395 lines
43 KiB
XML
395 lines
43 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.7717/peerj.3007" ID-GBIF-Dataset="8581abe0-7def-4f35-8485-6eb68888239e" ID-PMC="PMC5322763" ID-PubMed="28243532" ID-Zenodo-Dep="375724" checkinTime="1488836410627" checkinUser="admin" docAuthor="Sonali Garg, Robin Suyesh, Sandeep Sukesan & Sd Biju" docDate="2017" docId="039287A32079FFE3FD88FEF27588E725" docLanguage="en" docName="peerj.articles.3007.pdf.imd" docOrigin="PeerJ 5 (3007)" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Nyctibatrachus sabarimalai Garg, Suyesh, Sukesan & Biju, 2017, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="35" masterDocId="FFABFFDB2067FFC1FF8BFFB77650E403" masterDocTitle="Seven new species of Night Frogs (Anura, Nyctibatrachidae) from the Western Ghats Biodiversity Hotspot of India, with remarkably high diversity of diminutive forms" masterLastPageNumber="50" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="31" updateTime="1668138891850" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Seven new species of Night Frogs (Anura, Nyctibatrachidae) from the Western Ghats Biodiversity Hotspot of India, with remarkably high diversity of diminutive forms</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Sonali Garg</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Robin Suyesh</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Sandeep Sukesan</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Sd Biju</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>PeerJ</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2017</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>5</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>3007</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>50</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.7717/peerj.3007</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">8581abe0-7def-4f35-8485-6eb68888239e</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="PMC">PMC5322763</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="PubMed">28243532</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">375724</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6045146" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127719754" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6045146" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4517569C-ECCA-49C9-B1C3-A1B6E4FD6F00" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039287A32079FFE3FD88FEF27588E725" lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<subSubSection pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="30.[515,1354,325,456]" box="[515,947,325,353]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<taxonomicName box="[515,849,325,352]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sabarimalai" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[515,849,325,352]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Nyctibatrachus sabarimalai</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[856,947,326,353]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="30.[515,1354,325,456]" box="[515,1354,362,389]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4517569C-ECCA-49C9-B1C3-A1B6E4FD6F00</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[522,786,398,425]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="30.[515,1354,325,456]" box="[522,786,398,425]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Sabarimala Night Frog</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[515,877,429,456]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="30.[515,1354,325,456]" box="[515,877,429,456]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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(
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<figureCitation box="[526,600,429,456]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="7.[507,571,1715,1737]" captionTargetBox="[494,1220,231,1669]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[491,1220,229,1671]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 1 Morphometric differentiation of species using the discriminant function analyses. (A) Projection on factor plane first and second explaining 79.1 % of the variations among seven miniature-sized species. (B) Projection on factor plane first and second explaining 83.9 % of the variations among five medium-sized species. (C) Projection on factor plane first and second explaining 86.3 % of the variations among six large-sized species." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/375725/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation box="[614,628,429,456]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="31.[507,571,1511,1533]" captionTargetBox="[491,1541,229,1466]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[491,1541,229,1466]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figure 8 Holotype of Nyctibatrachus sabarimalai sp. nov. (ZSI / WGRC / V / A / 927). (A) Dorsolateral view, in life. (B) Size (SVL 12.8 mm) in comparison to the Indian five-rupee coin (24 mm diameter). (C) Dorsal view, in life. (D) Dorsal surface of third finger disc, in preservation. (E) Dorsal surface of fourth toe disc, in preservation. (F) Ventral view, in life. (G) Femoral glands, in preservation. (H) Close-up of femoral glands after removal of skin showing multiple glands. (I) Lateral view of head, in preservation. (J) Ventral view of hand, in preservation. (K) Ventral view of foot, in preservation. (L) Schematic illustration of foot webbing." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/375732/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">8</figureCitation>
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and
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<figureCitation box="[685,699,429,456]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="32.[507,571,1067,1089]" captionTargetBox="[495,1538,233,1018]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[491,1541,229,1022]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figure 9 Male advertisement calls of Nyctibatrachus sabarimalai sp. nov. and Nyctibatrachus webilla sp. nov. (A – D) Nyctibatrachus sabarimalai sp. nov. (A) 10 s segment. (B) 1 s segment showing a single pulsatile call. (C) 0.1 s segment. (D) Spectrogram of 1 s call segment. (E – H) Nyctibatrachus webilla sp. nov. (E) 10 s segment. (F) 1 s segment showing a single pulsatile call. (G) 0.1 s segment. (H) Spectrogram of 1 s call segment." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/375733/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">9</figureCitation>
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; Tables S1–S8)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="30.[491,1542,508,1913]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,611,509,535]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Holotype.</emphasis>
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ZSI/WGRC/V/A/927, adult male, from Pamba (09°24 17.6 N 77°0 4 11.6 E, 210 m), Pathanamthitta district, Kerala state, India, collected by SDB and SG on 17 July 2016.
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,617,587,613]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Paratypes.</emphasis>
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ZSI/WGRC/V/A/928–931, four adult males collected along with the holotype, and ZSI/WGRC/V/A/932, adult female, collected from the same locality as holotype, by SDB, SG, RS, SS on 0 2 July 2015.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="etymology">
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<paragraph blockId="30.[491,1542,508,1913]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,629,706,732]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Etymology.</emphasis>
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The species is named after Sabarimala, a pilgrim site located inside the
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<taxonomicName box="[1458,1541,706,732]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="30" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="periyar">Periyar</taxonomicName>
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Tiger Reserve, from the surroundings of which the type series was collected. The species name is considered as a noun in the genitive case.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph blockId="30.[491,1542,508,1913]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,619,823,849]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName box="[628,939,824,850]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sabarimalai">
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<emphasis box="[628,939,824,850]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Nyctibatrachus sabarimalai</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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can be distinguished from known congeners by the following combination of morphological characters: (1) miniature-sized adult males (SVL 12.3–13.2 mm,
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<emphasis box="[741,762,903,928]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">N</emphasis>
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= 5); (2) head longer than wide (male HW/HL ratio 82.4–89.8%,
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<emphasis box="[491,512,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">N</emphasis>
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= 5); (3) presence of weakly developed dorsolateral glandular folds separated by scattered granular projections; (4) third finger disc slightly wider than finger width (male FDIII 0.3– 0.4, FWIII 0.2–0.3,
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<emphasis box="[715,736,1021,1046]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">N</emphasis>
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= 5), with dorso-terminal groove and cover bifurcate distally; (5) fourth toe disc slightly wider than toe width (male TDIV 0.5–0.6, TWIV 0.3–0.4,
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<emphasis box="[1437,1458,1061,1086]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">N</emphasis>
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= 5), with dorso-terminal groove and cover bifurcate distally; (6) presence of single palmar tubercle; (7) foot webbing absent; (8) thigh nearly equal to shank length (male TL/SHL ratio 98.4–101.6%,
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<emphasis box="[723,744,1179,1204]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">N</emphasis>
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= 5); (9) thigh nearly equal to foot length (male TL/FOL ratio 96.9–101.6%,
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<emphasis box="[658,679,1218,1243]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">N</emphasis>
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= 5); and (10) shank nearly equal to foot length (male SHL/FOL ratio 98.4–100%,
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<emphasis box="[636,657,1258,1283]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">N</emphasis>
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= 5).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="30.[491,1542,508,1913]" lastBlockId="32.[491,1541,1261,1845]" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,828,1296,1322]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Morphological comparison.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName box="[837,1148,1296,1322]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sabarimalai">
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<emphasis box="[837,1148,1296,1322]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Nyctibatrachus sabarimalai</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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can be distinguished from all its congeners, expect
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<emphasis box="[748,1185,1336,1362]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<taxonomicName box="[748,954,1336,1362]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anamallaiensis">N. anamallaiensis</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[965,1185,1336,1362]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="athirappillyensis" status="sp. nov.">N. athirappillyensis</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1195,1291,1336,1362]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<taxonomicName box="[1306,1449,1336,1362]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beddomii">N. beddomii</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="deccanensis">N. deccanensis</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis box="[633,993,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<taxonomicName box="[633,843,1375,1401]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kempholeyensis">N. kempholeyensis</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[854,993,1375,1401]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="manalari" status="sp. nov.">N. manalari</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1000,1093,1375,1401]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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,
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<emphasis box="[1104,1541,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<taxonomicName box="[1104,1242,1376,1401]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minimus">N. minimus</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[1254,1360,1376,1401]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">N. minor</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[1371,1541,1375,1401]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulivijayani" status="sp. nov.">N. pulivijayani</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[491,586,1415,1441]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[599,772,1414,1440]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robinmoorei" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis box="[599,772,1414,1440]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">N. robinmoorei</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[781,873,1415,1441]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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and
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<taxonomicName box="[934,1048,1414,1440]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="webilla" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis box="[934,1048,1414,1440]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">N. webilla</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1057,1152,1415,1441]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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, by its smaller male snout-vent size, SVL 12.3–13.2 mm (vs. larger, 18.1–76.9 mm), absence of webbing between toes (vs. present) and dorsal skin not prominently wrinkled and/or granular (vs. prominently wrinkled and/or granular); differs from
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<emphasis box="[978,1374,1532,1558]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<taxonomicName box="[978,1201,1532,1558]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="athirappillyensis">N. athirappillyensis</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[1211,1374,1532,1558]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="deccanensis">N. deccanensis</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kempholeyensis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">N. kempholeyensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by absence of webbing between toes (vs. present); differs from
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<taxonomicName box="[1400,1504,1573,1598]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">
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<emphasis box="[1400,1504,1573,1598]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">N. minor</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by its dorsal skin without distinct dorsolateral glandular folds separated by an ‘X’ pattern on anterior half of back (vs. present); and differs from
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<taxonomicName box="[1096,1211,1651,1677]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="webilla">
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<emphasis box="[1096,1211,1651,1677]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">N. webilla</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by its third finger disc with dorso-terminal groove and cover bifurcate distally (vs. without dorso-terminal groove). Because of the comparable snout-vent size,
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<taxonomicName box="[1018,1329,1729,1755]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sabarimalai">
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<emphasis box="[1018,1329,1729,1755]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Nyctibatrachus sabarimalai</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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could be confused with the previously known species
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<taxonomicName box="[905,1107,1769,1795]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anamallaiensis">
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<emphasis box="[905,1107,1769,1795]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">N. anamallaiensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[1123,1263,1769,1795]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beddomii">
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<emphasis box="[1123,1263,1769,1795]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">N. beddomii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName box="[1324,1460,1770,1795]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minimus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1324,1460,1770,1795]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">N. minimus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the new species
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[679,818,1808,1834]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="manalari">
|
||
<emphasis box="[679,818,1808,1834]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">N. manalari</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[832,1002,1808,1834]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulivijayani">
|
||
<emphasis box="[832,1002,1808,1834]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">N. pulivijayani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1061,1234,1808,1834]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robinmoorei">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1061,1234,1808,1834]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">N. robinmoorei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1369,1538,1808,1834]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sabarimalai">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1369,1538,1808,1834]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">N. sabarimalai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[641,844,1848,1874]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anamallaiensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[641,844,1848,1874]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">N. anamallaiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by its head longer than wide, male HW/HL ratio 82.4– 89.8%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[580,601,1888,1913]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 5 (vs. head wider than long, male HW/HL 115.7–126.1%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1323,1344,1888,1913]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 5), relatively
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[91,1541,2008,2031]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
Garg et al. (2017),
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[299,364,2008,2031]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">PeerJ</emphasis>
|
||
, DOI 10.7717/peerj.3007 32/50
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
larger male HL/SVL ratio of 38.3–41.5%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[983,1004,1261,1286]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 5 (vs. male HL/SVL ratio of 30.3–37.4%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[491,512,1301,1326]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 5), relatively larger male SL/HL ratio of 35.8–40.8%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1170,1191,1301,1326]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 5 (vs. male SL/HL ratio of 29.4–34.9%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[642,663,1341,1366]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 5), and eye length smaller than snout length, male EL/SL ratio 70–84.2%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[491,512,1381,1406]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 5 (vs. larger, male EL/SL ratio 125–140%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1040,1061,1381,1406]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 5).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/375732/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" targetBox="[491,1541,229,1466]" targetPageId="31">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="31.[507,1517,1510,1708]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[507,1315,1510,1533]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
Figure 8 Holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[729,1003,1510,1532]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sabarimalai" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[729,1003,1510,1532]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Nyctibatrachus sabarimalai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1008,1083,1511,1532]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(ZSI/WGRC/V/A/927).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(A) Dorsolateral view, in life. (B) Size (SVL 12.8 mm) in comparison to the Indian five-rupee coin (24 mm diameter). (C) Dorsal view, in life. (D) Dorsal surface of third finger disc, in preservation. (E) Dorsal surface of fourth toe disc, in preservation. (F) Ventral view, in life. (G) Femoral glands, in preservation. (H) Close-up of femoral glands after removal of skin showing multiple glands. (I) Lateral view of head, in preservation. (J) Ventral view of hand, in preservation. (K) Ventral view of foot, in preservation. (L) Schematic illustration of foot webbing.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/375733/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" targetBox="[495,1538,233,1018]" targetPageId="32">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="32.[507,1510,1067,1207]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
Figure 9 Male advertisement calls of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[881,1155,1067,1089]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sabarimalai" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[881,1155,1067,1089]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Nyctibatrachus sabarimalai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1159,1235,1068,1089]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1282,1508,1067,1089]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="webilla" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1282,1508,1067,1089]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Nyctibatrachus webilla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[507,583,1097,1118]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(A–D)
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[661,916,1097,1119]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sabarimalai" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[661,916,1097,1119]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Nyctibatrachus sabarimalai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[922,997,1097,1119]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(A) 10 s segment. (B) 1 s segment showing a single pulsatile call. (C) 0.1 s segment. (D) Spectrogram of 1 s call segment. (E–H)
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1234,1446,1126,1148]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="webilla" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1234,1446,1126,1148]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Nyctibatrachus webilla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(E) 10 s segment. (F) 1 s segment showing a single pulsatile call. (G) 0.1 s segment. (H) Spectrogram of 1 s call segment.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="32.[491,1541,1261,1845]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[523,835,1420,1446]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sabarimalai">
|
||
<emphasis box="[523,835,1420,1446]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Nyctibatrachus sabarimalai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[994,1134,1420,1446]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beddomii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[994,1134,1420,1446]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">N. beddomii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
its dorsolateral glandular folds separated by scattered granular projections (vs. dorsal skin finely granular), relatively smaller snout-vent size, male SVL 12.3–13.2 mm,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1085,1106,1501,1526]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 5 (vs. male SVL 13.3–18.0 mm,
|
||
<emphasis box="[491,512,1540,1565]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 10), and head longer than wide, male HW/HL ratio 82.4–89.8%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1325,1346,1540,1565]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 5 (vs. head wider than long, male HW/HL 106.6–129.3%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1037,1058,1580,1605]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 10).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="32.[491,1541,1261,1845]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[523,835,1619,1645]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sabarimalai">
|
||
<emphasis box="[523,835,1619,1645]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Nyctibatrachus sabarimalai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[995,1131,1620,1645]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minimus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[995,1131,1620,1645]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">N. minimus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
its dorsolateral glandular folds separated by scattered granular projections (vs. dorsal skin with faint and interrupted glandular folds), and head longer than wide, male HW/HL ratio 82.4–89.8%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1406,1427,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 5 (vs. head width nearly equal or larger than head length, male HW/HL 95.7–108%,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1408,1429,1740,1765]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 10).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="32.[491,1541,1261,1845]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
For differences with
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[768,1050,1779,1805]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="manalari">
|
||
<emphasis box="[768,1050,1779,1805]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Nyctibatrachus manalari</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1066,1236,1779,1805]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulivijayani">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1066,1236,1779,1805]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">N. pulivijayani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1297,1470,1779,1805]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robinmoorei">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1297,1470,1779,1805]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">N. robinmoorei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
see comparison of those species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="33.[491,1542,228,1913]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,1066,228,254]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
Description of holotype
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[783,1059,228,254]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">(measurements in mm)</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Adult male (SVL 12.8); head small, longer than wide (HW 4.4, HL 4.9); snout rounded in dorsal and lateral views, its length (SL 1.9) longer than horizontal diameter of eye (EL 1.4); loreal region obtuse with indistinct canthus rostralis; interorbital space flat, wider (IUE 1.6) than upper eyelid (UEW 0.8) and internarial distance (IN 1.3); nostril closer to eye (EN 0.8) than tip of snout (NS 1.2); tympanum indistinct; vomerine ridge present, bearing numerous small teeth, at an angle of 70° to body axis, closer to each other than choanae, longer than the distance between them; tongue emarginated, bearing no median lingual process. Forearm (FAL 2.6) shorter than hand length (HAL 2.8), finger length formula: I <II <IV <III, finger discs slightly wider compared to finger width (FDI 0.2, FWI 0.1; FDII 0.2, FWII 0.1; FDIII 0.3, FWIII 0.2; FDIV 0.2, FWIV 0.2), finger disc with dorso-terminal groove, cover bifurcate distally; subarticular tubercles prominent, oval, single, all present; prepollex distinct, oval; single palmar tubercle, oval, distinct; nuptial pads present. Thigh length (TL 6.7) nearly equal to shank (SHL 6.6) and foot (FOL 6.6), relative digit lengths I <II <V II III <IV, toe discs slightly wider compared to toe width (TDI 0.4, TWI 0.3; TDII 0.4, TWII 0.3; TDIII 0.5, TWIII 0.3; TDIV 0.5, TWIV 0.4; TDV 0.4, TWV 0.3), toe disc with dorso-terminal groove, cover bifurcate distally; foot webbing absent; subarticular tubercles well developed, oval, single, all present; inner metatarsal tubercle present, oval; outer metatarsal tubercle weakly developed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="33.[491,1542,228,1913]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
Skin of snout shagreened to granular, upper eyelids with a few prominent glandular warts especially on the margins, presence of weakly developed dorsolateral glandular folds separated by scattered granular projections; sides of head, anterior and posterior parts of back, and upper and lower parts of flank with scattered glandular projections; subocular gland indistinct; upper surface of arms and legs with minute granular projections; ventral surfaces smooth; a pair of prominent femoral glands present on the ventral surface of thighs.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,727,1215,1242]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Colour of holotype.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[735,800,1215,1241]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">In life</emphasis>
|
||
. Dorsum dark-brown, with a pair of light brown longitudinal bands starting from behind the eyelids and extending up to the middle of dorsum, another light brown stripe between the eyes demarcating a triangular light brown patch on the snout (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[575,639,1334,1360]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="31.[507,571,1511,1533]" captionTargetBox="[491,1541,229,1466]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[491,1541,229,1466]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figure 8 Holotype of Nyctibatrachus sabarimalai sp. nov. (ZSI / WGRC / V / A / 927). (A) Dorsolateral view, in life. (B) Size (SVL 12.8 mm) in comparison to the Indian five-rupee coin (24 mm diameter). (C) Dorsal view, in life. (D) Dorsal surface of third finger disc, in preservation. (E) Dorsal surface of fourth toe disc, in preservation. (F) Ventral view, in life. (G) Femoral glands, in preservation. (H) Close-up of femoral glands after removal of skin showing multiple glands. (I) Lateral view of head, in preservation. (J) Ventral view of hand, in preservation. (K) Ventral view of foot, in preservation. (L) Schematic illustration of foot webbing." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/375732/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
C); lateral sides of head light greyish-brown with scattered white spots, upper eyelids dark brown (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[729,792,1374,1400]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="31.[507,571,1511,1533]" captionTargetBox="[491,1541,229,1466]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[491,1541,229,1466]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figure 8 Holotype of Nyctibatrachus sabarimalai sp. nov. (ZSI / WGRC / V / A / 927). (A) Dorsolateral view, in life. (B) Size (SVL 12.8 mm) in comparison to the Indian five-rupee coin (24 mm diameter). (C) Dorsal view, in life. (D) Dorsal surface of third finger disc, in preservation. (E) Dorsal surface of fourth toe disc, in preservation. (F) Ventral view, in life. (G) Femoral glands, in preservation. (H) Close-up of femoral glands after removal of skin showing multiple glands. (I) Lateral view of head, in preservation. (J) Ventral view of hand, in preservation. (K) Ventral view of foot, in preservation. (L) Schematic illustration of foot webbing." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/375732/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
C); upper and lower parts of flank light grey with scattered white spots; forelimbs (including fingers) and hind limbs (including toes) light brown with dark grey transverse bands. Ventral surfaces greyish-white, hand and foot lighter in color than abdomen (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[618,679,1492,1518]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="31.[507,571,1511,1533]" captionTargetBox="[491,1541,229,1466]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[491,1541,229,1466]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figure 8 Holotype of Nyctibatrachus sabarimalai sp. nov. (ZSI / WGRC / V / A / 927). (A) Dorsolateral view, in life. (B) Size (SVL 12.8 mm) in comparison to the Indian five-rupee coin (24 mm diameter). (C) Dorsal view, in life. (D) Dorsal surface of third finger disc, in preservation. (E) Dorsal surface of fourth toe disc, in preservation. (F) Ventral view, in life. (G) Femoral glands, in preservation. (H) Close-up of femoral glands after removal of skin showing multiple glands. (I) Lateral view of head, in preservation. (J) Ventral view of hand, in preservation. (K) Ventral view of foot, in preservation. (L) Schematic illustration of foot webbing." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/375732/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
F).
|
||
<emphasis box="[720,889,1493,1518]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">In preservation</emphasis>
|
||
. Dorsum dark grey, with a pair of light grey longitudinal bands starting from behind the eyelids and extending up to the middle of dorsum, another light grey stripe between the eyes demarcating a triangular light grey patch on the snout; lateral sides of head light grey, anterior and posterior parts of flanks greyish-white, upper eyelids dark grey (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[707,771,1650,1676]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="31.[507,571,1511,1533]" captionTargetBox="[491,1541,229,1466]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[491,1541,229,1466]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figure 8 Holotype of Nyctibatrachus sabarimalai sp. nov. (ZSI / WGRC / V / A / 927). (A) Dorsolateral view, in life. (B) Size (SVL 12.8 mm) in comparison to the Indian five-rupee coin (24 mm diameter). (C) Dorsal view, in life. (D) Dorsal surface of third finger disc, in preservation. (E) Dorsal surface of fourth toe disc, in preservation. (F) Ventral view, in life. (G) Femoral glands, in preservation. (H) Close-up of femoral glands after removal of skin showing multiple glands. (I) Lateral view of head, in preservation. (J) Ventral view of hand, in preservation. (K) Ventral view of foot, in preservation. (L) Schematic illustration of foot webbing." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/375732/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
I); forelimbs (including fingers) and hind limbs (including toes) light grey with grey transverse bands. Ventral surfaces greyish-white.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="33.[491,1542,228,1913]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,626,1729,1755]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Variations.</emphasis>
|
||
Morphometric data from five adult males and an adult female, including the holotype, is given in Table S6. Overall, the colour and meristic characters of the paratypes are similar to the holotype.
|
||
<emphasis box="[825,1077,1808,1834]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Colour in preservation</emphasis>
|
||
. ZSI/WGRC/V/A/930–932: dorsum lighter grey in colour with light brown markings; ZSI/WGRC/V/A/928: ventral surface of hindlimbs with a few scattered grey speckles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="34.[491,1542,228,806]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,836,228,254]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Secondary sexual characters.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[844,902,228,254]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Male</emphasis>
|
||
(ZSI/WGRC/V/A/927), femoral glands present (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="31.[507,571,1511,1533]" captionTargetBox="[491,1541,229,1466]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[491,1541,229,1466]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figure 8 Holotype of Nyctibatrachus sabarimalai sp. nov. (ZSI / WGRC / V / A / 927). (A) Dorsolateral view, in life. (B) Size (SVL 12.8 mm) in comparison to the Indian five-rupee coin (24 mm diameter). (C) Dorsal view, in life. (D) Dorsal surface of third finger disc, in preservation. (E) Dorsal surface of fourth toe disc, in preservation. (F) Ventral view, in life. (G) Femoral glands, in preservation. (H) Close-up of femoral glands after removal of skin showing multiple glands. (I) Lateral view of head, in preservation. (J) Ventral view of hand, in preservation. (K) Ventral view of foot, in preservation. (L) Schematic illustration of foot webbing." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/375732/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Figs. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
G and 8H), nuptial pads present.
|
||
<emphasis box="[904,985,267,293]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Female</emphasis>
|
||
(ZSI/WGRC/V/A/932), large pigmented eggs present (diameter 2.4 ± 0.5mm,
|
||
<emphasis box="[876,897,308,333]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 10).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="35" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="34.[491,1542,228,806]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,652,346,372]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Vocalization.</emphasis>
|
||
Male (ZSI/WGRC/V/A/929) of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1022,1333,346,372]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sabarimalai">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1022,1333,346,372]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Nyctibatrachus sabarimalai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
produced a single type of call. Calls were not delivered in groups and had a pulsatile temporal structure. The call had duration of 139.9 ms and six pulses were delivered at a rate of 45.6 pulses/s. The call envelope was characterized by a rise time of 1.9 ms, fall of 137.9 ms, and the overall dominant frequency of 4.4 kHz (Table S8;
|
||
<figureCitation box="[991,1064,504,530]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="32.[507,571,1067,1089]" captionTargetBox="[495,1538,233,1018]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[491,1541,229,1022]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figure 9 Male advertisement calls of Nyctibatrachus sabarimalai sp. nov. and Nyctibatrachus webilla sp. nov. (A – D) Nyctibatrachus sabarimalai sp. nov. (A) 10 s segment. (B) 1 s segment showing a single pulsatile call. (C) 0.1 s segment. (D) Spectrogram of 1 s call segment. (E – H) Nyctibatrachus webilla sp. nov. (E) 10 s segment. (F) 1 s segment showing a single pulsatile call. (G) 0.1 s segment. (H) Spectrogram of 1 s call segment." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/375733/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Figs. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
A–9D).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="35" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="34.[491,1542,228,806]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,889,543,569]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Distribution and natural history.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[898,1210,543,569]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sabarimalai">
|
||
<emphasis box="[898,1210,543,569]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Nyctibatrachus sabarimalai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is currently known only from its type locality, which is located close to Sabarimala in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1207,1290,583,609]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="34" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="periyar">Periyar</taxonomicName>
|
||
Tiger Reserve, south of Palghat gap in the Western Ghats state of Kerala. Individuals were located under leaf litter in a shallow forest stream or under the grasses on wet rocky terrain. A calling male was found positioned next to an egg clutch (10 eggs) deposited inside a slit on a tree stump about one foot above ground. Males were observed calling both during the day (between 15:00–17:00 h) and night (20:00–22:00 h).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |