
||
FIGURE 14. Distal dentary set morphology in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD034FFC5FDFDFB30BD08D2D4" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[606,779,1256,1275]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="16" pageNumber="880" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD034FFC5FDFDFB30BD08D2D4" box="[606,779,1256,1275]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="880">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD034FFC5FCBBFB30BD29D2D4" bold="true" box="[792,810,1256,1275]" pageId="16" pageNumber="880">A</emphasis>
|
||
, Rd4–5 of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D034FFC5FC37FB30BA0DD2D4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374425" box="[916,1038,1256,1275]" collectionCode="SDSM" pageId="16" pageNumber="880" specimenCode="SDSM 12047">SDSM 12047</materialsCitation>
|
||
in labial view (arrow indicates carina location).
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD034FFC5FA7BFB30BBE4D2D4" bold="true" box="[1496,1511,1256,1275]" pageId="16" pageNumber="880">B</emphasis>
|
||
, Ld6–9 of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D034FFC5FF4AFAD8BF7FD33C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374397" box="[233,380,1280,1299]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="16" pageNumber="880" specimenCode="FMNH PR2081">FMNH PR2081</materialsCitation>
|
||
in labial view.
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD034FFC5FDA9FAD8BC1AD33C" bold="true" box="[522,537,1280,1299]" pageId="16" pageNumber="880">C</emphasis>
|
||
, Ld7 of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D034FFC5FDC9FAD8BCF2D33C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374372" box="[618,753,1280,1299]" collectionCode="BMNH" pageId="16" pageNumber="880" preparations="left dentary" specimenCode="BMNH R5863">BMNH R5863</materialsCitation>
|
||
in mesial view.
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD034FFC5FC2BFAD8BD99D33C" bold="true" box="[904,922,1280,1299]" pageId="16" pageNumber="880">D</emphasis>
|
||
, Ld6 of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D034FFC5FC49FAD8BA7FD33C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374416" box="[1002,1148,1280,1299]" collectionCode="FMNH" pageId="16" pageNumber="880" specimenCode="FMNH PR2081">FMNH PR2081</materialsCitation>
|
||
in distal view.
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD034FFC5FAAAFAD8BB1BD33C" bold="true" box="[1289,1304,1280,1299]" pageId="16" pageNumber="880">E</emphasis>
|
||
, Ld10 of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D034FFC5FAD7FAD8BBEED33C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374413" box="[1396,1517,1280,1299]" collectionCode="SDSM" pageId="16" pageNumber="880" specimenCode="SDSM 12047">SDSM 12047</materialsCitation>
|
||
in mesial view.
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD034FFC5FE81FAC0BF2CD304" bold="true" box="[290,303,1304,1323]" pageId="16" pageNumber="880">F</emphasis>
|
||
, Rd12 of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D034FFC5FE2DFAC0BC0AD304" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374325" box="[398,521,1304,1323]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=47761" pageId="16" pageNumber="880" specimenCode="AMNH 5027">AMNH 5027</materialsCitation>
|
||
in labial view.
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD034FFC5FD3AFAC0BCA8D304" bold="true" box="[665,683,1304,1323]" pageId="16" pageNumber="880">G</emphasis>
|
||
, Ld13 of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D034FFC5FCABFAC0BD60D304" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374388" box="[776,867,1304,1323]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="16" pageNumber="880" specimenCode="BHI 3033">BHI 3033</materialsCitation>
|
||
in labial view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED034FFC5FF33F9C0BF99D001" blockId="16.[144,410,1560,1582]" box="[144,410,1560,1582]" pageId="16" pageNumber="880">
|
||
<heading id="F30D81F2D034FFC5FF33F9C0BF99D001" bold="true" box="[144,410,1560,1582]" fontSize="9" level="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="880" reason="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD034FFC5FF33F9C0BF99D001" bold="true" box="[144,410,1560,1582]" pageId="16" pageNumber="880">Placing Teeth in Alveoli</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED034FFC5FF0BF995BBEED39A" blockId="16.[144,815,1613,1980]" lastBlockId="16.[846,1517,1414,1461]" pageId="16" pageNumber="880">
|
||
A stepwise discriminant analysis using squared Mahalanobis distances was run to study the prospect of correlating teeth with alveoli. The analysis was run in the same manner as those in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD034FFC5FF33F945BF56D09D" author="Smith, J. B. & D. R. Vann & P. Dodson" box="[144,341,1693,1714]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Smith" journalOrPublisher="The Anatomical Record Part A" pageId="16" pageNumber="880" pagination="699 - 736" part="285" refId="ref22863" refString="Smith, J. B., D. R. Vann, and P. Dodson. 2005. Dental morphology and variation in theropod dinosaurs: implications for the taxonomic identification of isolated teeth. The Anatomical Record Part A 285: 699 - 736." title="Dental morphology and variation in theropod dinosaurs: implications for the taxonomic identification of isolated teeth" type="journal article" year="2005">Smith et al. (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and used AL, CA2, CBL, CBR, CH, CHR, CBW, and DAVG2 (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD034FFC5FE35F960BC4FD0E2" author="Smith, J. B. & D. R. Vann & P. Dodson" box="[406,588,1720,1741]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Smith" journalOrPublisher="The Anatomical Record Part A" pageId="16" pageNumber="880" pagination="699 - 736" part="285" refId="ref22863" refString="Smith, J. B., D. R. Vann, and P. Dodson. 2005. Dental morphology and variation in theropod dinosaurs: implications for the taxonomic identification of isolated teeth. The Anatomical Record Part A 285: 699 - 736." title="Dental morphology and variation in theropod dinosaurs: implications for the taxonomic identification of isolated teeth" type="journal article" year="2005">Smith et al., 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, for data). The analysis succeeded in correctly classifying 41% of the teeth with the correct alveolus, not a good result. It is possible that sample size (116 valid teeth) is to blame. If so, the result is discouraging as this is a larger sample than is likely to be obtained for most theropods for the foreseeable future. However, results improve when tooth class, rather than position, is used as a factor (
|
||
<tableCitation id="E5780325D034FFC5FD53F88FBE9DD1A8" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="17.[144,221,1671,1690]" captionTargetBox="[144,815,1745,1959]" captionTargetId="graphics@17.[144,815,1735,1972]" captionText="TABLE 3. Classification results for T. rex tooth/bone DFA. 67% of original group cases correctly classified." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/FC856616D035FFC4FF33F95FBC06D09E" pageId="16" pageNumber="880" tableUuid="FC856616D035FFC4FF33F95FBC06D09E">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
). In this analysis, 67% of the teeth were correlated with the correct bone. As it is difficult to discriminate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD034FFC5FDC3F854BC9FD18E" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[608,668,1932,1953]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="16" pageNumber="880" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD034FFC5FDC3F854BC9FD18E" box="[608,668,1932,1953]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="880">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
maxillary and dentary crowns using visual inspection, these results offer some promise as to the future potential of being able to correlate teeth with alveoli, especially as more data are added to the standard.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED034FFC5FCEDFA0BBA75D3C6" blockId="16.[846,1142,1491,1513]" box="[846,1142,1491,1513]" pageId="16" pageNumber="880">
|
||
<heading id="F30D81F2D034FFC5FCEDFA0BBA75D3C6" bold="true" box="[846,1142,1491,1513]" fontSize="9" level="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="880" reason="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD034FFC5FCEDFA0BBA75D3C6" bold="true" box="[846,1142,1491,1513]" pageId="16" pageNumber="880">Taxonomy and Systematics</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED034FFC5FCC5FA26BD8DD132" blockId="16.[846,1518,1534,1981]" pageId="16" pageNumber="880">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD034FFC5FCC5FA26BDF2D03B" bold="true" box="[870,1009,1534,1556]" pageId="16" pageNumber="880">Tooth Count</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD034FFC5FBAAFA26BAB0D03C" author="Lamanna, M. C." box="[1033,1203,1534,1555]" editor="D. L. Wolberg & K. Gittis & S. Miller & L. Carey & A. Raynor" firstAuthor="Lamanna" journalOrPublisher="The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania" pageId="16" pageNumber="880" pagination="34" refId="ref20686" refString="Lamanna, M. C. 1998. Addressing uncertainty in theropod dinosaur systematics: an example using premaxillary tooth count; p. 34 in D. L. Wolberg, K. Gittis, S. Miller, L. Carey, and A. Raynor (eds.), The Dinofest ™ Symposium, Abstracts with Program 3. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania." title="Addressing uncertainty in theropod dinosaur systematics: an example using premaxillary tooth count" type="proceedings" volumeTitle="The Dinofest ™ Symposium, Abstracts with Program 3" year="1998">Lamanna (1998)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found that premaxillary tooth count varies little within theropod species and is a robust character. The present work and all consulted sources agree that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD034FFC5FA74F9EBBD6DD04C" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="16" pageNumber="880" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD034FFC5FA74F9EBBD6DD04C" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="880">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
possesses the theropod plesiomorphy of four premaxillary teeth (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD034FFC5FC32F9B0BA0CD052" author="Holtz, T. R., Jr." box="[913,1039,1640,1661]" editor="B. P. Perez-Moreno & T. Holtz & J. L. Sanz & J. J. Moratalla" firstAuthor="Holtz" journalOrPublisher="Aspects of Theropod Paleobiology. Museu Nacional de Historia Natural, Lisbon, Portugal" pageId="16" pageNumber="880" pagination="5 - 61" part="15" refId="ref19980" refString="Holtz, T. R., Jr. 1998. A new phylogeny of the carnivorous dinosaurs; pp. 5 - 61 in B. P. Perez-Moreno, T. Holtz, J. L. Sanz, and J. J. Moratalla (eds.), Gaia 15: Aspects of Theropod Paleobiology. Museu Nacional de Historia Natural, Lisbon, Portugal." title="A new phylogeny of the carnivorous dinosaurs" type="book chapter" year="1998">Holtz, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In general, maxillary and dentary counts are weak characters, except that high counts are synapomorphic for certain taxa, such as ornithomimids and some spinosaurids (but see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD034FFC5FCDFF960BDFED0E2" author="Holtz, T. R., Jr." box="[892,1021,1720,1741]" editor="D. H. Tanke & K. Carpenter" firstAuthor="Holtz" journalOrPublisher="Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana" pageId="16" pageNumber="880" pagination="64 - 75" refId="ref20050" refString="Holtz, T. R., Jr. 2001. The phylogeny and taxonomy of the Tyrannosauridae; pp. 64 - 75 in D. H. Tanke and K. Carpenter (eds.), Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana." title="The phylogeny and taxonomy of the Tyrannosauridae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Mesozoic Vertebrate Life" year="2001">Holtz, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD034FFC5FBADF960BAABD0E2" author="Currie, P. J." box="[1038,1192,1720,1741]" firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica" pageId="16" pageNumber="880" pagination="191 - 226" part="48" refId="ref18948" refString="Currie, P. J. 2003 a. Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 48: 191 - 226." title="Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada" type="journal article" year="2003" yearSuffix="a">Currie, 2003a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Tyrannosaurids possess too much intraspecific variation in maxillary and dentary tooth counts for these features to be systematically useful (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD034FFC5FA21F935BD80D132" author="Lamanna, M. C." editor="D. L. Wolberg & K. Gittis & S. Miller & L. Carey & A. Raynor" firstAuthor="Lamanna" journalOrPublisher="The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania" pageId="16" pageNumber="880" pagination="34" refId="ref20686" refString="Lamanna, M. C. 1998. Addressing uncertainty in theropod dinosaur systematics: an example using premaxillary tooth count; p. 34 in D. L. Wolberg, K. Gittis, S. Miller, L. Carey, and A. Raynor (eds.), The Dinofest ™ Symposium, Abstracts with Program 3. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania." title="Addressing uncertainty in theropod dinosaur systematics: an example using premaxillary tooth count" type="proceedings" volumeTitle="The Dinofest ™ Symposium, Abstracts with Program 3" year="1998">Lamanna, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED034FFC4FCC5F8FBBD2CD209" blockId="16.[846,1518,1534,1981]" lastBlockId="17.[144,815,828,1621]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="881" pageId="16" pageNumber="880">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD034FFC5FCC5F8FBBA54D116" bold="true" box="[870,1111,1827,1849]" pageId="16" pageNumber="880">Tooth Emplacement</emphasis>
|
||
—The en echelon emplacement of crowns that occurs in the lateral dentitions of some theropods (
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD034FFC5FCF5F880BD9CD142" box="[854,927,1880,1901]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="13.[846,935,1914,1933]" captionTargetBox="[881,1483,1444,1895]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[881,1483,1444,1895]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 11. Maxillary teeth (?5–7) of Tyrannosaurus rex (MOR 008) in apical view; note orientation with respect to lateral side of the bone (crowns are broken; view is of the cross sections of the teeth)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943016" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943016/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="880">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
) is intriguing and it is tempting to interpret this feature in a systematic sense. A difference between the trend of the bone and the crowns’ basal long axes would result in the cutting of a wider swath during a bite than with teeth that line up along the trend of the bone, as occurs in some modern reptiles (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD035FFC4FF33FC8FBF49D543" author="Auffenberg, W." bookContentInfo="406 pp." box="[144,330,855,876]" firstAuthor="Auffenberg" journalOrPublisher="University Presses of Florida, Gainesville" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" refId="ref17353" refString="Auffenberg, W. 1981. The Behavioral Ecology of the Komodo Monitor. University Presses of Florida, Gainesville, 406 pp." title="The Behavioral Ecology of the Komodo Monitor" type="book" year="1981">Auffenberg, 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This wider swath might serve to increase the efficiency with which a theropod could tear meat from a prey animal and as such there is likely to be a strong functional aspect to this feature. The en echelon emplacement of lateral teeth appears to be restricted to certain theropods and might represent a derived condition. The distribution of this feature within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD035FFC4FF33FC2FBF07D223" authorityName="Marsb" authorityYear="1881" box="[144,260,1015,1036]" order="Theropoda" pageId="17" pageNumber="886" rank="order">Theropoda</taxonomicName>
|
||
is curious, however (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD035FFC4FDB2FC2FBCCED223" authorityName=", Alectrosaurus Gilmore" authorityYear="1933" box="[529,717,1015,1036]" class="Reptilia" family="Carcharodontosauridae" genus="Acrocanthosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD035FFC4FDB2FC2FBCCED223" box="[529,717,1015,1036]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">Acrocanthosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD035FFC4FD7AFC2FBEE4D209" authorityName="Coria and Salgado" authorityYear="1995" class="Reptilia" family="Carcharodontosauridae" genus="Giganotosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD035FFC4FD7AFC2FBEE4D209" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">Giganotosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD035FFC4FF57FBC9BF8DD209" authorityName="Sues and Taquet" authorityYear="1979" box="[244,398,1041,1062]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Majungatholus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD035FFC4FF57FBC9BF8DD209" box="[244,398,1041,1062]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">Majungatholus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD035FFC4FE3FFBC9BFDAD209" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[412,473,1041,1062]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD035FFC4FE3FFBC9BFDAD209" box="[412,473,1041,1062]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and warrants additional study.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="FC856616D035FFC4FF33FD55BF60D4C8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943024" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3943024" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943024/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" startId="17.[144,233,653,672]" targetBox="[154,804,176,635]" targetPageId="17">
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED035FFC4FF33FD55BF60D4C8" blockId="17.[144,816,653,743]" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">
|
||
FIGURE 15. Curvature profiles in pm1 and d1 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD035FFC4FDD8FD55BD2AD48F" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[635,809,653,672]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD035FFC4FDD8FD55BD2AD48F" box="[635,809,653,672]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD035FFC4FF33FD7DBEA1D497" bold="true" box="[144,162,677,696]" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">A</emphasis>
|
||
, Lpm1 of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D035FFC4FEA7FD7DBF5CD497" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374412" box="[260,351,677,696]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" specimenCode="BHI 3033">BHI 3033</materialsCitation>
|
||
in mesial view.
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD035FFC4FE56FD7DBC07D497" bold="true" box="[501,516,677,696]" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">B</emphasis>
|
||
, Ld1 of
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D035FFC4FDF6FD7DBCB3D497" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374384" box="[597,688,677,696]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" specimenCode="BHI 3033">BHI 3033</materialsCitation>
|
||
in labiodistal view.
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD035FFC4FF64FD65BED5D4FF" bold="true" box="[199,214,701,720]" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">C</emphasis>
|
||
, Mesial profiles derived from A and B, scaled to the same size. Scale bars equal 1 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED035FFC4FF0BFBF4BBE6D47A" blockId="17.[144,815,828,1621]" lastBlockId="17.[846,1518,177,1981]" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD035FFC4FF0BFBF4BF18D26D" bold="true" box="[168,283,1068,1090]" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">Tooth Size</emphasis>
|
||
—Dental size features are not common in theropod phylogenetic analyses. Indeed, basal width is the only common theropod tooth size character (narrow crown bases are considered plesiomorphic for the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD035FFC4FE12FBA4BC24D2BE" authorityName="Marsb" authorityYear="1881" box="[433,551,1148,1169]" order="Theropoda" pageId="17" pageNumber="886" rank="order">Theropoda</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD035FFC4FD91FBA4BCB3D2BE" author="Holtz, T. R., Jr." box="[562,688,1148,1169]" editor="D. H. Tanke & K. Carpenter" firstAuthor="Holtz" journalOrPublisher="Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" pagination="64 - 75" refId="ref20050" refString="Holtz, T. R., Jr. 2001. The phylogeny and taxonomy of the Tyrannosauridae; pp. 64 - 75 in D. H. Tanke and K. Carpenter (eds.), Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana." title="The phylogeny and taxonomy of the Tyrannosauridae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Mesozoic Vertebrate Life" year="2001">Holtz, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). While size features must be handled carefully if they are to be examined in a systematic light,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD035FFC4FEF9FB69BF99D2E9" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[346,410,1201,1222]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD035FFC4FEF9FB69BF69D2E9" box="[346,362,1201,1222]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD035FFC4FED9FB69BF99D2E9" box="[378,410,1201,1222]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
crowns are generally so much larger than those of other theropods in terms of CBL and CH that these features might be useful if compared with other metrics (e.g., limb lengths,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD035FFC4FE84FAD9BFB1D339" author="Currie, P. J." box="[295,434,1281,1302]" editor="B. P. Perez-Moreno & T. Holtz & J. L. Sanz & J. J. Moratalla" firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Aspects of Theropod Paleobiology. Museu Nacional de Historia Natural, Lisbon, Portugal" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" pagination="271 - 277" part="15" refId="ref18881" refString="Currie, P. J. 1998. Possible evidence of gregarious behavior in tyrannosaurids; pp. 271 - 277 in B. P. Perez-Moreno, T. Holtz, J. L. Sanz, and J. J. Moratalla (eds.), Gaia 15: Aspects of Theropod Paleobiology. Museu Nacional de Historia Natural, Lisbon, Portugal." title="Possible evidence of gregarious behavior in tyrannosaurids" type="book chapter" year="1998">Currie, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Such appears to be the case for CBW. Although teeth of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD035FFC4FE35FAC3BC75D31F" authorityName="Stromer" authorityYear="1931" box="[406,630,1307,1328]" class="Reptilia" family="Carcharodontosauridae" genus="Carcharodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD035FFC4FE35FAC3BC75D31F" box="[406,630,1307,1328]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">Carcharodontosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are similar in size to teeth of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD035FFC4FEABFAEEBF44D364" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[264,327,1334,1355]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD035FFC4FEABFAEEBF1BD364" box="[264,280,1334,1355]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD035FFC4FE84FAEEBF44D364" box="[295,327,1334,1355]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD035FFC4FEF5FAEEBC02D364" box="[342,513,1334,1355]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="18.[144,233,1238,1257]" captionTargetBox="[166,1495,176,1220]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[166,1495,176,1220]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 16. Between-taxon comparisons of CBL (A), CBW (B), CH (C), and AL (D) for the theropods examined in this study (data from Smith et al., in press). Units are mm. Error bars equal +/− 1 standard deviation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943026/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">Figs. 16A, C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD035FFC4FDB5FAEEBC56D364" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[534,597,1334,1355]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD035FFC4FDB5FAEEBC25D364" box="[534,550,1334,1355]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD035FFC4FD96FAEEBC56D364" box="[565,597,1334,1355]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
crowns are substantially wider (
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD035FFC4FEB0FA89BF73D349" box="[275,368,1361,1382]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="18.[144,233,1238,1257]" captionTargetBox="[166,1495,176,1220]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[166,1495,176,1220]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 16. Between-taxon comparisons of CBL (A), CBW (B), CH (C), and AL (D) for the theropods examined in this study (data from Smith et al., in press). Units are mm. Error bars equal +/− 1 standard deviation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943026/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">Fig. 16B</figureCitation>
|
||
). In fact,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD035FFC4FE77FA89BC12D349" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[468,529,1361,1382]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD035FFC4FE77FA89BFE7D349" box="[468,484,1361,1382]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD035FFC4FE52FA89BC12D349" box="[497,529,1361,1382]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
might well have the widest teeth of any theropod, a feature affected less by position than some of the other variables (
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD035FFC4FE16FA5EBFF1D3B4" box="[437,498,1414,1435]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[144,233,1481,1500]" captionTargetBox="[160,1501,176,1464]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[160,1501,176,1464]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Crown size (in mm) variability profiles, with respect to tooth position, for CBL (A), CBW (B), CH (C), and AL (D) of Tyrannosaurus rex. E, crown size (CBL, CBW, CH, and AL, in mm) comparisons for T. rex tooth classes. See Supplementary Data 1, www.vertpaleo.org/jvp/ JVPcontents.html, for data. Error bars = +/− 1 standard deviation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3942998" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3942998/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). Large basal width thus might ultimately prove to be a viable autapomorphy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD035FFC4FD2EFA78BD2AD39A" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[653,809,1440,1461]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD035FFC4FD2EFA78BD2AD39A" box="[653,809,1440,1461]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD035FFC4FF33FA63BF16D3FF" author="Holtz, T. R., Jr." box="[144,277,1467,1488]" editor="D. H. Tanke & K. Carpenter" firstAuthor="Holtz" journalOrPublisher="Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" pagination="64 - 75" refId="ref20050" refString="Holtz, T. R., Jr. 2001. The phylogeny and taxonomy of the Tyrannosauridae; pp. 64 - 75 in D. H. Tanke and K. Carpenter (eds.), Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana." title="The phylogeny and taxonomy of the Tyrannosauridae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Mesozoic Vertebrate Life" year="2001">Holtz (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
erected a similar character (79: incrassate crowns: cross section greater than 60% wide labiolingually as long mesiodistally). In examining the data here, Holtz’s character (79) holds up for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD035FFC4FE82F9D3BF61D00F" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[289,354,1547,1568]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD035FFC4FE82F9D3BF61D00F" box="[289,354,1547,1568]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD035FFC4FE3DF9D3BC3FD00F" baseAuthorityName="Currie" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[414,572,1547,1568]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD035FFC4FE3DF9D3BC3FD00F" box="[414,572,1547,1568]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">Daspletosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but is not robust for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD035FFC4FF33F9FDBF15D015" authorityName="Lambe" authorityYear="1914" box="[144,278,1573,1594]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD035FFC4FF33F9FDBF15D015" box="[144,278,1573,1594]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">Gorgosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD035FFC4FE82F9FDBFE7D015" author="Currie, P. J. & J. H. Hurum & K. Sabath" box="[289,484,1573,1594]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" pagination="227 - 234" part="48" refId="ref19228" refString="Currie, P. J., J. H. Hurum, and K. Sabath. 2003. Skull structure and evolution in tyrannosaurid dinosaurs. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 48: 227 - 234." title="Skull structure and evolution in tyrannosaurid dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2003">Currie et al. (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
discounted Holtz’s character 79 with the argument that base width is allometric and juvenile tyrannosaurids should possess ziphodont ‘lateral’ teeth. This is entirely possible, but
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD035FFC4FB99FF14BB0ED6CE" author="Currie, P. J. & J. H. Hurum & K. Sabath" box="[1082,1293,204,225]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" pagination="227 - 234" part="48" refId="ref19228" refString="Currie, P. J., J. H. Hurum, and K. Sabath. 2003. Skull structure and evolution in tyrannosaurid dinosaurs. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 48: 227 - 234." title="Skull structure and evolution in tyrannosaurid dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2003">Currie et al. (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
did not support the hypothesis. There was no discussion of the data nor were juvenile crowns identified within the dataset. Although postulated juvenile crowns identified as cf.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD035FFC4FB3FFEC3BADBD71F" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1180,1240,283,304]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD035FFC4FB3FFEC3BADBD71F" box="[1180,1240,283,304]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are known (pers. obs.; see also
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD035FFC4FC21FEEEBA4ED764" author="Currie, P. J. & J. K. Rigby, Jr. & R. E. Sloan" box="[898,1101,310,331]" editor="K. Carpenter & P. J. Currie" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" pagination="107 - 125" refId="ref19155" refString="Currie, P. J., J. K. Rigby, Jr., and R. E. Sloan. 1990. Theropod teeth from the Judith River Formation of southern Alberta, Canada; pp. 107 - 125 in K. Carpenter and P. J. Currie (eds.), Dinosaur Systematics: Perspectives and Approaches. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England." title="Theropod teeth from the Judith River Formation of southern Alberta, Canada" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Dinosaur Systematics: Perspectives and Approaches" year="1990">Currie et al., 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), none of these has been conclusively shown to pertain to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD035FFC4FBBCFE89BA58D749" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1055,1115,337,358]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD035FFC4FBBCFE89BA58D749" box="[1055,1115,337,358]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
because there are currently no proven juvenile skulls of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD035FFC4FBA2FEB3BA3ED7AF" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1025,1085,363,384]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD035FFC4FBA2FEB3BA3ED7AF" box="[1025,1085,363,384]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. For
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD035FFC4FBD0FEB3BAACD7AF" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1139,1199,363,384]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD035FFC4FBD0FEB3BAACD7AF" box="[1139,1199,363,384]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at least, the dentition of which differs from other tyrannosaurids in several ways, the lack of definitive juvenile data makes hypotheses regarding the ‘juvenile condition’ of the teeth of this animal speculative. The spread of the data reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD035FFC4FB8CFE0EBAF1D7C4" author="Currie, P. J. & J. H. Hurum & K. Sabath" box="[1071,1266,470,491]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" pagination="227 - 234" part="48" refId="ref19228" refString="Currie, P. J., J. H. Hurum, and K. Sabath. 2003. Skull structure and evolution in tyrannosaurid dinosaurs. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 48: 227 - 234." title="Skull structure and evolution in tyrannosaurid dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2003">Currie et al. (2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:fig. 1) does not demonstrate that juvenile tyrannosaurids have ziphodont teeth, nor does it demonstrate that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD035FFC4FBF8FDD3BA9AD40F" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1115,1177,523,544]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD035FFC4FBF8FDD3BA9AD40F" box="[1115,1177,523,544]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lacks a distinct CBW condition (various taxa possess aspects of their teeth that depart from clean linear relationships, see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD035FFC4FBEDFD98BB17D47A" author="Farlow, J. O. & D. L. Brinkman & W. L. Abler & P. J. Currie" box="[1102,1300,576,597]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Farlow" journalOrPublisher="Modern Geology" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" pagination="161 - 198" part="16" refId="ref19611" refString="Farlow, J. O., D. L. Brinkman, W. L. Abler, and P. J. Currie. 1991. Size, shape, and serration density of theropod dinosaur lateral teeth. Modern Geology 16: 161 - 198." title="Size, shape, and serration density of theropod dinosaur lateral teeth" type="journal article" year="1991">Farlow et al., 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD035FFC4FA83FD98BBD9D47A" author="Holtz, T. R., Jr. & D. L. Brinkman & C. L. Chandler" box="[1312,1498,576,597]" editor="B. P. Perez-Moreno & T. Holtz & J. L. Sanz & J. J. Moratalla" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Holtz" journalOrPublisher="Aspects of Theropod Paleobiology. Museu Nacional de Historia Natural, Lisbon, Portugal" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" pagination="159 - 166" part="15" refId="ref20209" refString="Holtz, T. R., Jr., D. L. Brinkman, and C. L. Chandler. 1998. Denticle morphometrics and a possibly omnivorous feeding habit for the theropod dinosaur Troodon; pp. 159 - 166 in B. P. Perez-Moreno, T. Holtz, J. L. Sanz, and J. J. Moratalla (eds.), Gaia 15: Aspects of Theropod Paleobiology. Museu Nacional de Historia Natural, Lisbon, Portugal." title="Denticle morphometrics and a possibly omnivorous feeding habit for the theropod dinosaur Troodon" type="book chapter" year="1998">Holtz et al., 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED035FFC4FCC5FD83BACFD35C" blockId="17.[846,1518,177,1981]" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD035FFC4FCC5FD83BA9BD45F" author="Carr, T. D. & T. E. Williamson" box="[870,1176,603,624]" firstAuthor="Carr" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" pagination="479 - 523" part="142" refId="ref18083" refString="Carr, T. D., and T. E. Williamson. 2004. Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142: 479 - 523." title="Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America" type="journal article" year="2004">Carr and Williamson (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD035FFC4FB04FD83BB6BD45F" author="Carr, T. D. & T. E. Williamson & D. R. Schwimmer" box="[1191,1384,603,624]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Carr" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" pagination="119 - 143" part="25" refId="ref18126" refString="Carr, T. D., T. E. Williamson, and D. R. Schwimmer. 2005. A new genus and species of tyrannosauroid from the Late Cretaceous (Middle Campanian) Demopolis Formation of Alabama. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25: 119 - 143." title="A new genus and species of tyrannosauroid from the Late Cretaceous (Middle Campanian) Demopolis Formation of Alabama" type="journal article" year="2005">Carr et al. (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD035FFC4FA0AFD83BD9ED4A5" author="Currie, P. J." firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" pagination="191 - 226" part="48" refId="ref18948" refString="Currie, P. J. 2003 a. Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 48: 191 - 226." title="Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada" type="journal article" year="2003" yearSuffix="a">Currie (2003a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported that a ‘small’ mx1 is a tyrannosaurid character. Qualitatively, mx1 in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD035FFC4FB8DFD48BACFD48A" baseAuthorityName="Currie" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[1070,1228,656,677]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD035FFC4FB8DFD48BACFD48A" box="[1070,1228,656,677]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">Daspletosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD035FFC4FB5CFD48BB86D48A" authorityName="Lambe" authorityYear="1914" box="[1279,1413,656,677]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD035FFC4FB5CFD48BB86D48A" box="[1279,1413,656,677]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">Gorgosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is smaller than the mesial maxillary dentition (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD035FFC4FAB8FD72BB92D490" author="Carr, T. D." box="[1307,1425,682,703]" firstAuthor="Carr" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" pagination="497 - 520" part="19" refId="ref17988" refString="Carr, T. D. 1999. Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19: 497 - 520." title="Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria)" type="journal article" year="1999">Carr, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD035FFC4FA02FD72BD8CD4F5" author="Currie, P. J." firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" pagination="191 - 226" part="48" refId="ref18948" refString="Currie, P. J. 2003 a. Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 48: 191 - 226." title="Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada" type="journal article" year="2003" yearSuffix="a">Currie, 2003a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD035FFC4FC1FFD1DBDFBD4F5" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[956,1016,709,730]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD035FFC4FC1FFD1DBDFBD4F5" box="[956,1016,709,730]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, however, although mx1 is the smallest crown in the mesial maxillary set, it is not ‘small’ with respect to the rest of the dentition. Indeed, mx1 is significantly larger than most of the maxillary teeth and almost the entire dentary class (
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD035FFC4FA33FCCDBBCED505" box="[1424,1485,789,810]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[144,233,1481,1500]" captionTargetBox="[160,1501,176,1464]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[160,1501,176,1464]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Crown size (in mm) variability profiles, with respect to tooth position, for CBL (A), CBW (B), CH (C), and AL (D) of Tyrannosaurus rex. E, crown size (CBL, CBW, CH, and AL, in mm) comparisons for T. rex tooth classes. See Supplementary Data 1, www.vertpaleo.org/jvp/ JVPcontents.html, for data. Error bars = +/− 1 standard deviation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3942998" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3942998/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
), a feature recognized by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD035FFC4FBE6FCF7BAE0D56B" author="Osborn, H. F." box="[1093,1251,815,836]" firstAuthor="Osborn" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" pagination="3 - 30" part="1" refId="ref21865" refString="Osborn, H. F. 1912. Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus. Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 1: 3 - 30." title="Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus" type="journal article" year="1912">Osborn (1912)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. A ‘small mx1’ is not a synapomorphy of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD035FFC4FBE1FC92BAF6D570" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1906" box="[1090,1269,842,863]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Tyrannosauridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, nor does it unite the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD035FFC4FCEDFCBDBDFCD555" authorityName="Matthew & Brown" authorityYear="1922" box="[846,1023,869,890]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Tyrannosaurinae">Tyrannosaurinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
sensu
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD035FFC4FBE6FCBDBADDD555" author="Currie, P. J." box="[1093,1246,869,890]" firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" pagination="651 - 665" part="40" refId="ref18980" refString="Currie, P. J. 2003 b. Allometric growth in tyrannosaurids (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of North America and Asia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 40: 651 - 665." title="Allometric growth in tyrannosaurids (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of North America and Asia" type="journal article" year="2003" yearSuffix="b">Currie (2003b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as the condition occurs in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD035FFC4FCEDFCA7BDEFD5BB" baseAuthorityName="Currie" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[846,1004,895,916]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD035FFC4FCEDFCA7BDEFD5BB" box="[846,1004,895,916]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">Daspletosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but not in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD035FFC4FBCFFCA7BAA8D5BB" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1132,1195,895,916]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD035FFC4FBCFFCA7BAA8D5BB" box="[1132,1195,895,916]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD035FFC4FB4DFCA7BB73D5BB" baseAuthorityName="Hurum and Sabath" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[1262,1392,895,916]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD035FFC4FB4DFCA7BB73D5BB" box="[1262,1392,895,916]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">Tarbosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; this merits investigation given the relationships recovered by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD035FFC4FAC4FC42BBEED580" author="Holtz, T. R., Jr." box="[1383,1517,922,943]" editor="D. H. Tanke & K. Carpenter" firstAuthor="Holtz" journalOrPublisher="Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" pagination="64 - 75" refId="ref20050" refString="Holtz, T. R., Jr. 2001. The phylogeny and taxonomy of the Tyrannosauridae; pp. 64 - 75 in D. H. Tanke and K. Carpenter (eds.), Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana." title="The phylogeny and taxonomy of the Tyrannosauridae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Mesozoic Vertebrate Life" year="2001">Holtz (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
versus those obtained by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD035FFC4FBFEFC6DBB29D5E5" author="Currie, P. J. & J. H. Hurum & K. Sabath" box="[1117,1322,949,970]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" pagination="227 - 234" part="48" refId="ref19228" refString="Currie, P. J., J. H. Hurum, and K. Sabath. 2003. Skull structure and evolution in tyrannosaurid dinosaurs. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 48: 227 - 234." title="Skull structure and evolution in tyrannosaurid dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2003">Currie et al. (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Also intriguing is the fact that
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D035FFC4FC7FFC17BA67D5CB" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374398" box="[988,1124,975,996]" collectionCode="CMNH" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" specimenCode="CMNH 7541">CMNH 7541</materialsCitation>
|
||
appears to possess a ‘small mx1.’ If additional material of ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD035FFC4FBE6FC32BAD4D5D0" box="[1093,1239,1002,1023]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD035FFC4FBE6FC32BAD4D5D0" box="[1093,1239,1002,1023]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">Nanotyrannus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ continues to support the possession of this feature, it might have implications for the taxonomic validity of this taxon.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D035FFC4FBD7FBC7BB01D21B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374333" box="[1140,1282,1055,1076]" collectionCode="LACM" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" specimenCode="LACM 28741">LACM 12471</materialsCitation>
|
||
also possesses a ‘small mx1,’ which might have implications for the hypothesis of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD035FFC4FA1EFBE2BA3CD246" author="Carr, T. D. & T. E. Williamson" firstAuthor="Carr" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" pagination="479 - 523" part="142" refId="ref18083" refString="Carr, T. D., and T. E. Williamson. 2004. Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142: 479 - 523." title="Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America" type="journal article" year="2004">Carr and Williamson (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
that this specimen represents a juvenile
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD035FFC4FCEDFBB7BD8FD2AB" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[846,908,1135,1156]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD035FFC4FCEDFBB7BD8FD2AB" box="[846,908,1135,1156]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Even if tooth size in the maxilla of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD035FFC4FAB0FBB7BB52D2AB" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1299,1361,1135,1156]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD035FFC4FAB0FBB7BB52D2AB" box="[1299,1361,1135,1156]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
increases with positive allometry (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD035FFC4FBBDFB51BAB6D2B1" author="Currie, P. J." box="[1054,1205,1161,1182]" firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" pagination="651 - 665" part="40" refId="ref18980" refString="Currie, P. J. 2003 b. Allometric growth in tyrannosaurids (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of North America and Asia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 40: 651 - 665." title="Allometric growth in tyrannosaurids (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of North America and Asia" type="journal article" year="2003" yearSuffix="b">Currie, 2003b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), there is little reason to believe that mx1 would respond differently during growth than the rest of the maxillary class, especially as it is possible that theropod teeth exhibit small amounts of ontogenetic change (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD035FFC4FA1EFB01BDF3D326" author="Currie, P. J. & J. K. Rigby, Jr. & R. E. Sloan" editor="K. Carpenter & P. J. Currie" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" pagination="107 - 125" refId="ref19155" refString="Currie, P. J., J. K. Rigby, Jr., and R. E. Sloan. 1990. Theropod teeth from the Judith River Formation of southern Alberta, Canada; pp. 107 - 125 in K. Carpenter and P. J. Currie (eds.), Dinosaur Systematics: Perspectives and Approaches. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England." title="Theropod teeth from the Judith River Formation of southern Alberta, Canada" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Dinosaur Systematics: Perspectives and Approaches" year="1990">Currie et al., 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). As such, given the normal caveats related to sample size, the disproportionately small sizes of mx1 in some tyrannosaurids are probably real features; while not a tyrannosaurid synapomorphy, it might still be useful in helping to recover relationships within the clade.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED035FFC4FCC5FAA1BBDDD04C" blockId="17.[846,1518,177,1981]" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD035FFC4FCC5FAA1BA85D3A1" author="Carr, T. D. & T. E. Williamson" box="[870,1158,1401,1422]" firstAuthor="Carr" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" pagination="479 - 523" part="142" refId="ref18083" refString="Carr, T. D., and T. E. Williamson. 2004. Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142: 479 - 523." title="Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America" type="journal article" year="2004">Carr and Williamson (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported that d1 in tyrannosaurids is ‘subconical’ in shape and is the smallest tooth in the dentary. Their precise definition of ‘subconical’ is difficult to ascertain, but as discussed above, the morphology of d1 in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD035FFC4FAC0FA11BBA1D3F1" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1379,1442,1481,1502]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD035FFC4FAC0FA11BBA1D3F1" box="[1379,1442,1481,1502]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is certainly different from the rest of the dentary teeth and indeed is similar to the premaxillary dentition. However, although d1 is similar in size to d11 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD035FFC4FB9CF9C1BA83D001" box="[1087,1152,1561,1582]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[144,233,1481,1500]" captionTargetBox="[160,1501,176,1464]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[160,1501,176,1464]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Crown size (in mm) variability profiles, with respect to tooth position, for CBL (A), CBW (B), CH (C), and AL (D) of Tyrannosaurus rex. E, crown size (CBL, CBW, CH, and AL, in mm) comparisons for T. rex tooth classes. See Supplementary Data 1, www.vertpaleo.org/jvp/ JVPcontents.html, for data. Error bars = +/− 1 standard deviation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3942998" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3942998/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
), it is significantly larger than the distal teeth of both the dentary and the maxilla (d12–d14; mx12). For at least
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD035FFC4FC6CF996BA0ED04C" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[975,1037,1614,1635]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD035FFC4FC6CF996BA0ED04C" box="[975,1037,1614,1635]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, then, a ‘small’ d1 is not a viable character.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED035FFC7FCC5F9B0BFFFD002" blockId="17.[846,1518,177,1981]" lastBlockId="18.[144,815,1374,1980]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="882" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD035FFC4FCC5F9B0BDF8D051" bold="true" box="[870,1019,1640,1662]" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">Tooth Shape</emphasis>
|
||
—‘Incisiform’ premaxillary crowns with linguomesially and linguodistally placed carinae are generally considered to be derived for tyrannosaurids (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD035FFC4FA9EF946BBEAD09C" author="Carpenter, K." box="[1341,1513,1694,1715]" firstAuthor="Carpenter" journalOrPublisher="University of Wyoming Contributions to Geology" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" pagination="123 - 134" part="20" refId="ref17855" refString="Carpenter, K. 1982. Baby dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous Lance and Hell Creek Formations and a description of a new species of theropod. University of Wyoming Contributions to Geology 20: 123 - 134." title="Baby dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous Lance and Hell Creek Formations and a description of a new species of theropod" type="journal article" year="1982">Carpenter, 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD035FFC4FCEDF960BA13D0E2" author="Bakker, R. T. & M. Williams & P. Currie" box="[846,1040,1720,1741]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Bakker" journalOrPublisher="Hunteria" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" pagination="2 - 30" part="1" refId="ref17417" refString="Bakker, R. T., M. Williams, and P. Currie. 1988. Nanotyrannus, a new genus of pygmy tyrannosaur, from the latest Cretaceous of Montana. Hunteria 1: 2 - 30." title="Nanotyrannus, a new genus of pygmy tyrannosaur, from the latest Cretaceous of Montana" type="journal article" year="1988">Bakker et al., 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD035FFC4FBB9F960BB42D0E2" author="Molnar, R. E. & K. Carpenter" box="[1050,1345,1720,1741]" firstAuthor="Molnar" journalOrPublisher="Geobios" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" pagination="445 - 454" part="22" refId="ref21517" refString="Molnar, R. E., and K. Carpenter. 1989. The Jordan theropod (Maastrichtian, Montana, U. S. A.) referred to the genus Aublysodon. Geobios 22: 445 - 454." title="The Jordan theropod (Maastrichtian, Montana, U. S. A.) referred to the genus Aublysodon" type="journal article" year="1989">Molnar and Carpenter, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD035FFC4FAE9F960BBEAD0E2" author="Chandler, C. L." bookContentInfo="163 pp." box="[1354,1513,1720,1741]" firstAuthor="Chandler" journalOrPublisher="Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" refId="ref18249" refString="Chandler, C. L. 1990. Taxonomic and functional significance of serrated tooth morphology in theropod dinosaurs. Unpublished M. S. thesis, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 163 pp." title="Taxonomic and functional significance of serrated tooth morphology in theropod dinosaurs" type="book" year="1990">Chandler, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD035FFC4FCEDF90BBA1BD0C7" author="Currie, P. J. & J. K. Rigby, Jr. & R. E. Sloan" box="[846,1048,1747,1768]" editor="K. Carpenter & P. J. Currie" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" pagination="107 - 125" refId="ref19155" refString="Currie, P. J., J. K. Rigby, Jr., and R. E. Sloan. 1990. Theropod teeth from the Judith River Formation of southern Alberta, Canada; pp. 107 - 125 in K. Carpenter and P. J. Currie (eds.), Dinosaur Systematics: Perspectives and Approaches. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England." title="Theropod teeth from the Judith River Formation of southern Alberta, Canada" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Dinosaur Systematics: Perspectives and Approaches" year="1990">Currie et al., 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD035FFC4FB84F90BBAA4D0C7" author="Abler, W. L." box="[1063,1191,1747,1768]" firstAuthor="Abler" journalOrPublisher="Paleobiology" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" pagination="161 - 183" part="18" refId="ref17213" refString="Abler, W. L. 1992. The serrated teeth of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs, and biting structures in other animals. Paleobiology 18: 161 - 183." title="The serrated teeth of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs, and biting structures in other animals" type="journal article" year="1992">Abler, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD035FFC4FB15F90BBBEAD0C7" author="Farlow, J. O. & D. L. Brinkman" box="[1206,1513,1747,1768]" editor="G. D. Rosenberg & D. L. Wolberg" firstAuthor="Farlow" journalOrPublisher="Dino Fest. The Paleontological Society, Knoxville" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" pagination="165 - 175" refId="ref19556" refString="Farlow, J. O., and D. L. Brinkman. 1994. Wear surfaces on the teeth of tyrannosaurs; pp. 165 - 175 in G. D. Rosenberg and D. L. Wolberg (eds.), Dino Fest. The Paleontological Society, Knoxville." title="Wear surfaces on the teeth of tyrannosaurs" type="book chapter" year="1994">Farlow and Brinkman, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD035FFC4FCEDF935BDBDD12D" author="Carr, T. D." box="[846,958,1773,1794]" firstAuthor="Carr" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" pagination="497 - 520" part="19" refId="ref17988" refString="Carr, T. D. 1999. Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19: 497 - 520." title="Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria)" type="journal article" year="1999">Carr, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD035FFC4FC68F935BAEAD12D" author="Carr, T. D. & T. E. Williamson" box="[971,1257,1773,1794]" editor="S. G. Lucas & A. B. Heckert" firstAuthor="Carr" journalOrPublisher="New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Albuquerque" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" pagination="113 - 145" refId="ref18016" refString="Carr, T. D., and T. E. Williamson. 2000. A review of Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria) from New Mexico; pp. 113 - 145 in S. G. Lucas and A. B. Heckert (eds.), Dinosaurs of New Mexico. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Albuquerque." title="A review of Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria) from New Mexico" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Dinosaurs of New Mexico" year="2000">Carr and Williamson, 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD035FFC4FB56F935BB82D12D" author="Sankey, J. T." box="[1269,1409,1773,1794]" firstAuthor="Sankey" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Paleontology" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" pagination="208 - 215" part="75" refId="ref22407" refString="Sankey, J. T. 2001. Late Campanian southern dinosaurs, Aguja Formation, Big Bend, Texas. Journal of Paleontology 75: 208 - 215." title="Late Campanian southern dinosaurs, Aguja Formation, Big Bend, Texas" type="journal article" year="2001">Sankey, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD035FFC4FA2DF935BA0AD132" author="Carr, T. D. & T. E. Williamson" firstAuthor="Carr" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" pagination="479 - 523" part="142" refId="ref18083" refString="Carr, T. D., and T. E. Williamson. 2004. Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142: 479 - 523." title="Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America" type="journal article" year="2004">Carr and Williamson, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The condition is real, although some other theropods (e.g., dromaeosaurids) also possess premaxillary features that are similar to what occurs in tyrannosaurids (pers. obs.; see also
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD035FFC4FC07F880BA2DD142" author="Molnar, R. E." box="[932,1070,1880,1901]" firstAuthor="Molnar" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Paleontology" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" pagination="73 - 82" part="52" refId="ref21387" refString="Molnar, R. E. 1978. A new theropod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of central Montana. Journal of Paleontology 52: 73 - 82." title="A new theropod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of central Montana" type="journal article" year="1978">Molnar, 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD035FFC4FB9BF880BB5DD142" author="Molnar, R. E. & K. Carpenter" box="[1080,1374,1880,1901]" firstAuthor="Molnar" journalOrPublisher="Geobios" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" pagination="445 - 454" part="22" refId="ref21517" refString="Molnar, R. E., and K. Carpenter. 1989. The Jordan theropod (Maastrichtian, Montana, U. S. A.) referred to the genus Aublysodon. Geobios 22: 445 - 454." title="The Jordan theropod (Maastrichtian, Montana, U. S. A.) referred to the genus Aublysodon" type="journal article" year="1989">Molnar and Carpenter, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD035FFC4FACBF880BBE1D142" author="Holtz, T. R., Jr." box="[1384,1506,1880,1901]" editor="B. P. Perez-Moreno & T. Holtz & J. L. Sanz & J. J. Moratalla" firstAuthor="Holtz" journalOrPublisher="Aspects of Theropod Paleobiology. Museu Nacional de Historia Natural, Lisbon, Portugal" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" pagination="5 - 61" part="15" refId="ref19980" refString="Holtz, T. R., Jr. 1998. A new phylogeny of the carnivorous dinosaurs; pp. 5 - 61 in B. P. Perez-Moreno, T. Holtz, J. L. Sanz, and J. J. Moratalla (eds.), Gaia 15: Aspects of Theropod Paleobiology. Museu Nacional de Historia Natural, Lisbon, Portugal." title="A new phylogeny of the carnivorous dinosaurs" type="book chapter" year="1998">Holtz, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). There might be an alternative to coding premaxillary crowns as simply “D-shaped in cross section,” to better distinguish the tyrannosaurid condition. In contrast to other theropods, tyranno- saurid premaxillary basal long axes are labiolingually oriented, with carinae that are positioned at the linguomesial and linguodistal corners of the crown. In the premaxillary dentitions of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD036FFC7FF33FA76BF03D3EC" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[144,256,1454,1475]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="882" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD036FFC7FF33FA76BF03D3EC" box="[144,256,1454,1475]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="882">Allosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and some other taxa, the long axes are not strictly labiolingual and the placement of the carinae is more complicated. As such, tyrannosaurid premaxillary mesiodistal axes are distinctly shorter than those of other theropods; this is a derived condition of the clade (see
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD036FFC7FE11F9C0BFECD002" box="[434,495,1560,1581]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[144,233,1488,1507]" captionTargetBox="[227,730,176,1471]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[227,730,176,1471]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Premaxillary tooth morphology in Tyrannosaurus rex. A, idealized skulls of T. rex and Dromaeosaurus in palatal view, showing variation in snout shape (after Molnar, 1998, and Currie, 1995). B, photo trace of AMNH 5027 in palatal view showing labiolingual crown longaxis orientations (teeth are schematic; dashed line is sagittal plane). C, photo trace of Allosaurus (YPM 1333) in palatal view, showing morphology and carinae of Rpm2–5. D, right premaxilla of Majungatholus (FMNH PR 2100) in occlusal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943004" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943004/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="882">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="FC856616D035FFC4FF33F95FBC06D09E" ID-Table-UUID="FC856616D035FFC4FF33F95FBC06D09E" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/FC856616D035FFC4FF33F95FBC06D09E" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" targetBox="[144,815,1745,1959]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="17">
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED035FFC4FF33F95FBC06D09E" blockId="17.[144,814,1671,1713]" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">
|
||
TABLE 3. Classification results for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD035FFC4FE5AF95FBC32D0B5" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[505,561,1671,1690]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="17" pageNumber="881" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD035FFC4FE5AF95FBC32D0B5" box="[505,561,1671,1690]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
tooth/bone DFA. 67% of original group cases correctly classified.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED035FFC4FDB2F909BD26D188" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">
|
||
<table id="DAFAC43ED035002AFF33F909BD2CD188" box="[144,815,1745,1959]" gridcols="5" gridrows="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD035002AFF33F909BD2CD0CB" box="[144,815,1745,1764]" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D035002AFF33F909BD2CD0CB" box="[144,815,1745,1764]" colspan="5" colspanRight="4" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">Predicted</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD035002AFF33F92BBD2CD129" box="[144,815,1779,1798]" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D035002AFF33F92BBF0CD129" box="[144,271,1779,1798]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">Actual</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D035002AFEEEF92BBFB3D129" box="[333,432,1779,1798]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">Premaxilla</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D035002AFE4DF92BBC37D129" box="[494,564,1779,1798]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">Maxilla</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D035002AFDD1F92BBCBCD129" box="[626,703,1779,1798]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">Dentary</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D035002AFD5EF92BBD2CD129" box="[765,815,1779,1798]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">Total</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD035002AFF33F8CEBD2CD106" box="[144,815,1814,1833]" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D035002AFF33F8CEBF0CD106" box="[144,271,1814,1833]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">
|
||
Premaxilla
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD035FFC4FF59F8CEBF05D106" box="[250,262,1814,1833]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">n</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D035002AFEEEF8CEBFB3D106" box="[333,432,1814,1833]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">8</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D035002AFE4DF8CEBC37D106" box="[494,564,1814,1833]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">0</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D035002AFDD1F8CEBCBCD106" box="[626,703,1814,1833]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">1</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D035002AFD5EF8CEBD2CD106" box="[765,815,1814,1833]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">9</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD035002AFF33F8F4BD2CD110" box="[144,815,1836,1855]" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D035002AFF33F8F4BF0CD110" box="[144,271,1836,1855]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">Maxilla</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D035002AFEEEF8F4BFB3D110" box="[333,432,1836,1855]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">10</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D035002AFE4DF8F4BC37D110" box="[494,564,1836,1855]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">27</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D035002AFDD1F8F4BCBCD110" box="[626,703,1836,1855]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">12</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D035002AFD5EF8F4BD2CD110" box="[765,815,1836,1855]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">49</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD035002AFF33F89BBD2CD179" box="[144,815,1859,1878]" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D035002AFF33F89BBF0CD179" box="[144,271,1859,1878]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">Dentary</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D035002AFEEEF89BBFB3D179" box="[333,432,1859,1878]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">5</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D035002AFE4DF89BBC37D179" box="[494,564,1859,1878]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">10</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D035002AFDD1F89BBCBCD179" box="[626,703,1859,1878]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">42</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D035002AFD5EF89BBD2CD179" box="[765,815,1859,1878]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">57</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD035002AFF33F8BFBD2CD155" box="[144,815,1895,1914]" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D035002AFF33F8BFBF0CD155" box="[144,271,1895,1914]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">Premaxilla %</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D035002AFEEEF8BFBFB3D155" box="[333,432,1895,1914]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">88.8</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D035002AFE4DF8BFBC37D155" box="[494,564,1895,1914]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">0</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D035002AFDD1F8BFBCBCD155" box="[626,703,1895,1914]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">11.1</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D035002AFD5EF8BFBD2CD155" box="[765,815,1895,1914]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">100</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD035002AFF33F8A6BD2CD1BE" box="[144,815,1918,1937]" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D035002AFF33F8A6BF0CD1BE" box="[144,271,1918,1937]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">Maxilla</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D035002AFEEEF8A6BFB3D1BE" box="[333,432,1918,1937]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">20.4</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D035002AFE4DF8A6BC37D1BE" box="[494,564,1918,1937]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">55.1</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D035002AFDD1F8A6BCBCD1BE" box="[626,703,1918,1937]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">24.5</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D035002AFD5EF8A6BD2CD1BE" box="[765,815,1918,1937]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">100</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="16CA34DCD035002AFF33F84CBD2CD188" box="[144,815,1940,1959]" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">
|
||
<th id="551B5DA0D035002AFF33F84CBF0CD188" box="[144,271,1940,1959]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">Dentary</th>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D035002AFEEEF84CBFB3D188" box="[333,432,1940,1959]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">8.8</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D035002AFE4DF84CBC37D188" box="[494,564,1940,1959]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">17.5</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D035002AFDD1F84CBCBCD188" box="[626,703,1940,1959]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">73.7</td>
|
||
<td id="551B5DA0D035002AFD5EF84CBD2CD188" box="[765,815,1940,1959]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="881">100</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="FC856616D036FFC7FF33FB0EBD45D32E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943026" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3943026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943026/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="882" startId="18.[144,233,1238,1257]" targetBox="[166,1495,176,1220]" targetPageId="18">
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED036FFC7FF33FB0EBD45D32E" blockId="18.[144,1517,1238,1281]" pageId="18" pageNumber="882">
|
||
FIGURE 16. Between-taxon comparisons of CBL (
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD036FFC7FDDDFB0EBC93D2C6" bold="true" box="[638,656,1238,1257]" pageId="18" pageNumber="882">A</emphasis>
|
||
), CBW (
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD036FFC7FD46FB0EBCF7D2C6" bold="true" box="[741,756,1238,1257]" pageId="18" pageNumber="882">B</emphasis>
|
||
), CH (
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD036FFC7FC94FB0EBD45D2C6" bold="true" box="[823,838,1238,1257]" pageId="18" pageNumber="882">C</emphasis>
|
||
), and AL (
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD036FFC7FC12FB0EBDC0D2C6" bold="true" box="[945,963,1238,1257]" pageId="18" pageNumber="882">D</emphasis>
|
||
) for the theropods examined in this study (data from Smith et al., in press). Units are mm. Error bars equal +/− 1 standard deviation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED036FFC7FF0BF9EBBAA9D1A8" blockId="18.[144,815,1374,1980]" lastBlockId="18.[846,1518,1374,1980]" pageId="18" pageNumber="882">
|
||
As with crown size, an ‘incisiform’ mx1 has been described as a tyrannosaurid synapomorphy (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD036FFC7FE45F995BC54D04D" author="Carr, T. D." box="[486,599,1613,1634]" firstAuthor="Carr" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="18" pageNumber="882" pagination="497 - 520" part="19" refId="ref17988" refString="Carr, T. D. 1999. Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19: 497 - 520." title="Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria)" type="journal article" year="1999">Carr, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD036FFC7FDC0F995BCF0D04D" author="Currie, P. J." box="[611,755,1613,1634]" firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica" pageId="18" pageNumber="882" pagination="191 - 226" part="48" refId="ref18948" refString="Currie, P. J. 2003 a. Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 48: 191 - 226." title="Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada" type="journal article" year="2003" yearSuffix="a">Currie, 2003a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD036FFC7FD5DF995BF74D052" author="Carr, T. D. & T. E. Williamson" firstAuthor="Carr" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="18" pageNumber="882" pagination="479 - 523" part="142" refId="ref18083" refString="Carr, T. D., and T. E. Williamson. 2004. Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142: 479 - 523." title="Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America" type="journal article" year="2004">Carr and Williamson, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), occurring in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD036FFC7FDADF9B0BC97D052" authorityName="Lambe" authorityYear="1914" box="[526,660,1640,1661]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="882" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD036FFC7FDADF9B0BC97D052" box="[526,660,1640,1661]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="882">Gorgosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD036FFC7FD68F9B0BED0D0B8" baseAuthorityName="Currie" baseAuthorityYear="2003" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="882" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD036FFC7FD68F9B0BED0D0B8" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="882">Daspletosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as well as in problematic specimens such as
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D036FFC7FD03F95ABD2DD0B8" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374440" box="[672,814,1666,1687]" collectionCode="LACM" pageId="18" pageNumber="882" specimenCode="LACM 28741">LACM 28471</materialsCitation>
|
||
and FMNH PR2211 (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD036FFC7FE0FF945BC38D09D" author="Molnar, R. E." box="[428,571,1693,1714]" firstAuthor="Molnar" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Paleontology" pageId="18" pageNumber="882" pagination="73 - 82" part="52" refId="ref21387" refString="Molnar, R. E. 1978. A new theropod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of central Montana. Journal of Paleontology 52: 73 - 82." title="A new theropod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of central Montana" type="journal article" year="1978">Molnar, 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD036FFC7FDEBF945BEC6D0E2" author="Carr, T. D. & T. E. Williamson" firstAuthor="Carr" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="18" pageNumber="882" pagination="479 - 523" part="142" refId="ref18083" refString="Carr, T. D., and T. E. Williamson. 2004. Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142: 479 - 523." title="Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America" type="journal article" year="2004">Carr and Williamson, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, the premaxillary teeth of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD036FFC7FDF7F960BC91D0E2" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[596,658,1720,1741]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="882" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD036FFC7FDF7F960BC91D0E2" box="[596,658,1720,1741]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="882">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and other tyrannosaurids have also been referred to as ‘incisiform’ in shape (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD036FFC7FF69F935BF56D12D" author="Russell, D. A." box="[202,341,1773,1794]" firstAuthor="Russell" journalOrPublisher="National Museum of Natural Science, Publications in Paleontology" pageId="18" pageNumber="882" pagination="1 - 34" part="1" refId="ref22293" refString="Russell, D. A. 1970. Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada. National Museum of Natural Science, Publications in Paleontology 1: 1 - 34." title="Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada" type="journal article" year="1970">Russell, 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD036FFC7FEC3F935BFDAD12D" author="Holtz, T. R., Jr." box="[352,473,1773,1794]" editor="B. P. Perez-Moreno & T. Holtz & J. L. Sanz & J. J. Moratalla" firstAuthor="Holtz" journalOrPublisher="Aspects of Theropod Paleobiology. Museu Nacional de Historia Natural, Lisbon, Portugal" pageId="18" pageNumber="882" pagination="5 - 61" part="15" refId="ref19980" refString="Holtz, T. R., Jr. 1998. A new phylogeny of the carnivorous dinosaurs; pp. 5 - 61 in B. P. Perez-Moreno, T. Holtz, J. L. Sanz, and J. J. Moratalla (eds.), Gaia 15: Aspects of Theropod Paleobiology. Museu Nacional de Historia Natural, Lisbon, Portugal." title="A new phylogeny of the carnivorous dinosaurs" type="book chapter" year="1998">Holtz, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD036FFC7FE47F935BC70D12D" author="Brochu, C. A." box="[484,627,1773,1794]" firstAuthor="Brochu" journalOrPublisher="Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir" pageId="18" pageNumber="882" pagination="1 - 138" part="7" refId="ref17657" refString="Brochu, C. A. 2002. Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 7: 1 - 138." title="Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull" type="journal article" year="2002">Brochu, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD036FFC7FD01F935BCDCD12D" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[674,735,1773,1794]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="882" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD036FFC7FD01F935BCDCD12D" box="[674,735,1773,1794]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="882">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, mx1 is morphologically distinct from the more distal teeth and from the premaxillary class. The difference in shape is more dramatic between mx1 and the premaxillary class than it is between mx1 and the rest of the maxillary series; mx1 does not possess the same morphology as the premaxillary crowns and the term incisiform cannot be used in the same sense for both pm4 and mx1 in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD036FFC7FD4EF854BD2BD18E" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[749,808,1932,1953]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="882" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD036FFC7FD4EF854BD2BD18E" box="[749,808,1932,1953]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="882">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The long axis of mx1 is mesiodistally oriented and is longer than the labiolingual axis. The mesial carina extends down the lingual side of the mesial face, which is the homologue to the labial face in the premaxilla. This is not the morphology of mx1 in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD036FFC7FA3EFA4BBDA6D3EC" baseAuthorityName="Currie" baseAuthorityYear="2003" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="882" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD036FFC7FA3EFA4BBDA6D3EC" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="882">Daspletosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD036FFC7FC47FA76BA69D3EC" authorityName="Lambe" authorityYear="1914" box="[996,1130,1454,1475]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="882" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD036FFC7FC47FA76BA69D3EC" box="[996,1130,1454,1475]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="882">Gorgosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and it is distinctly different from the premaxillary condition in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD036FFC7FBC2FA10BA9CD3F2" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1121,1183,1480,1501]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="882" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD036FFC7FBC2FA10BA72D3F2" box="[1121,1137,1480,1501]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="882">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD036FFC7FBDCFA10BA9CD3F2" box="[1151,1183,1480,1501]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="882">rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. I would argue that there is no single good term for the morphology of mx1 in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD036FFC7FAEDFA3BBB8FD3D7" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1358,1420,1507,1528]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="882" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD036FFC7FAEDFA3BBB5DD3D7" box="[1358,1374,1507,1528]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="882">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD036FFC7FACFFA3BBB8FD3D7" box="[1388,1420,1507,1528]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="882">rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and that this crown is best described as a transitional form between the premaxillary and the maxillary classes, but one that is decidedly more similar to the maxillary condition. Using ‘incisiform’ in the same sense for both morphologies is not appropriate; if an ‘incisiform’ mx1 occurs in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD036FFC7FBF2F9B0BAD4D052" authorityName="Lambe" authorityYear="1914" box="[1105,1239,1640,1661]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="882" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD036FFC7FBF2F9B0BAD4D052" box="[1105,1239,1640,1661]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="882">Gorgosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD036FFC7FAB3F9B0BBADD052" baseAuthorityName="Currie" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[1296,1454,1640,1661]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="882" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD036FFC7FAB3F9B0BBADD052" box="[1296,1454,1640,1661]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="882">Daspletosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, then the condition that actually occurs in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD036FFC7FB73F95ABB0ED0B8" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1232,1293,1666,1687]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="882" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD036FFC7FB73F95ABAE3D0B8" box="[1232,1248,1666,1687]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="882">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD036FFC7FB4EF95ABB0ED0B8" box="[1261,1293,1666,1687]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="882">rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a lack of an incisiform mx1.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D036FFC7FC68F945BA5BD09D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374364" box="[971,1112,1693,1714]" collectionCode="CMNH" pageId="18" pageNumber="882" specimenCode="CMNH 7541">CMNH 7541</materialsCitation>
|
||
, the holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD036FFC7FA83F945BBB0D09D" box="[1312,1459,1693,1714]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="882" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD036FFC7FA83F945BBB0D09D" box="[1312,1459,1693,1714]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="882">Nanotyrannus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D036FFC7FCEDF960BDE5D0E2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374392" box="[846,998,1720,1741]" collectionCode="LACM" pageId="18" pageNumber="882" specimenCode="LACM 28741">LACM 28471</materialsCitation>
|
||
both possess an ‘incisiform’ mx1 sensu
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD036FFC7FA1FF960BD97D0C8" author="Carr, T. D." firstAuthor="Carr" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="18" pageNumber="882" pagination="497 - 520" part="19" refId="ref17988" refString="Carr, T. D. 1999. Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19: 497 - 520." title="Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria)" type="journal article" year="1999">Carr (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. If ‘incisiform’ is describing the same morphologies in these non-
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD036FFC7FC18F935BDF5D12D" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[955,1014,1773,1794]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="882" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD036FFC7FC18F935BDC8D12D" box="[955,971,1773,1794]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="882">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD036FFC7FC75F935BDF5D12D" box="[982,1014,1773,1794]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="882">rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
taxa, then the presence of an ‘incisiform’ mx1 in
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D036FFC7FCEDF8DFBDD1D133" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374374" box="[846,978,1799,1820]" collectionCode="CMNH" pageId="18" pageNumber="882" specimenCode="CMNH 7541">CMNH 7541</materialsCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<materialsCitation id="18923CC3D036FFC7FBA7F8DFBA91D133" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396374316" box="[1028,1170,1799,1820]" collectionCode="LACM" pageId="18" pageNumber="882" specimenCode="LACM 28741">LACM 28471</materialsCitation>
|
||
might argue for the distinction of these specimens from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD036FFC7FB99F8FABA7AD118" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1082,1145,1826,1847]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="882" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD036FFC7FB99F8FABA49D118" box="[1082,1098,1826,1847]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="882">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD036FFC7FBFAF8FABA7AD118" box="[1113,1145,1826,1847]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="882">rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and against the juvenile
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD036FFC7FA26F8FABBC0D118" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1413,1475,1826,1847]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="882" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD036FFC7FA26F8FABB96D118" box="[1413,1429,1826,1847]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="882">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD036FFC7FA00F8FABBC0D118" box="[1443,1475,1826,1847]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="882">rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
hypotheses advocated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD036FFC7FBEDF8E5BACFD17D" author="Carr, T. D." box="[1102,1228,1853,1874]" firstAuthor="Carr" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="18" pageNumber="882" pagination="497 - 520" part="19" refId="ref17988" refString="Carr, T. D. 1999. Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19: 497 - 520." title="Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria)" type="journal article" year="1999">Carr (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD036FFC7FAAAF8E5BD90D143" author="Carr, T. D. & T. E. Williamson" firstAuthor="Carr" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="18" pageNumber="882" pagination="479 - 523" part="142" refId="ref18083" refString="Carr, T. D., and T. E. Williamson. 2004. Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142: 479 - 523." title="Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America" type="journal article" year="2004">Carr and Williamson (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; this would be curious because the evidence offered by these authors is very compelling.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED036FFC6FCC5F854BD25D42A" blockId="18.[846,1518,1374,1980]" lastBlockId="19.[144,815,177,836]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="883" pageId="18" pageNumber="882">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD036FFC7FCC5F854BA15D18D" bold="true" box="[870,1046,1932,1954]" pageId="18" pageNumber="882">Carina Lengths</emphasis>
|
||
—In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD036FFC7FBF0F854BA94D18E" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1107,1175,1932,1953]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="882" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD036FFC7FBF0F854BA94D18E" box="[1107,1175,1932,1953]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="882">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the mesial carinae terminate above the crown bases and the distal carinae extend to the bases.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD037FFC6FF33FF69BF8AD6E9" author="Currie, P. J. & Z. - M. Dong" box="[144,393,177,198]" firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences" pageId="19" pageNumber="883" pagination="1729 - 1737" part="38" refId="ref19068" refString="Currie, P. J., and Z. - M. Dong. 2001. New information on Shanshanosaurus huoyanshanensis, a juvenile tyrannosaurid (Theropoda, Dinosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 38: 1729 - 1737." title="New information on Shanshanosaurus huoyanshanensis, a juvenile tyrannosaurid (Theropoda, Dinosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of China" type="journal article" year="2001">Currie and Dong (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported that the mesial carinae of maxillary teeth extend to the crown bases, but the results presented here refute this hypothesis. Shortened maxillary carinae occur in several theropods (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD037FFC6FE30FED9BC1AD739" authorityName="Lambe" authorityYear="1914" box="[403,537,257,278]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="19" pageNumber="883" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD037FFC6FE30FED9BC1AD739" box="[403,537,257,278]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="883">Gorgosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD037FFC6FD8AFED9BCE6D739" authorityName=", Alectrosaurus Gilmore" authorityYear="1933" box="[553,741,257,278]" class="Reptilia" family="Carcharodontosauridae" genus="Acrocanthosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="19" pageNumber="883" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD037FFC6FD8AFED9BCE6D739" box="[553,741,257,278]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="883">Acrocanthosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD037FFC6FD5DFED9BF83D71F" author="Carr, T. D. & T. E. Williamson" firstAuthor="Carr" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="19" pageNumber="883" pagination="479 - 523" part="142" refId="ref18083" refString="Carr, T. D., and T. E. Williamson. 2004. Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142: 479 - 523." title="Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America" type="journal article" year="2004">Carr and Williamson (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported that this condition is typical of tyrannosaurids except
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD037FFC6FEDDFEEEBC1FD764" baseAuthorityName="Currie" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[382,540,310,331]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="19" pageNumber="883" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD037FFC6FEDDFEEEBC1FD764" box="[382,540,310,331]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="883">Daspletosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD037FFC6FDEAFEEEBC84D764" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[585,647,310,331]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="19" pageNumber="883" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD037FFC6FDEAFEEEBC84D764" box="[585,647,310,331]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="883">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
it is possible to interpret this feature as a trend of decreasing mesial carina length along the maxillary tooth row; in the distal crowns the mesial carinae terminate ̴25 mm above the bases of the enamel. Carina length cannot be used to discriminate a maxillary crown versus one from the dentary, but the fact that some theropods do not appear to possess shortened maxillary carinae (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD037FFC6FD46FE0EBED3D42A" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1924" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Velociraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="19" pageNumber="883" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD037FFC6FD46FE0EBED3D42A" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="883">Velociraptor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) suggests that this feature holds some taxonomic utility.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED037FFC6FF0BFDD3BBEDD749" blockId="19.[144,815,177,836]" lastBlockId="19.[846,1518,177,836]" pageId="19" pageNumber="883">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD037FFC6FF0BFDD3BF0DD40E" bold="true" box="[168,270,523,545]" pageId="19" pageNumber="883">Denticles</emphasis>
|
||
—Since denticle and tooth sizes generally scale together (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD037FFC6FF41FDFDBF86D415" author="Chandler, C. L." bookContentInfo="163 pp." box="[226,389,549,570]" firstAuthor="Chandler" journalOrPublisher="Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut" pageId="19" pageNumber="883" refId="ref18249" refString="Chandler, C. L. 1990. Taxonomic and functional significance of serrated tooth morphology in theropod dinosaurs. Unpublished M. S. thesis, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 163 pp." title="Taxonomic and functional significance of serrated tooth morphology in theropod dinosaurs" type="book" year="1990">Chandler, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD037FFC6FE31FDFDBC5BD415" author="Farlow, J. O. & D. L. Brinkman & W. L. Abler & P. J. Currie" box="[402,600,549,570]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Farlow" journalOrPublisher="Modern Geology" pageId="19" pageNumber="883" pagination="161 - 198" part="16" refId="ref19611" refString="Farlow, J. O., D. L. Brinkman, W. L. Abler, and P. J. Currie. 1991. Size, shape, and serration density of theropod dinosaur lateral teeth. Modern Geology 16: 161 - 198." title="Size, shape, and serration density of theropod dinosaur lateral teeth" type="journal article" year="1991">Farlow et al., 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD037FFC6FDC6FDFDBCEFD415" author="Baszio, S." box="[613,748,549,570]" firstAuthor="Baszio" journalOrPublisher="Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg" pageId="19" pageNumber="883" pagination="33 - 77" part="196" refId="ref17521" refString="Baszio, S. 1997. Investigations on Canadian dinosaurs: systematic palaeontology of isolated dinosaur teeth from the Latest Cretaceous of south Alberta, Canada. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 196: 33 - 77." title="Investigations on Canadian dinosaurs: systematic palaeontology of isolated dinosaur teeth from the Latest Cretaceous of south Alberta, Canada" type="journal article" year="1997">Baszio, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), denticle size would seem unlikely to be useful in taxonomy or systematics. However, few tests have been done and denticle sizes are occasionally considered to be taxonomically diagnostic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD037FFC6FD59FDADBFA2D48A" author="Molnar, R. E. & K. Carpenter" firstAuthor="Molnar" journalOrPublisher="Geobios" pageId="19" pageNumber="883" pagination="445 - 454" part="22" refId="ref21517" refString="Molnar, R. E., and K. Carpenter. 1989. The Jordan theropod (Maastrichtian, Montana, U. S. A.) referred to the genus Aublysodon. Geobios 22: 445 - 454." title="The Jordan theropod (Maastrichtian, Montana, U. S. A.) referred to the genus Aublysodon" type="journal article" year="1989">Molnar and Carpenter, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD037FFC6FE14FD48BC65D48A" author="Chandler, C. L." bookContentInfo="163 pp." box="[439,614,656,677]" firstAuthor="Chandler" journalOrPublisher="Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut" pageId="19" pageNumber="883" refId="ref18249" refString="Chandler, C. L. 1990. Taxonomic and functional significance of serrated tooth morphology in theropod dinosaurs. Unpublished M. S. thesis, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 163 pp." title="Taxonomic and functional significance of serrated tooth morphology in theropod dinosaurs" type="book" year="1990">Chandler (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported that the taxonomic value of serration densities had not been assessed prior to her work because of a lack of diagnostic specimens (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD037FFC6FF34FD38BF0FD4DA" author="Carr, T. D." box="[151,268,736,757]" firstAuthor="Carr" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="19" pageNumber="883" pagination="497 - 520" part="19" refId="ref17988" refString="Carr, T. D. 1999. Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19: 497 - 520." title="Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria)" type="journal article" year="1999">Carr, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and I have had similar problems). Assessing the utility of denticles has been further hampered because existing published data are often calculated from a single tooth or as an average of several crowns (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD037FFC6FE50FCF7BC96D56B" author="Barsbold, R." box="[499,661,815,836]" firstAuthor="Barsbold" journalOrPublisher="Sovemestnaa Sovetsko-Mongolskaa Paleontologi 1 ceskaa Ekspedicia, Trudy" pageId="19" pageNumber="883" pagination="1 - 117" part="19" refId="ref17488" refString="Barsbold, R. 1983. [Carnivorous dinosaurs from the Cretaceous of Mongolia]. Sovemestnaa Sovetsko-Mongolskaa Paleontologi 1 ceskaa Ekspedicia, Trudy 19: 1 - 117. [Russian]" title="Carnivorous dinosaurs from the Cretaceous of Mongolia" type="journal article" year="1983">Barsbold, 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD037FFC6FD00FCF7BD29D56B" author="Currie, P. J." box="[675,810,815,836]" firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="19" pageNumber="883" pagination="576 - 591" part="15" refId="ref18763" refString="Currie, P. J. 1995. New information on the anatomy and relationships of Dromaeosaurus albertensis (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 15: 576 - 591." title="New information on the anatomy and relationships of Dromaeosaurus albertensis (Dinosauria: Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="1995">Currie, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD037FFC6FCEDFF69BA4ED6E9" author="Azuma, Y. & P. J. Currie" box="[846,1101,177,198]" firstAuthor="Azuma" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences" pageId="19" pageNumber="883" pagination="1735 - 1753" part="37" refId="ref17377" refString="Azuma, Y., and P. J. Currie. 2000. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Japan. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37: 1735 - 1753." title="A new carnosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Japan" type="journal article" year="2000">Azuma and Currie, 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD037FFC6FBF4FF69BB77D6E9" author="Currie, P. J. & K. Carpenter" box="[1111,1396,177,198]" firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Geodiversitas" pageId="19" pageNumber="883" pagination="207 - 246" part="22" refId="ref19019" refString="Currie, P. J., and K. Carpenter. 2000. A new specimen of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis (Theropoda, Dinosauria) from the Lower Cretaceous Antlers Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Aptian) of Oklahoma, USA. Geodiversitas 22: 207 - 246." title="A new specimen of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis (Theropoda, Dinosauria) from the Lower Cretaceous Antlers Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Aptian) of Oklahoma, USA" type="journal article" year="2000">Currie and Carpenter, 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD037FFC6FADDFF69BD80D6CE" author="Hutt, S. & D. Naish & D. M. Martill & M. J. Barker & P. Newberry" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Hutt" journalOrPublisher="Cretaceous Research" pageId="19" pageNumber="883" pagination="227 - 242" part="22" refId="ref20491" refString="Hutt, S., D. Naish, D. M. Martill, M. J. Barker, and P. Newberry. 2001. A preliminary account of a new tyrannosaurid theropod from the Wessex Formation (Early Cretaceous) of southern England. Cretaceous Research 22: 227 - 242." title="A preliminary account of a new tyrannosaurid theropod from the Wessex Formation (Early Cretaceous) of southern England" type="journal article" year="2001">Hutt et al., 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). There is sometimes no distinction made concerning from which carina or even which tooth measurements come (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD037FFC6FCEDFED9BDF3D739" author="Barsbold, R." box="[846,1008,257,278]" firstAuthor="Barsbold" journalOrPublisher="Sovemestnaa Sovetsko-Mongolskaa Paleontologi 1 ceskaa Ekspedicia, Trudy" pageId="19" pageNumber="883" pagination="1 - 117" part="19" refId="ref17488" refString="Barsbold, R. 1983. [Carnivorous dinosaurs from the Cretaceous of Mongolia]. Sovemestnaa Sovetsko-Mongolskaa Paleontologi 1 ceskaa Ekspedicia, Trudy 19: 1 - 117. [Russian]" title="Carnivorous dinosaurs from the Cretaceous of Mongolia" type="journal article" year="1983">Barsbold, 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD037FFC6FBA3FED9BB1BD739" author="Hurum, J. H. & K. Sabath" box="[1024,1304,257,278]" firstAuthor="Hurum" journalOrPublisher="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica" pageId="19" pageNumber="883" pagination="161 - 190" part="48" refId="ref20402" refString="Hurum, J. H., and K. Sabath. 2003. Giant theropod dinosaurs from Asia and North America: Skulls of Tarbosaurus bataar and Tyrannosaurus rex compared. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 48: 161 - 190." title="Giant theropod dinosaurs from Asia and North America: Skulls of Tarbosaurus bataar and Tyrannosaurus rex compared" type="journal article" year="2003">Hurum and Sabath, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD037FFC6FA8DFED9BBEED739" author="Chandler, C. L." bookContentInfo="163 pp." box="[1326,1517,257,278]" firstAuthor="Chandler's" journalOrPublisher="Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut" pageId="19" pageNumber="883" refId="ref18249" refString="Chandler, C. L. 1990. Taxonomic and functional significance of serrated tooth morphology in theropod dinosaurs. Unpublished M. S. thesis, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 163 pp." title="Taxonomic and functional significance of serrated tooth morphology in theropod dinosaurs" type="book" year="1990">Chandler’s (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
lamentation over a lack of data reflected the additional problem that denticle densities have virtually never been reported in such a way as to facilitate a detailed examination of their variability.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED037FFC1FCC5FEB3BEE3D71F" blockId="19.[846,1518,177,836]" lastBlockId="20.[144,814,177,304]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="884" pageId="19" pageNumber="883">
|
||
Denticle sizes alone do a poor job of discriminating most theropods (
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD037FFC6FC6AFE5EBA55D7B4" box="[969,1110,390,411]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="19.[144,233,1937,1956]" captionTargetBox="[166,1495,875,1919]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[166,1495,875,1919]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 17. Between-taxon comparisons of MAVG (A), DAVG (B), DSDI (C), and DAVG2 (D) for the theropods examined in this study (data from Smith et al., in press). See methods for units. Error bars equal +/− 1 standard deviation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943028" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943028/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="883">Figs. 17A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD037FFC6FBCEFE5EBB97D7B4" author="Rauhut, O. W. M. & C. Werner" box="[1133,1428,390,411]" firstAuthor="Rauhut" journalOrPublisher="Palaontologische Zeitshrift" pageId="19" pageNumber="883" pagination="475 - 489" part="69" refId="ref22244" refString="Rauhut, O. W. M., and C. Werner. 1995. First record of the family Dromaeosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) in the Cretaceous of Gondwana (Wadi Milk Formation, northern Sudan). Palaontologische Zeitshrift 69: 475 - 489." title="First record of the family Dromaeosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) in the Cretaceous of Gondwana (Wadi Milk Formation, northern Sudan)" type="journal article" year="1995">Rauhut and Werner (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
devised DSDI to improve this situation, but the results are mixed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD037FFC6FA67FE78BD78D7FF" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="19.[144,233,1937,1956]" captionTargetBox="[166,1495,875,1919]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[166,1495,875,1919]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 17. Between-taxon comparisons of MAVG (A), DAVG (B), DSDI (C), and DAVG2 (D) for the theropods examined in this study (data from Smith et al., in press). See methods for units. Error bars equal +/− 1 standard deviation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943028" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943028/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="883">Fig. 17C</figureCitation>
|
||
). It discriminates poorly overall, but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD037FFC6FAA3FE63BB8BD7FF" authorityName="Ostrom" authorityYear="1969" box="[1280,1416,443,464]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Deinonychus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="19" pageNumber="883" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD037FFC6FAA3FE63BB8BD7FF" box="[1280,1416,443,464]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="883">Deinonychus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is significantly different from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD037FFC6FB94FE0EBADFD7C4" authorityName="Matthew and Brown" authorityYear="1922" box="[1079,1244,470,491]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Dromaeosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="19" pageNumber="883" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD037FFC6FB94FE0EBADFD7C4" box="[1079,1244,470,491]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="883">Dromaeosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, two taxa with otherwise very similar teeth (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD037FFC6FB9CFE28BB03D42A" author="Currie, P. J. & J. K. Rigby, Jr. & R. E. Sloan" box="[1087,1280,496,517]" editor="K. Carpenter & P. J. Currie" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England" pageId="19" pageNumber="883" pagination="107 - 125" refId="ref19155" refString="Currie, P. J., J. K. Rigby, Jr., and R. E. Sloan. 1990. Theropod teeth from the Judith River Formation of southern Alberta, Canada; pp. 107 - 125 in K. Carpenter and P. J. Currie (eds.), Dinosaur Systematics: Perspectives and Approaches. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England." title="Theropod teeth from the Judith River Formation of southern Alberta, Canada" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Dinosaur Systematics: Perspectives and Approaches" year="1990">Currie et al., 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This is mostly due to differences in MAVG between these taxa. There are other potentially useful tooth and denticle relationships as well. Troodontids and dromaeosaurids have derived teeth (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD037FFC6FA8FFD98BBABD47A" author="Holtz, T. R., Jr." box="[1324,1448,576,597]" editor="B. P. Perez-Moreno & T. Holtz & J. L. Sanz & J. J. Moratalla" firstAuthor="Holtz" journalOrPublisher="Aspects of Theropod Paleobiology. Museu Nacional de Historia Natural, Lisbon, Portugal" pageId="19" pageNumber="883" pagination="5 - 61" part="15" refId="ref19980" refString="Holtz, T. R., Jr. 1998. A new phylogeny of the carnivorous dinosaurs; pp. 5 - 61 in B. P. Perez-Moreno, T. Holtz, J. L. Sanz, and J. J. Moratalla (eds.), Gaia 15: Aspects of Theropod Paleobiology. Museu Nacional de Historia Natural, Lisbon, Portugal." title="A new phylogeny of the carnivorous dinosaurs" type="book chapter" year="1998">Holtz, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD037FFC6FA17FD98BBE5D47A" author="Holtz, T. R., Jr." box="[1460,1510,576,597]" editor="D. H. Tanke & K. Carpenter" firstAuthor="Holtz" journalOrPublisher="Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana" pageId="19" pageNumber="883" pagination="64 - 75" refId="ref20050" refString="Holtz, T. R., Jr. 2001. The phylogeny and taxonomy of the Tyrannosauridae; pp. 64 - 75 in D. H. Tanke and K. Carpenter (eds.), Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana." title="The phylogeny and taxonomy of the Tyrannosauridae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Mesozoic Vertebrate Life" year="2001">2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) with significantly larger distal than mesial denticles (contrary to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD037FFC6FCEDFDADBA68D4A5" author="Carr, T. D. & T. E. Williamson" box="[846,1131,629,650]" editor="S. G. Lucas & A. B. Heckert" firstAuthor="Carr" journalOrPublisher="New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Albuquerque" pageId="19" pageNumber="883" pagination="113 - 145" refId="ref18016" refString="Carr, T. D., and T. E. Williamson. 2000. A review of Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria) from New Mexico; pp. 113 - 145 in S. G. Lucas and A. B. Heckert (eds.), Dinosaurs of New Mexico. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Albuquerque." title="A review of Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria) from New Mexico" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Dinosaurs of New Mexico" year="2000">Carr and Williamson [2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD037FFC6FBD4FDADBAA8D4A5" author="Carr, T. D. & T. E. Williamson" box="[1143,1195,629,650]" firstAuthor="Carr" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="19" pageNumber="883" pagination="479 - 523" part="142" refId="ref18083" refString="Carr, T. D., and T. E. Williamson. 2004. Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142: 479 - 523." title="Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America" type="journal article" year="2004">2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
], this is not typical of tyrannosaurids, at least where
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD037FFC6FBE2FD48BA83D48A" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1089,1152,656,677]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="19" pageNumber="883" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD037FFC6FBE2FD48BA83D48A" box="[1089,1152,656,677]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="883">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is concerned) and some spinosaurids have unusually small denticles for the size of the teeth. DAVG and DSDI values do not illustrate these characteristics well, but some resolution comes from using the size corrected DAVG2 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="30C12A1BD037FFC6FC14FD22BA14D520" box="[951,1047,762,783]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="19.[144,233,1937,1956]" captionTargetBox="[166,1495,875,1919]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[166,1495,875,1919]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 17. Between-taxon comparisons of MAVG (A), DAVG (B), DSDI (C), and DAVG2 (D) for the theropods examined in this study (data from Smith et al., in press). See methods for units. Error bars equal +/− 1 standard deviation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943028" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943028/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="883">Fig. 17D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Mean DAVG2 values below ̴−.5 might be significant for troodontids and above.5 might be a synapomorphy for baryonychines. A tooth/denticle size index might thus generate a useful theropod character. Although devising this is beyond the scope of this paper, the concept has been qualitatively discussed previously by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD030FFC1FE70FF3EBCA5D6D4" author="Sereno, P. C. & A. L. Beck & D. B. Dutheil & B. Gado & H. C. E. Larsson & G. H. Lyon & J. D. Marcot & O. W. M. Rauhut & R. W. Sadleir & C. A. Sidor & D. J. Varricchio & G. P. Wilson & J. A. Wilson" box="[467,678,230,251]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Sereno" journalOrPublisher="Science" pageId="20" pageNumber="884" pagination="1298 - 1302" part="282" refId="ref22629" refString="Sereno, P. C., A. L. Beck, D. B. Dutheil, B. Gado, H. C. E. Larsson, G. H. Lyon, J. D. Marcot, O. W. M. Rauhut, R. W. Sadleir, C. A. Sidor, D. J. Varricchio, G. P. Wilson, and J. A. Wilson. 1998. A long-snouted predatory dinosaur from Africa and the evolution of spinosaurids. Science 282: 1298 - 1302." title="A long-snouted predatory dinosaur from Africa and the evolution of spinosaurids" type="journal article" year="1998">Sereno et al. (1998)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and was explored by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CC6B4B6FD030FFC1FF58FED9BFCED739" author="Farlow, J. O. & D. L. Brinkman & W. L. Abler & P. J. Currie" box="[251,461,257,278]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Farlow" journalOrPublisher="Modern Geology" pageId="20" pageNumber="884" pagination="161 - 198" part="16" refId="ref19611" refString="Farlow, J. O., D. L. Brinkman, W. L. Abler, and P. J. Currie. 1991. Size, shape, and serration density of theropod dinosaur lateral teeth. Modern Geology 16: 161 - 198." title="Size, shape, and serration density of theropod dinosaur lateral teeth" type="journal article" year="1991">Farlow et al. (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Denticle size should be explored further.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="FC856616D037FFC6FF33F849BA00D193" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3943028" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3943028" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3943028/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="883" startId="19.[144,233,1937,1956]" targetBox="[166,1495,875,1919]" targetPageId="19">
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED037FFC6FF33F849BA00D193" blockId="19.[144,1517,1937,1980]" pageId="19" pageNumber="883">
|
||
FIGURE 17. Between-taxon comparisons of MAVG (
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD037FFC6FD3BF849BCA9D18B" bold="true" box="[664,682,1937,1956]" pageId="19" pageNumber="883">A</emphasis>
|
||
), DAVG (
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD037FFC6FCB2F849BD23D18B" bold="true" box="[785,800,1937,1956]" pageId="19" pageNumber="883">B</emphasis>
|
||
), DSDI (
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD037FFC6FCDAF849BD8BD18B" bold="true" box="[889,904,1937,1956]" pageId="19" pageNumber="883">C</emphasis>
|
||
), and DAVG2 (
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD037FFC6FB81F849BA37D18B" bold="true" box="[1058,1076,1937,1956]" pageId="19" pageNumber="883">D</emphasis>
|
||
) for the theropods examined in this study (data from Smith et al., in press). See methods for units. Error bars equal +/− 1 standard deviation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED030FFC1FF33FE8FBEF5D742" blockId="20.[144,246,343,365]" box="[144,246,343,365]" pageId="20" pageNumber="884">
|
||
<heading id="F30D81F2D030FFC1FF33FE8FBEF5D742" bold="true" box="[144,246,343,365]" fontSize="9" level="5" pageId="20" pageNumber="884" reason="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD030FFC1FF33FE8FBEF5D742" bold="true" box="[144,246,343,365]" pageId="20" pageNumber="884">Summary</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A845369ED030FFC1FF0BFE5CBC11D506" blockId="20.[144,815,388,809]" pageId="20" pageNumber="884">
|
||
Theropod teeth are simple structures, but this work has shown that there can be useful information contained within theropod dentitions if they are studied in detail, by combining qualitative descriptions with quantitative methods. With the dental anatomy and variation of a common theropod documented, we might ultimately expect additional systematic information to come from teeth. Also, a standard now exists against which to compare putative teeth of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD030FFC1FEE8FDE7BF88D47B" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[331,395,575,596]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="20" pageNumber="884" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD030FFC1FEE8FDE7BF88D47B" box="[331,395,575,596]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="884">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It should now be possible to examine assemblages of isolated crowns from Upper Cretaceous rocks in western North America and identify teeth of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FFA4D1DD030FFC1FDCFFDACBCAAD4A6" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[620,681,628,649]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="20" pageNumber="884" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A8EEA8CD030FFC1FDCFFDACBCAAD4A6" box="[620,681,628,649]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="884">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
within these assemblages. Descriptions of other dentitions should facilitate the inclusion in theropod phylogenetic analyses of additional dental information, facilitate the taxonomic identification of isolated teeth, and aid in assessing the validity of ‘tooth taxa,’ benefiting all biogeographical and paleoecological research conducted in terrestrial Mesozoic rocks.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |