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<mods:title id="F8C8142FCFA26D26525C8BF2DED9A807">New Records On Acanthocephalans From California Sea Lions Zalophus Californianus (Pinnipedia, Otariidae) From California, Usa</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03C153572E25FFA5FF7B8F95FD40FE11" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6454663" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6454663" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C153572E25FFA5FF7B8F95FD40FE11" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C153572E25FFA5FF7B8F95FD40FE11" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="185" pageId="4" pageNumber="185">
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<paragraph id="8BD7E2412E25FFA7FF7B8F95FD10FA96" blockId="4.[166,668,1266,1293]" box="[166,668,1266,1293]" pageId="4" pageNumber="185">
<heading id="D09F552D2E25FFA7FF7B8F95FD10FA96" box="[166,668,1266,1293]" fontSize="36" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="185" reason="3">
<taxonomicName id="4C6899C22E25FFA7FF7B8F95FD10FA96" ID-CoL="6B72M" authority="(Rudolphi, 1802)" baseAuthorityName="Rudolphi" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[166,668,1266,1293]" class="Palaeacanthocephala" family="Polymorphidae" genus="Corynosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polymorphida" pageId="4" pageNumber="185" phylum="Acanthocephala" rank="species" species="strumosum">
<emphasis id="B91C3E532E25FFA7FF7B8F95FE41FA96" bold="true" box="[166,461,1266,1293]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="185">Corynosoma strumosum</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF99FB02E25FFA7FE068F95FD1FFA96" author="Rudolphi, C. A." box="[475,659,1266,1293]" pageId="4" pageNumber="185" pagination="1 - 67" refId="ref8322" refString="Rudolphi, C. A. 1802. Fortsetzung der Beobachtungen uber die Eingeweidewurmer. Archiv fur Zoologie und Zootomie von Wiedemanns, 2, 1 - 67." type="journal article" year="1802">Rudolphi, 1802</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD7E2412E25FFA7FF068E55FD29FAD6" blockId="4.[166,1226,1330,1837]" box="[219,677,1330,1357]" pageId="4" pageNumber="185">
D e s c r i p t i o n (figs, 1, A; 2, E;
<tableCitation id="C6EAD7FA2E25FFA7FD9A8E55FD1BFAD6" box="[583,663,1330,1357]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="3.[165,232,505,527]" captionText="Table 2. Morphological features of Acanthocephala specimens found in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). All measurements are in micrometers unless otherwise stated" pageId="4" pageNumber="185">table 2</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C372B1CA2E25FFA5FF068E35FD40FE11" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="187" pageId="4" pageNumber="185" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BD7E2412E25FFA7FF068E35FC8AF956" blockId="4.[166,1226,1330,1837]" pageId="4" pageNumber="185">
General. Small acanthocephalans, males and females similar in size and shape, females slightly larger. Trunk
<geoCoordinate id="EE5C84862E25FFA7FE448E15FE59FA16" box="[409,469,1394,1421]" degrees="3,800" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="185" precision="55" value="3.8">3,800</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE5C84862E25FFA7FE088E15FD93FA16" box="[469,543,1394,1421]" degrees="6,240" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="185" precision="55" value="-6.24">6,240</geoCoordinate>
× 9331,600. Trunk anterior part widened in the form of ellipsoidal swelling, with small spines extended ventrally more than dorsally. Length of spines increasing from apical (3238) to median (4461) and decreasing posteriorly (2536). Trunk posterior part narrowest at middle, slightly dilated at posterior end. Genital spines present or absent. Proboscis 450620 × 260290, almost cylindrical, with widening in its posterior third. Proboscis with 1719 longitudinal rows of 1011 hooks each. First 67 hooks large, with simple roots directed posteriorly. Next 12 hooks transitional, with small roots in the shape of an inverted Y (
<figureCitation id="1353FEC42E25FFA7FECC8D35FEC3F9F6" box="[273,335,1618,1645]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[174,207,1642,1664]" captionTargetBox="[235,1128,177,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-14@7.[230,1175,142,1621]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 2. Acanthocephalan species from California sea lions (Zalophus californianus): A — Andracantha sp., total view of immature male. Scale bar 1 mm; B — Andracantha sp., proboscis of female. Scale bar 500 μm; C — Andracantha sp., total view of immature female. Scale bar 1 mm; D — Andracantha phalacrocoracis, spines of ventral surface. Scale bar 1 mm; E — Corynosoma obtuscens, transitional hooks. Scale bar 50 μm; F — Corynosoma strumosum, transitional hooks. Scale bar 50 μm; G — Profilicollis altmani, longitudinal row of hooks. Scale bar 100 μm; H — Andracantha sp., posterior part of female. Scale bar 500 μm; J — Andracantha sp., longitudinal row of hooks.Scale bar 100 μm; K — Andracantha phalacrocoracis, longitudinal row of hooks. Scale bar 100 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6454661" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6454661/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="185">fig. 2</figureCitation>
, E). Proximal 34 hooks spiniform, with simple roots directed anteriorly. Largest hooks are 6th or 7th. Proboscis receptacle double-walled. Lemnisci broad, leaf-shaped, shorter than proboscis receptacle. Neck truncated cone, 211620 long, often retracted into foretrunk. Reproductive system in narrow posterior part of trunk.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD7E2412E25FFA5FF068DB5FD40FE11" blockId="4.[166,1226,1330,1837]" lastBlockId="6.[166,1225,175,394]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="187" pageId="4" pageNumber="185">
Remarks.
<taxonomicName id="4C6899C22E25FFA7FEBA8DB4FD09F977" baseAuthorityName="Rudolphi" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[359,645,1747,1773]" class="Palaeacanthocephala" family="Polymorphidae" genus="Corynosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polymorphida" pageId="4" pageNumber="185" phylum="Acanthocephala" rank="species" species="strumosum">
<emphasis id="B91C3E532E25FFA7FEBA8DB4FD09F977" box="[359,645,1747,1773]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="185">Corynosoma strumosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was initially described by
<bibRefCitation id="EFF99FB02E25FFA7FC1F8DB5FB09F976" author="Rudolphi, C. A." box="[962,1157,1746,1773]" pageId="4" pageNumber="185" pagination="1 - 67" refId="ref8322" refString="Rudolphi, C. A. 1802. Fortsetzung der Beobachtungen uber die Eingeweidewurmer. Archiv fur Zoologie und Zootomie von Wiedemanns, 2, 1 - 67." type="journal article" year="1802">Rudolphi (1802)</bibRefCitation>
from harbor seal (
<taxonomicName id="4C6899C22E25FFA7FE9D8D95FDEBF896" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[320,615,1778,1805]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Phoca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="185" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vitulina">
<emphasis id="B91C3E532E25FFA7FE9D8D95FE60F897" box="[320,492,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="185">Phoca vitulina</emphasis>
Linnaeus
</taxonomicName>
). This species was also reported in various marine mammals, terrestrial carnivores and aquatic birds throughout the Arctic, Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, and in the Caspian Sea (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF99FB02E27FFA5FDAC8BC8FCB3FF51" author="Delyamure, S. L." box="[625,831,175,202]" pageId="6" pageNumber="187" pagination="1 - 518" refId="ref6717" refString="Delyamure, S. L. 1955. Helminthofauna of marine mammals (ecology and phylogeny). Izdatelstvo AN USSR, Moscow, 1 - 518 [In Russian.]" type="book chapter" year="1955">Delyamure, 1955</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF99FB02E27FFA5FC968BC8FBE2FF51" author="Dailey, M. D. &amp; Brownell, R. L. J." box="[843,1134,175,202]" pageId="6" pageNumber="187" pagination="528 - 589" refId="ref6611" refString="Dailey, M. D., Brownell, R. L. J. 1972. A checklist of mammal parasites. In: Ridgeway, S. H., Springfield, C. C. T., eds. Mammals of the Sea: Biology and Medicine, 528 - 589." type="book chapter" year="1972">Dailey &amp; Brownell, 1972</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF99FB02E27FFA5FBA78BC8FF6DFF71" author="Shults, L. M." pageId="6" pageNumber="187" pagination="59 - 62" refId="ref8391" refString="Shults, L. M. 1982. Helminths of the spotted seal, Phoca largha, from the Bering Sea. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 18, 59 - 62." type="journal article" year="1982">Shults, 1982</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF99FB02E27FFA5FF308BA8FE22FF71" author="Yurakhno, M. V." box="[237,430,207,234]" pageId="6" pageNumber="187" pagination="810 - 899" refId="ref8873" refString="Yurakhno, M. V. 1998. Diseases and Parasites. In: Sokolov, V. E, Aristov, A. A., Lisitzina, T. U., eds. Northern fur seal: systematic, morphology, ecology, behavior. Nauka, Moscow, 810 - 899 [In Russian.]" type="book chapter" year="1998">Yurakhno, 1998</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF99FB02E27FFA5FE648BA8FD1DFF71" author="Nickol, B. B. &amp; Helle, E. &amp; Valtonen, E. T." box="[441,657,207,234]" pageId="6" pageNumber="187" pagination="1222 - 1229" refId="ref7902" refString="Nickol, B. B., Helle, E., Valtonen, E. T. 2002. Corynosoma magdaleni in gray seals from the Gulf of Bothnia, with emended descriptions of Corynosoma strumosum and Corynosoma magdaleni. Journal of Parasitology, 88, 1222 - 1229." type="journal article" year="2002">Nickol et al., 2002</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF99FB02E27FFA5FD408BA8FCE1FF71" author="Ionita, M. &amp; Varela, M. G. &amp; Lyons, E. T. &amp; Spraker, T. R. &amp; Tolliver, S. C." box="[669,877,207,234]" pageId="6" pageNumber="187" pagination="1025 - 1029" refId="ref6982" refString="Ionita, M., Varela, M. G., Lyons, E. T., Spraker, T. R., Tolliver, S. C. 2008. Hookworms (Uncinaria lucasi) and acanthocephalans (Corynosoma spp. and Bolbosoma spp.) found in dead northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) on St. Paul Island, Alaska in 2007. Parasitology Research, 103, 1025 - 1029." type="journal article" year="2008">Ionita et al., 2008</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF99FB02E27FFA5FCA48BA8FBC4FF71" author="Amin, O. M. &amp; Richard, A. H. &amp; Halajian, A. &amp; El-Naggar, A. M." box="[889,1096,207,234]" pageId="6" pageNumber="187" pagination="438 - 445" refId="ref6047" refString="Amin, O. M., Richard, A. H., Halajian, A., El-Naggar, A. M. 2011. The morphology of an unique population of Corynosoma strumosum (Acanthocephala, Polymorphidae) from the Caspian seal, Pusa caspica, in the land-locked Caspian Sea using SEM, with special notes on histopathology. Acta Parasitologica, 56, 438 - 445." type="journal article" year="2011">Amin et al., 2011</bibRefCitation>
). Morphologically, our specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C6899C22E27FFA5FE3F8B97FD09FE92" baseAuthorityName="Rudolphi" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[482,645,240,266]" class="Palaeacanthocephala" family="Polymorphidae" genus="Corynosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polymorphida" pageId="6" pageNumber="187" phylum="Acanthocephala" rank="species" species="strumosum">
<emphasis id="B91C3E532E27FFA5FE3F8B97FD09FE92" box="[482,645,240,266]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="187">C. strumosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are consistent with the original description of the species. Amphipods are known to be intermediate hosts for
<taxonomicName id="4C6899C22E27FFA5FCA88A77FB96FEB2" baseAuthorityName="Rudolphi" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[885,1050,272,298]" class="Palaeacanthocephala" family="Polymorphidae" genus="Corynosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polymorphida" pageId="6" pageNumber="187" phylum="Acanthocephala" rank="species" species="strumosum">
<emphasis id="B91C3E532E27FFA5FCA88A77FB96FEB2" box="[885,1050,272,298]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="187">C. strumosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF99FB02E27FFA5FBF78A68FF6DFED1" author="Petrochenko, V. I." pageId="6" pageNumber="187" pagination="1 - 458" refId="ref8008" refString="Petrochenko, V. I. 1958. Acanthocephala of Domestic and Wild Animals. Izdatelstvo NAS of USSR Moscow ,, 1 - 458 [In Russian.]" type="book chapter" year="1958">Petrochenko, 1958</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF99FB02E27FFA5FF338A48FE5BFED1" author="Atrashkevich, G. I." box="[238,471,303,330]" pageId="6" pageNumber="187" pagination="38 - 42" refId="ref6119" refString="Atrashkevich, G. I. 2008. Spiny-headed worms genus of Corynosoma Luhe, 1904 (Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae) in the Okhotsk sea and parasitic system with dominant species of C. strumosum (Rudolphi, 1819). In: Proceedings of the IV Congress of the Russian Society of Parasitologists, Russian Academy of Sciences, 20 - 25, October, 2008, Zoological Institute RAS, St. Petersburg &quot; Parasitology in XXI century - problems, methods, solutions &quot;, 1, 38 - 42 [In Russian.]" type="journal article" year="2008">Atrashkevich, 2008</bibRefCitation>
); more than 30 species of fishes and a few reptiles, and experimentally infected amphibians and reptiles have been reported as paratenic hosts (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF99FB02E27FFA5FB818A28FF6DFE11" author="Dubinin, V. B." pageId="6" pageNumber="187" pagination="156 - 160" refId="ref6749" refString="Dubinin, V. B. 1949. Experimental studies on the life-cycles of some parasitic worms of animals in the Volga delta. Parazitologischeskii Sbornik. Zoologischeskii Institut Akademii Nauk SSSR, Leningrad, 11, 156 - 160 [In Russian.]" type="journal article" year="1949">Dubinin, 1949</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF99FB02E27FFA5FF318A08FEF0FE11" author="Moles, A." box="[236,380,367,394]" pageId="6" pageNumber="187" pagination="1 - 41" refId="ref7816" refString="Moles, A. 1982. Parasite-host records of Alaskan fisheries. In: National Atmospheric and Oceanic Agency, Washington, D. C. National Marine Fisheries Special Scientific Report No. 760, 1 - 41." type="book chapter" year="1982">Moles, 1982</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF99FB02E27FFA5FE5A8A08FD4DFE11" author="Skorobrechova, E. M. &amp; Nikishin, V. P. &amp; Lisitsyna, O. I." box="[391,705,367,394]" pageId="6" pageNumber="187" pagination="459 - 467" refId="ref8483" refString="Skorobrechova, E. M., Nikishin, V. P., Lisitsyna, O. I. 2012. Structure of capsule around acanthocephalan Corynosoma strumosum from uncommon paratenic hosts - lizards of two species. Parasitology Research, 108, 459 - 467." type="journal article" year="2012">Skorobrechova et al., 2012</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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