treatments-xml/data/03/A1/87/03A187DBFFEB0D3EFF4AFF511A2AFB3B.xml

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<mods:title>Notes on the genus Psychonotis (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) from Western New Guinea (Papua and Papua Barat), with description of a new subspecies of P. melane (Joicey &amp; Talbot, 1916)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Schröder, Stefan</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Auf dem Rosenhügel 15, 50997 Köln, Germany email: ste. schroeder @ gmx. net</mods:affiliation>
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<heading bold="true" box="[189,1187,196,232]" fontSize="14" level="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="81" reason="2">
<subSubSection box="[189,1045,196,232]" pageId="2" pageNumber="81" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph blockId="2.[189,1187,196,304]" box="[189,1045,196,232]" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">
<taxonomicName authority="(Grose-Smith &amp; Kirby, 1896)" baseAuthorityName="Grose-Smith &amp; Kirby" baseAuthorityYear="1896" box="[189,1045,196,232]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Psychonotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="caelius" subSpecies="plateni">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[189,1045,196,232]" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[189,603,197,232]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">Psychonotis caelius plateni</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Grose-Smith &amp; Kirby" box="[620,1035,196,232]" firstAuthor="Grose-Smith" pageId="2" pageNumber="81" pagination="39 - 46" refId="ref3438" refString="Grose-Smith, H. &amp; Kirby, W. F., 1896. Rhopalocera Exotica, being Illustrations of New, Rare, and Unfigured Species of Butterflies. Rhopalocera Exotica [3] 2: 39 - 46, pl. 3 - 4 (Thysonotis) London, Gurney &amp; Jackson." type="journal article" year="1896">Grose-Smith &amp; Kirby, 1896</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[1052,1187,201,231]" pageId="2" pageNumber="81" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="2.[189,1187,196,304]" box="[1052,1187,201,231]" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">
(
<figureCitation box="[1059,1180,201,231]" captionStart="Figs 1-16" captionStartId="6.[189,231,1696,1721]" captionTargetBox="[323,1257,248,1674]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[279,1314,228,1691]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figs 1-16. Psychonotis caelius plateni (Grose-Smith &amp; Kirby, 1896) [all in CSSK]. Fig. 1. ♂, upperside, Waigeo, no date; Fig. 2. underside; Fig. 2a. Hindwing showing the green metallic lunules and white marginal streaks; Fig. 3. ♂, upperside, Waigeo, x.2009; Fig. 4. underside; Fig. 5. ♂, upperside, Nabire, Kaladiri vill., xii.2013; Fig. 6. underside; Fig. 7. ♀, upperside, Sorong, i.2012; Fig. 8. underside; Fig. 9. ♀, upperside, Timika, vi.2001; Fig. 10. underside; Fig. 10a. Hindwing with reduced marginal streaks; Fig. 11. ♀, upperside, Yapen, Ambaidiru, iii.2006; Fig. 12. underside; Fig. 13. ♂, upperside, Bulolo, vi.2001; Fig. 14. underside; Fig. 15. ♂, upperside, Madang, Tokan vill., vi.2001; Fig. 16a. Hindwing with well developed marginal streaks. [scale for set specimens = 1cm]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3832905" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3832905/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">Figs 1-16</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</heading>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="81" type="reference_group">
<paragraph blockId="2.[189,1187,196,304]" box="[189,933,240,268]" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">
<treatmentCitationGroup box="[189,933,240,268]" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">
<treatmentCitation author="Grose-Smith, H. &amp; Kirby, W. F." box="[189,775,240,268]" page="40" pageId="2" pageNumber="81" year="1896">
<taxonomicName authority="Grose-Smith &amp; Kirby, 1896: 40" authorityName="Grose-Smith &amp; Kirby" authorityPageNumber="40" authorityYear="1896" box="[189,775,240,268]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Thysonotis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plateni">
<emphasis box="[189,406,240,268]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">Thysonotis plateni</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Grose-Smith &amp; Kirby" box="[412,775,240,268]" firstAuthor="Grose-Smith" pageId="2" pageNumber="81" pagination="39 - 46" refId="ref3438" refString="Grose-Smith, H. &amp; Kirby, W. F., 1896. Rhopalocera Exotica, being Illustrations of New, Rare, and Unfigured Species of Butterflies. Rhopalocera Exotica [3] 2: 39 - 46, pl. 3 - 4 (Thysonotis) London, Gurney &amp; Jackson." type="journal article" year="1896">Grose-Smith &amp; Kirby, 1896: 40</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 3 fig. 5-6.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="2.[189,1187,196,304]" box="[189,1061,276,304]" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">
<treatmentCitationGroup box="[189,1061,276,304]" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">
<treatmentCitation author="Grose-Smith, H. &amp; Kirby, W. F." box="[189,788,276,304]" page="44" pageId="2" pageNumber="81" year="1896">
<taxonomicName authority="Grose-Smith &amp; Kirby, 1896: 44" authorityName=", Grose-Smith &amp; Kirby" authorityPageNumber="44" authorityYear="1896" box="[189,788,276,304]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Thysonotis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plotinus">
<emphasis box="[189,418,276,304]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">Thysonotis plotinus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Grose-Smith &amp; Kirby" box="[425,788,276,304]" firstAuthor="Grose-Smith" pageId="2" pageNumber="81" pagination="39 - 46" refId="ref3438" refString="Grose-Smith, H. &amp; Kirby, W. F., 1896. Rhopalocera Exotica, being Illustrations of New, Rare, and Unfigured Species of Butterflies. Rhopalocera Exotica [3] 2: 39 - 46, pl. 3 - 4 (Thysonotis) London, Gurney &amp; Jackson." type="journal article" year="1896">Grose-Smith &amp; Kirby, 1896: 44</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 4 fig. 5-7. 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[952,1061,276,304]" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">syn. nov.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="81" type="discussion">
<paragraph blockId="2.[189,1399,352,1985]" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">
Grose-Smith &amp; Kirby described 
<taxonomicName authority="Hübner, 1819" authorityName="Grose-Smith &amp; Kirby" authorityYear="1896" box="[604,694,352,382]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Thysonotis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plateni">
<emphasis box="[604,694,352,382]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">plateni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from material collected by Platen on his expeditions to Waigeo during the 1880s. 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Grose-Smith &amp; Kirby" baseAuthorityYear="1896" box="[599,959,392,422]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Psychonotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="caelius" subSpecies="plateni">
<emphasis box="[599,959,392,422]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">Psychonotis caelius plateni</emphasis>
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closely resembles 
<taxonomicName box="[1223,1392,392,422]" pageId="2" pageNumber="81" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="plotinus">
ssp. 
<emphasis box="[1288,1392,392,422]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">plotinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which was described a few pages later in the same publication and the given illustrations of both species serve very well to understand their proposed separation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="2.[189,1399,352,1985]" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Grose-Smith &amp; Kirby" baseAuthorityYear="1896" box="[189,550,509,539]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Psychonotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="caelius" subSpecies="plateni">
<emphasis box="[189,550,509,539]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">Psychonotis caelius plateni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authority="Hübner, 1819" authorityName=", Grose-Smith &amp; Kirby" authorityYear="1896" box="[628,732,509,539]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Thysonotis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plotinus">
<emphasis box="[628,732,509,539]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">plotinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are of about the same size and have a similar underside wing pattern. The main differences, as seen from the original drawings, are the narrower band of marginal ocelli and the white marginal striae in 
<taxonomicName authority="Hübner, 1819" authorityName="Grose-Smith &amp; Kirby" authorityYear="1896" box="[1076,1166,587,617]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Thysonotis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plateni">
<emphasis box="[1076,1166,587,617]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">plateni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Accordingly, the white hindwing band is slightly broader in 
<taxonomicName authority="Hübner, 1819" authorityName="Grose-Smith &amp; Kirby" authorityYear="1896" box="[738,828,626,656]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Thysonotis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plateni">
<emphasis box="[738,828,626,656]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">plateni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than in 
<taxonomicName authority="Hübner, 1819" authorityName=", Grose-Smith &amp; Kirby" authorityYear="1896" box="[934,1038,626,656]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Thysonotis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plotinus">
<emphasis box="[934,1038,626,656]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">plotinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="2.[189,1399,352,1985]" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">
Longer series of 
<taxonomicName authority="Hübner, 1819" authorityName="Grose-Smith &amp; Kirby" authorityYear="1896" box="[412,502,665,695]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Thysonotis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plateni">
<emphasis box="[412,502,665,695]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">plateni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Western New 
<collectingCountry box="[780,877,665,696]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">Guinea</collectingCountry>
, including some offshore islands, show that there is a wide range of variation in both males and females. In the males, the width of the discal bands on both fore- and hindwing varies; they may be reduced in width towards the inner margin of the hindwing or end as a broad band. Accordingly, the width of the dark median band also varies. The marginal lunules are also variable. Usually they are well developed but in some populations like in specimens occurring in the Arfak Mountains (
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Felder &amp; Felder" baseAuthorityYear="1860" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Psychonotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caelius">
<emphasis box="[1374,1391,861,891]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">P</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis box="[189,278,900,930]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">caelius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName authority="Hübner, 1819" authorityName="Grose-Smith &amp; Kirby" authorityYear="1896" box="[286,417,900,930]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Thysonotis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plateni">
cf. 
<emphasis box="[327,417,900,930]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">plateni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<figureCitation box="[433,561,900,930]" captionStart="Figs 17-22" captionStartId="7.[189,231,1653,1678]" captionTargetBox="[327,1299,234,1618]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[282,1310,195,1649]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figs 17-22. Psychonotis caelius cf. plateni (Grose-Smith &amp; Kirby, 1896). Fig. 17. ♂, upperside, Arfak Mountains., ix.2013, CSSK; Fig. 18. underside; Fig. 19. ♀, upperside, Arfak Mountains., Duebei, 1200m, i.2011, CSSK; Fig. 20. underside; Fig. 21. ♂, upperside, Peg. Bintang, Batimban, Dau River, vii.2003, KSP12091; Fig. 22. Underside; Fig. 23. Psychonotis caelius dissimilis (Joicey &amp; Talbot, 1916), ♂ upperside, Supiori Isl., viii.-ix.2006, CSSK; Fig. 24. underside; Fig. 25. Psychonotis eudocia Druce &amp; Bethune-Baker, 1893, ♂, upperside, Bacan, Labuha, ix.2015, CSSK; Fig. 26. Underside (note the short yellowish streak at the forewing base); Fig. 27. Psychonotis melane melane (Joicey &amp; Talbot, 1916), ♂, upperside, Wissel Lake, Tuguwai, xii.1980, KSP11926; Fig. 28. underside; Fig. 29. Psychonotis melane astra subsp. nov., ♂, paratype, upperside, Star Mountains, Peg. Bintang, Mabilabol, ii.2005, KSP 11928; Fig. 30. underside; Fig. 31. Psychonotis melane astra subsp. nov., ♂, holotype, upperside, Star Mountains, Peg. Bintang, Mabilabol, ii.2005, KSP11930; Fig. 32. underside; Fig. 33. Psychonotis melane melane (Joicey &amp; Talbot, 1916), ♂, left valva, KSP11924. Fig. 34. Psychonotis melane astra subsp. nov., ♂, left valva (note the more rectangular outline and the slightly stronger teeth), KSP11928. [scale for set specimens = 1cm]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3832907" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3832907/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">Fig. 17-18</figureCitation>
) they are reduced in width. Females are also very variable. The white discal bands vary in width but are generally much narrower than in the males and usually there is some metallic blue basal scaling on the upperside (
<figureCitation box="[1050,1165,978,1008]" captionStart="Figs 1-16" captionStartId="6.[189,231,1696,1721]" captionTargetBox="[323,1257,248,1674]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[279,1314,228,1691]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figs 1-16. Psychonotis caelius plateni (Grose-Smith &amp; Kirby, 1896) [all in CSSK]. Fig. 1. ♂, upperside, Waigeo, no date; Fig. 2. underside; Fig. 2a. Hindwing showing the green metallic lunules and white marginal streaks; Fig. 3. ♂, upperside, Waigeo, x.2009; Fig. 4. underside; Fig. 5. ♂, upperside, Nabire, Kaladiri vill., xii.2013; Fig. 6. underside; Fig. 7. ♀, upperside, Sorong, i.2012; Fig. 8. underside; Fig. 9. ♀, upperside, Timika, vi.2001; Fig. 10. underside; Fig. 10a. Hindwing with reduced marginal streaks; Fig. 11. ♀, upperside, Yapen, Ambaidiru, iii.2006; Fig. 12. underside; Fig. 13. ♂, upperside, Bulolo, vi.2001; Fig. 14. underside; Fig. 15. ♂, upperside, Madang, Tokan vill., vi.2001; Fig. 16a. Hindwing with well developed marginal streaks. [scale for set specimens = 1cm]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3832905" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3832905/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">Fig. 7-12</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="2.[189,1399,352,1985]" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">
The white marginal streaks on the hindwing are present in almost all males and females, even though they may be only faintly developed. In some localities, like Timika (
<figureCitation box="[1231,1324,1056,1086]" captionStart="Figs 1-16" captionStartId="6.[189,231,1696,1721]" captionTargetBox="[323,1257,248,1674]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[279,1314,228,1691]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figs 1-16. Psychonotis caelius plateni (Grose-Smith &amp; Kirby, 1896) [all in CSSK]. Fig. 1. ♂, upperside, Waigeo, no date; Fig. 2. underside; Fig. 2a. Hindwing showing the green metallic lunules and white marginal streaks; Fig. 3. ♂, upperside, Waigeo, x.2009; Fig. 4. underside; Fig. 5. ♂, upperside, Nabire, Kaladiri vill., xii.2013; Fig. 6. underside; Fig. 7. ♀, upperside, Sorong, i.2012; Fig. 8. underside; Fig. 9. ♀, upperside, Timika, vi.2001; Fig. 10. underside; Fig. 10a. Hindwing with reduced marginal streaks; Fig. 11. ♀, upperside, Yapen, Ambaidiru, iii.2006; Fig. 12. underside; Fig. 13. ♂, upperside, Bulolo, vi.2001; Fig. 14. underside; Fig. 15. ♂, upperside, Madang, Tokan vill., vi.2001; Fig. 16a. Hindwing with well developed marginal streaks. [scale for set specimens = 1cm]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3832905" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3832905/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
), rare specimens with greatly reduced streaks occur (
<figureCitation box="[805,914,1095,1125]" captionStart="Figs 1-16" captionStartId="6.[189,231,1696,1721]" captionTargetBox="[323,1257,248,1674]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[279,1314,228,1691]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figs 1-16. Psychonotis caelius plateni (Grose-Smith &amp; Kirby, 1896) [all in CSSK]. Fig. 1. ♂, upperside, Waigeo, no date; Fig. 2. underside; Fig. 2a. Hindwing showing the green metallic lunules and white marginal streaks; Fig. 3. ♂, upperside, Waigeo, x.2009; Fig. 4. underside; Fig. 5. ♂, upperside, Nabire, Kaladiri vill., xii.2013; Fig. 6. underside; Fig. 7. ♀, upperside, Sorong, i.2012; Fig. 8. underside; Fig. 9. ♀, upperside, Timika, vi.2001; Fig. 10. underside; Fig. 10a. Hindwing with reduced marginal streaks; Fig. 11. ♀, upperside, Yapen, Ambaidiru, iii.2006; Fig. 12. underside; Fig. 13. ♂, upperside, Bulolo, vi.2001; Fig. 14. underside; Fig. 15. ♂, upperside, Madang, Tokan vill., vi.2001; Fig. 16a. Hindwing with well developed marginal streaks. [scale for set specimens = 1cm]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3832905" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3832905/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">Fig. 10a</figureCitation>
), which otherwise do not differ from phenotypes of other populations.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="2.[189,1399,352,1985]" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">
Two males from the Dau River determined as 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Felder &amp; Felder" baseAuthorityYear="1860" box="[807,930,1173,1203]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Psychonotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caelius">
<emphasis box="[807,930,1173,1203]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">P. caelius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName authority="Hübner, 1819" authorityName="Grose-Smith &amp; Kirby" authorityYear="1896" box="[939,1071,1173,1203]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Thysonotis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plateni">
cf. 
<emphasis box="[981,1071,1173,1203]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">plateni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Peg. Bintang Batimban, 
<accessionNumber box="[189,336,1212,1243]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/KSP12090" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">KSP 12090</accessionNumber>
; 12091, 
<figureCitation box="[454,587,1212,1242]" captionStart="Figs 17-22" captionStartId="7.[189,231,1653,1678]" captionTargetBox="[327,1299,234,1618]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[282,1310,195,1649]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figs 17-22. Psychonotis caelius cf. plateni (Grose-Smith &amp; Kirby, 1896). Fig. 17. ♂, upperside, Arfak Mountains., ix.2013, CSSK; Fig. 18. underside; Fig. 19. ♀, upperside, Arfak Mountains., Duebei, 1200m, i.2011, CSSK; Fig. 20. underside; Fig. 21. ♂, upperside, Peg. Bintang, Batimban, Dau River, vii.2003, KSP12091; Fig. 22. Underside; Fig. 23. Psychonotis caelius dissimilis (Joicey &amp; Talbot, 1916), ♂ upperside, Supiori Isl., viii.-ix.2006, CSSK; Fig. 24. underside; Fig. 25. Psychonotis eudocia Druce &amp; Bethune-Baker, 1893, ♂, upperside, Bacan, Labuha, ix.2015, CSSK; Fig. 26. Underside (note the short yellowish streak at the forewing base); Fig. 27. Psychonotis melane melane (Joicey &amp; Talbot, 1916), ♂, upperside, Wissel Lake, Tuguwai, xii.1980, KSP11926; Fig. 28. underside; Fig. 29. Psychonotis melane astra subsp. nov., ♂, paratype, upperside, Star Mountains, Peg. Bintang, Mabilabol, ii.2005, KSP 11928; Fig. 30. underside; Fig. 31. Psychonotis melane astra subsp. nov., ♂, holotype, upperside, Star Mountains, Peg. Bintang, Mabilabol, ii.2005, KSP11930; Fig. 32. underside; Fig. 33. Psychonotis melane melane (Joicey &amp; Talbot, 1916), ♂, left valva, KSP11924. Fig. 34. Psychonotis melane astra subsp. nov., ♂, left valva (note the more rectangular outline and the slightly stronger teeth), KSP11928. [scale for set specimens = 1cm]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3832907" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3832907/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">Fig. 21-22</figureCitation>
) have the dark hindwing margin broadened and the green metallic marginal lunules strongly reduced, but in all other characters they do not differ from 
<taxonomicName authority="Hübner, 1819" authorityName="Grose-Smith &amp; Kirby" authorityYear="1896" box="[189,279,1290,1320]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Thysonotis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plateni">
<emphasis box="[189,279,1290,1320]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">plateni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and especially females show no difference at all. Marginal white streaks are faintly developed. Most likely they belong to montane population, as broadened hindwing margins are also, but to a lesser extent, present in specimens from the Arfak Mountains. However, there appears to be no general trend that may be useful to separate different geographical races.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="2.[189,1399,352,1985]" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">
As the characters of the underside pattern vary, the main difference between both subspecies appears to be the “row of narrow white streaks” (Grose- Smith &amp; Kirby, 1896: 40) at the hindwing margin in 
<taxonomicName authority="Hübner, 1819" authorityName="Grose-Smith &amp; Kirby" authorityYear="1896" box="[553,643,1564,1594]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Thysonotis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plateni">
<emphasis box="[553,643,1564,1594]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">plateni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Grünberg in Seitz (1928: 829) refers to these marginal hindwing markings as an “unterbrochene weisse Saumlinie” and D’Abrera (1977: 328), described it as “a small row of white marginal spots” on the hindwing, which are lacking in 
<taxonomicName authority="Hübner, 1819" authorityName=", Grose-Smith &amp; Kirby" authorityYear="1896" box="[189,293,1681,1711]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Thysonotis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plotinus">
<emphasis box="[189,293,1681,1711]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">plotinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In their original diagnosis of 
<taxonomicName authority=", Grose-Smith &amp; Kirby (1896: 44)" authorityName=", Grose-Smith &amp; Kirby" authorityPageNumber="44" authorityYear="1896" box="[731,1339,1681,1712]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Thysonotis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plotinus">
<emphasis box="[731,875,1681,1711]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">T. plotinus</emphasis>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Grose-Smith &amp; Kirby" box="[899,1339,1681,1712]" firstAuthor="Grose-Smith" pageId="2" pageNumber="81" pagination="39 - 46" refId="ref3438" refString="Grose-Smith, H. &amp; Kirby, W. F., 1896. Rhopalocera Exotica, being Illustrations of New, Rare, and Unfigured Species of Butterflies. Rhopalocera Exotica [3] 2: 39 - 46, pl. 3 - 4 (Thysonotis) London, Gurney &amp; Jackson." type="journal article" year="1896">Grose-Smith &amp; Kirby (1896: 44)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
are describing a “submarginal row of oval black spots, separated from the rest of the black border by the metallic blue surrounding them” and there is no indication of a white marginal line in the figures given on their plate (
<bibRefCitation author="Grose-Smith &amp; Kirby" box="[719,1083,1798,1829]" firstAuthor="Grose-Smith" pageId="2" pageNumber="81" pagination="39 - 46" refId="ref3438" refString="Grose-Smith, H. &amp; Kirby, W. F., 1896. Rhopalocera Exotica, being Illustrations of New, Rare, and Unfigured Species of Butterflies. Rhopalocera Exotica [3] 2: 39 - 46, pl. 3 - 4 (Thysonotis) London, Gurney &amp; Jackson." type="journal article" year="1896">Grose-Smith &amp; Kirby, 1896</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 4, fig. 6). However, marginal white streaks are very obvious in their figure given for 
<taxonomicName authority="Hübner, 1819" authorityName="Grose-Smith &amp; Kirby" authorityYear="1896" box="[1019,1109,1838,1868]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Thysonotis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plateni">
<emphasis box="[1019,1109,1838,1868]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">plateni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Grose-Smith &amp; Kirby" firstAuthor="Grose-Smith" pageId="2" pageNumber="81" pagination="39 - 46" refId="ref3438" refString="Grose-Smith, H. &amp; Kirby, W. F., 1896. Rhopalocera Exotica, being Illustrations of New, Rare, and Unfigured Species of Butterflies. Rhopalocera Exotica [3] 2: 39 - 46, pl. 3 - 4 (Thysonotis) London, Gurney &amp; Jackson." type="journal article" year="1896">Grose-Smith &amp; Kirby, 1896</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 3 fig. 6).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="2.[189,1399,352,1985]" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">
Considering the very slight differences between 
<taxonomicName authority="Hübner, 1819" authorityName="Grose-Smith &amp; Kirby" authorityYear="1896" box="[893,983,1916,1946]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Thysonotis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plateni">
<emphasis box="[893,983,1916,1946]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">plateni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authority="Hübner, 1819" authorityName=", Grose-Smith &amp; Kirby" authorityYear="1896" box="[1071,1175,1916,1946]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Thysonotis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plotinus">
<emphasis box="[1071,1175,1916,1946]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">plotinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
both are here considered synonyms, with 
<taxonomicName authority="Hübner, 1819" authorityName="Grose-Smith &amp; Kirby" authorityYear="1896" box="[549,639,1955,1985]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Thysonotis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plateni">
<emphasis box="[549,639,1955,1985]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">plateni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
having page priority over 
<taxonomicName authority="Hübner, 1819" authorityName=", Grose-Smith &amp; Kirby" authorityYear="1896" box="[979,1083,1955,1985]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Thysonotis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plotinus">
<emphasis box="[979,1083,1955,1985]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="81">plotinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="82" type="distribution">
<paragraph blockId="3.[189,1399,203,507]" pageId="3" pageNumber="82">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[189,356,203,233]" pageId="3" pageNumber="82">Distribution:</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Fruhstorfer" box="[374,680,203,233]" firstAuthor="Fruhstorfer" pageId="3" pageNumber="82" pagination="39 - 40" refId="ref3379" refString="Fruhstorfer, H., 1915. Neue Formen der Gattung Thysonotis und Aufzahlung der bekannten Rassen auf Grund morphologischer Untersuchungen. Societas entomologica 30 (7): 39 - 40, (8): 42 - 45, figs 1 - 2, (9): 49 - 52, figs 3 - 5." type="journal article" year="1915">Fruhstorfer (1915: 42)</bibRefCitation>
had already recognized that: “Eine ähnliche Form kommt in Sorong, Holl. Nord-west-Neu-Guinea vor. Nach Druce finden sich benachbarte Stücke auch auf Mysole und Dorey“[A similar form occurs at Sorong, Holl. Nord-west-Neu- 
<collectingCountry box="[189,286,319,350]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="3" pageNumber="82">Guinea</collectingCountry>
. According to Druce, related specimens can also be found on Mysole and Dorey]. Fruhstorfer’ s observation can be confirmed and apparently, 
<taxonomicName authority="Hübner, 1819" authorityName="Grose-Smith &amp; Kirby" authorityYear="1896" box="[974,1064,359,389]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Thysonotis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plateni">
<emphasis box="[974,1064,359,389]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="82">plateni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distributed throughout Western New 
<collectingCountry box="[394,486,398,429]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="3" pageNumber="82">Guinea</collectingCountry>
(Kaimana, Sorong, Japen, FakFak, Avona, Timika, Arfak, Nabire). Specimens occuring at Bulolo (
<collectingCountry box="[603,666,437,468]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="3" pageNumber="82">PNG</collectingCountry>
) do not differ much and it appears that the range of 
<taxonomicName authority="Hübner, 1819" authorityName="Grose-Smith &amp; Kirby" authorityYear="1896" box="[189,279,476,506]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Thysonotis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plateni">
<emphasis box="[189,279,476,506]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="82">plateni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
includes much of mainland New 
<collectingCountry box="[709,806,476,507]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="3" pageNumber="82">Guinea</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="82" type="discussion">
<paragraph blockId="3.[189,1399,554,1249]" box="[189,1055,554,585]" pageId="3" pageNumber="82">
Remarks concerning the taxon 
<taxonomicName authority="Grose-Smith &amp; Kirby, 1896" authorityName=", Grose-Smith &amp; Kirby" authorityYear="1896" box="[590,1046,554,585]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Thysonotis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plotinus">
<emphasis box="[590,694,554,584]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="82">plotinus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Grose-Smith &amp; Kirby" box="[702,1046,554,585]" firstAuthor="Grose-Smith" pageId="3" pageNumber="82" pagination="39 - 46" refId="ref3438" refString="Grose-Smith, H. &amp; Kirby, W. F., 1896. Rhopalocera Exotica, being Illustrations of New, Rare, and Unfigured Species of Butterflies. Rhopalocera Exotica [3] 2: 39 - 46, pl. 3 - 4 (Thysonotis) London, Gurney &amp; Jackson." type="journal article" year="1896">Grose-Smith &amp; Kirby, 1896</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
:
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="3.[189,1399,554,1249]" pageId="3" pageNumber="82">
<taxonomicName authority="Hübner, 1819" authorityName=", Grose-Smith &amp; Kirby" authorityYear="1896" box="[189,447,594,624]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Thysonotis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plotinus">
<emphasis box="[189,447,594,624]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="82">Thysonotis plotinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was originally described from “Stephansort” (now Bogadjim) at the northern coast in the 
<collectingRegion box="[502,736,633,663]" country="Papua New Guinea" name="Madang" pageId="3" pageNumber="82">Madang Province</collectingRegion>
of 
<collectingCountry box="[793,1057,632,663]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="3" pageNumber="82">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
and 
<bibRefCitation author="Parsons" box="[1136,1336,633,663]" firstAuthor="Parsons" pageId="3" pageNumber="82" refId="ref3766" refString="Parsons, M., 1998. The butterflies of Papua New Guinea: their systematics and biology. San Diego, London, etc., Academic Press: xvi + 928 pp." type="book" year="1998">Parsons (1998)</bibRefCitation>
has included all 
<collectingCountry box="[369,427,672,703]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="3" pageNumber="82">PNG</collectingCountry>
mainland populations in 
<taxonomicName box="[806,981,672,702]" pageId="3" pageNumber="82" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="plotinus">
ssp. 
<emphasis box="[877,981,672,702]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="82">plotinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, while D`Abrera (1977: 328) imprecisely restricted the distribution of 
<taxonomicName authority="Hübner, 1819" authorityName=", Grose-Smith &amp; Kirby" authorityYear="1896" box="[737,841,711,741]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Thysonotis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plotinus">
<emphasis box="[737,841,711,741]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="82">plotinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to Eastern New 
<collectingCountry box="[1068,1160,711,742]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="3" pageNumber="82">Guinea</collectingCountry>
and questionably New Britain.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="3.[189,1399,554,1249]" pageId="3" pageNumber="82">
<bibRefCitation author="Parsons" box="[189,378,789,819]" firstAuthor="Parsons" pageId="3" pageNumber="82" refId="ref3766" refString="Parsons, M., 1998. The butterflies of Papua New Guinea: their systematics and biology. San Diego, London, etc., Academic Press: xvi + 928 pp." type="book" year="1998">Parsons (1998</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 68, figs. 1913, 1915) illustrates a male and a female as 
<taxonomicName box="[1161,1326,789,819]" pageId="3" pageNumber="82" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="plotinus">
ssp. 
<emphasis box="[1222,1326,789,819]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="82">plotinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingCountry box="[189,251,828,859]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="3" pageNumber="82">PNG</collectingCountry>
, both with well developed white marginal streaks, which are not characteristic for this subspecies but for 
<taxonomicName authority="Hübner, 1819" authorityName="Grose-Smith &amp; Kirby" authorityYear="1896" box="[441,532,867,897]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Thysonotis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plateni">
<emphasis box="[441,532,867,897]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="82">plateni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<bibRefCitation author="Muller" box="[549,724,867,897]" firstAuthor="Muller" pageId="3" pageNumber="82" pagination="159 - 165" refId="ref3730" refString="Muller, C. J., 2003. Three new species of Psychonotis Toxopeus (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) from Papua New Guinea. Australian Entomologist 30 (4): 159 - 165." type="journal article" year="2003">Müller (2003</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 10) also figured a similar male specimen from the Central 
<collectingRegion box="[352,479,906,936]" country="Papua New Guinea" name="Western Highlands" pageId="3" pageNumber="82">Highlands</collectingRegion>
of 
<collectingCountry box="[531,589,906,937]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="3" pageNumber="82">PNG</collectingCountry>
with well developed marginal streaks. Specimens from the 
<collectingRegion box="[189,420,945,975]" country="Papua New Guinea" name="Madang" pageId="3" pageNumber="82">Madang Province</collectingRegion>
(Tokan) and 
<collectingRegion box="[603,833,945,975]" country="Papua New Guinea" name="Morobe" pageId="3" pageNumber="82">Morobe Province</collectingRegion>
(Bulolo), which is situated about 
<quantity box="[1296,1397,945,975]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="82" unit="km" value="400.0">400 km</quantity>
south of Stephansort, also possess the white marginal line and do not differ significantly from specimens from West Papua (
<figureCitation box="[646,746,1023,1053]" captionStart="Figs 1-16" captionStartId="6.[189,231,1696,1721]" captionTargetBox="[323,1257,248,1674]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[279,1314,228,1691]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figs 1-16. Psychonotis caelius plateni (Grose-Smith &amp; Kirby, 1896) [all in CSSK]. Fig. 1. ♂, upperside, Waigeo, no date; Fig. 2. underside; Fig. 2a. Hindwing showing the green metallic lunules and white marginal streaks; Fig. 3. ♂, upperside, Waigeo, x.2009; Fig. 4. underside; Fig. 5. ♂, upperside, Nabire, Kaladiri vill., xii.2013; Fig. 6. underside; Fig. 7. ♀, upperside, Sorong, i.2012; Fig. 8. underside; Fig. 9. ♀, upperside, Timika, vi.2001; Fig. 10. underside; Fig. 10a. Hindwing with reduced marginal streaks; Fig. 11. ♀, upperside, Yapen, Ambaidiru, iii.2006; Fig. 12. underside; Fig. 13. ♂, upperside, Bulolo, vi.2001; Fig. 14. underside; Fig. 15. ♂, upperside, Madang, Tokan vill., vi.2001; Fig. 16a. Hindwing with well developed marginal streaks. [scale for set specimens = 1cm]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3832905" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3832905/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="82">Fig. 16a</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="3.[189,1399,554,1249]" pageId="3" pageNumber="82">
The variation observed in 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Grose-Smith &amp; Kirby" baseAuthorityYear="1896" box="[529,749,1062,1092]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Psychonotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="caelius" subSpecies="plateni">
<emphasis box="[529,749,1062,1092]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="82">P. caelius plateni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is very wide and it appears that this also includes phenotypes previously known as “ 
<emphasis box="[639,756,1101,1131]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="82">
<taxonomicName authority="Hübner, 1819" authorityName=", Grose-Smith &amp; Kirby" authorityYear="1896" box="[639,743,1101,1131]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Thysonotis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plotinus">plotinus</taxonomicName>
”
</emphasis>
. A separation of both forms, based on the width of the white discal bands or the metallic submarginal lunules is impossible. As already discussed above, 
<taxonomicName authority="Hübner, 1819" authorityName=", Grose-Smith &amp; Kirby" authorityYear="1896" box="[416,520,1180,1210]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Thysonotis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plotinus">
<emphasis box="[416,520,1180,1210]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="82">plotinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is considered to be a synonym of 
<taxonomicName authority="Hübner, 1819" authorityName="Grose-Smith &amp; Kirby" authorityYear="1896" box="[964,1054,1180,1210]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Thysonotis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plateni">
<emphasis box="[964,1054,1180,1210]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="82">plateni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and can therefore only be regarded as a variation of 
<taxonomicName authority="Hübner, 1819" authorityName="Grose-Smith &amp; Kirby" authorityYear="1896" box="[528,619,1219,1249]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Thysonotis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plateni">
<emphasis box="[528,619,1219,1249]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="82">plateni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>