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<document id="BA08B70EDE16E32BEAFD4E6D5CE746D0" ID-CLB-Dataset="45932" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.279251" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f311c5ea-3321-492a-bcdb-1d5c425ac3f1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="279251" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460412703426" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Ofwegen, Van" docDate="2011" docId="03C187E1FFF5ED46FF568418FA9CA9A8" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03107p046.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3107" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Stragulum bicolor Ofwegen, 2011, n. sp." docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="40" masterDocId="FFF8FF99FFF4ED44FFC18065FF9EAE77" masterDocTitle="A probably invasive new genus and new species of soft coral (Octocorallia: Alcyonacea: Clavulariidae) from Brazil" masterLastPageNumber="46" masterPageNumber="38" pageNumber="39" updateTime="1698301073475" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="CC444BE6B5B3287B68818D7CD28C095D" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="CD6801CDD80236183DBFEF6927436C7E">
<mods:title id="BDB3B524F75ECC0B5AFF4F613568FE5A">A probably invasive new genus and new species of soft coral (Octocorallia: Alcyonacea: Clavulariidae) from Brazil</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="6563B201A01B03F84D3D7BFA207622BB" type="personal">
<mods:role id="1EE88916CA1546E077468BEB3988D67B">
<mods:roleTerm id="51A3C661F139B8F27E368E130CBAC8F8">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="CC3CF3B20AB750DAB0244DFB5DC4B503">Ofwegen, Van</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="36F6C164F7C35A2788DF1A479949D117">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="C78B67D28A0BB4B83E05F6C2A7B6A4DE" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="397E545BC95CBD3968EE68021DAC902F">
<mods:title id="CEE9FD10ED066D327A1D12CD7D45D625">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="C72F464F6708EB2F9F36BDB89AC50CF7">
<mods:date id="4A2A3DE9720C75F129B3DFA63E6B69AD">2011</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="3FA10FA3CEC24FC751D4CA28CC8D7CD4" type="volume">
<mods:number id="EC3DFF1EC01E116F6679AAEB14279BD3">3107</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
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<mods:start id="A563195E250384BC90FB73F5A9AA5F57">38</mods:start>
<mods:end id="4B941FED22DA53E97E31F619BACB7199">46</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification id="C32C1E33E75E8A21FA1F78FDC4B5B96A">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="DB7A5DE096AFE3A7906FF9CFA015D127" type="CLB-Dataset">45932</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="5B54613491BDFBB030BC98C1F22D6FD7" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.279251</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="FBDB99CE42D90FC3F66B8A3D021829B2" type="GBIF-Dataset">f311c5ea-3321-492a-bcdb-1d5c425ac3f1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="5E71EE765B9976AD2043B1B7BBDCDA53" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="0A582E3418E26EB56FC757919ADCB444" type="Zenodo-Dep">279251</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="03C187E1FFF5ED46FF568418FA9CA9A8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6190675" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119423947" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6190675" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C187E1FFF5ED46FF568418FA9CA9A8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C187E1FFF5ED46FF568418FA9CA9A8" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="1" pageNumber="39">
<subSubSection id="C372657CFFF5ED45FF568418FE8CAAC0" pageId="1" pageNumber="39" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BD736F7FFF5ED45FF568418FE22AAE0" blockId="1.[151,444,1149,1207]" box="[151,444,1149,1175]" pageId="1" pageNumber="39">
<heading id="D09F819BFFF5ED45FF568418FE22AAE0" bold="true" box="[151,444,1149,1175]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="39" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5FFF5ED45FF568418FE22AAE0" bold="true" box="[151,444,1149,1175]" pageId="1" pageNumber="39">
<taxonomicName id="4C684D74FFF5ED45FF568418FEEDAAE0" ID-CoL="52V86" box="[151,371,1149,1175]" class="Anthozoa" family="Clavulariidae" genus="Stragulum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="1" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bicolor" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5FFF5ED45FF568418FEEDAAE0" bold="true" box="[151,371,1149,1175]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="39">Stragulum bicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22F579EFFF5ED45FEB88418FE22AAE0" box="[377,444,1149,1175]" pageId="1" pageNumber="39" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD736F7FFF5ED45FF5684FAFE8CAAC0" blockId="1.[151,444,1149,1207]" box="[151,274,1183,1207]" pageId="1" pageNumber="39">
(
<figureCitation id="13532A72FFF5ED45FF5E84FAFE97AAC0" box="[159,265,1183,1207]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 4" captionStartId-0="4.[151,250,1971,1994]" captionStartId-1="5.[151,250,1940,1963]" captionStartId-2="7.[151,250,1953,1976]" captionTargetBox-0="[180,1422,195,1950]" captionTargetBox-1="[182,1401,193,1914]" captionTargetBox-2="[351,1235,193,1932]" captionTargetId-0="figure@4.[180,1424,195,1951]" captionTargetId-1="figure@5.[182,1403,193,1916]" captionTargetId-2="figure@7.[351,1235,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionTargetPageId-1="5" captionTargetPageId-2="7" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Stragulum bicolor n. gen., n. sp., a, holotype RMNH Coel. 39693; b, branched sclerites, crosses and radiates of upper layer." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Stragulum bicolor n. gen., n. sp., sclerites of holotype RMNH Coel. 39693; a, spindles and branched forms of upper layer; b, sclerites of top of the coenenchymal mounds; c, fused sclerites from base of colony." captionText-2="FIGURE 4. Live colonies of Stragulum bicolor n. gen., n. sp.; a, on polyethylene plates, overgrowing barnacles; b – c, overgrowing bryozoans and growing around the actinia Diadumene sp. (photographed through the eyepiece of a stereomicroscope)." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/279252/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/279253/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/279254/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="39">Figs. 1–4</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C372657CFFF5ED45FF568482FB3AA9DB" pageId="1" pageNumber="39" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BD736F7FFF5ED45FF568482FBA2AB53" blockId="1.[151,1437,1255,2036]" pageId="1" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5FFF5ED45FF568482FE97AB77" bold="true" box="[151,265,1255,1280]" pageId="1" pageNumber="39">Material:</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="54D38855FFF5ED45FECE8482FEE2AA88" box="[271,380,1255,1279]" pageId="1" pageNumber="39" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
:
<collectionCode id="ED79AE32FFF5ED45FE47848DFE44AA88" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" box="[390,474,1256,1279]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" name="National Museum of Natural History, Naturalis" pageId="1" pageNumber="39">RMNH</collectionCode>
Coel. 39693, colony and three microscope slides,
<collectingCountry id="F37F7667FFF5ED45FBD18482FBC9AA88" box="[1040,1111,1255,1279]" name="Brazil" pageId="1" pageNumber="39">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, Paraná, Paranaguá, growing on polyethylene plates, Iate Clube de Paranaguá, coll. M.A. Haddad,
<date id="FFD61037FFF5ED45FC5E8569FBA6AB53" box="[927,1080,1292,1317]" pageId="1" pageNumber="39" value="2009-05-20">20 May 2009</date>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD736F7FFF5ED45FF048555FB3AA9DB" blockId="1.[151,1437,1255,2036]" pageId="1" pageNumber="39">
<typeStatus id="54D38855FFF5ED45FF048555FEA8AB3F" box="[197,310,1328,1352]" pageId="1" pageNumber="39" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
:
<collectionCode id="ED79AE32FFF5ED45FE818555FE0AAB30" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" box="[320,404,1328,1351]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" name="National Museum of Natural History, Naturalis" pageId="1" pageNumber="39">RMNH</collectionCode>
Coel. 39694, six colonies, same data as
<typeStatus id="54D38855FFF5ED45FC9B854AFC21AB30" box="[858,959,1327,1351]" pageId="1" pageNumber="39" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
;
<collectionCode id="ED79AE32FFF5ED45FC0A8555FB81AB30" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" box="[971,1055,1328,1351]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" name="National Museum of Natural History, Naturalis" pageId="1" pageNumber="39">RMNH</collectionCode>
Coel. 39695, six colonies,
<collectingCountry id="F37F7667FFF5ED45FA91854AFA09AB30" box="[1360,1431,1327,1351]" name="Brazil" pageId="1" pageNumber="39">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, Santa Catarina, Itapoá, Pedra do Meio e Terceira Pedra, coll. M.A. Haddad,
<date id="FFD61037FFF5ED45FC358531FB3AAB1B" box="[1012,1188,1364,1388]" pageId="1" pageNumber="39" value="2009-03-28">28 March 2009</date>
;
<collectionCode id="ED79AE32FFF5ED45FB718530FA9AAB1B" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" box="[1200,1284,1365,1388]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" name="National Museum of Natural History, Naturalis" pageId="1" pageNumber="39">RMNH</collectionCode>
Coel. 39696, four colonies,
<collectingCountry id="F37F7667FFF5ED45FEFA8512FE1CABF8" box="[315,386,1399,1423]" name="Brazil" pageId="1" pageNumber="39">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, Rio de Janeiro, Baía de Sepetiba, coll. J.S. Vianna da Silva,
<date id="FFD61037FFF5ED45FB818512FB68ABF8" box="[1088,1270,1399,1423]" pageId="1" pageNumber="39" value="2005-12">December 2005</date>
;
<collectionCode id="ED79AE32FFF5ED45FAC2851CFAC9ABE7" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" box="[1283,1367,1401,1424]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" name="National Museum of Natural History, Naturalis" pageId="1" pageNumber="39">RMNH</collectionCode>
Coel. 39697, three colonies,
<collectingCountry id="F37F7667FFF5ED45FE5A85F9FE7CABC3" box="[411,482,1436,1460]" name="Brazil" pageId="1" pageNumber="39">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, Santa Catarina, Itapoá, Pedra do meio e Terceira Pedra, coll. M.A. Haddad and L. Altvater,
<date id="FFD61037FFF5ED45FF3E85DAFE14ABA0" box="[255,394,1471,1497]" pageId="1" pageNumber="39" value="2009-05-09">9 May 2009</date>
;
<collectionCode id="ED79AE32FFF5ED45FE5485A4FE77ABAF" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" box="[405,489,1473,1496]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" name="National Museum of Natural History, Naturalis" pageId="1" pageNumber="39">RMNH</collectionCode>
Coel. 39698, two colonies,
<collectingCountry id="F37F7667FFF5ED45FCE585DAFCF5ABA0" box="[804,875,1471,1495]" name="Brazil" pageId="1" pageNumber="39">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, Paraná, Guaratuba, Cabaraquara, coll. L.M. Hostin,
<date id="FFD61037FFF5ED45FF058581FEFFAB8B" box="[196,353,1508,1532]" pageId="1" pageNumber="39" value="2002-06-12">12 June 2002</date>
;
<collectionCode id="ED79AE32FFF5ED45FEAE8580FE5DAB8B" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" box="[367,451,1509,1532]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" name="National Museum of Natural History, Naturalis" pageId="1" pageNumber="39">RMNH</collectionCode>
Coel. 39699, three colonies,
<collectingCountry id="F37F7667FFF5ED45FCD78581FCC3AB8B" box="[790,861,1508,1532]" name="Brazil" pageId="1" pageNumber="39">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, Paraná, Paranaguá Bay, growing on polyethylene plates, coll. L. Altvater,
<date id="FFD61037FFF5ED45FE698662FDB8A868" box="[424,550,1543,1567]" pageId="1" pageNumber="39" value="2007-04">April 2007</date>
;
<collectionCode id="ED79AE32FFF5ED45FDF3866CFD18A857" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" box="[562,646,1545,1568]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" name="National Museum of Natural History, Naturalis" pageId="1" pageNumber="39">RMNH</collectionCode>
Coel. 39700, two colonies,
<collectingCountry id="F37F7667FFF5ED45FC058662FB95A868" box="[964,1035,1543,1567]" name="Brazil" pageId="1" pageNumber="39">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, Paraná, Paranaguá Bay, coll. M.A. Haddad,
<date id="FFD61037FFF5ED45FF3D8649FEE4A833" box="[252,378,1580,1604]" pageId="1" pageNumber="39" value="2007-04">April 2007</date>
;
<collectionCode id="ED79AE32FFF5ED45FE458648FE46A833" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" box="[388,472,1581,1604]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" name="National Museum of Natural History, Naturalis" pageId="1" pageNumber="39">RMNH</collectionCode>
Coel. 39701, seven colonies,
<collectingCountry id="F37F7667FFF5ED45FCE98649FCF1A833" box="[808,879,1580,1604]" name="Brazil" pageId="1" pageNumber="39">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, Paraná, Paranaguá Bay, coll. M.A. Haddad,
<date id="FFD61037FFF5ED45FAA88648FF4DA810" pageId="1" pageNumber="39" value="2007-05">May 2007</date>
; DZoo-Cn 223, two colonies,
<collectingCountry id="F37F7667FFF5ED45FDF8862AFD1EA810" box="[569,640,1615,1639]" name="Brazil" pageId="1" pageNumber="39">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, Paraná, Guaratuba, Cabaraquara, Coll. L.M. Hostin,
<date id="FFD61037FFF5ED45FB37862AFA06A810" box="[1270,1432,1615,1640]" pageId="1" pageNumber="39" value="2002-06-12">12 June 2002</date>
; DZoo-Cn 314, three colonies,
<collectingCountry id="F37F7667FFF5ED45FE378611FDA3A8FB" box="[502,573,1652,1676]" name="Brazil" pageId="1" pageNumber="39">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, Paraná, Paranaguá Bay, artificial substrate, coll. L. Altvater,
<date id="FFD61037FFF5ED45FAC98611FA09A8FB" box="[1288,1431,1652,1677]" pageId="1" pageNumber="39" value="2009-05-09">9 May 2009</date>
;
<collectionCode id="ED79AE32FFF5ED45FF5686FCFF7CA8C7" box="[151,226,1689,1712]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/zi1i-a0b5" name="Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro" pageId="1" pageNumber="39">MNRJ</collectionCode>
5125, one colony,
<collectingCountry id="F37F7667FFF5ED45FE7B86FDFD9FA8C7" box="[442,513,1688,1712]" name="Brazil" pageId="1" pageNumber="39">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, São Paulo, Cananéia, coll. A.C. Morandini,
<date id="FFD61037FFF5ED45FBC086FDFB53A8C7" box="[1025,1229,1688,1712]" pageId="1" pageNumber="39" value="2000-02-14">14 February 2000</date>
;
<collectionCode id="ED79AE32FFF5ED45FB1B86FCFABBA8C7" box="[1242,1317,1689,1712]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/zi1i-a0b5" name="Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro" pageId="1" pageNumber="39">MNRJ</collectionCode>
7058, one colony,
<collectingCountry id="F37F7667FFF5ED45FF2F86D9FEABA8A3" box="[238,309,1724,1748]" name="Brazil" pageId="1" pageNumber="39">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, Paraná, Rasa da Cotinga Island, Paranaguá Bay, coll. Y.A.G. Tavares,
<date id="FFD61037FFF5ED45FB8986D9FB5BA8A3" box="[1096,1221,1724,1748]" pageId="1" pageNumber="39" value="2000-04">April 2000</date>
;
<collectionCode id="ED79AE32FFF5ED45FB0E86D9FAB2A8A3" box="[1231,1324,1724,1748]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="1" pageNumber="39">MZUSP</collectionCode>
356,
<collectingCountry id="F37F7667FFF5ED45FAAB86D8FF28A88F" name="Brazil" pageId="1" pageNumber="39">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, São Paulo, Cananéia, coll. A.C. Morandini, determined as
<taxonomicName id="4C684D74FFF5ED45FCA28685FB39A88F" box="[867,1191,1760,1784]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Erythropodium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="1" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="caribaeorum">
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5FFF5ED45FCA28685FB39A88F" box="[867,1191,1760,1784]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="39">Erythropodium caribaeorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by H.K. Boscolo, on oyster shells and piers,
<date id="FFD61037FFF5ED45FE6E8761FD0FA96B" box="[431,657,1796,1820]" pageId="1" pageNumber="39" value="2000-12-13">13 December 2000</date>
;
<collectionCode id="ED79AE32FFF5ED45FD608761FD60A96B" box="[673,766,1796,1820]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="1" pageNumber="39">MZUSP</collectionCode>
357,
<collectingCountry id="F37F7667FFF5ED45FC868761FC10A96B" box="[839,910,1796,1820]" name="Brazil" pageId="1" pageNumber="39">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, Ceará, Aracati,
<date id="FFD61037FFF5ED45FB968761FA9EA96B" box="[1111,1280,1796,1820]" pageId="1" pageNumber="39" value="2001-03-08">8 March 2001</date>
, coll. T.M.C. Lotufo, determined as
<taxonomicName id="4C684D74FFF5ED45FE55874DFD49A937" box="[404,727,1832,1856]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Erythropodium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="1" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="caribaeorum">
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5FFF5ED45FE55874DFD49A937" box="[404,727,1832,1856]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="39">Erythropodium caribaeorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by Lotufo &amp; H. Matthews-Cascon, on intertidal beach rocks,
<date id="FFD61037FFF5ED45FA4F874DFEBCA913" pageId="1" pageNumber="39" value="2001-03-08">8 March 2001</date>
;
<collectionCode id="ED79AE32FFF5ED45FEEC8729FE14A913" box="[301,394,1868,1892]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="1" pageNumber="39">MZUSP</collectionCode>
358,
<collectingCountry id="F37F7667FFF5ED45FE088729FD8EA913" box="[457,528,1868,1892]" name="Brazil" pageId="1" pageNumber="39">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, São Paulo, Cananéia, coll. E.P. Grande, determined as
<taxonomicName id="4C684D74FFF5ED45FBBF8729FF5AA9FF" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Erythropodium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="1" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="caribaeorum">
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5FFF5ED45FBBF8729FF5AA9FF" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="39">Erythropodium caribaeorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by H.K. Boscolo,
<date id="FFD61037FFF5ED45FE578715FDA9A9FF" box="[406,567,1904,1928]" pageId="1" pageNumber="39" value="2002-04-27">27 April 2002</date>
;
<collectionCode id="ED79AE32FFF5ED45FD838715FD01A9FF" box="[578,671,1904,1928]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="1" pageNumber="39">MZUSP</collectionCode>
360,
<collectingCountry id="F37F7667FFF5ED45FD1F8715FCBBA9FF" box="[734,805,1904,1928]" name="Brazil" pageId="1" pageNumber="39">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, São Paulo, Cananéia, coll. A.C. Morandini, determined as
<taxonomicName id="4C684D74FFF5ED45FF7487F1FE69A9DB" box="[181,503,1940,1964]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Erythropodium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="1" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="caribaeorum">
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5FFF5ED45FF7487F1FE69A9DB" box="[181,503,1940,1964]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="39">Erythropodium caribaeorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by H.K. Boscolo, on oyster shells and piers,
<date id="FFD61037FFF5ED45FC3087F1FB3EA9DB" box="[1009,1184,1940,1964]" pageId="1" pageNumber="39" value="2003-03-24">24 March 2003</date>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C372657CFFF5ED46FF0687D2FF6FAFB8" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="1" pageNumber="39" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BD736F7FFF5ED46FF0687D2FE28AEA3" blockId="1.[151,1437,1255,2036]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,151,2015]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="1" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5FFF5ED45FF0687D2FEC7A9A7" bold="true" box="[199,345,1975,2000]" pageId="1" pageNumber="39">Description.</emphasis>
The
<typeStatus id="54D38855FFF5ED45FE5587DDFE68A9A7" box="[404,502,1976,2000]" pageId="1" pageNumber="39" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
consists of an encrusting colony overgrowing barnacles, it is the largest specimen examined, measuring 5.5 by
<quantity id="4C909B12FFF5ED45FE1987B9FD90A983" box="[472,526,2012,2036]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="39" unit="cm" value="3.0">3 cm</quantity>
in diameter and
<quantity id="4C909B12FFF5ED45FD0987B9FC96A983" box="[712,776,2012,2036]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
thick (
<figureCitation id="13532A72FFF5ED45FC9487B9FC0BA983" box="[853,917,2012,2036]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1971,1994]" captionTargetBox="[180,1422,195,1950]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[180,1424,195,1951]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Stragulum bicolor n. gen., n. sp., a, holotype RMNH Coel. 39693; b, branched sclerites, crosses and radiates of upper layer." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/279252/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="39">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
a). Most polyps are retracted, forming coenenchymal mounds that are conical, closely set to each other, and up to about
<quantity id="4C909B12FFF6ED46FC0E80F2FB91AED8" box="[975,1039,151,175]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="40" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
high; although a few hardly project above the colony surface.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD736F7FFF6ED46FF048085FA18AFF0" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2015]" pageId="2" pageNumber="40">
In the upper layer of the coenenchyme and the larger part of the coenenchymal mounds are branched sclerites, crosses, radiates (
<figureCitation id="13532A72FFF6ED46FE9E8161FE3EAF6B" box="[351,416,260,284]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1971,1994]" captionTargetBox="[180,1422,195,1950]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[180,1424,195,1951]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Stragulum bicolor n. gen., n. sp., a, holotype RMNH Coel. 39693; b, branched sclerites, crosses and radiates of upper layer." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/279252/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="40">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
b), and spindles (
<figureCitation id="13532A72FFF6ED46FDA68161FD32AF6B" box="[615,684,260,284]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1940,1963]" captionTargetBox="[182,1401,193,1914]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[182,1403,193,1916]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Stragulum bicolor n. gen., n. sp., sclerites of holotype RMNH Coel. 39693; a, spindles and branched forms of upper layer; b, sclerites of top of the coenenchymal mounds; c, fused sclerites from base of colony." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/279253/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="40">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
a); the smallest radiates are
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long, the largest radiates and the spindles
<quantity id="4C909B12FFF6ED46FEE58142FE16AF48" box="[292,392,295,319]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="40" unit="mm" value="0.15">0.15 mm</quantity>
long. Transitional forms between spindles and crosses also occur. The top of the coenenchymal mounds has smaller, less tuberculate radiates, branched forms and spindles, up to
<quantity id="4C909B12FFF6ED46FB9C8129FB5FAF13" box="[1117,1217,332,356]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="40" unit="mm" value="0.1">0.10 mm</quantity>
long (
<figureCitation id="13532A72FFF6ED46FAC88129FAD2AF13" box="[1289,1356,332,356]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1940,1963]" captionTargetBox="[182,1401,193,1914]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[182,1403,193,1916]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Stragulum bicolor n. gen., n. sp., sclerites of holotype RMNH Coel. 39693; a, spindles and branched forms of upper layer; b, sclerites of top of the coenenchymal mounds; c, fused sclerites from base of colony." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/279253/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="40">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
b). The base of the colonial membrane has fused sclerites (
<figureCitation id="13532A72FFF6ED46FD10810AFC8BAFF0" box="[721,789,367,391]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1940,1963]" captionTargetBox="[182,1401,193,1914]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[182,1403,193,1916]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Stragulum bicolor n. gen., n. sp., sclerites of holotype RMNH Coel. 39693; a, spindles and branched forms of upper layer; b, sclerites of top of the coenenchymal mounds; c, fused sclerites from base of colony." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/279253/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="40">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
c), which do not extend into the coenenchymal mounds.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD736F7FFF6ED46FF0481F6FF6FAFB8" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2015]" pageId="2" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5FFF6ED46FF0481F6FE83AFDB" bold="true" box="[197,285,403,428]" pageId="2" pageNumber="40">Colour.</emphasis>
The preserved
<typeStatus id="54D38855FFF6ED46FE0C81F1FDB1AFDB" box="[461,559,404,428]" pageId="2" pageNumber="40" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
is red with white polyps; the colour is confined to the sclerites, which are all reddish.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C372657CFFF6ED46FF0681B9FA9CA9A8" pageId="2" pageNumber="40" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BD736F7FFF6ED46FF0681B9FD06AC60" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2015]" pageId="2" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5FFF6ED46FF0681B9FED0AF83" bold="true" box="[199,334,476,500]" pageId="2" pageNumber="40">Etymology.</emphasis>
The species name is the Latin
<taxonomicName id="4C684D74FFF6ED46FD6781B9FD68AF83" box="[678,758,476,500]" class="Anthozoa" family="Clavulariidae" genus="Stragulum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="2" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bicolor">
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5FFF6ED46FD6781B9FD68AF83" box="[678,758,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="40">bicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, of two colours, referring to the two colony colours found in the examined material, red and white (
<figureCitation id="13532A72FFF6ED46FD84819AFD14AC60" box="[581,650,511,535]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1953,1976]" captionTargetBox="[351,1235,193,1932]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[351,1235,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Live colonies of Stragulum bicolor n. gen., n. sp.; a, on polyethylene plates, overgrowing barnacles; b – c, overgrowing bryozoans and growing around the actinia Diadumene sp. (photographed through the eyepiece of a stereomicroscope)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/279254/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="40">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD736F7FFF6ED46FF068246FEA8ACF3" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2015]" pageId="2" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5FFF6ED46FF068246FED3AC4B" bold="true" box="[199,333,547,572]" pageId="2" pageNumber="40">Variability.</emphasis>
One colony of RMNH Coel. 39699, two colonies of RMNH Coel. 39700, and one colony of RMNH Coel. 39701 are completely white; all sclerites colourless. The colony shape and sclerites are the same for all specimens.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD736F7FFF6ED46FF0682EAFDB3ADBD" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2015]" pageId="2" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5FFF6ED46FF0682EAFD14ACDF" bold="true" box="[199,650,655,680]" pageId="2" pageNumber="40">Habitat, distribution and abundance.</emphasis>
Figure 3 and Table 1 summarize the collection data of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D74FFF6ED46FACC82F5FAE2ACDF" box="[1293,1404,656,680]" class="Anthozoa" family="Clavulariidae" genus="Stragulum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="2" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bicolor" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5FFF6ED46FACC82F5FAE2ACDF" box="[1293,1404,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="40">S. bicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22F579EFFF6ED46FA4482F5FF56ACBB" pageId="2" pageNumber="40" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5FFF6ED46FA4482F5FF56ACBB" bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="40">n. gen.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5FFF6ED46FF1682D1FE89ACBB" bold="true" box="[215,279,692,716]" pageId="2" pageNumber="40">n. sp.</emphasis>
along the Brazilian coast. In the State of Paraná, South of
<collectingCountry id="F37F7667FFF6ED46FC7882D1FB9EACBB" box="[953,1024,692,716]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="40">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, Yara A.G. Tavares firstly found the colonies among littoral loose organic material, which was collected by net trawls on a sandy bottom, along the boundaries of Cotinga Island and in the Sucuruí Channel, in
<date id="FFD61037FFF6ED46FC8A8299FC58AD63" box="[843,966,764,788]" pageId="2" pageNumber="40" value="2000-04">April 2000</date>
and
<date id="FFD61037FFF6ED46FC3E8298FBE8AD63" box="[1023,1142,764,789]" pageId="2" pageNumber="40" value="2002-05">May 2002</date>
, respectively. Both places are inside Paranaguá Bay, the largest estuarine system in the South of
<collectingCountry id="F37F7667FFF6ED46FC6F837AFC68AD40" box="[942,1014,799,823]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="40">Brazil</collectingCountry>
. Colonies were covering stems of the octocoral
<taxonomicName id="4C684D74FFF6ED46FEC6832DFD0FAD28" authority="Pallas, 1766" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1766" box="[263,657,839,863]" class="Anthozoa" family="Gorgoniidae" genus="Leptogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="2" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="setacea">
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5FFF6ED46FEC6832DFE72AD28" box="[263,492,840,863]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="40">Leptogorgia setacea</emphasis>
(Pallas, 1766)
</taxonomicName>
and bark portions from mangrove trees. On
<date id="FFD61037FFF6ED46FB4A832DFABBAD28" box="[1163,1317,836,863]" pageId="2" pageNumber="40" value="2002-06-03">June 3rd 2002</date>
, Leonardo M. Hostin found the species in Guaratuba Bay, a smaller estuary at the southern littoral of Paraná, also on organic material. They brought the specimens to M.A. Haddad, at the Paraná Federal University, who suspected the species was unknown to the Brazilian coast.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD736F7FFF6ED46FF0483B2FDFDAA2C" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2015]" pageId="2" pageNumber="40">
Colony samples from Cananéia (São Paulo) and Aracati (Ceará) had been deposited in the Museum of Zoology of the São Paulo University (MZUSP), as
<taxonomicName id="4C684D74FFF6ED46FDB5839EFADAAA65" authority="Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1860" authorityName="Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti" authorityYear="1860" box="[628,1348,1018,1043]" class="Anthozoa" family="Anthothelidae" genus="Erythropodium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="2" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="caribaeorum">
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5FFF6ED46FDB5839EFC29AA64" box="[628,951,1019,1043]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="40">Erythropodium caribaeorum</emphasis>
(Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1860)
</taxonomicName>
. On the coast of Rio de Janeiro, Julieta S.V. Silva found the species in 2005, on island beach rocks, port structures and artificial fouling plates, inside Sepetiba Bay.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD736F7FFF6ED46FF04840DFD38AB45" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2015]" pageId="2" pageNumber="40">
In
<date id="FFD61037FFF6ED46FF258402FEF1AA08" box="[228,367,1127,1151]" pageId="2" pageNumber="40" value="2004-03">March 2004</date>
, again on the coast of Paraná, some colonies were scrapped from piers of the Paranaguá Yacht Club (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B06FFF6ED46FF1A84EFFE3AAAD5" author="Neves" box="[219,420,1162,1187]" pageId="2" pageNumber="40" refString="Neves, C. S., Rocha, R. M., Pitombro, F. B. &amp; Roper, J. J. (2007) Use of artificial substrata by introduced and cryptogenic marine species in Paranagua Bay, southern Brazil. Biofouling, 23 (5), 319 - 330. DOI: 10.1080 / 08927010701399174" type="journal article" year="2007">
Neves
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5FFF6ED46FEEB84E9FEFFAAD4" box="[298,353,1163,1187]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="40">et al.</emphasis>
2007
</bibRefCitation>
), and in
<date id="FFD61037FFF6ED46FDC384EFFDE1AAD5" box="[514,639,1162,1186]" pageId="2" pageNumber="40" value="2007-04">April 2007</date>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C684D74FFF6ED46FD4B84EEFCCBAAD4" box="[650,853,1163,1187]" class="Anthozoa" family="Clavulariidae" genus="Stragulum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="2" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bicolor" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5FFF6ED46FD4B84EEFCCBAAD4" box="[650,853,1163,1187]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="40">Stragulum bicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22F579EFFF6ED46FC9D84EEFC34AAD4" box="[860,938,1163,1187]" pageId="2" pageNumber="40" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5FFF6ED46FC9D84EEFC34AAD4" bold="true" box="[860,938,1163,1187]" pageId="2" pageNumber="40">n. gen.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5FFF6ED46FC7684EEFC6BAAD4" bold="true" box="[951,1013,1163,1187]" pageId="2" pageNumber="40">n. sp.</emphasis>
dominated the fouling community on polyethylene plates, ropes and granite plates hanging down from the Yacht Club piers and pontoons (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B06FFF6ED46FAD084CAFF67AA9D" author="Cangussu" pageId="2" pageNumber="40" refString="Cangussu, L. C., Altvater, L., Haddad M. A., Cabral A. C., Linzmeier Heyse H. &amp; Rocha, R. M. (2010) Substrate type as a selective tool against colonization by non-native sessile invertebrates. Brazilian Journal of oceanography, 58 (3), 219 - 231." type="journal article" year="2010">
Cangussu
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5FFF6ED46FA4984D5FF2AAA9C" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="40">et al.</emphasis>
2010
</bibRefCitation>
), also growing mainly on bryozoans and barnacles, not directly on the plates. This Club is inside Paranaguá Bay, neighbouring Cotinga Island, the first place where the species had been collected, and the Port of Paranaguá, one of the largest of the Brazilian coast.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD736F7FFF6ED46FF048525FB06ABB5" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2015]" pageId="2" pageNumber="40">
In
<date id="FFD61037FFF6ED46FF228525FEC7AB20" box="[227,345,1343,1368]" pageId="2" pageNumber="40" value="2008-05">May 2008</date>
, M.A. Haddad found the species on natural substrata at the sea coast, on intertidal beach rocks of Itapoá (at the neighbour State of Santa Catarina), nearly
<quantity id="4C909B12FFF6ED46FCD68507FCC1AB0D" box="[791,863,1378,1402]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="40" unit="km" value="50.0">50 km</quantity>
south of Guaratuba Bay. Numerous dark red colonies, nearly two to five centimetres wide were encrusting seaweed stems, and barnacles, mussels, and other organisms on the rocks. She then sent some samples of the invasive species to L.P. van Ofwegen.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD736F7FFF6ED46FF0485AAFD11A8ED" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2015]" pageId="2" pageNumber="40">
As described above,
<taxonomicName id="4C684D74FFF6ED46FE7185AAFDE5AB90" box="[432,635,1487,1511]" class="Anthozoa" family="Clavulariidae" genus="Stragulum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="2" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bicolor" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5FFF6ED46FE7185AAFDE5AB90" box="[432,635,1487,1511]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="40">Stragulum bicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22F579EFFF6ED46FD4285AAFD4CAB90" box="[643,722,1487,1511]" pageId="2" pageNumber="40" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5FFF6ED46FD4285AAFD4CAB90" bold="true" box="[643,722,1487,1511]" pageId="2" pageNumber="40">n. gen.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5FFF6ED46FD2085AAFCBEAB90" bold="true" box="[737,800,1487,1511]" pageId="2" pageNumber="40">n. sp.</emphasis>
rather suddenly appeared in many places along the Brazilian coast, from the tropical waters of the Northeast State of Ceará (
<geoCoordinate id="EE5C5030FFF6ED46FC5E8597FC62A87D" box="[927,1020,1522,1546]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="40" precision="925" value="-4.55">04°33’S</geoCoordinate>
) to the Southern State of Santa Catarina (
<geoCoordinate id="EE5C5030FFF6ED46FF178672FEAFA858" box="[214,305,1559,1583]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="40" precision="925" value="-26.116667">26°07'S</geoCoordinate>
), mainly in port areas. We can highlight the inexistence of colonies on acrylic plates submerged monthly during one year (1987/1988), in Paranaguá Bay (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B06FFF6ED46FCF7865FFBAAA825" author="Correia" box="[822,1076,1594,1618]" pageId="2" pageNumber="40" refString="Correia, M. D. &amp; Silva, J. de L. (1990) Caracterizacao das comunidades incrustantes e a fauna associada em paineis experimentais na Baia de Paranagua, Parana, Brasil. In: Academia de Ciencias do Estado de Sao Paulo ed.). II Simposio de Ecossistemas da Costa Sul e Sudeste Brasileira., Sao Paulo. 3, 89 - 110." type="journal article" year="1990">Correia &amp; Silva 1990</bibRefCitation>
). One of the three places these authors put their experiments was very nearby the Yacht Club where M. A. Haddad first found the new species (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B06FFF6ED46FF5F86E7FE13A8ED" author="Cangussu" box="[158,397,1666,1691]" pageId="2" pageNumber="40" refString="Cangussu, L. C., Altvater, L., Haddad M. A., Cabral A. C., Linzmeier Heyse H. &amp; Rocha, R. M. (2010) Substrate type as a selective tool against colonization by non-native sessile invertebrates. Brazilian Journal of oceanography, 58 (3), 219 - 231." type="journal article" year="2010">
Cangussu
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5FFF6ED46FED586E1FED2A8EC" box="[276,332,1667,1691]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="40">et al.</emphasis>
2010
</bibRefCitation>
) on artificial substrata.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD736F7FFF6ED46FF0486C2FB37A938" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2015]" pageId="2" pageNumber="40">
Vessels are vectors of introduction and distribution of notable invasive species (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B06FFF6ED46FB9386C2FAD7A8C8" author="Floerl" box="[1106,1353,1703,1727]" pageId="2" pageNumber="40" refString="Floerl, O. &amp; Inglis G. J. (2003) Boat harbour design can exacerbate hull fouling. Austral Ecology, 28, 116 - 127." type="journal article" year="2003">Floerl &amp; Inglis, 2003</bibRefCitation>
), while ports and marinas are sources of dispersion of native species and also gateways to alien ones; the new surfaces available in the form of artificial substrates may help the recruitment (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B06FFF6ED46FC71868AFBCEA970" author="Carlton" box="[944,1104,1775,1799]" pageId="2" pageNumber="40" refString="Carlton, J. T. (1985) Transoceanic and interoceanic dispersal of coastal marine organisms: the biology of ballast water. Oceanography and Marine Biology Annual Review, 23, 313 - 371." type="journal article" year="1985">Carlton, 1985</bibRefCitation>
). The behaviour of
<taxonomicName id="4C684D74FFF6ED46FAEF8695FA02A970" box="[1326,1436,1775,1799]" class="Anthozoa" family="Clavulariidae" genus="Stragulum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="2" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bicolor" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5FFF6ED46FAEF8695FA02A970" box="[1326,1436,1775,1799]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="40">S. bicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22F579EFFF6ED46FF568776FF78A95C" box="[151,230,1811,1835]" pageId="2" pageNumber="40" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5FFF6ED46FF568776FF78A95C" bold="true" box="[151,230,1811,1835]" pageId="2" pageNumber="40">n. gen.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5FFF6ED46FF348776FEAAA95C" bold="true" box="[245,308,1811,1835]" pageId="2" pageNumber="40">n. sp.</emphasis>
has many features of an invasive species; rapidly colonizing artificial substrate in port areas, reproducing, perhaps sexually, and then spreading itself to natural beach rocks along the coastline.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD736F7FFF6ED46FF04873FFA9CA9A8" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2015]" pageId="2" pageNumber="40">
One other possibly invasive octocoral species has been reported from Brazilian waters,
<taxonomicName id="4C684D74FFF6ED46FB50873EFE36A9E0" authority="Ofwegen, 2005" authorityName="Ofwegen" authorityYear="2005" class="Anthozoa" family="Nephtheidae" genus="Chromonephthea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="2" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="braziliensis">
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5FFF6ED46FB50873EFF41A9E0" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="40">Chromonephthea braziliensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B06FFF6ED46FF2C871AFE3EA9E0" author="Ofwegen" box="[237,416,1919,1943]" pageId="2" pageNumber="40" refString="Ofwegen, L. P. van (2005) A new genus of nephtheid soft corals (Octocorallia: Alcyonacea: Nephtheidae) from the Indo-Pacific. Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden, 79 - 4, 1 - 236." type="book chapter" year="2005">Ofwegen, 2005</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. It was initially found in 1997, in Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro, not that far from one of the localities where
<taxonomicName id="4C684D74FFF6ED46FEB787C6FDDFA9CC" box="[374,577,1955,1979]" class="Anthozoa" family="Clavulariidae" genus="Stragulum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="2" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bicolor" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5FFF6ED46FEB787C6FDDFA9CC" box="[374,577,1955,1979]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="40">Stragulum bicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22F579EFFF6ED46FD8987C6FD08A9CC" box="[584,662,1955,1979]" pageId="2" pageNumber="40" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5FFF6ED46FD8987C6FD08A9CC" bold="true" box="[584,662,1955,1979]" pageId="2" pageNumber="40">n. gen.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5FFF6ED46FD6587C6FD7CA9CC" bold="true" box="[676,738,1955,1979]" pageId="2" pageNumber="40">n. sp.</emphasis>
was found. Ferreiro (2003) suggested
<taxonomicName id="4C684D74FFF6ED46FB5187C6FAACA9CC" box="[1168,1330,1955,1979]" class="Anthozoa" family="Nephtheidae" genus="Chromonephthea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="2" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="braziliensis">
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5FFF6ED46FB5187C6FAACA9CC" box="[1168,1330,1955,1979]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="40">C. braziliensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
probably was introduced by oil platforms via fouling, and maybe the same applies for
<taxonomicName id="4C684D74FFF6ED46FC3287ADFBC1A9A8" box="[1011,1119,1991,2015]" class="Anthozoa" family="Clavulariidae" genus="Stragulum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="2" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bicolor" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5FFF6ED46FC3287ADFBC1A9A8" box="[1011,1119,1991,2015]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="40">S. bicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22F579EFFF6ED46FBA687A2FB2BA9A8" box="[1127,1205,1991,2015]" pageId="2" pageNumber="40" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5FFF6ED46FBA687A2FB2BA9A8" bold="true" box="[1127,1205,1991,2015]" pageId="2" pageNumber="40">n. gen.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<emphasis id="B91CEAE5FFF6ED46FB0287A2FA9CA9A8" bold="true" box="[1219,1282,1991,2015]" pageId="2" pageNumber="40">n. sp.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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