277 lines
30 KiB
XML
277 lines
30 KiB
XML
<document id="1E3F3AAC633F86217936066AEE725C6D" ID-CLB-Dataset="31280" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4358.2.9" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a1b3994a-be17-4be6-a2cd-e2c15d6be7ab" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1068368" ID-ZooBank="670D2F5C-FCC2-4C1C-BB33-5D7791AD4A71" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1511985977449" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Ng, Nathaniel S. R., Christidis, Les, Olsen, Jerry, Norman, Janette & Rheindt, Frank E." docDate="2017" docId="03DD9153FFD59538FF0CF92DFD78126A" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4358.2.10.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4358 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Circaetus gallicus subsp. sacerdotis" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="372" masterDocId="FFE4E92BFFD3953FFF9BFFF6FFF1143A" masterDocTitle="A new subspecies of Short-toed Snake-eagle from Wallacea determined from morphological and DNA comparison" masterLastPageNumber="374" masterPageNumber="365" pageNumber="371" updateTime="1698505120154" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="EEFDB3060AA10075784017AB72D9E8C2">
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<mods:title id="58230F884643A2A3E735540343B80E66">A new subspecies of Short-toed Snake-eagle from Wallacea determined from morphological and DNA comparison</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="AF67C00F48DCB624D5C721E394CDD5DE" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="1CE5672E56912BB0DA038E137DA4D8C6">Ng, Nathaniel S. R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3A421A3550B7EE2F6A4C590ECD3D94E1">Christidis, Les</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="24EA285F60CCA12516D9807079A5FC13">Olsen, Jerry</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7E5BD7F0A1819135CD72B7D7B67AD5BA">Norman, Janette</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="BC0A9E96505FF94C9AA8F004A1B0E90A">Rheindt, Frank E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="AB922342A6FA9C56069A54E0366D3FDF">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="725295EC80D95C5C209ABEE70C2DE9B0">2017</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="53D7D915D9341FF19EC4747CB4E13A8B">2017-11-29</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="6547062A178C1F5E86BB8077F5B38727">4358</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03DD9153FFD59538FF0CF92DFD78126A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5629713" ID-GBIF-Taxon="137581157" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5629713" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DD9153FFD59538FF0CF92DFD78126A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DD9153FFD59538FF0CF92DFD78126A" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="372" pageId="6" pageNumber="371">
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<subSubSection id="C36E73CEFFD59539FF0CF92DFD51132D" pageId="6" pageNumber="371" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BCB2045FFD59539FF0CF92DFD51132D" blockId="6.[151,1436,1755,2029]" pageId="6" pageNumber="371">
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<emphasis id="B900FC57FFD59539FF0CF92DFE0312CE" bold="true" box="[151,498,1755,1780]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="371">
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<taxonomicName id="4C745BC6FFD59539FF0CF92DFE1D12CE" box="[151,492,1755,1780]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Circaetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="371" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="gallicus" subSpecies="sacerdotis">Circaetus gallicus sacerdotis</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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subspecies nova; LES CHRISTIDIS, NATHANIEL S.R. NG, JERRY OLSON, JANETTE NORMAN, FRANK E. RHEINDT
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36E73CEFFD59539FF5CF8D4FE7C13D6" pageId="6" pageNumber="371" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BCB2045FFD59539FF5CF8D4FE7C13D6" blockId="6.[151,1436,1755,2029]" pageId="6" pageNumber="371">
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<emphasis id="B900FC57FFD59539FF5CF8D4FECA1301" bold="true" box="[199,315,1826,1851]" pageId="6" pageNumber="371">
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<typeStatus id="54CF9EE7FFD59539FF5CF8D4FEC71301" box="[199,310,1826,1851]" pageId="6" pageNumber="371" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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.
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</emphasis>
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We designate specimen 81114 from Naturalis, Leiden (formerly the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie) as the
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<typeStatus id="54CF9EE7FFD59539FEC2F8B3FE4A1364" box="[345,443,1861,1886]" pageId="6" pageNumber="371" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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(
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<figureCitation id="134F3CC0FFD59539FE54F8B3FDEB1364" box="[463,538,1861,1886]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1234,1256]" captionTargetBox="[179,1417,201,1189]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,193,1213]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Boxplots of wingspan and tail lengths across both sexes in Lesser Sundas Short-toed Snake-eagle populations as compared to Palearctic populations. The boxes mark out the 25th–75th percentiles. Palearctic birds are consistently larger than individualsfrom the Lesser Sundas.Additionally, in Palearctic populations females arelarger thanmales,whereas in the Lesser Sundas populations, female-biased dimorphism is absent, both sexes being of similar size." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1068372/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="371">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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). The individual is an adult male collected from Nunang,
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<collectingCountry id="F36360D5FFD59539FB4DF8B3FAEE1364" box="[1238,1311,1861,1886]" name="Indonesia" pageId="6" pageNumber="371">Flores</collectingCountry>
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, by Erwin Schmutz on
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<date id="FFCA0685FFD59539FEB8F89CFE2E13B8" box="[291,479,1898,1922]" pageId="6" pageNumber="371" value="1973-01-20">20 January 1973</date>
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. The
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<typeStatus id="54CF9EE7FFD59539FD87F89FFD8F13B8" box="[540,638,1897,1922]" pageId="6" pageNumber="371" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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is a medium-sized snake eagle of the same general shape as Short-toed Snake-eagles from the Palearctic, and with a dark greyish-brown head and breastband. The rest of the breast and belly are white with brown spotting. Based on measurements taken by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE55DB4FFD59539FC22F847FBBB13F3" author="Mees" box="[953,1098,1968,1993]" pageId="6" pageNumber="371" refString="Mees, G. F. (1975) A list of the birds known from Roti and adjacent islets (Lesser Sunda Islands). Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden, 49, 115 - 140." type="journal article" year="1975">Mees (1975)</bibRefCitation>
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, the wingspan is
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<quantity id="4C8C8DA0FFD59539FA94F846FA9D13F2" box="[1295,1388,1968,1993]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.3" pageId="6" pageNumber="371" unit="mm" value="530.0">530 mm</quantity>
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and tail length is
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||
<quantity id="4C8C8DA0FFD59539FEB3F822FE7913D6" box="[296,392,2004,2029]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.68" pageId="6" pageNumber="371" unit="mm" value="268.0">268 mm</quantity>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C36E73CEFFD49538FF5CFF61FF13157A" pageId="7" pageNumber="372" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="8BCB2045FFD49538FF5CFF61FF13157A" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1616]" pageId="7" pageNumber="372">
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<emphasis id="B900FC57FFD49538FF5CFF61FEBF148A" bold="true" box="[199,334,151,176]" pageId="7" pageNumber="372">Etymology.</emphasis>
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The name
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<taxonomicName id="4C745BC6FFD49538FE48FF6EFDB4148A" box="[467,581,152,176]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Circaetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="372" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="gallicus" subSpecies="sacerdotis">
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||
<emphasis id="B900FC57FFD49538FE48FF6EFDB4148A" box="[467,581,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="372">sacerdotis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, the genitive singular of the Latin word for “priest”, honours the singular achievements of the holotype’s collector, Father Erwin Schmutz, in the ornithological exploration of
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<collectingRegion id="49B0EEA7FFD49538FAF9FF4BFF0E14C2" country="Indonesia" name="Nusa Tenggara Timur" pageId="7" pageNumber="372">Nusa Tenggara</collectingRegion>
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in general and
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<collectingCountry id="F36360D5FFD49538FE30FF29FE0014C2" box="[427,497,223,248]" name="Indonesia" pageId="7" pageNumber="372">Flores</collectingCountry>
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||
in particular. Father Schmutz (born 1932) arrived on
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<collectingCountry id="F36360D5FFD49538FBDCFF29FB7C14C2" box="[1095,1165,223,248]" name="Indonesia" pageId="7" pageNumber="372">Flores</collectingCountry>
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in 1963 as a missionary and remained for many years, during which he contributed greatly to the collection of bird specimens from this island.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C36E73CEFFD49538FF5CFEBAFEE41607" pageId="7" pageNumber="372" type="diagnosis">
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||
<paragraph id="8BCB2045FFD49538FF5CFEBAFEE41607" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1616]" pageId="7" pageNumber="372">
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||
<emphasis id="B900FC57FFD49538FF5CFEBAFEB0155F" bold="true" box="[199,321,332,357]" pageId="7" pageNumber="372">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C745BC6FFD49538FED4FEBAFD51155E" box="[335,672,332,356]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Circaetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="372" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="gallicus" subSpecies="sacerdotis">
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<emphasis id="B900FC57FFD49538FED4FEBAFD51155E" box="[335,672,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="372">Circaetus gallicus sacerdotis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is generally smaller in size than
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<emphasis id="B900FC57FFD49538FBA4FEBAFADC155E" box="[1087,1325,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="372">
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<taxonomicName id="4C745BC6FFD49538FBA4FEBAFAD8155E" authority="gallicus" box="[1087,1321,332,356]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Circaetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="372" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="gallicus" subSpecies="gallicus">C. gallicus gallicus</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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In
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<taxonomicName id="4C745BC6FFD49538FAC4FEBAFEF815B2" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Circaetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="372" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="gallicus" subSpecies="sacerdotis">
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<emphasis id="B900FC57FFD49538FAC4FEBAFEF815B2" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="372">C. g. sacerdotis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, wingspan ranges from
|
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<quantity id="4C8C8DA0FFD49538FD82FE99FD5E15BD" box="[537,687,367,392]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.185" metricValueMax="5.3" metricValueMin="5.07" pageId="7" pageNumber="372" unit="mm" value="518.5" valueMax="530.0" valueMin="507.0">507–530 mm</quantity>
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in males (n= 5) and
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<quantity id="4C8C8DA0FFD49538FC00FE99FBC115BD" box="[923,1072,367,392]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.145" metricValueMax="5.1899999999999995" metricValueMin="5.1" pageId="7" pageNumber="372" unit="mm" value="514.5" valueMax="519.0" valueMin="510.0">510–519 mm</quantity>
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in females (n=2), whereas in
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C745BC6FFD49538FA19FE86FEE11596" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Circaetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="372" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="gallicus" subSpecies="gallicus">
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<emphasis id="B900FC57FFD49538FA19FE86FEE11596" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="372">C. g. gallicus</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
it ranges from
|
||
<quantity id="4C8C8DA0FFD49538FE52FE62FD931596" box="[457,610,404,429]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.35" metricValueMax="5.5" metricValueMin="5.2" pageId="7" pageNumber="372" unit="mm" value="535.0" valueMax="550.0" valueMin="520.0">520–550 mm</quantity>
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||
in males (n=8) and
|
||
<quantity id="4C8C8DA0FFD49538FCCDFE62FC1E1596" box="[854,1007,404,429]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.55" metricValueMax="5.8" metricValueMin="5.3" pageId="7" pageNumber="372" unit="mm" value="555.0" valueMax="580.0" valueMin="530.0">530–580 mm</quantity>
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in females (n=6) (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6F615FEFFD49538FB57FE62FAD61596" box="[1228,1319,404,429]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,239,153,176]" captionTargetBox="[151,1412,209,793]" captionText="TABLE 3. Wing and tail measurements of Palearctic and Lesser Sundas individuals of Circaetus gallicus." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF0B70CDFFD59539FF0CFF6FFAF3148A" pageId="7" pageNumber="372" tableUuid="DF0B70CDFFD59539FF0CFF6FFAF3148A">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C745BC6FFD49538FAF9FE62FEF815EA" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Circaetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="372" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="gallicus" subSpecies="sacerdotis">
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<emphasis id="B900FC57FFD49538FAF9FE62FEF815EA" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="372">C. g. sacerdotis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, tail length ranges from
|
||
<quantity id="4C8C8DA0FFD49538FDBCFE41FD4E15F5" box="[551,703,439,464]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.67" metricValueMax="2.75" metricValueMin="2.59" pageId="7" pageNumber="372" unit="mm" value="267.0" valueMax="275.0" valueMin="259.0">259–275 mm</quantity>
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in males (n=4) and
|
||
<quantity id="4C8C8DA0FFD49538FC31FE41FBFB15F5" box="[938,1034,439,464]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6399999999999997" pageId="7" pageNumber="372" unit="mm" value="264.0">264 mm</quantity>
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||
in females (n=1), whereas in
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C745BC6FFD49538FAFFFE4EFF0115CE" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Circaetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="372" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="gallicus" subSpecies="gallicus">
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||
<emphasis id="B900FC57FFD49538FAFFFE4EFF0115CE" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="372">C. g. gallicus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
it ranges from
|
||
<quantity id="4C8C8DA0FFD49538FE01FE2AFDDE15CE" box="[410,559,476,500]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.73" metricValueMax="2.7399999999999998" metricValueMin="2.7199999999999998" pageId="7" pageNumber="372" unit="mm" value="273.0" valueMax="274.0" valueMin="272.0">272–274 mm</quantity>
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in males (n=2) and
|
||
<quantity id="4C8C8DA0FFD49538FC8BFE2AFC9C15CE" box="[784,877,476,501]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.86" pageId="7" pageNumber="372" unit="mm" value="286.0">286 mm</quantity>
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in females (n=1). At a minimum in females,
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C745BC6FFD49538FAFDFE2AFEF81622" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Circaetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="372" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="gallicus" subSpecies="sacerdotis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B900FC57FFD49538FAFDFE2AFEF81622" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="372">C. g. sacerdotis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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is paler and less barred and spotted than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C745BC6FFD49538FD4CFDF6FC9C1622" box="[727,877,512,536]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Circaetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="372" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="gallicus" subSpecies="gallicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B900FC57FFD49538FD4CFDF6FC9C1622" box="[727,877,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="372">C. g. gallicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with pale brown droplets and speckling on white underparts.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36E73CEFFD49538FF5CFDB1FC1E172F" pageId="7" pageNumber="372" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCB2045FFD49538FF5CFDB1FC1E172F" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1616]" pageId="7" pageNumber="372">
|
||
<emphasis id="B900FC57FFD49538FF5CFDB1FE91165A" bold="true" box="[199,352,583,608]" pageId="7" pageNumber="372">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C745BC6FFD49538FEFDFDBEFDE5165A" box="[358,532,584,608]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Circaetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="372" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="gallicus" subSpecies="sacerdotis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B900FC57FFD49538FEFDFDBEFDE5165A" box="[358,532,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="372">C. g. sacerdotis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a resident in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B0EEA7FFD49538FD71FDBEFC25165A" box="[746,980,583,608]" country="Indonesia" name="Nusa Tenggara Timur" pageId="7" pageNumber="372">Lesser Sunda islands</collectingRegion>
|
||
of Lombok, Sumbawa, Komodo,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36360D5FFD49538FAD4FDB1FA69165A" box="[1359,1432,583,608]" name="Indonesia" pageId="7" pageNumber="372">Flores</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Pulau Besar, Alor, Pantar, Sumba, Rote, Wetar, Tanimbar and Timor (Eaton
|
||
<emphasis id="B900FC57FFD49538FB80FD9BFBA916BE" box="[1051,1112,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="372">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2016; Trainor
|
||
<emphasis id="B900FC57FFD49538FA97FD9BFAB316BE" box="[1292,1346,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="372">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2009). Records of its presence between April and December in Baluran National Park suggest that it is possibly a nonbreeding visitor to
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B0EEA7FFD49538FEF6FD43FE2616F6" box="[365,471,693,716]" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur" pageId="7" pageNumber="372">East Java</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B0EEA7FFD49538FD95FD42FDCD16F7" box="[526,572,692,717]" country="Indonesia" name="Bali" pageId="7" pageNumber="372">Bali</collectingRegion>
|
||
from the Lesser Sundas (van
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE55DB4FFD49538FC14FD42FB6D16F6" author="Balen" box="[911,1180,692,717]" pageId="7" pageNumber="372" refString="van Balen, S. & Compost, A. R. (1989) Overlooked evidence of the Short-toed Eagle Circaetus gallicus on Java. Kukila, 4, 44 - 46." type="journal article" year="1989">Balen & Compost 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE55DB4FFD49538FB32FD42FA6116F6" author="Winassis" box="[1193,1424,692,717]" pageId="7" pageNumber="372" refString="Winassis, S., Toha, S. A. & Noske, R. (2011) Birds of Baluran National Park. Baluran National Park, East Java, 270 pp." type="book" year="2011">
|
||
Winassis
|
||
<emphasis id="B900FC57FFD49538FA8FFD43FAB416F6" box="[1300,1349,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="372">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Its habitat, summarized in Coates & Bishop (1999) and Eaton
|
||
<emphasis id="B900FC57FFD49538FCCAFD2FFC7B16CA" box="[849,906,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="372">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2016), is primary and tall secondary monsoon woodland, savannah woodland, mixed scrub and lightly wooded cultivation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36E73CEFFD49538FF5CFCE9FD78126A" pageId="7" pageNumber="372" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCB2045FFD49538FF5CFCE9FC0B1047" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1616]" pageId="7" pageNumber="372">
|
||
<emphasis id="B900FC57FFD49538FF5CFCE9FD6A1702" bold="true" box="[199,667,799,824]" pageId="7" pageNumber="372">Origins and conservation implications.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE55DB4FFD49538FD3FFCD6FCC41702" author="Mees" box="[676,821,799,824]" pageId="7" pageNumber="372" refString="Mees, G. F. (2006) Avifauna of Flores. Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden, 80, 1 - 261." type="journal article" year="2006">Mees (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested that the Lesser Sundas form
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C745BC6FFD49538FA9BFCE9FA6D1702" box="[1280,1436,799,824]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Circaetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="372" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="gallicus" subSpecies="gallicus">
|
||
of
|
||
<emphasis id="B900FC57FFD49538FABBFCD6FA6D1702" box="[1312,1436,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="372">C. gallicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
could have arrived during the Late Pleistocene, when changes in climate and vegetation cover resulted in the formation of drier habitat corridors for these eagles. This scenario is supported by more recent paleoclimatological data indicating that recurring glaciations during the late Pleistocene would have led to savannah corridors connecting monsoonal areas of mainland Southeast Asia with
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B0EEA7FFD49538FCF3FC46FC6B17FD" box="[872,922,944,967]" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur" pageId="7" pageNumber="372">Java</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B0EEA7FFD49538FC4DFC59FBF417F2" box="[982,1029,943,968]" country="Indonesia" name="Bali" pageId="7" pageNumber="372">Bali</collectingRegion>
|
||
across land bridges (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE55DB4FFD49538FB67FC46FF2517D6" author="Wurster" pageId="7" pageNumber="372" refString="Wurster, C. M., Bird, M. I., Bull, I. D., Creed, F., Bryant, C., Dungait, J. A. & Paz, V. (2010) Forest contraction in north equatorial southeast Asia during the Last Glacial Period. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, 15508 - 15511. https: // doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 1005507107" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Wurster
|
||
<emphasis id="B900FC57FFD49538FAFAFC47FA6D17F2" box="[1377,1436,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="372">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This would have allowed eagles to disperse from their main Palearctic and Indian range to similarly monsoonal areas in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B0EEA7FFD49538FEE0FC01FE2D102A" box="[379,476,1015,1040]" country="Israel" name="Southern" pageId="7" pageNumber="372">southern</collectingRegion>
|
||
Wallacea. Our DNA data are consistent with such a scenario: using an approximate molecular clock of 2% mitochondrial divergence for coding genes per million years (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE55DB4FFD49538FBFEFBEAFB00100E" author="Quinn" box="[1125,1265,1052,1077]" pageId="7" pageNumber="372" refString="Quinn, T. W. (1997) Molecular evolution of the mitochondrial genome. In: Mindell, D. P. (Ed.), Avian Molecular Evolution and Systematics. Academic Press, Cambridge, pp. 3 - 28. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / B 978 - 012498315 - 1 / 50002 - 9" type="book chapter" year="1997">Quinn 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE55DB4FFD49538FB65FBEAFA66100E" author="LOvette" box="[1278,1431,1052,1076]" pageId="7" pageNumber="372" refString="Lovette, I. J. (2004) Mitochondrial dating and mixed support for the " 2 % rule " in birds. The Auk, 121, 1 - 6." type="journal article" year="2004">Lovette 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE55DB4FFD49538FF0CFBC9FE661062" author="Weir" box="[151,407,1087,1112]" pageId="7" pageNumber="372" refString="Weir, J. T. & Schluter, D. (2008) Calibrating the avian molecular clock. Molecular Ecology, 17, 2321 - 2328. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294 X. 2008.03742. x" type="journal article" year="2008">Weir & Schluter 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), divergence time between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C745BC6FFD49538FD49FBB6FCB51062" box="[722,836,1088,1112]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Circaetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="372" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="gallicus" subSpecies="sacerdotis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B900FC57FFD49538FD49FBB6FCB51062" box="[722,836,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="372">sacerdotis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the nominate populations dates around 200,000 years ago, which marked the beginning of the antepenultimate global ice age.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCB2045FFD49538FF5CFB71FD78126A" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1616]" pageId="7" pageNumber="372">
|
||
Therefore,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C745BC6FFD49538FED8FB7EFE03109A" box="[323,498,1160,1184]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Circaetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="372" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="gallicus" subSpecies="sacerdotis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B900FC57FFD49538FED8FB7EFE03109A" box="[323,498,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="372">C. g. sacerdotis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been an integral part of the ecosystem and biota of the Lesser Sundas as one of the top endemic predators throughout the Holocene and latest Pleistocene. According to Coates & Bishop (1999),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C745BC6FFD49538FF0CFB26FEE010D2" box="[151,273,1232,1256]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Circaetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="372" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gallicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B900FC57FFD49538FF0CFB26FEE010D2" box="[151,273,1232,1256]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="372">C. gallicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is an uncommon resident in the Lesser Sundas that is locally moderately common on Alor,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36360D5FFD49538FABDFB39FA9D10D2" box="[1318,1388,1231,1256]" name="Indonesia" pageId="7" pageNumber="372">Flores</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Timor, but field data from the last 10 years indicate that populations have decreased substantially, with many fewer sightings as compared to the early 2000s (FER pers. obs.; J.A. Eaton, pers. comm.,
|
||
<date id="FFCA0685FFD49538FB1FFAE1FAC3110A" box="[1156,1330,1303,1328]" pageId="7" pageNumber="372" value="2016-02">February 2016</date>
|
||
). Human population increases and accompanying habitat loss could be a major factor behind this decline: the total human population of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B0EEA7FFD49538FEACFA97FDEA1143" box="[311,539,1377,1401]" country="Indonesia" name="Nusa Tenggara Timur" pageId="7" pageNumber="372">East Nusa Tenggara</collectingRegion>
|
||
increased by 11% in just six years between
|
||
<date id="FFCA0685FFD49538FB83FAA9FB681142" box="[1048,1177,1375,1400]" pageId="7" pageNumber="372" value="2010" valueMax="2016">2010–2016</date>
|
||
, with further increases expected (Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B0EEA7FFD49538FDF2FA73FC9111A7" box="[617,864,1412,1437]" country="Indonesia" name="Nusa Tenggara Timur" pageId="7" pageNumber="372">Nusa Tenggara Timur</collectingRegion>
|
||
2017). Overcollection for the captive bird trade is also likely to be a contributing factor, and has been identified to be a major factor behind the decline of another Indonesian raptor, the Javan Hawk-eagle
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C745BC6FFD49538FDE4FA3AFB0F11DE" authority="Stresemann (van Balen et al. 2000)" authorityName="Stresemann (van Balen et al." authorityYear="2000" box="[639,1278,1484,1509]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Spizaetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="372" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bartelsi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B900FC57FFD49538FDE4FA3AFCBA11DE" box="[639,843,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="372">Spizaetus bartelsi</emphasis>
|
||
Stresemann (van
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE55DB4FFD49538FBB8FA3AFB0711DE" author="Balen" box="[1059,1270,1484,1509]" pageId="7" pageNumber="372" refString="van Balen, S. B., Nijman, V. & Prins, H. H. T. (2000) The Javan Hawk-eagle: misconceptions about rareness and threat. Biological Conservation, 96, 297 - 304. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0006 - 3207 (00) 00092 - 6" type="journal article" year="2000">
|
||
Balen
|
||
<emphasis id="B900FC57FFD49538FBEBFA3BFB5411DE" box="[1136,1189,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="372">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2000
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Having now established that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C745BC6FFD49538FED6FA06FDB31232" box="[333,578,1520,1544]" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Circaetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="372" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="gallicus" subSpecies="sacerdotis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B900FC57FFD49538FED6FA06FDB31232" box="[333,578,1520,1544]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="372">C. gallicus sacerdotis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
actually represents a distinctive subspecies, its conservation status needs to be re-evaluated. If
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36360D5FFD49538FEF0F9E2FE451217" box="[363,436,1556,1581]" name="Indonesia" pageId="7" pageNumber="372">Flores</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Alor, Sumba and Timor are its stronghold then human pressures will be a threat as these islands are major growth areas in the region.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |